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Business Jet Aircraft Industry: Structure and Factors Affecting Competitiveness United States International Trade Commission Business Jet Aircraft Industry: Structure and Factors Affecting Competitiveness Investigation No. 332-526 USITC Publication 4314 April 2012 U.S. International Trade Commission COMMISSIONERS Deanna Tanner Okun, Chairman Irving A. Williamson, Vice Chairman Daniel R. Pearson Shara L. Aranoff Dean A. Pinkert David S. Johanson Robert B. Koopman Acting Director, Office of Operations Karen Laney Director, Office of Industries Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Business Jet Aircraft Industry: Structure and Factors Affecting Competitiveness Investigation No. 332-526 Publication 4314 April 2012 Co-Project Leaders Peder A. Andersen [email protected] Deborah McNay [email protected] Deputy Project Leader Joann Peterson [email protected] Office of Industries Peder A. Andersen, Vincent Honnold, Cathy Jabara, Martha Lawless, Jenna Leary, Kate Linton, Kathryn Lundquist, Deborah McNay, and Joann Peterson Office of the General Counsel William Gearhart Editorial Review Peg Hausman Primary Reviewers Heidi Colby-Oizumi and Joanne Guth Administrative Support Sharon Greenfield, Monica Reed, and Wanda Tolson Research Assistance provided by Natalie Mabile, Student Intern Faina Rozental, Student Intern Under the Direction of Michael Anderson, Chief Advanced Technology and Machinery Division Abstract This report describes and analyzes factors shaping the competitiveness of the U.S. business jet industry during 2006–11, as well as the industry’s structure worldwide. The United States has been the leading player in the industry since its inception in the 1960s. Three of the six global business jet producers are headquartered in the United States, while the other producers maintain at least one U.S.-based production activity. However, competition is strong, frequent cutting-edge updates are necessary, and demand is cyclical. During the recent economic downturn, deliveries dropped 57 percent, from a peak of 1,121 aircraft in 2008 to a preliminary total of 485 in 2011. This decline largely reflected customers’ lower profits and the scarcity of credit, which especially weighed on potential buyers in two segments—very light and light business jets—in which deliveries of two U.S.-owned firms are concentrated. At least seven additional U.S. and foreign companies have expressed their intent to enter this industry. U.S. industry officials also indicated that sales and development of business jets were affected by the availability of financing, continued investment in research and development to maintain innovation capability, and the timely certification of business jets to provide state-of-the-art aircraft to the market. Finally, as demand for business jets softened in traditional markets, such as the United States and Europe, it rose in emerging economies, which were less affected by the downturn. This study, prepared by the U.S. International Trade Commission at the request of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means, focuses on business jets at or below 50,000 pounds maximum takeoff weight. i CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................................................................................................... i Acronyms ............................................................................................................................... ix Glossary ................................................................................................................................... xiii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... xvii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1-1 Scope ................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Organization of the report ................................................................................................... 1-2 Approach ............................................................................................................................. 1-3 Business jet development .................................................................................................... 1-4 Chapter 2 Industry Characteristics and Factors of Competition ............................................................................................................... 2-1 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 2-1 Structural characteristics ..................................................................................................... 2-1 Industry competition ....................................................................................................... 2-1 Barriers to entry and potential for new entrants ............................................................. 2-3 Complex design and manufacturing processes ............................................................... 2-5 Risk sharing .................................................................................................................... 2-5 Supply chains and globalization ..................................................................................... 2-6 Innovation and R&D ...................................................................................................... 2-6 Competitive factors ............................................................................................................. 2-7 Production factors ........................................................................................................... 2-8 Production efficiency ................................................................................................. 2-8 Labor cost and productivity ....................................................................................... 2-9 Skilled workforce ....................................................................................................... 2-9 Access to capital ......................................................................................................... 2-10 Economies of scale and the learning curve ................................................................ 2-10 Manufacturing infrastructure .......................................................................................... 2-11 Market analysis capabilities ........................................................................................... 2-12 Brand loyalty .................................................................................................................. 2-12 Service and global support network ............................................................................... 2-13 Corporate structure, strategy, and experience ................................................................ 2-13 Certification of aircraft ................................................................................................... 2-14 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 2-15 Chapter 3 Global Industry .................................................................................... 3-1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 3-1 U.S. industry ........................................................................................................................ 3-8 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 3-8 iii CONTENTS―Continued Page Chapter 3 Global Industry―Continued Industry structure ............................................................................................................ 3-8 Foreign direct investment ........................................................................................... 3-10 Production/deliveries.................................................................................................. 3-12 U.S. workforce ........................................................................................................... 3-13 Supply chains ............................................................................................................. 3-14 Manufacturing ............................................................................................................ 3-15 Financing .................................................................................................................... 3-15 Certification ............................................................................................................... 3-15 Industry developments.................................................................................................... 3-16 Innovation and research and development ................................................................. 3-16 Service/support network............................................................................................. 3-17 Marketing activities .................................................................................................... 3-18 Supply chain relationships ........................................................................................
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