Lionhearts of the Playworld an Ethnographic Case Study of the Development of Agency in Play Pedagogy

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Lionhearts of the Playworld an Ethnographic Case Study of the Development of Agency in Play Pedagogy University of Helsinki, Institute of Behavioural Sciences Studies in Educational Sciences 233 Anna Pauliina Rainio LionheARts of the PLAywoRLd An ethnographic case study of the development of agency in play pedagogy Helsinki 2010 Custos Professor Yrjö Engeström, University of Helsinki supervisor Professor Yrjö Engeström, University of Helsinki Pre-examiners Professor Anne Edwards, University of Oxford, U.K. Professor Maritta Hännikäinen, University of Jyväskylä opponent Professor Bert van Oers, VU University Amsterdam Cover illustration Jarno Mäkelä University Print, Helsinki ISBN 978-952-10-5958-2 (pbk) ISBN 978-952-10-5959-9 (pdf) ISSN-L 1798-8322 ISSN 1798-8322 Human agency may be frail, especially among those with little power, but it happens daily and mundanely, and it deserves our attention. D. Holland et al., 1998, p. 5 For play is the laboratory of the possible. To play fully and imaginatively is to step sideways into another reality, between the cracks of ordinary life. T. S. Henricks, 2006, p. 1 University of Helsinki, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Studies in Educational Sciences 233 Anna Pauliina Rainio Lionhearts of the Playworld An ethnographic case study of the development of agency in play pedagogy Abstract This is an ethnographic case study of the creation and emergence of a playworld – a pedagogical approach aimed at promoting children’s development and learn- ing in early education settings through the use of play and drama. The data was collected in a Finnish experimental mixed-age elementary school classroom in the school year 2003-2004. In the playworld students and teachers explore different social and cultural phenomena through taking on the roles of characters from a story or a piece of literature and acting inside the frames of an improvised plot. The thesis takes under scrutiny the notion of agency in education. It produces theoretically grounded empirical knowledge of the ways in which children strug- gle to become recognized and agentive actors in early education settings and how their agency develops in their interaction with adults. The study builds on the activity theoretical and sociocultural tradition and develops a methodological framework called video-based narrative interaction analysis for studying stu- dent agency as developing over time but manifesting through the situational ma- terial and discursive local interactions. The research questions are: 1. What are the children’s ways of enacting their agency in the playworld? 2. How do the children’s agentive actions change and de- velop over the spring? 3. What are the potentials and challenges of the playworld for promoting student agency? 4. How do the teachers and the children deal with the contradiction between control and agency in the playworld? The study consists of a summary part and four empirical articles which each have a particular viewpoint. Articles I and II deal with individual students’ paths to agency. In Article I the focus is on the role of resistance and questioning in enabling important spaces for agency. Article II takes a critical gender perspec- tive and analyzes how two girls struggled towards recognition in the playworld. It also illuminates the role of imagination in developing a sense of agency. Article III examines how the open-ended and improvisational nature of the playworld interaction provided experiences and a sense of ‘shared agency’ for the students and teachers in the class. Article IV turns the focus on the teachers and analyzes how their role actions in the playworld helped the children to enact agency. It also discusses the challenges that the teachers faced in this work and asks what makes the playworld activity sustainable in the class. The summary part provides a critical literature review on the concept of agency and argues that the inherently contradictory nature of the phenomenon of agency has not been sufficiently theorized. The summary part also locates the playworld intervention in a historical frame by discussing the changing conceptions of adult- hood and childhood in the West. By focusing on the changing role of play and art in both adults’ and children’s contemporary lives, the thesis opens up an impor- tant but often neglected perspective on the problem of promoting student agency in education. The results illustrate how engaging in a collectively imagined and dramatized pretend play space together with the children enabled the teachers to momen- tarily put aside their “knower” positions in the classroom. The fictive roles and the narrative plot helped them to create a necessary incompleteness and open- endedness in the activity that stimulated the children’s initiatives. This meant that the children too could momentarily step out of their traditional classroom posi- tions as pupils and initiate action to further the collective play. Engaging in this kind of unconventional activity and taking up and enacting agency was, however, very challenging for the participating children and teachers. It often contradicted the need to sustain control and order in the classroom. The study concludes that play- and drama-based pedagogies offer a unique but undeveloped potential for developing educational spaces that help teachers and children deal with the often contradictory requirements of schooling. Keywords: agency, play pedagogy, adult-child relations, video-based ethnography, narrative interaction analysis, activity theory Helsingin yliopiston käyttäytymistieteiden laitos Kasvatustieteellisiä tutkimuksia 233 Anna Pauliina Rainio Lionhearts of the Playworld An ethnographic case study of the development of agency in play pedagogy tiivistelmä Tutkimukseni avaa tärkeän, mutta laiminlyödyn näkökulman keskusteluun las- ten toimijuuden muodoista ja niiden huomioimisesta koulussa. Kyseessä on et- nografinen tapaustutkimus 4–8-vuotiaiden lasten ala-asteen kokeiluryhmässä lukuvuonna 2003–2004 toteutetusta Veljeni Leijonamieli leikkimaailmasta, jos- sa sekä aikuiset että lapset seikkailevat, leikkivät ja ratkaisevat erilaisia tehtäviä käyttäen apunaan tarinan juonta ja yhdessä luotuja roolihahmoja. Leikkimaailman kaltaisten draama- ja leikkiprojektien lisääntynyt suosio ope- tuksessa heijastelee aikamme laajempaa murrosta, jossa sekä lapsuus että aikui- suus ovat uudelleen määrittelyn kohteena. Lapsuutta ei enää pidetä aikuisuudesta irrallisena elämänvaiheena, eikä aikuisuuden saavuttaminen tarkoita kehityksen määränpäätä. Lapsuuden ja aikuisuuden, leikin ja työnteon kulttuurit leikkaavat toisiaan. Tämä kehitys asettaa lasten toimijuudelle uusia mahdollisuuksia ja haas- teita, joita tutkin empiirisessä tutkimuskohteessani. Tarkemmat tutkimuskysymykset ovat: 1. Miten lapset ilmaisevat ja toteuttavat toimijuuttaan leikkimaailmassa? 2. Miten lasten toimijuus kehittyy ja muuttuu leikkimaailman aikana? 3. Mitkä ovat leikkimaailmatoiminnan mahdollisuudet ja haasteet oppilaiden toimijuudelle? 4. Miten opettajat ja oppilaat kohtaavat toi- mijuuden ja kontrollin välisen ristiriidan ja kehittävät siihen ratkaisuja? Tutki- mus sijoittuu toiminnan teorian ja sosiokulttuurisen tutkimuksen viitekehykseen. Työssä kehitetään videotallenteisiin pohjautuvaa juonellisen vuorovaikutuksen tutkimusmetodologiaa, jonka avulla toimijuutta päästään tarkastelemaan sekä tilannekohtaisesti rakentuvana vuorovaikutuksena että yksilön ja yhteisön muu- tosprosessina. Työssäni osoitan, että toimijuuden käsitteen sisäisesti ristiriitaista luonnetta ei ole tähän mennessä riittävästi käsitteellistetty kasvatustieteellisessä keskustelussa. Tutkimus koostuu yhteenveto-osasta ja neljästä empiirisestä artikkelista. Artikkelissa I analysoin oppilaan toimijuuden kehittymistä yhteistä toimintaa kyseenalaistavien ja vastustavien tekojen kautta. Artikkeli II tarkastelee leikki- maailmaa sukupuolikategorian kautta analysoiden kriittisesti kahden tytön pyrki- myksiä tunnustetumpaan toimijuuteen. Tarkastelun kohteena on myös mieliku- vituksen merkitys toimijuuden tunteen kehittymisessä. Artikkelissa III tutkitaan miten ja millä ehdoilla leikkimaailma tuottaa luokan jäsenille jaetun toimijuuden kokemuksia. Viimeisessä artikkelissa huomio suuntautuu opettajiin ja heidän ju- onellisiin roolitekoihinsa toiminnassa. Artikkelissa IV pohditaan myös haasteita, joita opettajat työssään kohtasivat. Tulokset osoittavat, että leikkimaailman juonen ja roolihahmojen avulla opet- tajat pystyivät rakentamaan avoimen ja tuottavasti keskeneräisen tilan, joka tuki lasten aloitteellisuutta. Tällöin sekä opettajat että oppilaat pystyivät hetkittäin astumaan sivuun perinteisistä rooleistaan luokkahuoneessa. Leikkimaailma oli välittäjä, jonka avulla koulun toimijoiden oli mahdollista muuttaa luokan toi- mintaa sisältä käsin, muuttamalla itseään ja suhdetta toisiinsa ilman että edel- lytetään koko koulun laajempaa historiallista muutosta, johon opettajilla oman työnsä osana ei ole suoraa pääsyä. Se myös tarjosi oppilaille vaihtoehtoisia tapoja olla suhteessa koulutoimintaan ilman, että tarvitsee luovuttaa, sanoutua irti tai sopeutua olemassaolevaan. Tämän epätavanomaisen, vaikeasti ennakoitavan ja vielä kehitteillä olevan pedagogisen toiminnan läpivieminen ei kuitenkaan ollut ongelmatonta ja se oli usein ristiriidassa kouluinstituutiolle tärkeiden kontrollin ja hallinnan tavoit- teiden kanssa. Työn johtopäätöksenä on, että leikkimaailman kaltaiset toiminta- tavat tarjoavat ainutlaatuisen, mutta vielä kehittämistä vaativan mahdollisuuden koulun ristiriitaisten vaatimusten kanssa kamppaileville opettajille ja oppilaille. Avainsanat: toimijuus, leikkipedagogiikka, lapsuustutkimus,
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