Relatório Do Exame De Qualificação

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Relatório Do Exame De Qualificação JULIANA PINHEIRO MAUÉS CHANG CHEH E O CINEMA DA FORÇA: ESTUDO ESTILÍSTICO A PARTIR DE DEZ FILMES DO DIRETOR CAMPINAS 2013 i ii UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES JULIANA PINHEIRO MAUÉS CHANG CHEH E O CINEMA DA FORÇA: Estudo estilístico a partir de dez filmes do diretor Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Multimeios do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do título de Mestra em Multimeios. Orientador: FERNÃO VITOR PESSOA DE ALMEIDA RAMOS Este exemplar corresponde à versão final de Dissertação defendida pela aluna Juliana Pinheiro Maués, e orientada pelo Prof. Dr. Fernão Vitor Pessoa de Almeida Ramos. ________________________________________ CAMPINAS 2013 iii Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Artes Eliane do Nascimento Chagas Mateus - CRB 8/1350 Maués, Juliana Pinheiro, 1987- M448c MauChang Cheh e o cinema da força : Estudo estilístico a partir de dez filmes do diretor / Juliana Pinheiro Maués. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2013. MauOrientador: Fernão Vitor Pessoa de Almeida Ramos. MauDissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes. Mau1. Cinema - Hong Kong. 2. Artes marciais chinesas. 3. Autoria. 4. Estilo artístico. I. Ramos, Fernão Pessoa,1957-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Artes. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Chang Cheh and the cinema of force : Study based on the stylistic analyse of ten movies Palavras-chave em inglês: Cinema - Hong Kong Chinese martial arts Autorship Artistic style Área de concentração: Multimeios Titulação: Mestra em Multimeios Banca examinadora: Fernão Vitor Pessoa de Almeida Ramos [Orientador] Francisco Elinaldo Teixeira Mauro Alejandro Baptista y Vedia Sarubbo Data de defesa: 29-08-2013 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Multimeios iv Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) v vi AGRADECIMENTOS Às duas famílias que não me deixaram esmorecer nesses dois anos e meio de pesquisa. Em Belém, aos meus pais, José e Filomena, e irmãos, José e Frederico. Em Campinas, a Mary, Zuca e Carolina Neves e Raimunda Alves; Ao professor Fernão Ramos, pela orientação e por ter acreditado, desde o início, no potencial desta pesquisa; À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela bolsa concedida, que permitiu dedicação integral ao Mestrado; Aos professores Marcius Freire, Elinaldo Teixeira e Mauro Baptista, pela leitura acurada e pelas sugestões durante os exames de qualificação e de defesa desta dissertação; Às minhas fontes não oficiais de pesquisa: a Takeo Maruyama, autor do blog Asian Fury e grande conhecedor do cinema de artes marciais, que me facilitou o acesso aos filmes de Chang Cheh e a alguns materiais de leitura; a David Bordwell, Leandro Caraça e Laura Cánepa, que me indicaram bibliografias preciosas – eles, sobre o cinema de Hong Kong e ela, sobre teoria do cinema de gênero – durante a fase inicial da pesquisa; Aos amigos, que, felizmente, são muitos, por acreditarem no meu trabalho e pelo apoio constante, mesmo à distância: Felipe, Rodrigo, Glenda, Maurício, Cauby, Mateus, Tamiles, Iris, Leylla, Mariana, Miguel, Raíssa, Tamires, Aerton, Gabriel, Alinnie e outros que não citei mais por falta de memória objetiva do que por falta de consideração. Àqueles com quem dividi os entusiasmos e ansiedades no cotidiano de aulas e pesquisa na Unicamp: Álvaro Zeini Cruz e Cássia Hosni. Aos sempre cordiais funcionários da Biblioteca do Instituto de Artes da Unicamp. Enfim, a esse grande sistema de compartilhamento de informações chamado internet, sem o qual, quase certamente, este trabalho não teria sido possível. vii viii “Someone like Jean-Luc Godard is for me intellectual counterfeit money when compared to a good kung fu film”. Werner Herzog ix x RESUMO: O presente trabalho é resultado de pesquisa sobre o diretor chinês Chang Cheh, atuante no cinema de artes marciais de Hong Kong dos anos 1960 aos 1990. A proposta é traçar um perfil estilístico da obra deste cineasta, tendo como fio da meada a categoria que Noël Burch denomina “tema”, ou seja, a matriz da forma cinematográfica. Para isso, foram selecionados dez filmes, de modo a compreender ao menos um de cada uma das fases da carreira do cineasta, sobre os quais foi realizada extensiva análise estilística, segundo parâmetros estabelecidos por David Bordwell. Desse modo, foi possível a identificação de um tema maior, que confere unidade à obra de Chang e cujos desdobramentos permitiram a sua identificação com o conceito de Força, conforme desenvolvido por Simone Weil. Logo, o cerne deste trabalho está no modo como Chang expressa estilisticamente a problemática da Força, com especial atenção para os seus pontos de contato com aspectos como o heroísmo, a violência e o trágico. Este trabalho pretende, ainda, ser uma apresentação do cinema de Chang, o qual, apesar da sua larga influência no cinema de Hong Kong e no filme de ação de modo geral, é pouco presente nos meios acadêmicos e na cinefilia canônica. Palavras-chave: Cinema de Hong Kong; Autoria; Artes marciais chinesas; Estilo artístico. xi xii ABSTRACT This work is presented as a result of a research on the Chinese director Chang Cheh, a filmmaker who worked in the martial arts cinema made in Hong Kong from the 1960s until the 1990s. The purpose is to trace a stylistic profile of his work, taking as conduction the category Noël Burch called "theme", in other words, the generator of cinematographic form. With this intention, it was selected ten movies, chosen in a way to content at least one representant of each one of the phases of the director's career. It was made extensive stylistic analyse over these movies, following parameters established by David Bordwell. Thus it was possible to identify a major theme that gives unity to Chang's work and whose deployment allowed its identification with the concept of Force, in the way it was developed by Simone Weil. The core of this work is in perceive the way Chang expresses in a stylistic mode the problematic of Force, with special attention to aspects such as heroism, violence and tragic. This work intends to be also a presentation of Chang's cinema. Although his large influence in the Hong Kong cinema and in the action movie altogether, Chang is still a filmmaker not very present in academic circles and in canonic cinephilia. Key Words: Hong Kong Cinema; Autorship; Chinese martial arts; Artistic style. xiii xiv ÍNDICE INTRODUÇÃO......................................................................................................... 1 PARTE I .................................................................................................................... 7 1. O SUPERDRAGÃO CHINÊS ............................................................................ 7 1.1 Irmãos de sangue: a disputa entre Cantonês e Mandarim ............................. 8 1.2 Dois estúdios ................................................................................................. 13 1.3 The way of the dragon …………………………………………………… 22 1.4 Enter the dragon ............................................................................................ 27 1.5 Sabor local ..................................................................................................... 36 2. O PADRINHO DO KUNG-FU ........................................................................... 41 2.1 Os primeiros anos .......................................................................................... 43 2.2 A nova era da ação ........................................................................................ 45 2.3 Violência masculina ...................................................................................... 56 2.4 Múltiplos heróis ............................................................................................ 59 PARTE II – O CINEMA DA FORÇA ...................................................................... 69 1. MOVIMENTO CORPORAL ............................................................................. 75 1.1 O corpo nos intervalos: diálogos, refeições, caminhadas ............................. 76 a) Mãos, olhares e o amor não-verbalizado ................................................ 77 b) Perscrutando o espaço: caminhadas ........................................................ 84 c) Quando o corpo cessa ............................................................................. 88 1.2 O corpo vigoroso: as lutas ............................................................................. 91 a) Coreografia .............................................................................................. 93 b) Cinema de lugar não-específico .............................................................. 95 c) Cores em movimento .............................................................................. 97 d) Corpo fragmentado e o estabelecimento do ritmo .................................. 100 2. RITMO E POTENCIALIZAÇÃO EXPRESSIVA ............................................ 111 2.1 Análise dos elementos formais ..................................................................... 112 a) Zoom ....................................................................................................... 112 b) Elementos de edição (mudanças de cor; câmeras lenta e acelerada) ...... 116 c) Composições de quadro .......................................................................... 120 d) Molduras ................................................................................................
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