Abstracts ofPapers

Twenty-seventh Annual Albert L. Tester Memorial Symposium, 21-22 March 2002 1

The Albert L. Tester Memorial Symposium is held in honor ofProfessor Albert L. Tester, who, at the time ofhis death in 1974, was senior professor of zoology at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. The faculty and students of the Depart­ ment ofZoology proposed an annual symposium ofstudent research papers as a means of honoring, in a continuing and active way, Dr. Tester's lively encour­ agement of student research in a broad range of fields within marine biology. Papers reporting original research on any aspect of science are solicited from students at the university and these papers are presented at the symposium, which takes place during the spring semester. Income from contributions to the Albert L. Tester Memorial Fund of the University of Hawai'i Foundation is used to provide prizes for the two best papers, judged on quality, originality, and importance of research reported, as well as the quality of the public presenta­ tion. The Waildld Aquarium presents the Mike Weekley Award, based on the same criteria. Judges include Department of Zoology faculty members and the previous year's student award winners. In addition, a distinguished scholar from another university or research institution is invited to participate in the sympo­ sium as a judge and to present the major symposium address. This year the guest participant was Dr. Marc Mangel, Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of California at Santa Cruz.

Hot Water Drench Treatments for Control ofBurrowing Nematode in Rhapis and Fishtail Palms Albert C. Arcinas2

Exporters of potted nursery stock face strict to two economically important palm species, quarantine regulations against the burrow­ rhapis and fishtail. Each plant was inoculated ing nematode (BN). Currently, there are no with 5000 mixed life stages of BN and al­ approved quarantine treatments to disinfest lowed to establish for 14 weeks before treat­ plants of BN. Interceptions lead to substan­ ment. In rhapis palms, a moderately good tial economic loss and curtailment of trade. host, a 16-min hot water drench had the Therefore, hot water drench treatments were highest efficacy, achieving 99.6% mortality of investigated for quarantine utility. Drenches BN. In fishtail palms, a poor host, all treat­ with 50°C water were applied for 10-16 min ments longer than 10 min at 50°C achieved 100% mortality. Probit regression estimates were used to estimate LT99 , resulting in 16.9 2 I Manuscript accepted I May 2002. and 10.3 min, respectively; however a X 2 Department of Plant and Environmental Protection goodness-of-fit test for deviation from ob­ Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, served data was significant for rhapis palms. Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Brent S. Sipes. The high efficacy of hot water drenches for the control of BN is approaching the Probit 9 Pacific Science (2003), vol. 57, no. 2:227-241 standard of 99.9968% mortality that is re­ © 2003 by University of Hawai'i Press quired for U.S. Department of Agriculture All rights reserved approval as a quarantine treatment.

227 228 PACIFIC SCIENCE· April 2003

Evolving Morphology ofan Open-Channel Lava Flow on Mt. Etna John E. Bailey3

From mid-May to mid-July 2001 a small formation/breakup, and "surges" in the vol­ eruption from the southeast cone on Mt. ume of lava flowing in the channel. There Etna into the Valle del Leone persistently fed were small surges or "pulses" and large a classic example of a compound flow field, surges that totally overfilled the channel. with multiple bifurcated channels that ex­ Pulses resulted from lava buildup behind tended 1 Ian across and 2 Ian down the channel blockages, which then partly broke mountain. This flow field provided the op­ up, allowing rapid lowering of the channel portunity to study changes in thermal struc­ fill level; before blockages formed again. The ture and morphology ofan open lava channel, larger surge events, however, completely over a period of days. This was done using overwhelmed the channel and were attributed temperature-calibrated digital images from a to a change in supply volume. Changes in FUR (forward-looking infrared) camera and integrated thermal output (of the channel) lag continuous recordings from a radiometer, behind when compared with changes in sur­ which provided an integrated radiance value face velocity of flowing lava, which is consis­ over the area of the channel in the field of tent with the hypothesis of a changing supply view. The images and patterns of change in volume. This study represents one of the first these data showed many features, such as uses of a FLIR to study active lava flows and different types of tube formation, channel suggests that it has great potential for helping blockages, overspills, diverted flows, crust understand eruption dynamics.

Size Differences Influence Aggressive Behavior in the Mangrove Blenny, Omobranchus rotundiceps obliquus Erin Baumgartner4

The mangrove blenny, Omobranchus rotundi­ ior occurring between individual blennies. ceps obliquus, is an invasive species found in Two laboratory experiments involving com­ sheltered fouling communities in Kane'ohe munities and dyads of blennies examined the Bay, O'ahu. The fish arrange their territories influence of size, sex, and size asymmetry on in a diffuse fashion, where the territory is a aggressive behavior. Size and sex did not have small area around the refuge. The territory a significant influence, but size asymmetry moves along with the fish as it switches ref­ significantly influenced aggressive behavior in uges. Access to these refuges is controlled by blennies. The proportion of aggressive en­ position in the dominance hierarchy. Aggres­ counters, ratio of one-sidedness of the rela­ sion and aggressive interactions influence the tionship, and number of fights between pairs position of the fish in the dominance hierar­ in communities of blennies were all signifi­ chy. This study examined those factors that cantly influenced by size asymmetry, with influence the likelihood of aggressive behav- similar-sized combatants being more likely to behave aggressively to one another. The number of high-intensity interactions and 3 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Hawai'i amount of time spent on high-level intensity Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of interactions were significantly influenced by Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: size asymmetry in dyad trials of blennies. The Andrew Harris. amount of time it took to achieve a domi­ 4 Department of Zoology, and Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hono­ nance relationship as indicated by a color lulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Dave Greenfield. shift was also significantly influenced by size Twenty-seventh Tester Memorial Symposium Abstracts 229

asymmetry. Blennies that were similar in size more aggressive interactions, and took longer spent more time behaving aggressively, had to achieve a dominance relationship.

Acoustic Backscattering Properties ofHawaiian Lutjanid Snappers Kelly Benoit-BirdS

Acoustic properties and swim bladders of six that surface measures are valid for fish at species of commercially important bottom­ depth. Species-specific swim bladder charac­ dwelling Hawaiian lu~anid snappers, for teristics were correlated with changes in echo which backscatter data are not available in the characteristics. For example, the angle be­ literature, were investigated using broadband tween the fish's dorsal aspect and the major sonar, X rays, and plaster swim bladder casts. axis of its swim bladder was consistent be­ X rays revealed species-specific differences tween individuals within a species. This angle in shape, size, and orientation of the swim had a one-to-one relationship with the angle bladders, shown to be the primary source of at which the maximum dorsal aspect target backscattering. Backscatter data were ob­ strength was measured. Species-specific dif­ tained from anesthetized, live fish mounted ferences in echo structure characteristics such on a rotor and rotated around each of their as number of highlights and length of the three axes. Fish were ensonified with broad­ echo were also evident, as were differences in band signals (60-200 kHz). As in other fish spectral characteristics such as peak frequency species, maximum dorsal aspect target and degree of spectral rippling. Distributions strength was correlated with fish length of these characteristics did overlap between within each species. In situ echoes taken from species; however, with a combination of mul­ a submersible were not significantly different tiple broadband acoustic characteristics, spe­ from those from surface measures, showing cies identification is possible.

Pattern in Hawaiian Rocky Intertidal Community Structure along Wave Exposure Gradients Christopher E. Bird6

Community structure on Hawai'i's rocky in­ transects running perpendicular to the shore­ tertidal shores has received relatively little at­ line along a wave exposure gradient. Wave tention when compared with reef, pelagic, force was correlated with lower temperature forest, and grassland communities. In fact, and desiccation at a given height above mean there is a common misconception that there lower low water. I propose that this is due to is no intertidal in Hawai'i due to the small wave height approaching and/or eclipsing the 0.85-m (2.8-ft) tidal fluctuation. I deployed tidal range, effectively expanding the zone of maximum wave force dynamometers, tem­ biotically favorable habitat for intertidal or­ perature loggers, and wetted sponges on ganisms above that set by the tides. Thus physical conditions on the shore grade from tide domination in low wave exposure to wave domination in high wave exposure. I success­ 5 Deparnnenr of Zoology, and Hawai'i Institute of fully used digital photography to sample the Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hono­ lulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Whitlow Au. rocky intertidal community along wave expo­ 6 Deparnnent of Botany, University of Hawai'i at sure gradients on O'ahu and Maui. Turf and Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Celia Smith. macro algae were much more prominent in 230 PACIFIC SCIENCE· April 2003

mid- to low wave exposures than in high wave sure. Gross community structure on Hawai­ exposure. Crustose algae and macro grazers ian rocky intertidal shores is correlated with such as Colobocentrotus atratus were most physical conditions controlled by wave expo­ abundant in zones receiving high wave expo- sure.

Integrated Management Strategies against Aspidiotus destructor (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Banana Ming-yi Chou 7

Infestations of Aspidiotus destructor Sign. in locations. Low population densities were ob­ banana cause substantial loss for Hawai'i's served, with maximum density at 1.38 on a growers at the export market. Integrated pest 5-point density scale. Formulated pesticides management tactics were evaluated against diazinon (Diazinon), imidacloprid (Provado), the quarantine pest. Seasonal population dy­ pyriproxyfen (Esteem), and thiamethoxam namics were investigated at six commercial (Actara) were found to be effective against orchards to analyze population density and nymphal stage, and adult mortalities varied spatial distribution of A. destructor in banana. from 0.39 to 0.96. Complete control of adults No significant difference was found between was achieved by hot water immersion with seasonal population densities at most survey temperatures ranging from 47 to 49°C.

Nearshore Nursery Use in the Scalloped Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna lewini Kanesa DuncanS

Scalloped hammerhead shark pups (Sphyrna jority of recaptures occurred close to the lewini) inhabit nursery grounds in coastal point of release, some sharks dispersed up to embayments where they act as apex predators 5 km across the bay after only 1 week at lib­ and may seasonally dominate vertebrate bio­ erty. These data are contrary to previous mass. I tested several hypotheses concern­ suggestions that pups congregate in the ing pups' distribution, residency, growth, and south part of Kane'ohe Bay. Most recaptures survivorship in nursery areas by conducting occurred within 4 months of tagging, but mark-recapture and captive growth studies of some sharks were at liberty for more than young S. lewini in Kane'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Ha­ 1 yr. Combined growth rate data from re­ wai'i. Shark pups were present in the bay captures and from captive sharks suggest that during all months of the year, with highest S. lewini pups grow very slowly in the months catch rates in July, August, and September. immediately after birth. Presence of larger I found little spatial segregation of pups juvenile sharks within the bay, recapture of within Kane'ohe Bay and although the ma- sharks at liberty for over a year, and growth rates of captive sharks suggest that coastal nursery areas may remain important ham­ 7 Department of Plant and Environmental Protection merhead habitat throughout the first 3 yr of Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, life. This finding has important fishery im­ Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Ronald F. Mau. plications for Kane'ohe Bay and also for S Department of Zoology and Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hono­ pupping grounds throughout tropical waters lulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Kim Holland. where S. lewini is heavily gillnetted. Twenty-seventh Tester Memorial Symposium Abstracts 231

Role ofthe Gene Distal-less in Development ofEuprymna seolopes Claudia Faifan9

Distal-less encodes a homeodomain protein if Dll function is required for formation of best known for its role in proximo-distal these appendages. In a first phase to assess the patterning of Drosophila limbs. Expression role of Dll in development of the arms of the surveys of presumptive Distal-less (Dll) or­ sepiolid Euprymna seolopes, I isolated a frag­ thologues in coelomate phyla, including chor­ ment of the Dll homeobox by RT-PCR and dates, has prompted the suggestion that this performed a preliminary expression study gene is ancient and may be involved in pat­ (whole mount) using a highly cross-reactive terning of body wall outgrowths of proto­ Dll antibody raised against the butterfly Precis stomes and deuterostomes. However, these eoenia Dll homeodomain. The isolated frag­ surveys did not include representatives of the ment (66 base pairs long) is 95% homologous Mollusca, a phylum characterized by mor­ to the Dll ofP. eoenia and Tribolium eastaneum, phological plasticity and unique anatomical and to a number of vertebrate DIx ortho­ specializations. Cephalopod arms are con­ logues. The presumptive E. seolopes Dll is ex­ spicuous body wall outgrowths, appendages pressed in the arms, funnel, eyes, optic lobes, nonhomologous to other structures outside and all over the epidermis. These data suggest the Mollusca, and a morphological novelty that Dll has a pleiotropic role in development within the taxa. Thus it is of interest to know of E. seolopes, including arm development.

Genetic Population Structure in Relation to Dispersal Potential in Pacific Nudibranchs Anusehka Faueei lO

Marine organisms vary greatly in their po­ idase I (COl) gene was sequenced for the fol­ tential for dispersal of larvae. Levels of gene lowing species: P. sibogae (G'ahu and Guam), flow among populations depend on this po­ P. lugubris (Guam), P. minor (G'ahu and tential and the extent to which it is realized. Guam), P. melanobraehia (G'ahu and Guam), Population genetic data can be used as an in­ Phestilla sp. 1 (Guam), Phestilla sp. 2 (Guam). direct measurement of dispersal in marine A neighbor-joining tree was produced using species. Species of the nudibranch genus the two nudibranchs Caloria indica and Hyp­ Phestilla occur throughout the Pacific, feeding selodoris infueata as outgroups. P. sibogae from on different coral species. They differ in their Guam and P. lugubris from Guam are geneti­ larval developmental mode and therefore dis­ cally more closely related than P. sibogae from persal potential (e.g., Phestilla sibogae and P. Guam and G'ahu. Phestilla sibogae from G'ahu minor have lecithotrophic larvae [nonfeeding, has an intrapopulation divergence of 0-0.3 % short planktonic period], whereas P. lugubris (mean 0.19%), P. sibogae from Guam 0­ has planktotrophic larvae [feeding, obligate 0.6% (0.4%), and P. lugubris from Guam long planktonic period]). A 680-base pair 0-0.6% (0.4%). These preliminary results region of the mitochondrial cytochrome e ox- indicate no substantial intrapopulation struc­ turing, although no interpopulation values have yet been obtained. Expected results 9 Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at would have been that P. lugubris has a lower Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: H. G. de intraspecific divergence than P. sibogae. All Couet. other species are genetically distinct from 10 Department of Zoology, and Kewalo Marine Lab­ oratory, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, each other and show some degree of geo­ Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Michael G. Hadfield. graphical structuring. 232 PACIFIC SCIENCE· April 2003

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Influences in a Hawaiian Arboreal Arthropod Food Web11 Daniel S. Gruner 12

Predator (top-down) and resource (bottom­ rectly increased in fertilized relative to up) influences in food webs are strong and unfertilized plots, but were unaffected by in­ pervasive, but few studies have investigated direct effects of top predator exclusion. Fer­ their interactive effects in real terrestrial eco­ tilization increased densities of detritivores, systems. This study focused on arthropods and bird exclusion increased spider den­ associated with the dominant species in these sities. Arthropod combined densities, besides young successional systems, Metrosideros poly­ spiders, were reduced in the interaction morpha (Myrtaceae), also the dominant tree treatment, suggesting cascading effects of in the Hawaiian Islands. In August and Sep­ these intermediate-level predators to the tember 1998 on a 120-yr-old flow, severe detritivores. Herbivore numbers were un­ nutrient limitation was removed by fertiliza­ changed by either treatment, but herbivores tion and combined with bird predator re­ were sensitive to another bottom-up influ­ moval cages in a large-scale, well-replicated, ence, foliar pubescence, as confirmed by sep­ randomized block design. Arthropod den­ arate arthropod collections. Top-down effects sities were measured from foliage clipping in this system are complementary, not purely samples at the outset and conclusion of the additive, to bottom-up influences, and details experiment. After 2.75 yr, foliar nitrogen are dependent on structure of the food web. content and M. polymorpha growth were di-

Scattering ofthe Oceanic Internal Tide from a Seamount Shaun Johnston 13

Internal tides are generated as the surface tide decay scales on the order of 1000 km. These forces stratified water up and down the flanks waves carry much of the energy contained in of midocean topography. Internal tides are the oceanic internal wave field, and it is not generated on length scales ranging up to 150 well known how they are dissipated. So the km. Smaller-scale waves are dissipated near question addressed here is: how is energy the topography, contributing to mixing ofthe transferred from the large-scale internal tides deep ocean. Larger-scale waves are observed to smaller scales and ultimately to the smallest to propagate away from the topography, with scales where mixing takes place? In a numer­ ical model, we produced a large-scale internal 11 I gratefully acknowledge K. Heckmann, L. Wilson, wave on the western boundary and let it S. Peterson, and E. McDaniels for field and laboratory propagate 5 wavelengths before encounter­ assistance; A. Taylor for valuable discussion; D. Foote ing an idealized Gaussian seamount in a con­ and L. Freed for logistical support; and the Hawai'i De­ parnnent of Land and Natural Resources for field access. stant stratification ocean. We found greatly Funding was provided by the Ecology, Evolution, and enhanced energy density directly over the Conservation Biology program at University of Hawai'i crest ofthe seamount and a strong directional at Manoa, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency, distribution (i.e., regions of enhanced and Sigma Xi, the Hawai'i Audubon Society, the David and reduced energy density) in the lee of the sea­ Lucille Packard Foundation, and the National Science Foundation DDIG program. mount. Over the seamount the sloping to­ 12 Deparnnent of Zoology, and Ecology, Evolution, pography forced the incident internal tide to and Conservation Biology program, University of Ha­ smaller horizontal and vertical length scales, wai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: An­ thereby increasing current shear. These drew Taylor. sheared currents were dynamically unstable 13 Deparnnent of Oceanography, University of Ha­ wai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Mark and led to enhanced mixing directly over the Merrifield. topography. Twenty-seventh Tester Memorial Symposium Abstracts 233

Investigating Symbiont-Induced Hemocyte Trafficking during Light Organ Morphogenesis in Hawaiian Bobtail Squid, Euprymna seolopes Tanya Koropatniek 14

The symbiotic aSSOCiation between the se­ glycan (PG). In the presence of the symbiont piolid squid Euprymna se%pes and the lumi­ a significant increase in hemocyte number nous marine bacterium Vibrio fiseheri begins could be seen in the sinuses as early as 2 hr when the hatchling host gathers symbionts postinfection, and a peak in number was from the environment using currents created reached by 24 hr. A significant increase in by two ciliated epithelial fields on the surface hemocyte number was also induced by both of the host light organ. Upon infection with LPS and PG alone or in combination. LPS V. fiseheri, the light organ undergoes a 4-day has been shown to induce cell death in the morphogenesis involving widespread apopto­ ciliated epithelium, but PG alone did not sis in the ciliated epithelia, and regression induce apoptosis. Lithium chloride, which of the ciliated fields, including the anterior delays hemocyte migration, decreased sym­ and posterior ciliated appendages. This study biont-induced hemocyte trafficking while cell investigated the potential role of host hemo­ death levels remained unaltered. These data cytes in this dramatic morphogenesis. Con­ suggest that hemocytes are not mediating focal microscopy was used to characterize apoptosis during light organ morphogenesis. hemocyte trafficking within the blood sinuses However, high numbers of hemocytes con­ of the ciliated appendages over time in both tinue to be present in the blood sinuses symbiotic (infected with V. fiseheri) and throughout regression, suggesting a role for aposymbiotic (uninfected) animals, and in these cells in the loss of the epithelial ap­ animals exposed to microbial products, lipo­ pendages. polysaccharide (LPS), lipid A, and peptido-

Hox Genes and the Cephalopod Arm Crown: Homology and Morphology15 Patricia N K. L. Lee 16

Cephalopods are highly derived mollusks. arms. Which arm pair has been lost in the One striking evolutionary modification is the octopods? Relying solely on morphological derivation of a prehensile arm crown from comparisons, assigning arm homologies be­ the molluscan foot. Arms are an important tween the two groups and determining which morphological character used in cephalopod arm pair has been lost have been difficult. taxonomy, dividing coleoid cephalopods into In addition, there have been morphological Octopodiformes (octopods with four arm specializations of specific arms in different pairs) and Decapodiformes (squids with five groups. How might these specializations have arm pairs). The ancestral coleoid is proposed evolved? To address these questions, we to have possessed five pairs of unmodified examined Hox genes in the sepiolid squid Euprymna se%pes as potential molecular markers. Hox genes are key regulatory genes 14 Department of Zoology, and Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University ofHawai'i at Manoa, Hono­ involved in specifying body regions along the lulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Margaret McFaIl-Ngai. anterior-posterior axis of all bilaterians. We 15 Supported by Sigma Xi GIAR, Hawaiian Malaco­ determined the expression patterns of eight logical Society, A&S Research Advisory Council, and Hox orthologues during E. se%pes develop­ Edmondson GIAR. ment by whole-mount in situ hybridization. 16 Department of Zoology, and Kewalo Marine Lab­ oratory, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Each arm pair expresses a unique combina­ Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: H. G. de Couet. tion of Hox genes during development, which 234 PACIFIC SCIENCE· April 2003

may play a role in specifying arm identity. mologies between octopods and decapods. In Although this is the first cephalopod in which addition, with a potential role in body region these genes have been studied, we suggest specification, Hox genes may be involved in that Hox genes may potentially be used as modifications of various arms during cepha­ molecular markers for verifying arm ho- lopod evolution.

Molecular Investigations into the Phylogenetic Position of the Chaetognaths David Matus 17

Chaetognaths, or arrowworms, are small studies have attempted to resolve their posi­ marine invertebrates, ubiquitous in the zoo­ tion using structural and housekeeping genes, plankton in all the world's oceans. For cen­ but this work represents the first use of de­ turies, the position of this phylum within velopmental regulatory genes (genes that Metazoa has been enigmatic at best, having code for body plan formation, axial pattern­ been allied with a wide variety of other phyla, ing, etc.) to determine the position of the due to a variety of confusing morphological chaetognaths within Metazoa. A PCR-based and developmental characters. Although most survey of a local species of chaetognath, Flac­ invertebrate textbooks place the chaetognaths cisagitta enfiata, has resulted in the identifica­ within the deuterostomes, molecular evidence tion of several different homeobox genes, from the last eight years suggests that this including three characteristic ecdysozoan Hox placement is inaccurate, though no clear gene orthologues: Uftrabithorax, Abdominal B, consensus exists in the literature as to their and Antennapedia. Multiple methods of phy­ true affiliation within Metazoa. Recent work logenetic analysis suggest that the Anten­ involving a "total evidence" approach com­ napedia orthologue is more closely related to bining morphological, developmental, and other ecdysozoan Antennapedia orthologues molecular data suggests an affiliation of chae­ than to any other group of genes, providing tognaths to ecdysozoans, a clade of molting support for the inclusion of the chaetognaths animals within the protostomes. Previous within Ecdysozoa.

Drosophila Lysyl Oxidases: Effect ofDmloxl-l on Chromatin Structure and Transcription and Adult-Specific Expression ofDmloxl-2 Janos Molnar18

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper-containing and senescence reflect a remarkable func­ amine oxidase best known for its role in cata­ tional diversity of LOX. The existence of lyzing cross-linking in elastin and fibrillar multiple LOX-like proteins in mammals, collagens. In addition to its extracellular however, makes it difficult to interpret how functions, its intracellular, intranuclear loca­ LOX, or the LOX-like proteins, may indi­ tions, and involvement in tumor suppression vidually contribute to these diverse functions. We have identified two LOX-like genes, Dmloxl-l and Dmloxl-2, in Drosophila mela­ nogaster. The temporal division of gene 17 Department of Zoology, and Kewalo Marine Lab­ activities allowed functional analysis of oratory, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Dmloxl-l alone in early development. Selec­ Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Mark Q. Martindale. tive inhibition ofDmloxl-l by p-aminopropio­ 18 Department of Anatomy, Pacific Biomedical Re­ search Center, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hono­ nitrile (P-APN) resulted in developmental lulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Katalin Csiszar. delay, altered pupation, a shift in sex ratio Twenty-seventh Tester Memorial Symposium Abstracts 235 toward fewer males, enhanced position effect onstrated suppression of PEY. These results variegation (PEV) in males, and lower suggest that Dmloxl-l functions as a trans­ mRNA levels of seven ribosomal and the glue acting regulator of transcription rate acting protein genes. Transgenic Drosophila females, through compositional changes of the chro­ but not males, overexpressing Dmloxl-l dem- matin.

More than]ust a Pretty Pattern: What the Spots on the Shell of Cribrarula cribraria (Mollusca: Cypraeidae) Tell Us about Its Anatomy Fabio Moretzsohn 19

The mantle of cowries is stationary in rela­ related useful taxonomic characters include tion to the shell, meaning that the mantle al­ position of the dorsal line (indicating rel­ ways returns to the same region of the shell. ative sizes of each of the mantle lobes that \Vhen fully exposed, the mantle covers the cover the shell); number of dorsal papillae on whole shell, and it is the mantle that deposits each mantle lobe; and relative size, density, the CaCOJ layers that compose the shell. In and sharpness of DS. The results obtained in the Cribrarula cribraria complex, the charac­ the study of the C. cribraria complex can be teristic white dorsal spots (DS) on the shell extrapolated to other cowries with similar are formed by nonpigmented oval "windows" dorsal patterns, such as Lyncina leucodon and through which the white background of the Mauritia mauritiana. Cowrie shells are con­ dorsum is seen. It is hypothesized here, based sidered to have few informative characters, on direct observation and photographs of live with the glossy, involute shell bearing little cowries, that there is a direct correspondence sculpture (except for the apertural teeth), between DS and mantle papillae in the C. spines, and not even the protoconch showing. cribraria complex, with the white DS being Combined with other data such as anatomical the record of each papilla at the time the and molecular characters, the nontraditional pigmented layer was laid. DS counts from conchological characters used here may pro­ 371 shells assumed to represent all 10 species vide a higher resolution than traditional con­ in the C. cribraria complex show species­ chological characters needed to solve some of specific ranges of DS counts. Other DS- the taxonomic problems in cowries.

Use ofDNA Arrays for Molecular Systematic Studies ofSpecies within the Baetrocera dorsalis Complex20 Chrystie Naeole 21

The Baetrocera dorsalis complex is a group inadequate to make accurate species identifi­ of more than 50 closely related species. A cation, and little is known about the sys­ number of these species are major economic tematic relationships of species within this pests. Current taxonomic keys are deemed complex. DNA markers provide characters that may be useful for both purposes. Using PCR primers designed from conserved cod­ 19 Department of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at ing regions of specific genes, we have ampli­ Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: E. Alison fied intron regions of these genes for use as Kay. genetic markers. Introns are useful because 20 Supported by CDFA Grant No. 97-0451. they tend to harbor differences to a greater 21 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uni­ versity of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. extent compared with coding regions and Sponsor: David Haymer. genes. We are working to demonstrate how 236 PACIFIC SCIENCE· April 2003

DNA sequences from intron regions of par­ may also help in characterizing new and un­ ticular genes can be combined with DNA described species known to occur within this array technology to identify and distinguish complex and help in the resolution of the species within this complex. This approach systematic relationships of these species.

Propagation of Breadfruit for Conservation and Germ Plasm Exchange Cynthia Nazario 22

The National Tropical Botanical Garden breadfruit as a method of germ plasm ex­ (NTBG) has established a breadfruit collec­ change. This methodology includes selection tion at the Kahanu Garden in Hana, Maui. of an explant source, development of a steril­ The collection consists of 173 accessions ization protocol, initiation and proliferation from 17 Pacific Island groups, Indonesia, the ofshoots on various in vitro media, rooting of Philippines, and the Seychelles. From this shoots in vitro, and hardening of plantlets. In collection a core group of breadfruit cultivars addition to in vitro propagation, breadfruit has been selected in which further in-depth air-layer studies comparing auxin concen­ research is being conducted, including tissue trations, etiolation, branch size, and seasons culture, air-layering, and seed germination. are also being conducted to provide another Breadfruit is currently propagated vegeta­ propagation alternative. Both these studies tively through root cuttings or shoots. These will facilitate the distribution of breadfruit methods, although successful, are slow and for propagation and research throughout the can make transport of plant material over world while assisting in conservation efforts long distances difficult. Currently, I am de­ of endangered breadfruit varieties. veloping a methodology for tissue culture of

Role ofPre-B Cell-Colony Enhancing Factor (PBEF) in Human Fetal Membranes23 Simona Ognjanovic 24

Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) expression. We hypothesized that a mechani­ is a novel eytokine, which is constitu­ cally induced protein might cause growth of tively expressed in human fetal membranes the tissue to reduce mechanical strain. Thus, throughout pregnancy. It was shown in our recombinant human PBEF (rhPBEF) was laboratory that this is a mechanically respon­ produced in a bacterial system and added sive gene upregulated in the fetal membranes to amniotic epithelial (WISH) cells at 1, 10, both in vitro by their distension and in vivo and 100 ng/ml for 4 days. Proliferation was by the process of labor. In addition, infection assayed with the CellTiter 96 Proliferation of this tissue substantially increased PBEF Assay (Promega). rhPBEF (100 ng/rnl) caused a significant increase in their prolifer­ ation when compared with the control (in­ cubated with media only). IGF-II (30 ng/ml) 22 Deparnnent of Tropical Plant and Soil Science, was used as a positive control. To confirm University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i and extend these results, fetal membrane ex­ 96822. Sponsor: Diane Ragone. plants from three different patients with no 23 Supported by NIH grant HD24314. histological evidence ofinfection were treated 24 Deparnnent of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uni­ versity of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. with rhPBEF (100 ng/ml) for 4 hr; controls Sponsor: Gillian Bryant-Greenwood. were adjacent sections incubated in culture Twenty-seventh Tester Memorial Symposium Abstracts 237

media only. Total RNA was extracted and the pression of several genes involved either in expression of 847 genes was compared on the growth regulation or in infection-induced human eytokine cDNA expression arrays. pathways. These data are being confirmed by Results show that PBEF causes increased ex- Northern blotting.

Development ofAnagyrus ananatis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) at Constant Temperatures Roju Pandey25

Pink pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes of 271 DD above To for A. ananatis to com­ (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), is one of the plete its life cycle. A typical pineapple planta­ most widely distributed mealybugs around tion accumulated 4311 DD of heat above the world. In association with pineapple 12.68°C annually, allowing A. ananatis to mealybug wilt-associated closterovirus, D. complete about 16 generations per year. In brevipes can lead to the expression of mealy­ the second experiment, parasitized D. brevipes bug wilt disease. Anagyrus ananatis Gahan, a was incubated at 23.8°C and 20 mealybugs solitary endoparasitoid, is the most com­ dissected at 24-hr intervals to determine the monly distributed biological control agent of life cycle of A. ananatis. Results showed that D. brevipes in Hawaiian pineapple fields. Two eggs began to eclose after 2 days of ovi­ experiments were conducted to determine position and completed hatching in 4 days. effects of constant temperature on develop­ Larvae were observed from 2 days after ment of A. ananatis. In the first experiment, oviposition until 9 days after oviposition, the parasitized D. brevipes was incubated at five prepupa stage was observed from 8 to 12 different constant temperatures (T), 14.6°C, days, and the pupa stage from 10 to 25 days 19°C, 23.8°C, 28.9°C, and 31°C. Time (D) after oviposition. Adult emergence began af­ taken to complete the life cycle (from ovipo­ ter 24 days of oviposition and was completed sition to adult emergence) was noted. A new in 26 days. These findings are useful in the variable, DT, was calculated and analyzed by development of mass rearing techniques for regression analysis of DT with T. The lower A. ananatis for augmentative biological con­ temperature threshold (To) was determined trol of D. brevipes. to be 12.68°C with a total heat requirement

Trophic Ecology ofTwo Oceanic Squids in Hawaiian Waters Matthew Parry26

The two study species are important mem­ the target of a worldwide fishery. Under­ bers of the pelagic ecosystem. Sthenoteuthis standing the trophic dynamics of these squids oualaniensis (purple squid) has been the target is vital to understanding the pelagic ecosys­ of a traditional local fishery for decades, and tem as a whole. Stomach contents and stable Ommastrephes bartramii (red squid) was once isotope analyses using several tissue types were used to determine the trophic status and trophic interactions of these squids. 25 Deparonent of Plant and Environmental Protec­ Stomach contents analyzed (0. bartramii tion Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, [n = 264] and S. oualaniensis [n = 210]) in­ Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Marshall W. Johnson. dicated that both squids feed heavily on myc­ 26 Deparonem of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: tophids, with the purple squid feeding almost Richard Young. exclusively (~80%) on myctophids and the 238 PACIFIC SCIENCE· April 2003 red squid appearing to feed more generally life span. The red squid seems to plateau at its on several families of fishes. The main myc­ highest trophic level at mantle lengths ofover tophid prey is Symbolophortls evermanni in 300 mm, but the purple squid does not appear both species of squid predators. Stable iso­ to plateau throughout the size ranges studied. topes show that the red squid occupies a po­ Using the stable isotope signatures of blood sition roughly 1.5 trophic levels above the and secreted hard structures such as the eye purple squid. The red squid appears to range lenses gives good agreement with the values about three trophic levels throughout its life and trends seen in isotope values taken from from paralarvae to adult; the purple squid the mantle tissue ofvarious sizes of squids. ranges only about two trophic levels over its

Plate Tectonics in the Southwest Pacific: GPS Estimates ofCrustal Velocity in the Tonga-Lau System David A. Phillips 27

The Tonga-Lau system is remarkable for observed for the first time, with Niuatopu­ having the highest rates of subduction and tapu Island moving northeastward relative to back-arc spreading on Earth, the highest other sites on the Tonga Ridge. This differ­ levels of deep mantle seismicity, and some of ential motion may suggest the presence of a the most pronounced mantle velocity and Q previously unknown microplate. Counter­ anomalies observed on Earth. Bevis et al. clockwise rotation of the Fiji Platform was provided initial crustal velocity estimates for also observed for the first time in an Austra­ this system based on Global Positioning lia-fixed reference frame. Formal error esti­ System (GPS) survey campaigns conducted mates are at the mm-Ievel and are supported in 1990 and 1992. In 1996, I helped establish by comparisons between velocities deter­ a continuous GPS (CGPS) network through­ mined at nearly coincident campaign and out the region and have reoccupied the CGPS stations in several islands. This work original survey markers several times be­ contributes to a greater understanding of the tween 1996 and 2000. I have reanalyzed the current plate tectonic regime in the South­ entire 1990-2000 time series using GAMIT/ west Pacific and provides insight into the de­ GLOBK geodetic software. Convergence es­ velopment and behavior of major plate/ timates between the Pacific Plate and the microplate interactions throughout the world Tonga Ridge range from 150 to more than and throughout Earth's history. 240 mm/yr in a Pacific-fixed reference frame. (References: Bevis, M. G., F. W. Taylor, B. These estimates are far more accurate than E. Schutz, Recy, B. L. Isacks, S. Helu, R. those reported previously and represent the J. Singh, E. Kendrick, Stowell, B. Taylor, and fastest tectonic velocities ever measured. Dif­ J. S. Calmant, Nature 375, 249-251 (1995).) ferential motion within the Tonga Arc was

Grazing Impact of Oikopleura fusiformis on Picoplankton in the Coastal Subtropical Pacific Rebecca D. Scheinberg28

Prey size selection and clearance rates of Oi­ 27 Deparnnent of Geology and Geophysics, Univer­ kopleura fusiformis were investigated at two sity of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. sites along the northern and western shores Sponsor: Michael Bevis. of O'ahu, Hawai'i, during summer of 2001. 28 Deparnnent of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Experiments were conducted to determine Michael R. Landry. clearance rates of O. fusiformis on Synecho- Twenty-seventh Tester Memorial Symposiwn Abstracts 239 coccus spp., Prochlorococcus spp., autotrophic otes, and heterotrophic bacteria during the 3 1 4 eukaryotes, and heterotrophic bacteria. At experiments were 4 x 10 cells ml- , 2 X 10 1 3 1 6 each of the experimental sites, individual ap­ cells ml- , 2 X 10 cells ml- , and 1 x 10 cells 1 pendicularians were captured gently in situ in ml- , respectively. Average clearance rate of 265-ml polycarbonate bottles approximately O. fusiformis was 1.4 liters animal-1day-l , 20 m offshore. Incubations were conducted ranging from 0.5 to 2.7 liters animal-1day-l, onshore in seawater at ambient temperatures and was related to size of the organism. for a period ranging from 30 min to 2 hr, Clearance rates were highest on autotrophic until the animal no longer maintained a con­ eukaryotes (>1.0 /lm) and lowest on hetero­ stant feeding current. Clearance rates were trophic bacteria (0.3-0.5 /lm). These results determined by measuring rate of cell decline suggest that although O. fusiformis feeds on over the incubation period using flow cy­ less than 1.0-/lm cells, they are not an effi­ tometry. Average abundances of Synechococcus cient link between bacteria and higher con­ spp., Prochlorococcus spp., autotrophic eukary- sumers in the coastal subtropical ocean.

Daytime Habitat Use Patterns and the Specter ofCompetition for Space among Demersal Reef Fishes Brett D. Schumacher29

It has been suggested that the introduced important factor affecting patterns of fish snapper Lutjanus kasmira (Family Lu~anidae) distribution and abundance. Habitat use pat­ may compete with native reef fishes, such as terns of L. kasmira were most similar to those the goatfishes (Family Mullidae), for dietary of Mulloidichthys vanicolensis. Where compar­ or spatial resources. As part of a larger inves­ isons between transects of different depths tigation into the potential competitive impact were possible, both species were relatively this alien might have in the nearshore waters abundant at deeper sites, but were rare at of Hawai'i, I studied the daytime spatial pat­ shallower sites. At all sites where they oc­ terns of L. kasmira and several goatfishes. I curred, both species were observed primarily conducted surveys ofhabitat usage patterns of low in the water column and near areas of these fishes on fixed transects established vertical relief, though L. kasmira appeared to both on and off reef, over soft and hard bot­ be more closely associated with the substrate. toms, and at different depths. Although Thus, L. kasmira could displace M. vanicolensis abundance often varied within species as higher into the water column, where they depth and substrate changed, vertical and may be more vulnerable to predators and horizontal patterns of distribution generally fishers. did not. Water currents appeared to be an

CcMDl, a Novel Gene Containing a BTB/POZ Domain Sequence from the Genome ofMediterranean Fruit Fly Pia Untalan 30

Differentially expressed genes can be found in 29 Hawai'i Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, De­ a variety of key developmental pathways partment of Zoology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, within an organism. These pathways include Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: James Parrish. the determination of sex and formation of 30 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uni­ versity of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. morphological characteristics. In an effort to Sponsor: David Haymer. identify genes that are differentially expressed 240 PACIFIC SCIENCE· April 2003 during development in the Mediterranean observed at the larval and pupal stages. The fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, a sup­ difference in expression of CcMD1 at these pression subtractive hybridization (SSH) stages suggests that it is developmentally approach was initiated at embryonic and adult regulated and may play a role in key devel­ stages of development. An embryonic sub­ opmental processes. Sequence pattern analy­ traction product, designated CcMDl, was sis suggests that CcMDl is a novel gene recovered. Its cDNA sequence is 1576 nu­ containing a BTB-POZ domain at its N­ cleotides long and encodes a protein of 278 terminus. The BTB-POZ domain is an evo­ amino acid residues. Using RT-PCR, it was lutionarily conserved domain that is found established that the CcMDl transcript is ex­ in many developmentally regulated gene pressed in both females and males at the em­ products and is thought to mediate protein­ bryonic stage; it is also expressed in adult protein interaction. Further characterization female abdomens, but only weakly expressed of the representation and function of the in the adult female thorax and the adult male BTB-POZ domain in the medfly has been abdomen and thorax. Weak expression is also initiated.

A Serial Analysis ofGene Expression in Sun-Damaged Human Skin Johann Urschitz 31

Aging of the skin consists of two simultane­ mRNA isolated from human preauricular ous processes: intrinsic, chronologic aging (sun-damaged) skin and postauricular (sun­ and photoaging, an environmentally induced protected) skin, as well as epidermal nick remodeling of the dermis that arises as a re­ biopsy samples. 5330 cDNA tags from the sult of repeated exposure of skin to sunlight. postauricular SAGE library were sequenced Although both intrinsic aging and photoag­ and compared with cDNA sequences identi­ ing share some common characteristics such fied from 5105 tags analyzed from a preau­ as decreased procollagen expression and in­ ricular SAGE library. Of the 4742 different creased expression of several matrix metal­ tags represented in both libraries, we found loproteinases, photoaging is considered to be 34 tags with at least a four-fold difference of the predominant contributing factor to the tag abundance between the libraries. Among prematurely aged appearance of sun-exposed the mRNAs with altered steady-state levels in skin. To study phenotypic changes in human sun-damaged skin, we detected those encod­ skin associated with repeated sun exposure at ing keratin 1, macrophage inhibitory factor, the transcription level, we have undertaken a and calmodulin-like skin protein. In addition, comparative serial analysis of gene expres­ a comparison of cDNA sequences identified sion (SAGE) of sun-damaged skin and sun­ in the SAGE libraries obtained from the epi­ protected skin as well as sun-protected dermal biopsy samples (5257 cDNA tags) and epidermis. SAGE libraries were made to from both full-thickness skin samples in­ dicated that many genes with altered steady­ state transcript levels upon sun exposure were expressed in epidermal keratinocytes. These results suggest a major role for the epider­ JJ Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: mis in the pathomechanism of largely dermal Charles D. Boyd. changes in chronically sun-exposed skin. Twenty-seventh Tester Memorial Symposium Abstracts 241

Investigations on Cross-Coupling ofPhenylacetylene with Aryl CWorides Zhaohui Wang32

The Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of phenyl­ rich, electron-neutral, and electron-deficient acetylene with aryl chlorides has been inves­ aryl chlorides to their corresponding products tigated. Among several promoters, ZnClz can in reasonable to excellent yields. act as a co-catalyst to convert the electron-

Nitrous Oxide Production in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific and the Black Sea Marian WestleyB

Although the oceans are known to be a major transect from the oligotrophic North Pacific natural source of the potent greenhouse gas near Hawai'i (22.75 0 N, 158 0 W) to the highly nitrous oxide, the magnitude and character­ productive, oxygen-poor waters ofthe eastern istics of this source are poorly constrained. tropical North Pacific near Mexico (150 N, Nitrous oxide is produced in the ocean as a 98 0 W). I collected additional water samples by-product of nitrification, the conversion from the Black Sea, a body of water charac­ of ammonium in the presence of oxygen to terized by a stable suboxic zone overlying nitrite and nitrate, and denitrification, the re­ a permanently anoxic basin. Concentration duction ofnitrate and nitrite under suboxic or measurements revealed a large, shallow anoxic conditions to diatomic nitrogen. To source of nitrous oxide in the eastern tropical evaluate the relative importance of these two North Pacific, most likely due to nitrification, mechanisms under a range of biogeochemical and an insignificant source in the Black Sea. conditions, I collected water samples along a Measurements of 15N and 18 0 in dissolved nitrous oxide support the hypothesis that nitrous oxide is produced by nitrification across the subtropical North Pacific. Similar 32 Departtnent of Chemistry, University ofHawai'i at measurements performed on Black Sea sam­ Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: Craig M. ples remain puzzling and suggest either the Jensen. presence of isotopically anomalous source 33 Departtnent of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Sponsor: compounds or the existence of unique bio­ Brian Popp. chemical pathways.