The Fund for Peace Conflict Bulletin:

Patterns and Trends, 2012-2014

with an attempt to impeach the governor incidents of insecurity by LGA per capita. and a violent attack on lawmakers in The summaries draw on data collected by October. The next gubernatorial elections FFP’s UNLocK, the Council on Foreign are slated for 2016. Relations’ NST, WANEP , CSS/ETH Zurich, NEEWS/TMG, Nigeria Watch, and Edo was one of the Niger Delta’s more ACLED integrated on the P4P platform. They violent states on a per-capita basis from also draw on data and information from 2012 through 2014. Incidents of violence “Violence in Nigeria: Patterns and Trends,” and associated fatalities have increased by Patricia Taft and Nate Haken (Springer over the two-year period. Issues in Edo Press, April 2015). ranged from protests, criminality, abductions and domestic violence to clashes between gangs, cults, political LGA Level Summary groups and communities. The majority of these incidents were reported in the Oredo andlocked between Ondo, Kogi and Local Government Area (LGA), home to (Edo South Senatorial District) Delta States, Edo is home to about Benin City, although violence was also

3.2 million people (2006 census), reported in LGAs further north. Home to the state’s capital, Benin City, predominantly of Edo, Bini, Owan, Oredo LGA experienced collective violence Esan, and Afemai background. Edo’s This Conflict Bulletin provides a brief between gangs, cult groups, religious economy centers on agriculture, including snapshot of the trends and patterns of groups, political groups and communities food crops such as yams, cassava, rice or conflict risk factors at the State and LGA during this period. In January 2012, a cult maize and cash crops such as rubber, palm levels, drawing on the data available on the clash between Eiye and Black Axe oil, cotton, cocoa and timber. The State’s P4P Digital Platform for Multi-Stakeholder confraternities reportedly killed eight over capital, Benin City, is the center of Nigeria’s Engagement (www.p4p-nigerdelta.org). It the course of a week, while two similar rubber industry. Mineral resources include represents a compilation of the data from clashes in June and July 2012 led to the granite, limestone, marble, lignite, crude oil, sources listed below, not necessarily deaths of three and four respectively. The gold, and kaolin clay. opinions of FFP or any other organization same Eiye Confraternity also lost some of its that collaborated on the production of this members through an intra-cult clash in Edo’s state governor, Adams Aliyu bulletin. November 2013. Violence between the Eiye Oshiomhole, assumed office in November and Aye (Black Axe) confraternities 2008 after winning an appeal in the 2007 The screenshot of the heat map on this continued in 2014, allegedly killing four in elections, which had initially declared his page shows the relative geographic January and ten others in December of that rival Oserheimen Osunbor governor. In July distribution of incidents between 2012 and year. Similarly in October 2014, one person 2012, Oshiomhole was reelected for a 2014. The trend-line on the next page shows was reported killed following a violent battle second term in a landslide victory. Political the number of incidents and fatalities over between 2 rival cult groups. A 14-year-old tensions in the state rose throughout 2014 time. The bar chart shows the trend of reportedly died at the hands of cultists in

The graphic above is a Heat Map (screenshot) of Conflict Risk in Edo State 2012-2014 — www.p4p-nigerdelta.org. Conflict Bulletin: Edo State

Conflict Risk Factors in Edo State* Reported Insecurity Per Capita in Edo State*

90

80 Incidents 2014 H2 2014 H1

70 Fatalities Worse 2013 H2 2013 H1 60 2012 H2 2012 H1 50 40 30 20

10 0

Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Better H1 2012 H2 2012 H1 2013 H2 2013 H1 2014 H2 2014 Oredo Etsako Esan 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 2014 2014 E/W/C C/W/NE/SE

* Using Nigeria Watch data (www.nigeriawatch.org) formatted to the P4P Web Map platform

March as did a college student in a separate attacked by unknown gunmen /East/West incident in November. Several other people who killed his cousin and a police orderly. (Edo North Senatorial District) reportedly died during cult clashes in the An APC member and a commercial bus latter half of 2014. driver were also shot dead by gunmen in a A series of bank robberies by a large gang of separate incident. armed gunmen reportedly led to the deaths Ethnic/religious groups also clashed from of over a dozen people in in 2012-2014, notably in early 2012 when two There were multiple protests in Oredo from November 2012. In 2013, there were mosques and an Islamic school were 2012 to 2014. In August 2012, there was a political protest and clashes. Around the attacked, killing five and forcing many to protest for the release of a human rights time of the local government elections, a flee. There were several cases of abductions activist. In March 2013, there was a protest clash between supporters of opposing reported in Oredo, including that of an against levies and extortion from the Road political parties led to two fatalities. Also in Israeli expatriate in July 2013 and of three Transport Employees Association of Nigeria. mid-2013, PDP supporters reportedly female teachers in August of the same year. In June 2013, there was a protest after the protested the results of the election, calling A pastor was also killed in November 2013. alleged killing of a student by police. From for another vote. The APC chief in Edo was Gunmen killed a cleric in December of the early to mid-2014, there were protests over allegedly kidnapped in August 2013, but following year. labor issues, against the Chibok abductions eventually released in September 2013 and of nearly 300 schoolgirls in the North, over his kidnappers arrested. In 2014, reported In terms of political violence, the principal the absence of access to post-natal care for issues included a cult clash in March which private secretary to Edo State’s governor women in Benin City, and over governance reportedly killed several students, a was murdered at his residence in May 2012. issues within the Niger Delta Development communal clash over land in April, and a In April of the following year, factions of the Commission. murder during a family dispute in August PDP and the ACN clashed during the local where a father was killed by his son. government elections. In July 2013, the There were also a number of murders Deputy National Chairman of the All Nigeria reported throughout 2012 to 2014. Peoples Party (ANPP) was attacked at his Policemen reportedly shot and killed Uhunmwonde home. In October 2014, unidentified robbers and kidnappers in various (Edo South Senatorial District) gunmen attacked and injured a PDP operations throughout 2014. One person lawmaker for the lawmaker’s recent was reported killed and three others injured In February 2012, two people were defection from the APC to the PDP. In following a clash between two rival police reportedly killed in an intra-communal land November 2014, two people were killed in a factions in October 2014. In November, a dispute that also caused villagers to flee to clash between supporters of the Chairman university student was allegedly shot dead neighboring communities. Two abduction of the Community Development Association on his way home from a football match by cases were also reported in August and (CDA) and chairman of youth association suspected cultists. December 2013, with two policemen over the chairmanship position of the reported killed in the first incident and an community’s association. The following individual who was being abducted was month, a PDP senatorial aspirant was killed in the second incident. In November

www.fundforpeace.org 2 The Fund for Peace Conflict Bulletin: Edo State

2014, two suspected robbers and member in April 2013 and subsequent Akoko Edo kidnappers from the LGA were also protests by voters when the release of (Edo North Senatorial District) allegedly killed in Benin City. election results was delayed in May of that

year. In July 2013, there was a clash in January 2014 shots were fired, injuring Esan North/South East/Central/ West between two groups in a dispute over the collection of market revenue that reportedly two in a dispute about whether a traditional (Edo Central Senatorial District) led to the deaths of two people. A number masquerade festival should be held. The of other murders were reported during this festival was banned in the 1980’s due to Esan LGAs were relatively violent from 2012 period, including that of an aide to a local frequent violence. Later in the year in an to mid-2014. Cult clashes in August 2012 government chairman and a member of the unrelated incident it was reported that allegedly killed several. Also in cult-related Youth Corps. In June 2014, six kidnappers gunmen dressed in military uniforms waved violence, a leader of a well-known gang was were reportedly killed in their hideout down a police bus and killed several, reportedly killed in March 2014. Conflict risk during a gun battle with the policemen. including two policemen. factors during the 2013 local elections included the murder of an active ACN

FFP is committed to promoting sustainable One of the data sources The data used in this analysis was pulled human security around the world, and is utilized in the summary was from the integrated digital platform for the International Coordinating Partner on P4P, an initiative derived from the UNLocK network in NIgeria, a partnership multistakeholder engagement developed for Partners for Peace supported by PIND. FFP has been working with local civil society between The Fund for Peace and the Institute of Human Rights (P4P) by PIND. For a deeper understanding of the conflict risk in Nigeria to develop the UNLocK network since 2010. and Humanitatian Law (IHRHL). factors, visit www.p4p-nigerdelta.org.

Disclaimer The content of this report represents a summary of the incidents reported in the data, not the opinions of the organizations that collaborated on the compilation of this information.

www.fundforpeace.org 3 The Fund for Peace