DOCSLIB.ORG

Religion in Postmodern Science Fiction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Religion in Postmodern Science Fiction RELIGION IN POSTMODERN SCIENCE FICTION: A CASE STUDY IN SECULARITY by CHRISTOPHER J. PIZZINO A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in English written under the direction of Professor Barry Qualls and approved by _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2008 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Religion in Postmodern Science Fiction: A Case Study in Secularity by CHRISTOPHER JOSEPH PIZZINO Dissertation Director: Barry Qualls Using recent debates in the humanities and social sciences, this dissertation argues that the category of the secular is currently being critiqued, contested, and modified from within. This dissertation considers postmodern science fiction, particularly the subgenre of cyberpunk, as a literary instance of this contestation. This study focuses on the ways cyberpunk fiction constructs religious others against which to define its protagonists, and on the way that the distinction between the secular and the religious is understood using concepts of subjectivity and history. Further, this work argues that the secular concepts common to postmodern science fiction can be considered a key expression of secular subjectivity as it undergoes new challenges to its legitimacy. Further, using examples from postmodern science fiction film, this work considers the ways that secular subjectivity may be undergoing further modifications that challenge the opposition of the religious to the secular. ii Acknowledgments My greatest thanks, first and last, go to my committee members, Barry Qualls, Marianne DeKoven, and Richard Dienst, all of whom have given generously of their time and energy in the course of the process of my doctoral work. I wish to thank Barry in particular for helming this project, which took so many partial forms before assuming a workable one under his direction. Thanks also to Mike Pinsky, for agreeing to be my outside reader at a busy time, in the midst of a busy life. Channette Romero and Anthony Lioi have been vocal, daily supporters and readers of this work, and this is not the least of the debts I owe them. Union College has been a substantial supporter of my work in the past year and a half, providing both financial help and a collegial atmosphere that helped to focus my own sense of scholarly purpose. I particularly wish to thank Harry Marten for the timely encouragements he has given me in the past several months. A number of professors at Rutgers have influenced the content, shape, and methodology of this work, not least my committee members. I wish also to thank Michael McKeon, whose intellectual guidance in earlier years of graduate school has only manifested itself more strongly since then. If I have managed, over the course of this document, to write a dialectical sentence here and there, this accomplishment owes far more to Michael than to any other influence. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgments iii Chapter 1 Cyberpunk Fiction and the Secular 1 Chapter 2 Fighting the Freaks: Religion as Virus in Snow Crash 64 Chapter 3 Encountering Zion: The Secular Sublime in Neuromancer 111 Chapter 4 Exits, Entrances and Alternate Paths: Cyberpunk Cinema 157 Bibliography 199 Curriculum Vita 219 iv 1 Chapter 1 Cyberpunk Fiction and the Secular This work considers the kinds of subjectivity represented in cyberpunk, a subgenre of science fiction that emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By the end of its first decade, cyberpunk had attracted strong interest from critics and theorists, who identified one particular cyberpunk novel as especially worthy of investigation: William Gibson’s Neuromancer (1984). In the 1990s, a second novel became important to the cyberpunk canon, Neal Stephenson’s Snow Crash (1992). These two novels continue to serve as exemplars for cyberpunk as a whole, and are the most widely discussed works of cyberpunk fiction. In what follows, I will explore the prominent place both novels, and also a number of cyberpunk films, give to narratives of encounter between religious and secular characters and forces. The terms “religion” and “religious,” as I use them here, refer to institutions, beliefs, practices, and subjects concerned with sacred categories1. The term “secular,” as I use it here, refers to a set of beliefs, practices, and institutions associated with the rise of modernity, particularly with the rise of science, capitalism, and 1 To consider religion in terms of beliefs, practices and institutions is typical of the social- science approach that I will be discussing this chapter. One standard definition of this kind is Peter Berger’s formulation of religion as belief in the sacred, a term he defines as “a quality of mysterious and awesome power, other than man and yet related to him, which is believed to reside in certain objects of experience” (The Sacred Canopy 25). In his article “Religion, Religions, Religious” in Critical Terms for Religious Studies, Jonathan Smith argues that this sociological way of using these three terms became the dominant usage in the 18th century, through a “process of transposing ‘religion’ from a supernatural to a natural history, from a theological to an anthropological category” (273). Hence, the terms became taxonomic tools for the discussion of the objects they named, a function that became increasingly important for social science in the 19th century when it became desirable to organize the “explosion of data” (275) concerning religions around the world, a development brought about by European colonial endeavor. 2 political institutions and subjects associated with the nation-state2. In the futures imagined by cyberpunk texts, secular forces and their individual representatives come into contact with religious forces and subjects in ways that prompt sustained consideration of the categories of religion and the secular. The religious figures and forces portrayed in cyberpunk have thus far received very little critical attention. As I will show, the theories of the secular that have shaped critical discussions of cyberpunk assume that religion holds little or no significance for an understanding of the present (or, presumably, of the future). However, the texts themselves allow religious institutions and believers to play a variety of important roles, some of which are threatening to their secular protagonists, some of which are helpful. I will argue that the presence of religious forces in these texts allows them to develop a complex and troubled representation of their secular protagonists, a representation that sheds light on how secular institutions are defined and on their powers and limitations. In this way, texts like Neuromancer and Snow Crash can serve to enrich and complicate a critical understanding of secular institutions and selves. These novels do not, I will argue, abandon secular categories for religious ones, nor do they transform secular categories in ways that would ultimately collapse the distinction between the religious and the secular. Instead, these novels trace the boundaries of secular selfhood and practice, subjecting them to critique but ultimately affirming them over and against the religious categories with which they are contrasted. 2 For a succinct summary of this definition of the secular, particularly as it bears on the discussion of secularization theory that follows, see Casanova, Public Religions 20-25. It should be noted that in his discussion of the growth of the secular as a historical phenomenon, Casanova insists on a fourth factor that he claims was important to the expansion of secularization, namely the Protestant Reformation; see in particular pp. 21- 23, and also Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. 3 This engagement with religion coincides with challenges to the central categories of modernity used to define secularity. When cyberpunk emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, feminist, leftist, and postcolonial texts and movements had already begun to question and render unstable scientific rationalism, nationalism, and traditional notions of subjectivity. Cyberpunk texts reflect and magnify these instabilities, but they also work to refashion and reassert secular selfhood. The protagonists of cyberpunk must confront conditions in which the meaning, function, and power of secular institutions and categories must be refashioned in order to sustain the existence of the secular self. Cyberpunk often questions secular categories in the process of refashioning them, sometimes subjecting secular practices to sharp critique, but finally demonstrating their continuing viability. This process of critique and refashioning heightens the importance of religious alternatives to secular categories. In cyberpunk, these religious alternatives sometimes threaten secular selves directly, and sometimes serve to revitalize secular practice. In both cases, religious forces and subjects portrayed in these novels provide opportunities for secular selves to define, or redefine, their own powers and purposes. Later in this chapter, and in the chapters that follow, I will seek to put cyberpunk’s redefinition of the secular into conversation with recent scholarly discussions of the secular and its relationship to the religious. As I will show, theorists are beginning to challenge
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hole a Remediative Approach to the Filmmaking of the Coen Brothers
    University of Dundee DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Going Down the 'Wabbit' Hole A Remediative Approach to the Filmmaking of the Coen Brothers Barrie, Gregg Award date: 2020 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 Going Down the ‘Wabbit’ Hole: A Remediative Approach to the Filmmaking of the Coen Brothers Gregg Barrie PhD Film Studies Thesis University of Dundee February 2021 Word Count – 99,996 Words 1 Going Down the ‘Wabbit’ Hole: A Remediative Approach to the Filmmaking of the Coen Brothers Table of Contents Table of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Declaration ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Goodbye Cinema, Hello Cinephilia Other Books by Jonathan Rosenbaum
    Goodbye Cinema, Hello Cinephilia Other Books by Jonathan Rosenbaum Rivette: Texts and Interviews (editor, 1977) Orson Welles: A Critical View, by André Bazin (editor and translator, 1978) Moving Places: A Life in the Movies (1980) Film: The Front Line 1983 (1983) Midnight Movies (with J. Hoberman, 1983) Greed (1991) This Is Orson Welles, by Orson Welles and Peter Bogdanovich (editor, 1992) Placing Movies: The Practice of Film Criticism (1995) Movies as Politics (1997) Another Kind of Independence: Joe Dante and the Roger Corman Class of 1970 (coedited with Bill Krohn, 1999) Dead Man (2000) Movie Wars: How Hollywood and the Media Limit What Films We Can See (2000) Abbas Kiarostami (with Mehrmax Saeed-Vafa, 2003) Movie Mutations: The Changing Face of World Cinephilia (coedited with Adrian Martin, 2003) Essential Cinema: On the Necessity of Film Canons (2004) Discovering Orson Welles (2007) The Unquiet American: Trangressive Comedies from the U.S. (2009) Goodbye Cinema, Hello Cinephilia Film Culture in Transition Jonathan Rosenbaum the university of chicago press | chicago and london Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote for many periodicals (including the Village Voice, Sight and Sound, Film Quarterly, and Film Comment) before becoming principal fi lm critic for the Chicago Reader in 1987. Since his retirement from that position in March 2008, he has maintained his own Web site and continued to write for both print and online publications. His many books include four major collections of essays: Placing Movies (California 1995), Movies as Politics (California 1997), Movie Wars (a cappella 2000), and Essential Cinema (Johns Hopkins 2004). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2010 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching for Cyberspace: Joyce, Borges and Pynchon
    Searching for Cyberspace: Joyce, Borges and Pynchon By Davin O’Dwyer Introduction The work of James Joyce, Jorge Luis Borges, and Thomas Pynchon spans the twentieth century, from Joyce’s Dubliners in 1907 to Pynchon’s Mason & Dixon in 1997, a century which started with scientific upheaval and ended with a communications revolution. The novels and stories by these three writers look in both directions, reflecting the new revelations in physics, and anticipating in various ways the advent of our connected society. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the latter, to see exactly how three of the century’s greatest writers might have been searching for cyberspace, though it is my contention that one cannot be understood without the other, that philosophical thought on quantum physics and philosophical thought on cyberspace are not unrelated. Undoubtedly, both quantum mechanics and cyberspace raise serious questions about our perception of reality, of the concrete world we inhabit, questions all three writers rigorously address. Much has been made of the extraordinary speed with which the Internet has been adopted around the world, and why it has been so instantly successful. In many ways, cyberspace promises to satisfy so many of civilisation’s goals and aspirations: the innate desire to communicate and connect with people all over the globe, and to contract physical space in the process; it offers us the universal library, the definitive collection of all learning and knowledge; it satisfies our desire to understand and control our world. It was this desire to understand, and even control, our world which has always driven scientists and thinkers.(1) Since Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), the universe was deemed to be a mechanistic, clockwork-like system, where every action has an opposite and equal reaction, where gravity is responsible for both the movement of planets and apples, and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brain in a Vat in Cyberpunk: the Persistence of the Flesh
    Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. 35 (2004) 287–305 www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsc The brain in a vat in cyberpunk: the persistence of the flesh Dani Cavallaro 1 Waterside Place, London NW1 8JT, UK Abstract This essay argues that the image of the brain in a vat metaphorically encapsulates articu- lations of the relationship between the corporeal and the technological dimensions found in cyberpunk fiction and cinema. Cyberpunk is concurrently concerned with actual and imaginary metamorphoses of biological organisms into machines, and of mechanical appara- tuses into living entities. Its recurring representation of human beings hooked up to digital matrices vividly recalls the envatted brain activated by electric stimuli, which Hilary Putnam has theorized in the context of contemporary epistemology. At the same time, cyberpunk imaginatively raises the same epistemological questions instigated by Putnam. These concern the cognitive processes associated with the collusion of human and mechanical creatures, and related metaphysical and ethical issues spawned by such processes. As a philosophical trope, the brain in a vat would appear to pivot on the notion of a disembodied subject consisting of sheer mentation. However, literary and cinematic interpretations of the image in cyberpunk persistently foreground the obdurate materiality of the flesh—often in its most grisly and grotesque incarnations. # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Brains in vats; Materiality; Disembodiment; Cyborgs; Cyberpunk What is here proposed is that the brain in a vat image, an important trope in contemporary epistemology, is also an intriguing metaphor for one of cyberpunk’s pivotal preoccupations: namely, the relationship between the body and technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Oblivion's Edge Jeremy Strandberg
    Lawrence University Lux Lawrence University Honors Projects 5-12-1998 Oblivion's Edge Jeremy Strandberg Follow this and additional works at: https://lux.lawrence.edu/luhp Part of the Fiction Commons, and the Liberal Studies Commons © Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Recommended Citation Strandberg, Jeremy, "Oblivion's Edge" (1998). Lawrence University Honors Projects. 53. https://lux.lawrence.edu/luhp/53 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by Lux. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lawrence University Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of Lux. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ivion's Jeremy Strandberg Submitted for Honors in Independent Study 5/12/98 Prof. Candice Bradley, Advisor The year is 2042 ... ( Tech no Io g y i s a part of us ... High tech is stylish and chic. Computers have crept into every aspect of life, and billions of users are jacked brain frrst into the internet. Biosculpting can make people look any way they desire. Cybernetic implants-eyes, ears, and prosthetic limbs-break the limits of the human form. Biotechnology feeds billions while saving the lives of millions more. The train from New York to Miami takes under three hours, and there's a bustling tourist trade on Luna. The Veil has thinned ... Supernatural and paranormal phenomena are on the rise. There has been a resurgence of spirituality and superstition. Meditation is taught in grade school Psychic powers are accepted as fact, and most people have encountered a ghost or spirit at least once. Alchemists and fringe scientists are kept on salary by corporations.
    [Show full text]
  • Mirrorshade Women: Feminism and Cyberpunk
    Mirrorshade Women: Feminism and Cyberpunk at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century Carlen Lavigne McGill University, Montréal Department of Art History and Communication Studies February 2008 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communication Studies © Carlen Lavigne 2008 2 Abstract This study analyzes works of cyberpunk literature written between 1981 and 2005, and positions women’s cyberpunk as part of a larger cultural discussion of feminist issues. It traces the origins of the genre, reviews critical reactions, and subsequently outlines the ways in which women’s cyberpunk altered genre conventions in order to advance specifically feminist points of view. Novels are examined within their historical contexts; their content is compared to broader trends and controversies within contemporary feminism, and their themes are revealed to be visible reflections of feminist discourse at the end of the twentieth century. The study will ultimately make a case for the treatment of feminist cyberpunk as a unique vehicle for the examination of contemporary women’s issues, and for the analysis of feminist science fiction as a complex source of political ideas. Cette étude fait l’analyse d’ouvrages de littérature cyberpunk écrits entre 1981 et 2005, et situe la littérature féminine cyberpunk dans le contexte d’une discussion culturelle plus vaste des questions féministes. Elle établit les origines du genre, analyse les réactions culturelles et, par la suite, donne un aperçu des différentes manières dont la littérature féminine cyberpunk a transformé les usages du genre afin de promouvoir en particulier le point de vue féministe.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Planning
    Decision Superiority Presented to Williams Foundation August 2017 JD McCreary Chief, Disruptive Technology Programs Georgia Tech Research Institute Topics • Innovation • Disruption • Man-machine teaming, artificial intelligence • Battle management, multi-domain command and control • Live-virtual-constructive • OODA loop • Force Design Gen Sir Deverall at 2016 A2AD workshop “The JFC is not about ships, aircraft and tanks. It is about command, control, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and cyber. They are vital in current operations but you cannot reach out and touch them. Sometimes they can lose priority in a resource constrained world. We are the champions of the things you cannot see.” ACM Sir Stuart Peach, Comd JFC 2012-2013 Innovation Culture • Ries – Lean Startup • Startup is an organization dedicated to creating something new under conditions of extreme uncertainty • Catmull – Creativity, Inc • Within organizations, groups often hold so tightly to plans and practices that they are not open to seeing what is changing right in front of them • Isaacson – The Innovators • …asking Kay for an assessment of “trends” that foretold what the future might hold…Kay shot back “The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” • Christensen – The Innovator’s Dilemma • Disruptive technology should be framed as a marketing challenge, not a technological one • Spear – The High-Velocity Edge • Great performance comes from discovery, not decisions Future Environment, Future Force • Integrated cyber/EW • VCJCS Selva re: Russia/China • Technology
    [Show full text]
  • "The Infinite Plasticity of the Digital"
    "The Infinite Plasticity of the Digital" http://reconstruction.eserver.org/043/leaver.htm Ever since William Gibson coined the term "cyberspace" in his debut novel Neuromancer , his work has been seen by many as a yardstick for postmodern and, more recently, posthuman possibilities. This article critically examines Gibson's second trilogy ( Virtual Light , Idoru and All Tomorrow's Parties ), focusing on the way digital technologies and identity intersect and interact, with particular emphasis on the role of embodiment. Using the work of Donna Haraway, Judith Butler and N. Katherine Hayles, it is argued that while William Gibson's second trilogy is infused with posthuman possibilities, the role of embodiment is not relegated to one choice among many. Rather the specific materiality of individual existence is presented as both desirable and ultimately necessary to a complete existence, even in a posthuman present or future. "The Infinite Plasticity of the Digital": Posthuman Possibilities, Embodiment and Technology in William Gibson's Interstitial Trilogy Tama Leaver Communications technologies and biotechnologies are the crucial tools recrafting our bodies. --- Donna Haraway, "A Cyborg Manifesto" She is a voice, a face, familiar to millions. She is a sea of code ... Her audience knows that she does not walk among them; that she is media, purely. And that is a large part of her appeal. --- William Gibson, All Tomorrow's Parties <1> In the many, varied academic responses to William Gibson's archetypal cyberpunk novel Neuromancer , the most contested site of meaning has been Gibson's re-deployment of the human body. Feminist critic Veronica Hollinger, for example, argued that Gibson's use of cyborg characters championed the "interface of the human and the machine, radically decentring the human body, the sacred icon of the essential self," thereby disrupting the modernist and humanist dichotomy of human and technology, and associated dualisms of nature/culture, mind/body, and thus the gendered binarism of male/female (33).
    [Show full text]
  • Space and the Re-Purposing of Materials and Technology in William Gibson's Neuromancer and Virtual Light Submitted by Grigori
    Space and the Re-Purposing of Materials and Technology in William Gibson’s Neuromancer and Virtual Light Submitted by Grigorios Iliopoulos A thesis submitted to the Department of American Literature and Culture, School of English, Faculty of Philosophy of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English and American Studies. Supervisor: Dr. Tatiani Rapatzikou June 2020 Iliopoulos 2 Abstract This thesis explores the relationship between space and technology as well as the re-purposing of tangible and intangible materials in William Gibson’s Neuromancer (1984) and Virtual Light (1993). With attention paid to the importance of the cyberpunk setting. Gibson approaches marginal spaces and the re-purposing that takes place in them. The current thesis particularly focuses on spotting the different kinds of re-purposing the two works bring forward ranging from body alterations to artificial spatial structures, so that the link between space and the malleability of materials can be proven more clearly. This sheds light not only on the fusion and intersection of these two elements but also on the visual intensity of Gibson’s writing style that enables readers to view the multiple re-purposings manifested in thε pages of his two novels much more vividly and effectively. Iliopoulos 3 Keywords: William Gibson, cyberspace, utilization of space, marginal spaces, re-purposing, body alteration, technology Iliopoulos 4 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Tatiani Rapatzikou, for all her guidance and valuable suggestions throughout the writing of this thesis. I would also like to express my gratitude to my parents for their unconditional support and understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • Feature Films
    Libraries FEATURE FILMS The Media and Reserve Library, located in the lower level of the west wing, has over 9,000 videotapes, DVDs and audiobooks covering a multitude of subjects. For more information on these titles, consult the Libraries' online catalog. 0.5mm DVD-8746 2012 DVD-4759 10 Things I Hate About You DVD-0812 21 Grams DVD-8358 1000 Eyes of Dr. Mabuse DVD-0048 21 Up South Africa DVD-3691 10th Victim DVD-5591 24 Hour Party People DVD-8359 12 DVD-1200 24 Season 1 (Discs 1-3) DVD-2780 Discs 12 and Holding DVD-5110 25th Hour DVD-2291 12 Angry Men DVD-0850 25th Hour c.2 DVD-2291 c.2 12 Monkeys DVD-8358 25th Hour c.3 DVD-2291 c.3 DVD-3375 27 Dresses DVD-8204 12 Years a Slave DVD-7691 28 Days Later DVD-4333 13 Going on 30 DVD-8704 28 Days Later c.2 DVD-4333 c.2 1776 DVD-0397 28 Days Later c.3 DVD-4333 c.3 1900 DVD-4443 28 Weeks Later c.2 DVD-4805 c.2 1984 (Hurt) DVD-6795 3 Days of the Condor DVD-8360 DVD-4640 3 Women DVD-4850 1984 (O'Brien) DVD-6971 3 Worlds of Gulliver DVD-4239 2 Autumns, 3 Summers DVD-7930 3:10 to Yuma DVD-4340 2 or 3 Things I Know About Her DVD-6091 30 Days of Night DVD-4812 20 Million Miles to Earth DVD-3608 300 DVD-9078 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea DVD-8356 DVD-6064 2001: A Space Odyssey DVD-8357 300: Rise of the Empire DVD-9092 DVD-0260 35 Shots of Rum DVD-4729 2010: The Year We Make Contact DVD-3418 36th Chamber of Shaolin DVD-9181 1/25/2018 39 Steps DVD-0337 About Last Night DVD-0928 39 Steps c.2 DVD-0337 c.2 Abraham (Bible Collection) DVD-0602 4 Films by Virgil Wildrich DVD-8361 Absence of Malice DVD-8243
    [Show full text]
  • Human' Jaspects of Aaonsí F*Oshv ÍK\ Tke Pilrns Ana /Movéis ÍK\ É^ of the 1980S and 1990S
    DOCTORAL Sara MarHn .Alegre -Human than "Human' jAspects of AAonsí F*osHv ÍK\ tke Pilrns ana /Movéis ÍK\ é^ of the 1980s and 1990s Dirigida per: Dr. Departement de Pilologia jA^glesa i de oermanisfica/ T-acwIfat de Uetres/ AUTÓNOMA D^ BARCELONA/ Bellaterra, 1990. - Aldiss, Brian. BilBon Year Spree. London: Corgi, 1973. - Aldridge, Alexandra. 77» Scientific World View in Dystopia. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1978 (1984). - Alexander, Garth. "Hollywood Dream Turns to Nightmare for Sony", in 77» Sunday Times, 20 November 1994, section 2 Business: 7. - Amis, Martin. 77» Moronic Inferno (1986). HarmorKlsworth: Penguin, 1987. - Andrews, Nigel. "Nightmares and Nasties" in Martin Barker (ed.), 77» Video Nasties: Freedom and Censorship in the MecBa. London and Sydney: Ruto Press, 1984:39 - 47. - Ashley, Bob. 77» Study of Popidar Fiction: A Source Book. London: Pinter Publishers, 1989. - Attebery, Brian. Strategies of Fantasy. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1992. - Bahar, Saba. "Monstrosity, Historicity and Frankenstein" in 77» European English Messenger, vol. IV, no. 2, Autumn 1995:12 -15. - Baldick, Chris. In Frankenstein's Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity, and Nineteenth-Century Writing. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1987. - Baring, Anne and Cashford, Jutes. 77» Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image (1991). Harmondsworth: Penguin - Arkana, 1993. - Barker, Martin. 'Introduction" to Martin Barker (ed.), 77» Video Nasties: Freedom and Censorship in the Media. London and Sydney: Ruto Press, 1984(a): 1-6. "Nasties': Problems of Identification" in Martin Barker (ed.), 77» Video Nasties: Freedom and Censorship in the MecBa. London and Sydney. Ruto Press, 1984(b): 104 - 118. »Nasty Politics or Video Nasties?' in Martin Barker (ed.), 77» Video Nasties: Freedom and Censorship in the Medß.
    [Show full text]
  • Google Overview Created by Phil Wane
    Google Overview Created by Phil Wane PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Tue, 30 Nov 2010 15:03:55 UTC Contents Articles Google 1 Criticism of Google 20 AdWords 33 AdSense 39 List of Google products 44 Blogger (service) 60 Google Earth 64 YouTube 85 Web search engine 99 User:Moonglum/ITEC30011 105 References Article Sources and Contributors 106 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 112 Article Licenses License 114 Google 1 Google [1] [2] Type Public (NASDAQ: GOOG , FWB: GGQ1 ) Industry Internet, Computer software [3] [4] Founded Menlo Park, California (September 4, 1998) Founder(s) Sergey M. Brin Lawrence E. Page Headquarters 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California, United States Area served Worldwide Key people Eric E. Schmidt (Chairman & CEO) Sergey M. Brin (Technology President) Lawrence E. Page (Products President) Products See list of Google products. [5] [6] Revenue US$23.651 billion (2009) [5] [6] Operating income US$8.312 billion (2009) [5] [6] Profit US$6.520 billion (2009) [5] [6] Total assets US$40.497 billion (2009) [6] Total equity US$36.004 billion (2009) [7] Employees 23,331 (2010) Subsidiaries YouTube, DoubleClick, On2 Technologies, GrandCentral, Picnik, Aardvark, AdMob [8] Website Google.com Google Inc. is a multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products,[9] and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program.[5] [10] The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, often dubbed the "Google Guys",[11] [12] [13] while the two were attending Stanford University as Ph.D.
    [Show full text]