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A ¥EN to CONTROL? Or-^Law and Order in Asia..." CHRONOLOGY

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A ¥EN to CONTROL? Or-^Law and Order in Asia... JAPAN-US A ¥EN TO CONTROL? or-^Law and Order in Asia..." CHRONOLOGY 1945 August-September U.S. defeats and occupies Japan. 1949 October 1 People's Republic of China established. 1950 June 26 Korean War begins. July 75,000-man Japanese National Police Reserve established. 1951 September 8 Peace Treaty with Japan signed at San Francisco. Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and U.S. also signed. 1954 May 1 400,000 Japanese demonstrate against rearmament. June 2 Japanese Self-Defense Forces created. 1960 January 19 Revised Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security signed. May 16 Over 3 million Chinese demonstrate against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in mainland Chinese cities. May 20 Lower House of Japanese Diet passes Security Treaty after police evict Socialists trying to block vote with sit-in; thousands demonstrate outside Diet. May 26 Hundreds of thousands demonstrate against Treaty in Tokyo. June 16 Demonstrators protesting Treaty charge Diet compound; 870 injured; one killed. President Eisenhower agrees to Japanese request that his visit to Japan be postponed. June 19 Treaty ratification becomes effective automatically as Socialists block Liberal Democrat efforts to vote approval in Upper House. Thousands demonstrate against the Treaty. (continued inside back cover) 1967 November 6-12 Zengakuren demonstrators attempt to prevent Prime Minister Sato's departure for the U.S. 1968 January Violent demonstrations against entrance into the port of Sasebo of the nuclear-powered USS Enterprise. October 21 International Anti-War Day. Massive demonstrations against Sato Government's support of U.S. policies: 200,000 demon­ strators halt train service at Shinjuku Station, national railway center; 1,000 members of Zengakuren attack offices of Self-Defense Agency. Over 700 arrested, 140 injured. 1969 January 18-19 8,000 riot police clear students from Tokyo University which has been occupied for months. August University Law passed. October 21 International Anti-War Day. Tokyo paralyzed; violence erupts in 100 other cities and towns. Nation-wide protests against Security Treaty result in 1,505 arrests and 66 injuries. November 14 Violent rush-hour demonstration at Ginza Subway Station, Tokyo, against Sato's imminent visit to U.S. November 15 About 40,000 workers and students demonstrate in Naha, Okinawa against Sato's visit to U.S. November 17 30,000 riot police guard roads to airport as Sato leaves for U.S. 1,700 students arrested; 77 injured. 21 Nixon-Sato communique released. 1970 June 23 Security Treaty'extends automatically unless terminated by Japan or U.S. 1970 Japan Project Eighth Floor 777 U.N. Plaza New York, New York 10017 I 1970 JAPAN PROJECT Helen Ewer The Rev, Pharis J, Harvey The Rev. Richard Heacock Sonja Hedlund Betty Pagett Kathy Stilson John Travers William Troy Grace Williams \ C O N F E N * S Paper Color 1970: Year of Decision in Japan Bill Troy Green "Sitting as she does as the very keystone of present US economic and military strategy in the Far East, how Japan chooses to define her political existence in the next decade is one of the fundamental pivots on which the future of the region will turn." Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the United States of America Blue Pax Americana & the Future of Asia Ross Terrill Yellow "At least 950,000 US troops now eat their breakfast in an arc around China, from Korea to Thailand." A New Era in the Pacific Jerry K. Fisher .... Bright Yellow "It is ironic that although Japan, the nation state, may greatly benefit from its new partnership with the US, the Japanese people stand to lose the most from the agreements." Okinawa : Kanashii Monogatari John Travers White "Nearly one million people are still 'bearing the unbearable burden' which history placed upon them twenty-five years ago." Ampo Hunsai; Comments on the Japanese Student Movement compiled by Grace Williams Green AMPO: A Report from the Japanese New Left, No. 2 White Action Guide compiled by Betty Pagett...Bright Pink Excerpts from Vietnam and the Pacific Rim Strategy..Peter Wiley Pink "If the US can continue to keep Japan in the position of a junior partner, while countering the threat of revolutionary national­ ism, it can gain control over the Pacific and organize, its mar­ kets in a way that would not be conceivable in Western Europe." Japan : Ris ing Sun in As ia Jim Schoch Blue "The rising sun of the resurgent Japanese empire means only economic stagnation and misery for the countries and people under its rays." The Eye of the Beholder: Background Notes on the US-Japan Military Relationship John Dower Pink "Dulles appears never to have given serious consideration to any settlement for Japan which did not involve either a heavily rearmed Japan, US bases in Japan, or both." Bibliography compiled by Betty Pagett Blue 1970: Year of Decision in Japan Notes on the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty by Bill Troy Committee of Returned Volunteers On June 23, 1970, the Treaty of Mutual Co­ of her former enemies who happened to operation and Security between Japan and belong to the "free world"; the U.S.S.R. the United States of American will be ten and the People's Republic of China refused years old. The treaty, which was signed to sign. The engineer of this diplomatic in an atmosphere of mass protest in Tokyo tour de force, in what has been described in 1960, will on that date enter a new as "perhaps his greatest achievement", phase in which it can be abrogated by either was the negotiator for the United States - side on one year's prior notice. Or, stated Special Ambassador John Foster Dulles. the other way around, after June 23, 1970, the treaty will remain in force indefinitely The treaty was revised in 1960 mainly to until one party, or both together, decides include two provisos urgently desired by to end the treaty, either permanently or for the government of Prime Minister Nobusuke the purpose of establishing a new and re­ Kishi. The first is included in an exchange vised treaty. of notes attached to the treaty. It states that any changes in U.S. armed forces Both the Japanese and American governments deployment or equipment in Japan, and any have publicly stated that they intend to use of U.S. forces in Japan for actions remain silent next June and thus allow the outside the country, shall be the subject treaty to be extended "automatically". This of "prior consultation" with the Japanese will mean that, under the terms of the agree­ government. The original treaty left both ment, Japan will continue to grant to the matters to the discretion of the U.S. The United States "the use by its land, air, and second proviso is written into the treaty naval forces of facilities and areas in itself and is represented by the inclusion Japan" as governed under a separate Status of the concept of mutuality. There was of Forces Agreement signed along with the nothing very mutual about the 1951 document; treaty in 1960. The immodest mandate for the U.S. had all the troops and called all the use of those forces is contained in the the shots. However, the creation of the crucial Article Six in the words "for the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in 1954 - in purpose of contributing to the security in violation of Article Nine of the Constitution the Far East..." Nowhere in the treaty or of Japan which forbids the maintenance of the exchange of official notes which followed land, sea and air forces and renounces the is there any indication of what would right of belligerency - made it possible constitute a threat to the security of Japan, for Japan to cooperate in the maintenance or more importantly, what areas fall within of her own security,. Not only could the the general region designated as the Far East. SDF work with U.S. forces to combat external These matters are left to the considered threats, but they could also assume from judgment of the signatories. the U.S. the burden of repressing insurrection within Japan, a task the government indicated The 1960 treaty is a revised version of the it was not loath to carry out. original Security Treaty between the United States of America and Japan signed on Today the United States maintains over one September 8, 1951 in San Francisco. That hundred military facilities in Japan. They agreement was signed in tandem with the peace are manned by 40,000 armed forces personnel. treaty which restored Japan to the status There are seven major air bases and two of sovereign nation, at least in the eyes major naval ports among these installations. •2- The command headquarters of the U.S. causing U.S. policy-makers to begin to view Fifth Air Force, which is responsible a revived Japan as a necessary ally in the for operations in the area covering emerging Cold War. From that point in time, Japan, South Korea, and Okinawa is at the Occupation dropped most of its "New Fuchu Air Station in suburban Tokyo. Deal" programs in Japan and launched an The naval ports are available for port urgent effort to revive the Japanese economy, calls by warships of the Seventh Fleet, control the newly authorized labor unions, which patrols the Pacific area. Aside and insure the rise to power of conservative from the massive strike capability leaders who would be warm to U.S. designs. maintained in Japan, U.S. bases are also used for storage, transportation These same conservative leaders, led by of war material, military training, future Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida, hospital care, and reconnaisance.
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