Desperate Housewives“ Eine Empirische Untersuchung Mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung Von Geschlechterdifferenzen

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Desperate Housewives“ Eine Empirische Untersuchung Mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung Von Geschlechterdifferenzen View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES MAGISTERARBEIT Titel der Magisterarbeit Moralische Botschaften in „Desperate Housewives“ Eine empirische Untersuchung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Geschlechterdifferenzen. Verfasserin Iris-Johanna Walcher, Bakk. a Phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. a phil.) Wien, im Juni 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 841 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft Betreuerin: Prof. Dr. Susanne Kinnebrock Danksagung In erster Linie möchte ich mich bei Frau Prof. Dr. Susanne Kinnebrock bedanken, die mir Mut machte, bei meiner Magisterarbeit wissenschaftliches Neuland zu betreten. Ich danke für ihre freundliche, stets sehr prompte und immer wieder motivierende Betreuung und Unterstützung Ich danke auch meinem Freund Moritz, für die unzählbaren Stunden in denen er mir half, wertvolle Anregungen brachte und mich aufs Neue motivierte. Mein ganz besonderer Dank geht an meine Familie und Freunde, die stets für mich da waren. „Das Gute - dieser Satz steht fest - ist stets das Böse, was man läßt.“ - Wilhelm Busch (Werk: Die fromme Helene, Epilog) Zusicherung (Eidesstattliche Erklärung) Ich versichere hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig verfasst, ganz oder in Teilen noch nicht als Prüfungsleistung vorgelegt und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Sämtliche Stellen der Arbeit, die benutzten Werken im Wortlaut oder dem Sinn nach entnommen sind, habe ich durch Quellenangaben kenntlich gemacht. Dies gilt auch für Zeichnungen, Skizzen, bildliche Darstellungen und dergleichen sowie für Quellen aus dem Internet. Wien, im Juni 2009 Iris-Johanna Walcher, Bakk. a phil INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINFÜHRUNG ......................................................................................... 3 2 KONTUREN EINES NEUEN FORSCHUNGSFELDES & KONTEXTUALISIERUNG............................................................................... 6 3 MORAL .................................................................................................. 10 3.1 Begrifflichkeiten und Definitionen ....................................................................................... 10 3.1.1 Werte................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.2 Normen................................................................................................................................ 12 3.2 Moralentwicklung .................................................................................................................. 13 3.3 Abweichung von Werten und Wandel der Moral ............................................................... 16 3.4 Sozialisation ............................................................................................................................ 18 3.5 Weibliche vs. männliche Moral?........................................................................................... 20 4 FERNSEHEN, MORAL UND GESCHLECHT........................................ 24 4.1 Fernsehen als Moralvermittlungsinstanz?........................................................................... 24 4.2 Geschlechterrollen im Fernsehen und sozialer Realität ..................................................... 26 4.2.1 Geschlechtsrollen der sozialen Realität............................................................................... 26 4.2.2 Geschlechterdarstellung im TV........................................................................................... 31 5 „DESPERATE HOUSEWIVES“............................................................. 37 5.1 Serie......................................................................................................................................... 37 5.1.1 Definition und Formen ........................................................................................................ 37 5.1.2 Genres ................................................................................................................................. 39 5.2 Die Serie „Desperate Housewives“ ....................................................................................... 42 5.2.1 Die Entstehungs- und Erfolgsgeschichte............................................................................. 43 5.2.2 Hauptfiguren & Handlungsort............................................................................................. 44 6 FORSCHUNGSFRAGEN....................................................................... 50 7 UNTERSUCHUNGSDESIGN................................................................. 55 7.1 Untersuchungsgegenstand..................................................................................................... 55 7.2 Untersuchungsmethode ......................................................................................................... 55 8 ERGEBNISSE........................................................................................ 63 8.1 Moralmaxime ......................................................................................................................... 63 8.2 Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen................................................................................... 67 9 CONCLUSIO.......................................................................................... 88 10 QUELLENVERZEICHNIS................................................................... 92 11 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS ............................................................... 93 12 TABELLENVERZEICHNIS............................................................... 109 13 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS.......................................................... 109 14 ANHANG .......................................................................................... 109 3 1 Einführung Moral, Werte, Fähigkeiten und Grundeinstellungen werden von der Gesell- schaft und ihrer Entwicklung beeinflusst. Gerade in der westlichen Welt hat sich in den letzten 50 Jahren eine massive Veränderung der Werte gezeigt. Es wird ein Verfall der Werte, ein Verfall der Moral beanstandet, wobei sich zeigt, dass es sich um eine Verschiebung und nicht einen Verfall handelt. Inglehart sieht den Wertewandel als eine Veränderung, die sich von Generati- on zu Generation vollzieht. Dabei umfasst dieser Wandel nach Inglehart „u.a. eine Neubewertung von Ehe und Familie sowie bedeutsame Änderungen in den Rollen von Männern und Frauen.“1 „In den letzten 25 Jahren haben sich Werte und Normen, die das Ge- schlechterverhältnis prägen und das Handeln und die Biographien von Frauen und Männern bestimmen, erheblich verändert. (...)Es zeigen sich in Teilen der Gesellschaft deutliche Tendenzen, die Verbindlichkeit traditionel- ler Geschlechtsrollenstereotype aufzubrechen und die polarisierende Deu- tung von „Männlichkeit“ und „Weiblichkeit“ in Frage zu stellen.“ 2 Das Fernsehen hat, gerade in den westlichen Gesellschaften, keinen uner- heblichen Anteil daran, was als richtig und als falsch angesehen wird. Denn zum „ersten sind die Medien, insbesondere die Massenmedien, wichtige Fakto- ren, die Einstellungen, Urteile, Wissen und – zumindest vermittelt – auch Verhalten der Menschen beeinflussen. (...) Zum zweiten lassen sich die Medien (...) nutzen, als Hilfsmittel (...) der Übertragung des in einer Gesell- schaft für verbindlich erachteten Wissens- und Nomenkanons.“ 3 Amerikanische Fernsehserien können durch ihre Aktualität soziale Verände- rungen aufgreifen und den Rezipienten Möglichkeiten aufzeigen, wie sie den Wandel der Werte, Normen und Moral bewältigen können. „Insofern stellt sich die Frage, ob die Medien Schritt gehalten haben mit der Entwicklung (...) oder 1 B. Schubert, H. Heidbrink (2006): Partnerwahl und Wertewandel – Die Veränderung von Präferenzen der Partnerwahl im Wertewandel vom Materialismus zum Postmaterialismus. In: Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung, 37. Jg., Heft 2, 2006, S. 173-184, hier S 173f 2 W. Cornelißen (1996): Die Präsentation der Geschlechter im Fernsehen – K(ein) Beitrag zur Verwirklichung der Gleichstellung von Frau und Mann. In: Zeitschrift für Frauenforschung. 14. Jg. Heft 1 +2. Bielefeld. S 31 – 63, hier S 33 3B. Schorb/ E. Mohn/ H. Theunert (2002): Sozialisation durch (Massen-)Medien. In: Hurrel- mann, Klaus/ Ulich, Dieter: Handbuch der Sozialisationsforschung. 6. unveränderte Auflage. Weinheim und Basel. S493 – 510, hier S 495 4 ob ihre Schilderungen noch immer von vergangen Wertvorstellungen geprägt werden.“ 4 Eine Serie, deren Hauptcharaktere Frauen sind, die in der heutigen Zeit leben und mit ähnlichen Problemen wie wir alle zu kämpfen haben müssten, hat ein besonders hohes Potenzial um Handlungsmöglichkeiten aufzuzeigen, die sich jenseits der traditionellen Geschlechterrollen bewegen. 5 „Desperate Housewives“ wird in den USA seit 2004 und im deutschsprachigen Raum seit 2005 ausgestrahlt und kann somit als Serie bezeichnet werden, die am Puls der Zeit liegen sollte. Aus diesem Grund soll diese Arbeit die trans- portierten Normen, Werte und Moral der Serie „Desperate Housewives“ be- leuchten. Dabei wird ein besonderer Fokus darauf gelegt inwieweit sich die Moralvorstellungen von und über Frauen und Männer unterscheiden und ob traditionelle oder fortschrittliche Werte vertreten werden. Die generell leitende Forschungsfrage dieser Arbeit lautet also: Welche Moralvorstellungen werden, bei besonderer Berücksichtigung der Geschlechterrollen
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