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The New Cambridge Medieval History THE NEW CAMBRIDGE MEDIEVAL HISTORY Volume VII c. –c. CHRISTOPHERALLMAND Professor of Medieval History in the University of Liverpool Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa~o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ © Cambridge University Press This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisionsof relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published Reprinted Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data - ---- paperback - --- hardback Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS List of plates page xi List of maps xiii List of genealogical tables xiv List of contributors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix List of abbreviations xx Politics: theory and practice - Representation (since the thirteenth century) Popes and councils The European nobility Rural Europe Urban Europe vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 viii Contents Commerce and trade War Exploration and discovery - , Religious belief and practice Schools and universities Humanism Manuscripts and books The beginning of printing Architecture and painting Music Germany and the Empire Hus, the Hussites and Bohemia France (a) France at the end of the Hundred Years War (c. –) (b) The recovery of France, ‒ Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents ix Burgundy England (a) Lancastrian England (b) Yorkist and early Tudor England The Celtic world (a) Ireland (b) Scotland: – (c) Wales .. Italy (a) The northern Italian states (b) The papal states and the kingdom of Naples The Iberian peninsula (a) Aragon (b) Castile and Navarre (c) Portugal The Swiss Confederation The states of Scandinavia, c. –c. Hungary: crown and estates The kingdom of Poland and the grand duchy of Lithuania, – Russia Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 x Contents Byzantium: the Roman Orthodox world, – The Latin east The Ottoman world Conclusion Appendix: genealogical tables Primary sources and secondary works arranged by chapter Index Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 PLATES Frontispiece Federigo da Montefeltro with his son, Guidobaldo, by Joos van Wassenhove, c. , Palazzo Ducale, Urbino (photo: SCALA) between pages and Nuremberg, St Lorenz, interior of the choir, showing The Annunciation by Veit Stoss and the sacrament house (Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) Jan van Eyck, The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin, c. , Louvre, Paris (photo © RMN) Jan and Hubert van Eyck, The Adoration of the Lamb, St Bavo’s cathedral, Ghent, c. (photo © KIK/IRPA Brussels) Rogier van der Weyden, The Last Judgement, Hôtel Dieu, Beaune, c. (photo J. Feuillie / © CNMHS) Masaccio, The Tribute Money, Brancacci chapel, S. Maria del Carmine, c. (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Gerolamo da Vicenza, The Assumption and Coronation of the Virgin, , National Gallery, London (reproduced by permission of the Trustees) Donatello, The Feast of Herod, bronze relief, baptistery, Siena cathedral (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Dierec Bouts, Portrait of a Man, , National Gallery, London (reproduced by permission of the Trustees) Pisanello, marriage medal of Lionello d’Este, , Victoria and Albert Museum, London (© The Board of Trustees) Andrea Mantegna, The Gonzaga Court, Camera degli sposi, Mantua palace, (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Donatello, equestrian statue of Gattamelata, Padua (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Michelozzo di Bartolommeo, Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, Florence, begun (photo © Fratelli Alinari) xi Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 xii List of plates Zano di Domenico, Jacopo del Sellaio and Biagi d’Antonio, cassone with a tournament scene (Courtauld Institute of Art, London – Lee Collection) Studiolo of Federigo da Montefeltro, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino, (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Hercules and Antaeus, bronze, Museo Nazionale/ Bargello, Florence (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Konrad Witz, The Miraculous Draught of Fishes (photo © Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Geneva) Veit Stoss, high altar, St Mary’s church, Cracow, – (Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) Giovanni Bellini, The Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels, S. Giobbe altarpiece, Accademia, Venice (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Circle of Piero della Francesca, An Ideal Townscape, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Piero della Francesca, The Baptism of Christ, National Gallery, London (reproduced by permission of the Trustees) Donatello, Lamentation over the Dead Christ, bronze relief, S. Lorenzo, Florence (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Andrea Mantegna, St James on his Way to Martyrdom, for the cycle The Life of St James the Great, church of the Eremitani, Padua, now destroyed (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Sandro Botticelli, Primavera, Gallerie degli Uffizi, Florence (photo © Fratelli Alinari) Gentile Bellini, Sultan Mehemmed II, National Gallery, London (reproduced by permission of the Trustees) Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 MAPS European towns in the late Middle Ages pages European commerce and trade The extent of European discoveries on the west African coast Winds and currents facilitating the discoveries The universities of Europe in and Germany and the Empire Bohemia France The Burgundian dominion The Celtic world Italy The Aragonese dominion Castile and Navarre Portugal (and the north-west coast of Africa) The Swiss Confederation and its neighbouring territories, c. Scandinavia and the Baltic Hungary in the late fifteenth century Poland and Lithuania Russia The Roman Orthodox and Ottoman worlds in the fifteenth century The Latin east xiii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 GENEALOGICALTABLES The French succession (including the dukes of Burgundy) page The Valois house of Burgundy The English succession The rulers of the Iberian kingdoms The rulers of Hungary The rulers of Poland and Lithuania xiv Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTRIBUTORS : Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool : Professor of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest : Professor of the History of Political Thought, University of Dundee : Senior Lecturer in History, University of Leeds : Professor of History, State University of Leiden : Senior Research Fellow, King’s College, London: formerly Professor of Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham ..: Reader in Welsh History, University of Wales, Bangor : Professor Emeritus, University François-Rabelais, Tours : Reader in Medieval History, University of Leeds : Professor of History, University of Paris IV : President, University College, Dublin : Senior Lecturer, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London : formerly Lecturer in Music, University of Manchester : Professor of Medieval History, University of Naples ‘Federico II’ : Professor of Medieval History, University of Cambridge : Professor of Medieval Social History, University of Birmingham -: Faculty of Modern History, University of Oxford - : Maître de Conférences, University of Paris I : Professor of Medieval History, University of Warsaw: formerly President of the Polish Academy of Sciences xv Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 xvi List of contributors : Fellow of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge : Professor of History, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Colombia : Associate Professor of History, Stanford University : Formerly Assistant-Director and Librarian, British School at Rome : Professor Emeritus, University of Edinburgh c: Librarian, Trinity College, Cambridge : Professor of History, University of Warwick : Formerly Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge : Professor Emeritus, University of Strasburg : Professor of the History of Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel : Professor Emeritus, University of Bristol : Professor of Medieval History, University of Zurich : Maître de Conférences, University of Paris IV : Reader in History, University of Liverpool : Associate Professor, University of Oporto : Fellow of St John’s College, Oxford : Professor of History, University of Paris XIII : Fellow of St Hilda’s College, Oxford : Professor at the Institute for Mediterranean Studies, Rethymnon Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 PREFACE has happened in the development of historical study in the two genera- tions which have elapsed since the tardy publication, in , of the final volume of the original Cambridge Medieval History, to which the present volume is successor. More so than was the case sixty years ago, the historian today is a member of an ever-broadening international community, a development which is itself part of the greater internationalisation of society. Increasingly, the preoccupations of the historian take him beyond
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