Namaqualand

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

June 1996

Note: Further, enlarged editions of this Bibliography may be found incorporated in Section D: Annotated Bibliography in the various editions of Mountain Passes, Roads and Transportation in the Cape – a Guide to Research.

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NAMAQUALAND: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

A comprehensive literature and archival search of relevant publications, reports and other documentation was carried out between 1992 and 1998 during the preparation of a dissertation on The interactive role of transportation and the economy of Namaqualand for the University of Stellenbosch. An annotated bibliography, which comprised Appendix A of the dissertation, was compiled to reflect the references used in that dissertation.

Although the majority of items were obviously related to Namaqualand, it also included some items covering transportation and economic matters not directly related to the region, but used in the dissertation either as a backdrop for the consideration of the relevant Namaqualand aspects or else to put these aspects into the broader context. The bibliography was culled to provide a bibliography, issued in June 1996, which was more completely concentrated on Namaqualand matters. This is the second edition of that bibliography.

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There is in general a dearth of publications dedicated to Namaqualand, and particularly is this the case where transportation is concerned. Only one dedicated bibliography is on record (Kay Dowdle, A bibliography of Namaqualand, 1955) and these thirty four pages of typescript cover what was known as Greater Namaqualand in southern Namibia as well as Little Namaqualand, the present Namaqualand Region south of the Orange. The bibliography leans towards biology and sociology.

References to Namaqualand, long and short, may be found in some publications and records, but generally immersed in a mass of facts about other regions and other subjects. This bibliography was therefore annotated to indicate the nature of relevant subject cover provided in particular documents and also, where the reference occupied only a portion of the document, to provide a guide as to where within the document the relevant portion is situated.

References of a more general nature may be found on the final pages.

Where an item has been annotated as being in "the Ross Collection" this refers to the considerable number of books and other publications which just seemed to accumulate during the research. The University of Cape Town Libraries have kindly agreed to accept all the Manuscript and Archival material (as The Graham Ross Papers), and also those books which they have not already got on their shelves, when I go to build highways in the sky. The Collection will therefore continue to be available to future researchers.

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Graham Ross Somerset West June 1996.

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NAMAQUALAND: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Note: The entries in this bibliography are arranged alphabetically by author or source.

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Africa Pilot: see under Great Britain: Hydrographic Office and South African Navy: Directorate of Hydrography.

Afdelingsraad van Namakwaland: sien onder Namakwaland Afdelingsraad, and also Namaqualand Divisional Council.

African Panorama. 1996: Part 41; No. 3/96. The .

Alexander, J.E. 1838. Report of an expedition through the countries of the Great Namaquas, Boschmans, and the Hill Damaras in . Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol VIII, 1838.

Alexander, Sir James Edward. 1967. An expedition of discovery into the interior of Africa. Volumes I & II. Cape Town: C.Struik. (Africana Collectanea Series Vols XXII & XXIII.) Originally published by E.L.Carey & A.Hart, Philadelphia, as: "An expedition of discovery into the interior of Africa through the hitherto undescribed countries of the Great Namaquas, Boschmans and Hill Damaras", two volumes, 1838. Also published by Henry Colburn, London, in two volumes, in 1838. Journal of, inter alia, a journey through Namaqualand to Walvisch Bay and return, 1836 and 1837. Rather lacking in geographic and topographic detail. Alexander's reports of copper in the Richtersveld increased the general awareness of the mineral potential of Namaqualand. See also: Cornelissen; Cornell, 1920; Letcher; Smalberger.

Alexkor. n.d.(a) Alexanderbaai / Alexander Bay. Alexander Bay: Alexkor. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A 12 page brochure describing briefly the various facets of Alexkor's developments.

Alexkor. n.d.(b) Alexanderbaai Museum. Alexander Bay: Alexkor. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) An A3-plus brochure, short bilingual history; on reverse a map covering from to SWA, showing boundaries of the proclaimed area and salient details of the area.

Alexkor. (1991). Report of the Board of Directors for the year ended 31 March 1991. Alexander Bay. (First page only in the Ross Collection.) The "introduction" summarises Act 46 of 1989, the Alexander Bay Development Corporation Act.

Allamand, J.N.S. & Klockner, J.C. 1778. Nieuwste en beknopte beschryving van de Kaap der Goede-Hoop; newens een dag-verhaal van eenen landtogt naar het binnenste van Afrika.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 5 - Door het land der kleine en groote Namacquas. Gedaan op bevel van wylen WelEdelen en Gestrengen Heer Ryk Tulbagh. Amsterdam: J.H.Schneider.

Anon. 1870. The copper mines of Namaqualand. Anon. 1975. Spore in die dorsland. Upington: Gemsbok Drukkery. (32pp). See also: Therese-Bernard Thunemann: "Thirstland Epic".

Anon. 1880. From Namaqualand to Piquetberg Road on foot. In: Cape Monthly Magazine, October 1880: 208-230. See also: Schaefer, 2008: 159-178.

Anon. (1990?) All the towns and villages in Namaqualand. Springbok: publication unknown. (About 100 sheets, photocopies in the Ross Collection.) Discovered in a "carton of odd documents" in the Town Clerk's office. A collection of typed and annotated draft documents, with information entered under various headings. Obviously drawn up by a number of locals: the style, enthusiasm, exaggerations and extent of cover vary. Appear to have been prepared for some or other publication. Contain much local information not found elsewhere.

Appies, E.J. (ed). 1969. Gedenkboek: Een en ‘n Half Eeufees: 1819-1969: NG Sendingsgemeente Steinkopf. N.G.Sendingsgemeente, Steinkopf.

Argus (The Cape). 1873. Sketches from the West. Parts 2-5: 22, 26, 29 and 31 July 1973. Parts 2 to 4 cover the recently completed Port Nolloth to Steinkopf railway, while Part 5 covers Steinkopf towards O', then under construction. See also references under Moffatt, 1972.

Argus (The Cape). 13 January 1876:3. Namaqualand: opening of railway on New Year's Day. See also: refences under Moffatt, 1972.

Argus (The Cape). 1892. Light railways. 2 November 1892, weekly edition:5. Mention of the Port Nolloth railway. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Argus (newspaper). 1961. Police meet Mighty Midge: 25 March. Also: Midge crosses the Berg River with ease: 29 March. Mighty Midge is bogged down in small stream. (Date unknown.) (Photocopies in the Ross Collection.) Some newspaper reports of the saga of the 42 ton Michigan rubber-tyred dozer's 400 mile delivery trip from Cape Town to .

Argus (newspaper). 22 April 1994. Hundreds evacuated after hail, violent storms hit Oudtshoorn. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The article also mentions that Port Nolloth received 24 mm of rain in a half hour cloudburst on 20 April. This was a third more than the annual average of 18 mm. Pumps were used to clear the streets of water.

(Saturday) Argus. 26/27 December 1998:17. Date treasure trove in the desert. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The date plantations at Pella.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 6 - See also: Thunemann, 1996:21 (Niemoller at Pella); Green, 1966:230 (Steinkopf); Middlemis, 1951 ().

Atherstone, Dr G. 1857. Namaqualand and its mining prospects. In: The Eastern Province Monthly Magazine. II(13):5. In two parts – part two in 1858. Publication of a pessimistic report on an investigative visit to Namaqualand, submitted in February 1855 to the Grahamstown Prospecting Company. See also: Arne Schaefer, 2008: 68-80.

Automobile Association of South Africa. 1982. AA guide for caravaners. First edition. Johannesburg: AA of RSA. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) This publication lists, on pages 35 to 43, 128 mountain passes in the Cape, giving name, location, map reference, maximum gradient, height above sea level, suitability for caravans and description of each pass. Namaqualand passes listed are Aninaus, Grootvlei, Kamiesberg, Killian's, Spektakels and Studers.

Automobile Association of South Africa. 1987. Off the beaten track. Cape Town: AA The Motorist Publications (Pty) Limited. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Descriptions of through routes and day drives and the places of interest along them. Pages 68 & 69 cover Cape Town to Vioolsdrift, and 306 to 309 various drives in Namaqualand itself. See also: AA, 1987, Bulpin, 1986; Cornelissen; Fleminger, Mostert & Crewe-Brown, Smalberger; Spilhaus; Stevens, W.Steenkamp; Taljaard; Waterhouse.

Avia. October/November 1978:28. Pilot profile: Captain Ray Grinsread. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A short curriculum vitae of the man who was the Chief Pilot of Namakwaland Lugdiens from 1971 to 1988, and who was kind enough to give me an interview. See also: Namakwaland Lugdiens; S.A. Conference & Executive Travel, 1985; Marguerite van der Merwe, 1985, 1986; Cape Times, 1996b. (Captain Grinstead died tragically on 13 December 1996.)

Axelson, A.(ed). 1954. South African Explorers. Oxford University Press. Extracts from the writings of, inter alia, Simon van der Stel, Brink, Sparrman, Barrow and Campbell.

Backhouse, James. 1844. A narrative of a visit to the Mauritius and South Africa. London: Hamilton, Adams & Co. Backhouse journeyed through the Eastern Province, Namaqualand and southern Namibia in 1840/41. He defines: "A loan place, which is a place obtained from the Government that has not yet been surveyed, is half an hour's walk in every direction from the house or centre."

Bain, Andrew Geddes. 1854. Papers and correspondence on Namaqualand, dated 19 June. In: Cape of Good Hope (Colony) publication G.8 (1854): "Correspondence on the subject of the discovery of metals in Namaqualand". Also published in various newspapers, among them "The South African Commercial Advertizer and Cape Town Mail" of 16 November 1854. A report optimistic of Namaqualand's potential, stressing the need for improved transportation.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 7 - See also: Cape of Good Hope (Colony), 1854. - Schaefer, 2008: 12-18.

Bain, Andrew Geddes. Various dates. A collection of 102 papers. In the Cape Archives, Reference A 6. Andrew Bain, as well as being one of the first true road builders, was a respected geologist. One of his papers covers "The Discovery of Metals in Namaqualand: 1825-1895." (Query: -1895?? Andrew Bain died on 20 October 1864.) See also: previous item; Lister; Storrar.

Bain, Thomas C.J. 1877. Notes on the geology of the Western District. In: Cape Monthly Magazine, Second Series, XV: 171-178. (Vol.15, No.89; September 1877.)

Barnard, William S. 1994. From obscurity to resurrection: the lower Orange River as international boundary, 125-134. In: IGU-Symposium, Political boundaries and coexistence. May. Basle. The Professor of Geography at Stellenbosch University reviewed the history of this boundary, and considered the factors affected by various positionings. See also: Surveyor General.

Barnes, Clyde O. 1993-11-18. Namaqualand road history research. Letter to compiler, plus a monograph, Provincial Roads & Traffic Administration reference file D 37. Two pages. (Original in the Ross Collection.) A list, prepared by the Provincial Deputy Chief Engineer, Planning, of various road contracts and construction projects in Namaqualand.

Barrow, John. 1801 & 1806. An account of travels into the interior of Southern Africa in the years 1797 and 1798: two volumes. London: T.Cadell & W.Davies. Barrow passed through the Khamiesberg on his way to the Hantam on his second journey in 1798 (pages 314 to 361). See also: Forbes, 1965. Bassingthwaighte, James. Experiences of a boy in Namaqualand. See: Schaefer, Arne, 2008:135-142.

Beaumont, Judy. 1992. Closure of De Beers Namaqualand Mines in 2002: a socio-economic impact assessment. One of a series of theses prepared as a base for an Environmental Evaluation Unit report on Kleinzee. See also: Gosling; Greeff; Mackenzie; McCulloch; Short.

Becker, Peter. 1985. The pathfinders: a saga of exploration in Southern Africa. UK: Viking/Penguin. (Copy in Ross Collection) The history of exploration from Van Riebeeck's days. Two of ten maps refer to Namaqualand. Mention is made of expeditions led by Jan Wintervogel, Willem Muller, Abraham Gabemma, Jan van Harwarden, Christiaen Janssen, Jan Danckaert, Pieter Cruijthoff, Pieter van Meerhoff and Pieter Everaert which progressively pushed exploration out towards Namaqualand, and of Olaff Bergh, Simon van der Stel, Johannes Rhenius, Jacobus Coetsee, Hendrik Hop, Hendrik Wikar, Robert Gordon, William Paterson, Willem van Reenen and John Campbell, all people who journeyed into Namaqualand itself as pathfinders and explorers.

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See also: Botha; Burman, 1969a, 1988; Campbell; Cornelissen; Cullinan; Forbes, 1948, 1965; Forbes & Rourke; Gordon; Green, 1967a; Matthews, Wainwright & Pearson; Mossop, 1927, 1931, 1935, 1947; Paterson; Raper & Boucher; Rogers; Smalberger; Andrew Smith; Spilhaus; W.Steenkanp; Waterhouse.

Bell, C D & Nolloth M S . 1853 . Reports of the Surveyor-General Charles D Bell Esq on the Copper Fields of Little Namaqualand, and of Commander M S Nolloth of HMS 'Frolic' on the Bays and Harbours of that Coast. See: Cape of Good Hope.

Bezuidenhout, C. 1953. Alexanderbaai, 1928-1953. Herdenkingsuitgawe by geleentheid van die vyf-en-twintigjarige bestaan van die Alluviale Staatsdelwerye, Alexanderbaai: Voorsitter van die Redaksie H.J.R.du Plessis (qv). Uittreksel deur Org Genis gestuur met sy brief van 18 Oktober 1999. (Uittreksel in Ross Versameling.) Die uittreksel handel oor die Ernest Oppenheimerbrug.

Birkby, C. (1936). Thirstland treks . London: Faber & Faber. Personal and collected stories of travels and happenings in Namaqualand and Bushmanland (Parts I to III, Chapters 1 to 15). Includes graphic descriptions of various towns. The Port Nolloth railway is covered in pages 163-165. There are also tales of the middle Orange River, of the off-shore islands, of Gordonia District and of South West Africa.

Bitterfontein Municipality. 1992. Informational brochure Bitterfontein. Two pages, typescript. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A very short historical review and description.

Blommaert, W. & S.F.N.Gie. 1922. Uit ou Reisbeskrywinge. Burgerleserskring Nasionale Pers. (Copy in the Ross Collection) Descriptions of very early travels

Boonzaier, Emile. 1984. Economic differentiation and racism in Namaqualand: a case study. University of Cape Town Press: South African Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Carnegie conference paper number 68.

Botha, C.Graham. 1962.: Collected Works: Volume 1: Cape history and social life. Cape Town: C.Struik.. Chapter 1: pages 1 to 19: "Some early exploring expeditions and travels in South Africa": a lecture to the Mountain Club on 31 March 1916. A short review of early explorers. Tells of Jan Wintervogel, Willem Muller, Abraham Gabbemma, Jan van Harwarden, Jan Danckert and Pieter Gruythoff, those early explorers, and also of Olof Bergh, Simon van der Stel, Jacobus Coetsee and Hendrik Hop, who followed on and extended exploration into Namaqualand itself. Lecture originally published in the Cape Times. (Photocopy of lecture in the Ross Collection.) Also in "South African handbooks: No 91: South African exploration": pages 20-28. Also in "South African pamphlets: SABP 75" in South African Library. See also: Becker; Bulpin, 1986; Burman, 1969a, 1988; Cornelissen; Green, 1967a; Mossop, 1927, 1931, 1935, 1947; Smalberger; Spilhaus; W.Steenkamp.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 9 - Chapter 20: pages 257 to 263: "Early road administration at the Cape". A review of the progression of legal responsibility and authorisation. (Originally in "Official yearbook of the Union of South Africa 1931-1932".) Chapter 21: pages 264 and 265: "Early road communications". A brief overview of how roads opened up the country. See also: Craig.

Bredekamp, H.C. 1986. Noordwaards, langs die pad van die Khoisan: Verkenningstogte na die Koperberge tydens die Kommandeurskap van S.v.d.Stel. Kronos Vol II 1986.

Bright, R. 1855. Lecture on Namaqualand and its mines. Cape Town: Saul Solomon.

Brooke Simons, Phillida (Ed). 1986. Fifty years in the Cape Colony: 1850-1900. See: John Blades Currey.

Brooke Simons, Phillida. 1998. Life and work of Charles Bell. Vlaeberg: Fernwood Press.

Brummell, G.H. 22 June 1904:183. Namaqualand as seen from the saddle. In: The New Era. Contemporary descriptions of inter alia Springbokfontein. See also: below.

Brummell, G.H. November 1906:59-72. Seen from the saddle: Namaqualand (No 2 in the series). In: South African Magazine. No. 2. A description of Namaqualand as seen when on the march with the Cape Mounted Police. See also: above.

Bulpin, T.V. 1973. Namaqualand. Cape Town: T.V.Bulpin. Number seven of the "Treasury of Travel" series, by Mobil. A descriptive and historical booklet. Colour illustrations.

Bulpin, T.V. 1986. Discovering South Africa. Fourth edition. Muizenberg: Treasury of Travel. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Very comprehensive (918 pages) and interesting descriptions of routes, scenery, history, places of interest, accommodation, etc. Chapter 9: "The Copper Way to Namaqualand" (pages 159 to 183) covers the country along the road from Cape Town to Vioolsdrift and Alexander Bay. See also: AA, 1987, Bulpin, 1986; Cornelissen; Fleminger, Mostert & Crewe-Brown, Smalberger; Spilhaus; Stevens, W.Steenkamp; Taljaard; Waterhouse.

Burchell, W.J. 1822 & 1824. Travels in the interior of Southern Africa. Vol 1 (582 pages) & Vol 2 (slightly larger). London: Longman, Hurst, Orme & Brown. (A third volume, which would have covered his journeying from August 1812 to 1814, appears never to have been written.) Also published in 1853, two volumes, by Batchworth Press of London. Also in 1935 "Selections from Travels in the interior of Southern Africa, by William J. Burchell" (180 pages, with fold-out map) edited by H.Clement Notcutt (of the University of Stellenbosch), was published by Oxford University Press, London: Humphrey Milford. (Copy in the Ross Collection).

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 10 - Burke, Peter. 1995. The siege of O'okiep (guerrilla campaign in the Anglo-Boer war). Bloemfontein: War museum of the Boer Republics. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) An account based on the war diary of Colonel W.S.Shelton (who was Commandant of Namaqualand from January 1901 until July 1902) and on other papers. Okiep was under siege for 30 days during this period. See also; Henwood, 1974; Gert Kotze, 1999; Moffatt, various dates; Von Zeil, 1989c.

Burman, Jose Lionel. 1969a. Who really discovered South Africa? Cape Town: C.Struik. Intensely detailed stories of some of the early white discoverers of South Africa. ("A place is only discovered on the first occasion, thereafter it is explored".) Chapter V, "With Simon van der Stel to the Copper Mines", gives a delightfully detailed account of this historic journey. Chapter XI tells of the hunter Jacobus Coetse, the first white man to cross the Orange River. Chapter XII is about the famous hunter and adventurer, Pieter Pienaar, who built the Witzenberg Pass behind Tulbagh and who accompanied Gordon and Paterson to the Orange River, among other noteworthy exploits. A number of excellent, clear maps are included. The following relate to Namaqualand: facing page 23, the routes followed by Danckaert, Cruijthoff, van Meerhoff, Evaraert and de la Guerre (1660 to 1663); facing page 70, van der Stel's journey to Namaqualand in 1685; facing page 139, Jacobus Coetse's crossing of the Orange River in 1760; and facing page 155, Pieter Pienaar's trips with Gordon and Paterson in 1779.

See also: Becker; Botha; Bulpin, 1986; Burman, 1988; Cornelissen; Cullinan; Forbes, 1965; Forbes & Rourke: Green, 1967a; Mossop, 1927; Paterson; Raper & Boucher; Rogers; Smalberger; W.Steenkamp; Waterhouse.

Burman, Jose. April 1969:230-232. To the end of the line. In: SASSAR. Also reproduced in: S.A.Rail, December 1979, Chapter VII, pages 14-16. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) An excellent short history of the Port Nolloth-O'okiep copper railway line. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Burman, Jose. March/April 1981:9-10. To the end of the line: the copper line. In: S.A.Rail. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Although it has the same title as his 1969/1979 article above, this 1981 article covers the history of the Cape Town-Bitterfontein SAR line, which since the 1940's has, in fact, been carrying the copper from Namaqualand.

Burman, Jose Lionel. 1984. Early railways at the Cape. Cape Town & Pretoria: Human and Rousseau. Covers the 50 year period from 1860 to Union in 1910. Chapter IV, "The Namaqualand Copper Line", pages 41 to 48, records much information on dates, names, details and statistics, and also has early photographs of this narrow gauge (2'6") line from Port Nolloth to O'okiep. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Burman, Jose Lionel. 1988. Towards the far horizon: the story of the ox-wagon in South Africa. Cape Town & Pretoria: Human and Rousseau. (Copy in the Ross Collection.)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 11 - In Chapter III "The Explorer" he covers the trips by Jan Danckaert, Pieter Cruythoff, Sergeant De la Guerre, Olof Bergh, Isaacq Schrijver and Simon van der Stel. Chapter VIII "Wagon-passes of the Cape" is of particular interest to those interested in the opening up of the hinterland, although only Piekeniers Kloof is directly relevant to Namaqualand. An excellent book, with a bibliography for each chapter. See also: Becker; Botha; Burman, 1969a; Cornelissen; Green, 1967a; Hall, 1871; Hyatt; Mossop, 1927, 1931; Rogers; Smalberger; Spilhaus; W.Steenkamp.

Campbell, John (Revd). 1974. Travels in South Africa. Facsimile reprint, Africana Collectanea vol XLVII; edition limited to 750 copies. Cape Town: C.Struik. Originally published by Black, Parry & Co and T.Hamilton, London, 1815. Condensed version published in 1837 by the Religious Tract Society. The narrative of Dr Campbell's first travels to various missions in South Africa, from October 1812 to February 1814. Included (pages 298 to 348) is his return to Cape Town from the Griquatown area via Pella and Silwerfontein, 11 September to 31 October 1813. A delightful understatement, on reaching the flooded Orange River: "The river being as broad as the Thames at London Bridge, being also deep and rapid, the crossing with wagons appeared somewhat formidable". (During his second visit, 1819 to 1821, documented in "Travels in South Africa – A Narrative of a Second Journey" `the diminutive Scot' did not visit Namaqualand.) See also: Becker; Wannenburgh.

Cape. 17 July 1931. Namaqualand. A flowery tribute to Namaqualand by "A.L.W.H" in this Cape Town journal. Mentions Owen Letcher, Fred Cornell and W.C.Scully.

(The) Cape Argus: see Argus (The Cape).

(The) Cape Illustrated Magazine. 1896. From the sea to the mines. September, VII(1):1-5 & October, VII(2):35-40. author unknown. "Being notes on the Cape Copper Company's port and railway." See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1854. Correspondence on the subject of the discovery of metals in Namaqualand. Cape Town: Government Publication G.8. Includes inter alia Andrew Geddes Bain's "Papers and correspondence on Namaqualand", in which Bain was optimistic of Namaqualand's potential, stressed the need for "some grand improvement in the roads", and recommended a tramway from across the Sandveld. See also: Bain; Lister., Schaefer.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1855. Reports of the Surveyor-General Charles D.Bell on the copper fields of Little Namaqualand and of Commander M.S.Nolloth, of HMS "Frolic", on the bays and harbours of that coast. Cape Town: Government Publication G.8. Pages 34 to 45 give a detailed description of the bays, harbours and roadsteads along the Namaqualand coast.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 12 - Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1856a. Report of the Civil Commissioner of Namaqualand on the state of the roads from the mining districts to the ports of export. Cape Town: Government Publication G.34. Jos Rivers reported on the bad state of the roads and recommended a Government grant for road building.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1856b. Provisional report &c by Andrew Wyley. Cape Town: Government Publication G.35. An important document: see also G 36 below.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1857. Report upon the mineral and geological structure of South Namaqualand and the adjoining mineral districts, by Andrew Wyley. Cape Town: Government Publication G.36. Also published by Saul Solomon & Co, Cape Town, 1857. A most relevant document, covering the mineral potential of Namaqualand and stressing that good transportation is essential for development. Mentions the transport of ore down the Orange River by boat. See also: Patrick Fletcher, 1855.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1864. Divisional Council Act: Act 10 of 1964. Maintenance of Main Roads becomes the responsibility of the Divisional Councils.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1865a. Memorial to the Colonial Office from Robert Torbet, dated 18 April. (Cape Archives document KAB 294189238, file 6168806 7000; also South African Library microfiche Band 4140, Reference 161.) Reporting on the dangerous state of the road between Namaqualand and Hondeklip Bay.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1865b. Report of the Select Committee appointed to consider petitions with regard to the construction of lines of main road from Clanwilliam to Springbok, and on the Bill to authorize The Cape Copper Company to construct a line of tramway or railway between Hondeklip Bay and Riethuis. Cape Town: Government Publication S.C.8. Contains a verbatim record of question and answer before the Commission. Recommended: that the Clanwilliam road was not important, but that the Hondeklip Bay road required attention "as early as possible". Also recommended was the authorisation of a tramway between Hondeklip Bay and Riethaus.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1865c. Act to authorize The Cape Copper Mining Company (Limited) to construct a tramway or railway between Hondeklip Bay and Riethaus. Cape Town: Act No 15 of 1865. This railway was not built.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1865d. Spencer F.Innes for the inhabitants of Namaqualand to the Governor of the Colony, dated 18 August 1865. Cape Town. (In Cape Archives: Document KAB 294189917, bundel 6169504 6000; also South African Library: microfiche Band 4142, Reference 291.) Memorial regarding the road to Hondeklip Bay.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1866. Memorial to the Colonial Secretary, dated 25 August 1866. Cape Town. (In Cape Archives: Document KAB 294190128 Bundel 6169504 6000; also South African Library: microfiche Band 4143 Reference 195.)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 13 - Memorial from the Namaqualand farmers and traders requesting the construction of a road from Springbok to Hondeklip Bay (rather than to Port Nolloth).

Cape of Good Hope (Colony): See under "Patrick Fletcher" for his annual reports to Parliament on progress on the Messelpad conatruction, dated 1868, 1869, 1870 and 1871.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1869a. Report of the Select Committee on the Port Nolloth Tramway Bill. Cape Town: Government Publication S.C.7. Authorisation recommended, subject to various conditions. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1869b. Act to authorize The Cape Copper Mining Company (Limited) to construct a tramway or railway between Port Nolloth and Nonams, and to build a jetty at Port Nolloth. Cape Town: Act No 4 of 1869. This section of the line was built, as also the jetty. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1871. Act to authorize The Cape Copper Mining Company (Limited) to extend the line of tramway or railway authorized by Act No 4 of 1869. Cape Town: Act No 3 of 1871. This section of line was built also. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1873a. Report of the Select Committee on the Namaqualand Railway Extension Bill. Cape Town: Government Publication S.C.5. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1873b. Act to Authorize The Cape Copper Mining Company (Limited) to construct and work a tramway or railway from Kookfontein to O'okiep. Cape Town: Act No 24 of 1873. The construction of this section completed the rail link from Port Nolloth to O'okiep mine. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1877. Report of the Select Committee appointed to consider and report on the Namaqualand roads. Cape Town: Government Publication S.C.23. The committee noted that the Divisional Council had levied a rate and had worked on the Clanwilliam road as best they could, but needed assistance urgently. They could not find the previous correspondence stressing the great need for assistance, so adjourned!

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1880. Report of the Select Committee appointed to consider and report on the Namaqualand railway. Cape Town: Government Publication S.C.17. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1888 to 1894. Reports to Public Works Department. Cape Town. File covering 1888 to 1894. (In Cape Archives: Document KAB 194158214, File 7136.2001.1000; also South African Library microfiche band 2/5/289, reference U 16.) Reports on the road from Hardeveld to Hondeklip Bay and the road from Spoeg River to Hondeklip Bay.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 14 - Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1893. Report of the Surveyor-General: 1892. Cape Town: Government Publication G 25. Contains the report by Mr Alston, Government Land Surveyor, on the water problems in Namaqualand, mentioning the various sources available, especially in Bushmanland.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1900a. Report of the Select Committee on The Namaqua Copper Company Railway Bill. Cape Town: Government Publication S.C.7. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1900b. Act to authorize The Namaqua Copper Company, Limited, to construct a railway. Cape Town: Act No 7 of 1900. This one was not built: it was used more as a threat to the Cape Copper Company not to levy excessive charges for transporting NCC copper on their line. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1903a. Report of Mr R.Bellechasse Morison on the Cape Copper Company's line. Cape Town: Government Publication A.27. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1903b. Report upon Port Nolloth improvements by J.M.Searle. Cape Town: Government Publication A.28.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1905. Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into mineral resources of Namaqualand, with a view to consideration by Government of advisability of taking over Port Nolloth - O'okiep railway. Cape Town: Government Publication G.11 (Quentrell & Ronaldson). The Government decided not to take over the line. See also: South Africa, 1907 and 1912; ref erences under Moffatt, 1972.

Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1909. Mission stations and communal Reserves Act. Cape Town: Act No 29 of 1909. This Act "...prohibited the `natives' of the territory from any legal claim to mineral rights on the land which was reserved for them."

Government Publications and Documents: Up to 1910: see Cape of Good Hope (Colony) 1910-1961: see South Africa (Union of) 1961 and later: see South Africa (Republic of) Cape Provincial Publications: see below.

Cape Monthly Magazine. 1880. From Namaqualand to Piquetberg Road on foot. October:211. Author unknown. Notes taken during a walking tour (he actually took rides with wagons quite a lot) in 1877. Includes contemporary descriptions of Concordia, O'okiep, Springbok, Bowesdorp, Lilyfontein, Clanwilliam and of the country and people between these towns. Porterville was at that time named Piquetberg Road. See also: Arne Schaefer, 2008: 159-178.

Cape Provincial Administration; Chief Directorate: Nature and Environmental Conservation. n.d. Namaqualand. Cape Town. (i) A2 sheet; (ii) A4 sheet. (Copies in the Ross Collection.)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 15 - Sections: Namaqualand, a wonderland; a guide to viewing flowers; Hester Malan Nature Reserve; useful addresses. Backed with a very, very basic map.

Cape Provincial Administration. Chief Directorate: Nature & Environmental Conservation. n.d. Hester Malan Reserve: Information Guide. Cape Town: Cape Provincial Administration. A3 sheet. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Brief history and description of the reserve (now renamed Goegab Nature Reserve).

Cape Provincial Roads Department. 1992a. Entries of passes in Road Network Database. Schedule prepared for the compiler by Brian Heath. (Original in the Ross Collection.) A schedule of 205 passes in the Cape Province (excluding Transkei and Ciskei).

Cape Provincial Roads Department. 1992-08-31. List of passes. Letter to compiler. (Original in the Ross Collection.) The letter from Brian Heath passed on a list of 219 passes in the Cape Province, extracted from "Index to places in the Cape", with locations referred to map SM599.

Cape Provincial Administration: for Namaqualand in 1994 et sequentia see: Northern Cape Province.

Cape Times. 1994-06-13. Harbour plan for Northern Cape. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Northern Cape Premier supports recommendations for an ore port. See also: P.E.Niehaus.

Cape Times. 20 March 1995a. NAC to build new operations complex. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) This at Cape Town airport. National Airlines, a division of NAC, operates with good passenger loads from Cape Town to Springbok, Kleinzee and Alexander Bay.

Cape Times Business Report. (Derek Tommey). 29 November 1995b:17. Anglo shrugs off gold's troubled times. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Comment on Anglo American Chairman's report. Mentions Gamsberg Zinc, near , as a possible future project.

Cape Times. 23 January 1996. Diamond fields to become park. See under Melanie Gosling.

Cape Times (Neil Behrman). 21 March 1996a:15. Dealers scramble as lead prices soar. Business Report. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Black Mountain mining operations will benefit from the 2,6 fold increase in the price of lead from its low of 356 US dollars in 1993.

Cape Times. 23 July 1996b. From protests to parties: Richtersvelders celebrate. See under Melanie Gosling.

Cape Times. 26 July 1996c. See Richtersveld the rough way. See under Melanie Gosling.

Cape Times (Johan Fourie). 30 December 1996d. Tribute to one of South Africa's leading flying instructors. (Copy in the Ross Collection.)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 16 - A tribute to Captain Ray Grinstead, ex Chief Pilot of Namakwaland Lugdiens and pilot for Haw & Inglis, who died tragically on 13 December 1996. See also: Avia; Grinstead, oral.

Cape Times. 2 July 1997a. Thousands cut off by floods in Namaqualand. See under Melanie Gosling.

Cape Times (Marc Hasenfuss). 1997b. Benco lashed by storms. Business Report, 16 July:23. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Diamond mining in sea concessions between Port Nolloth and Alexander Bay.

Cape Times Business Report, 17 July1997c:18. Business Watch: Coega. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Mentions "a proposed (ore harbour) development at Port Nolloth". See also: Cape Times, 1994; Niehaus (1993); Verburgh (1966a & b).

Cape Times Business Report. 10 September 1997d:23. Sector may generate 5,2% of GDP by 2000. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Performance of and forecasts for tourism. (See chronology.)

Cape Times Business Report (Marc Hasenfus). 10 November 1997e:21. Trencor sells transport business. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Jowells transport businesses sold to Newco by Trencor.

Cape Times Business Report (Anndi Spicer). 1 April 1998a. Gold Field's Tsumeb and O'okiep mines up for sale. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) After disastrous results, strikes and damage inflicted by strikers at Tsumeb, and the tumbling price of copper.

Cape Times Business Report. 14 April 1998:2. Benco hauls big gem. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Benguela Concessions recovered a 12 carat gem worth about R200 000 off the Namaqualand coast.

Cape Times Business Report (Andi Spicer). 17 April 1998c. Gold Fields may dispose of O'okiep. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) GFSA Executive Director Peter Janisch says scale of operations is not profitable at present copper prices. Options being looked at may include the disposal of assets, or the actual sale of the company. See also: Sunday Times, 19 April 1998.

Cape Times Business Report (Marc Hassenfuss). 18 August 1998d:3. Benco hopes to boost diamond recovery. Benguella Concessions reported that technical innovations, coupled with a more thorough understanding of the geology of the area, have led to greater diamond recovery levels. "Moonstar" was working Devil's Hole, a diamondiferous feature on the Namaqualand coast.

Cape Times. 13 October 1998e. Cry of `No Nukes' greets Eskom plan. See under Melanie Gosling.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 17 -

Cape Times Busines Report. 16 November 1998f:2. Copper inventories rise as world demand plummets. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) World copper price at 71,05 cents US per pound the lowest since June 1987.

Cape Times Business Report. 15 December 1998g:1. Namaqualand diamond project glitters. (Copy in Ross Collection.) Firestone Diamonds has recovered several gem quality diamonds from its Groen Rivier Valley Project.

Cape Times Busimess Report. 21 December 1998h:1. Alexcor hopefuls are shortlisted. (Copy in Ross Collection.) Management contract; diamond thefts 20% to 40%.

Cape Times Business Times. News briefing. 2 February 1999a. Copper prices hit 12 year bottom on LME as stockpiles reach record high. (Copy in Ross Collection.) Stockpiles rose to their highest since records began 30 years ago. Prices dropped 30 percent during last 18 months. Global production up 3.3 percent on previous year.

Cape Times Business Report (Marc Hasenfuss). 5 August 1999b:5. Trans Hex increase carat output tenfold. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Diamond mining reserves predicted to extend for at least 20 years.

Cape Times (Roger Friedman). 14 April 2000a:9. Can a mint be made out of mulluscs?. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Report and pictures on Port Nolloth Sea Farms.

Cape Times Business Report (Nicky Smith), 8 September 2005. Metorex heads for DRC copper. (Copy in the Ross Collection) Mining equipment being sent from Okiep to Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Cape Times. May 24th 2006:3. “Rain wrecks roads, bridges, promise brilliant spring flowers. (Copy in the Ross Collection) Holgat River bridge, between Port Nolloth and Alexander Bay, washed away. Picture.

Carstens, Jack. 1962. A fortune through my fingers. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The autobiography of the man who, with his young cousin Percy Hughes, found the first reported diamond in Namaqualand six miles south of Port Nolloth, on 15 August 1925. Jack Carstens was at Kleinzee for thirty years, and his memories concentrate on this period. See also: De Beers Consolidated Mines, 1976; Green, 1962:176-192; Oppenheimer & Son; Rudd & Watson; Von Zeil, 1989b.

Carstens, W.P. 1961. The community of Steinkopf. PhD dissertation, University of Cape Town.

Carstens, Peter. 1966. The social structure of a Cape coloured reserve. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. A study of racial integration and segregation in Namaqualand. (Peter is the son of Jack Carstens.)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 18 -

Carstens, W.Peter, Klinghardt, Gerald P. & West, Martin E.(eds.) 1987. Trails in the thirstland: the anthropological field diaries of Winifred Hoernle. University of Cape Town: Centre for African Studies. A reasonably detailed diary of a three months trip in 1912 by ship, rail from Port Nolloth to O'okiep, and wagon into the Richtersveld and to the Orange River mouth. (First editor is the son of Jack Carstens - see above.)

Carstens, P. 2001. In the company of diamonds. Ohio University Press. The history of diamonds on the north west coast, and its influence on the area.

Chalmers, J.A. 1900. Notes on the Namaqualand copper district. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London), Vol 8, 1899-1900. Also: reprinted by the Institution in 1900 as a separate booklet.

Chilvers, Hedley A. 1939. The story of De Beers. London: Cassell & Company Ltd. The Namaqualand discovery is covered in pages 235-238. See also: Jack Carstens; De Beers Consolidated Mines; Sir Theodore Gregory; Hocking, 1973; Keyser; Oppenheimer & Son; Rudd & Watson; Williams, 1932.

Chilvers, H.A. 1949. The seven lost trails of Africa. Johannesburg: A section about Namaqualand.

Civil Engineering. October 1993:30. Upgrade from Port Nolloth to Alexander Bay. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) An article describing the reconstruction and surfacing of MR 731.

Clement, A.J. 1977. Articles in the Oranjemund Newsletter, Oranjemund: Consolidated Diamond Mines. "The road to the north"; No 247, July 1977. "Fannin's mine"; No 248, August 1977. "Namaqualand mining"; No 249, September 1977.

Cloete, Jennifer. 1995-11-13. Kleinzee history. Letter to compiler. (Original in the Ross Collection.) From the Kleinzee museum curator (see also `oral' listing). Enclosed copies of Argus reports on Mighty Midge. Included various dates, and addresses of possible contacts.

Cloete, Jennifer. 21st and 22nd July 1999. Second Oppenheimer Bridge near mouth of Orange River. Two letters to compiler. (Originals in Ross Collection.)

Coetzee, J. (1969). Bakens na die Brandberg. Kosmo. First three chapters cover Namaqualand travel.

Coetzer, Pieter W. (Professor). 1997. Baai van diamante - die geskiedenis van Alexanderbaai: 1926 tot 1989. Bloemfontein: Instituut vir Eietydse Geskiedenis, Universiteit Vrystaat. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling) Hoofstuk 6: bls 96-105: Vervoer.

Colly, A. 1925. A private line in Namaqualand. In: SAR&H Magazine, 19(10):998-999.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 19 - Cape Copper Company's Port Nolloth-O'okiep railway line. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Conradie, Willem Johannes. 1909. Ondervindingen van een jonge predikant in Namakwaland. London: Longmans Green. Vertel van sy reise in Namakwaland en Boesmanland. See also: a complete translation in Arne Schaefer’s 2008: 179-207.

Consolidated Diamond Mines: see also De Beers Consolidated Diamond Mines.

Consolidated Diamond Mines of South West Africa. 1956. Diamonds from the desert. Alexander Bay. (Photocopy in the Ross Collection.) A brochure on their operations. The first twelve pages describe the back history and the extraction methods used, which are very similar to those used at Kleinzee in Namaqualand.

Corbett, Alison. 1989. Diamond beaches: a history of Oranjemund: 1928-1989. Claremont: the author.

Cornelissen, Alwyn. 1965. Namaqualand copper history. Privately printed. In the South African Library: 120 pages. Also Witwatersrand University, reference A 1697; 120 pages photocopies of type script, plus 13 pages of reproductions of historical documents, plus original photographs. (Copy of the complete document in the Ross Collection.) "The development of the copper industry in Namaqualand till 1937, when the O'okiep Copper Company entered the picture." An excellent text, with many quotations, and a comprehensive (if cryptic) bibliography. Chapter VI, pages 38 to 52, is on transport. See also: AA, 1987, James Alexander; Becker; Botha; Bulpin,1986; Burman, 1969a; Cape of Good Hope (Colony),1854,1855,1857,1905; Cornell,1920; Fleminger, Green, 1967a; Hanekom; Heese; Phyllis Jowell; ; Letcher; Macleod & Wiid; Marais; Mossop,1927,1931,1935,1947; Mostert & Crewe-Brown, O'okiep Copper Company,1952,1992; Rogers; Simon; Smalberger; Spilhaus; L.M.Steenkamp; W.Steenkamp; Taljaard; Waterhouse; A.F.Williams.

Cornell, Fred Carruthers. 1911. Prospecting and exploring in Klein Namaqualand. In: The State, 6(5):481-488 & 6(6):607-618.

Cornell, Fred Carruthers. 1920. The glamour of prospecting. London: T. Fisher Unwin. (Re-published in paperback by David Philip, Claremont, Cape in 1986 - copy in the Ross Collection.) Well written in the style of the times, this readable book tells of prospecting from 1907 up to the start of the 1914 war. There is an unfortunate dearth of dates in the narrative, but his descriptions of the Orange River, the Richtersveld and other Namaqualand areas (Chapters VII to XI & XIII) are graphic. See also: AA, 1987, Bulpin, 1986; Carstens, Cornelissen; Fleminger, Mostert & Crewe-Brown, Smalberger; Spilhaus; Stevens, W.Steenkamp; Taljaard; Waterhouse.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 20 - Coulson, David; with text by James Clark. 1983. Mountain odyssey in South Africa. South Africa: Macmillan. Pages 55 to 62: Text and excellent photographs describing the Richtersveld.

Couzens, Tim J.(Prof) North of Bitterfontein, west of Hotazel. A review of Northern Cape literature by this Witwatersrand University professor.

Cowie, G. 1929. Namaqualand today: a Cinderella country. In: The South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, 23(July)-7:1120-1124. A short review of Namaqualand's history, including the railway. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Cronwright-Schreiner, S.C. 1925. The migratory springbucks of South Africa. T.Fischer Unwin. Personal experience, plus contributions from T.B.Davie, Sir J.G.Fraser, D.Livingstone and W.C.Scully in Bushmanland.

Cullinan, Patrick. 1992. Robert Jacob Gordon: 1743-1795: the man and his travels at the Cape. Cape Town: Struik Winchester. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A full description, with detailed commentary and colourful illustrations, of Colonel Gordon's various journeys in the Cape. His fourth journey, from June 1779 to January 1780, was from Cape Town via , Grootmis and Port Nolloth to the Orange River mouth. From here he returned to Ellemboogfontein (30 kilometres north west of Garies) before swinging north via Springbok to Pella and on up-river to within 50 kilometres of Prieska. On his return he touched at Warmbad, north of the Orange, before crossing south again at Company's Drift on his way to Springbok. Returning to Cape Town he generally followed his out-bound route, except that he called at the Groen River mouth west of Garies. He was in the intermittent company of William Paterson during the portion of his journey outward bound through Namaqualand. Gordon's maps of his journeys are of high quality, and well worth studying. See also: Becker; Burman,1969a; Forbes; Forbes & Rourke; Gordon; Paterson; Raper & Boucher; Andrew Smith.

Cultural Historical Society of Namaqualand. n.d. Besiens-waardighede: Namakwaland / Places worth visiting in Namaqualand. Springbok: Cultural Historical Society of Namaqualand. (i) 24 A5-page bilingual brochure; includes A4 map with places indicated by numbers in balloons; (ii) 10 A6-page brochure - an earlier edition? (Copies in the Ross Collection.) Lists places of interest in the region, with short historical notes. Includes dates of declaration of those which are historical monuments.

Currey, John Blades (Phillida Brooke Simons, Ed). 1986. Fifty years in the Cape Colony: 1850-1900. Houghton: The Brenthurst Press. Autobiography. Chapter 6: "Namaqualand in 1856" when he was manager of Namaqua Copper Mining Company in Concordia. Chapter 7: "Bushmanland in the 1850's". See also: Arne Schaefer, 2008:81-101.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 21 -

"E.J.D." 1872. The copper mines of Namaqualand. In: Cape Monthly Magazine. March 1872:165-166. Another article on a trip to Port Nolloth, the train and the mines. A good description of loading copper at the port.

Davis Borkum Hare - Mining Research. September 1983. The world diamond industry and De Beers - a perspective. Doornfontein: the firm.

De Beers Consolidated Diamond Mines: see also Consolidated Diamond Mines (CDM).

De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited. 1976. Kleinzee Mine golden jubilee: 1926-1976. Kleinzee: DBCM. (Photocopy in the Ross Collection.) A 45 page booklet, describing the history of the mine, with many articles contributed by old timers, and many photographs. See also: Jack Carstens; Chilvers; Sir Theodore Gregory; Hocking,1973; Keyser; Rudd & Watson; Williams, 1932.

De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. Datum onbekend. Diamante in die sand - die verhaal van die Namakwalandse Myn Afdeling van De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. Verwysing uit Janeen Dunne, 1988; kon nie opspoor nie.

De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited. (1994). A quest for brilliance. Kleinzee: Namaqualand Mines. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A ten page glossy brochure describing the history, operation and community services related to the De Beers operation at Kleinzee.

De Kock, Victor. (1953). By strength of heart. Cape Town: Howard B.Timmins. A limited edition of 1500 copies. An archivist tells of mariners who rounded the Cape of Good Hope before Van Riebeeck's time, and of their records of the local inhabitants of that time.

Delesse, M. 1855. Notice sur Les Mines de Cuivre du Cap de Bonne Esperance. In: Annales des Mines, 5e serie, tome VIII, 1855.

Development Bank of Southern Africa. 1992. Economic and social memorandum - Region A. Unpublished. (Extracts made available by Professor Christo Bester of University of Stellenbosch - photocopy of extracts in the Ross Collection.) The results of a valuable study based on the findings of many authorities. Sections in the extract include: Chapter 2: 2.2.6: Minerals; 2.3: Socio-economic characteristics; 2.5: Demarcation of sub-regions (Namaqualand constitutes a district of Sub-region A1, which contains Vredenburg, Hopefield, Malmesbury, Piketburg, Clanwilliam, Vredendal, Vanrhynsdorp and Namaqualand.) Chapter 3: Population. Chapter 4: Labour and employment. Chapter 5: Production activity: 5.5.2: Mining; 5.5.7: Transport.

De Villiers,J. and P.J.Soehnge. 1959. Geology of the Richtersveld. In: Geological Survey Memoir 48.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 22 - A three year mamoth geological survey, one of the standard works on the region. No new major finds of economically viable deposits were found.

Dicey, William. 2004. Borderline. Cape Town: Kwela Books. An account of three people, two canoes paddling 1400 kilometres down the Orange River from Orania to the mouth. Interspersed with historical items, mainly of oppression of the then-locals. References unfortunately rather sparse.

Dickason, Graham Brian. 1978. Cornish immigrants to South Africa. Cape Town: A.A.Balkema. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A detailed review of "Cousin Jack's" contribution to the development of mining and commerce between 1820 and 1920. Pages 27 to 39 include a concise but surprisingly complete history of the development of Namaqualand, with particular mention, naturally, of the contributions made by Cornishmen. In this context it may be noted that Thomas Hall, who engineered the Port Nolloth - O'okiep railway, and Edward Hodge, a subsequent chief engineer, were both Cornishmen. A most interesting, well researched and well written book.

Die Burger, Bylae: Oktober 8, 1981. Namakwaland-Skou, 1981.. "Klein lugdiens 'n skakel met die wereld". Staat van die program om paaie te teer. Ens.

Digest of South African Affairs (supplement). Fact paper 53. February 1958. The diamond industry of South Africa.

Dowdle, Kay. 1955. A Bibliography of Namaqualand. University of Cape Town: School of Librarianship. i-v + 34 pages, carbon typescript. Copy in the South African Library. (Photocopy in the Ross Collection.) Bibliography leans towards biology and sociology. It includes books, periodical articles, Government publications, illustrations and maps. Covers both Greater Namaqualand (Southern Namibia) and Little Namaqualand (North-western Cape). Little Namaqualand defined as bounded on the south by 30,5 degrees and on the west (east?) by 19 degrees, pretty well the RSC boundaries. See also: Joubert; Muller, Van Jaarsveld & Van Wijk; National Register of Manuscripts (NAREM); Pirie; Joyce Robertson; Ross, 1996c; Schepers; Smalberger's list of sources; Mary Smith; South African Bibliography.

Dreyer, A. 1930. Kerksoevenier van Namakwaland. Kaapstad: Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerkraad. Geskiedkundige oorsig van die tagtigjaarige bestaan van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde gemeente.

Dreyer, Gerhard. September 1998:106-110. Garies. In: Getaway. Photographs of the area in flower time.

Dunn, E.J. 1871. Notes on the diamond fields. Cape Town:

Dunn, E.J. 1872. The copper mines of Namaqualand. In: Cape Monthly Magazine, 1872, Vol 4: 165-170.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 23 - See also: Arne Schaefer, 2008:127-133.

Dunn, Edward John. 1872/1873. Through Bushmanland. In: Cape Monthly Magazine. See under A.M.Lewin Robinson, 1978.

Dunn, Edward John. 1931. The Bushman. Charles Griffin & Co.

Dunne, Janeen Mary. 1988. Towards a regional development strategy for Namaqualand. Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. (SALDRU Working Paper No 75, a shortened version of her 1986 U.C.T. M.A.{Economics} thesis with the same title.) Covers the physical characteristics of Namaqualand, historical economic under- development, contemporary socio-economic characteristics and main economic sectors, and makes proposals for a regional development strategy.

Du Plessis, Andries. 1974. Die bewaring van ons erfenis. Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau. Pages 128 to 134: a short description of the physical and botanical characteristics of Namaqualand.

Du Plessis, H.J.R. 1953. Alexanderbaai - Herdenkingsuitgawe by geleentheid van die vyf-en- twintigjarige bestaan van die Alluviale Staatsdelwerye Alexanderbaai. Alexanderbaai. Sien ook: C.Bezuidenhout.

Du Plessis, J. 1911. A history of Christian missions in South Africa. London:Longmans, Green. (Facsimile republished in 1965 by Struik, Cape Town.) A detailed survey of (particularly early) missions, including those in Namaqualand. Made especially valuable by Appendix I, List of authorities consulted; Appendix IV, Bibliography; Index of persons and subjects; and Index of places.

Du Plessis, J.H. 1961. Diamonds are dangerous. New York: Ed Hern, Rudolph Inc. April 1983. De Beers: a review of the world diamond industry. Johannesburg: the firm.

Ebner, J.L. 1829. Reise nach Sued Afrika und Darstellung meiner waehrend act Jahren daselbst als Missionar unter den Hottentotten gemachten Erfahrungen. L.Oehmigke. Missionary work 1812-1820 at Bezondermeid and Kookfontein (Steinkopf) in Namaqualand; and at Warmbad in SWA.

Eliovson, Sima. 1972. Namaqualand in flower. Johannesburg: Macmillan. Also published 1990 by Media House Pubs, Sandton. Profusely illustrated with colour photographs. Botanical details many of the flowers found in Namaqualand. Suggests itineraries, etc. See also: Jansen; Le Roux & Schelpe; Patterson.

Engineering. 1 September 1893:264,265.1893. The development of South African railways. A short item on the Port Nolloth railway.

Environmental Evaluation Unit. 1990. Anglo American Corporation: West Coast heavy mineral sands project. University of Cape Town: Report 4/90/49. Currently working at Brand se Baai, north of the Olifants River mouth, Anglo American are prospecting northwards along the Namaqualand coast for possible future sites.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 24 - Environmental Evaluation Unit. 1991. Nuclear siting investigation programme, West Coast: site specific environmental study: main and supplementary reports. University of Cape Town: Report 1/91/64. Three prime sites were investigated for Eskom: at Tweepad, halfway between Port Nolloth and Kleinzee; at Brazil, one third of the way from Kleinzee to Hondeklip Bay; and at Skulpfontein, two thirds of the way from Kleinzee to Hondeklip Bay.

Emmett, A.B. 1987. Steinkopf: a study of a community in decline. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, Report S-164.

Emmett, A.B. 1988. Stimulating rural development: an evaluation of small business promotions in Namaqualand. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, Institute for Social and Demographic Research, Report S-181.

Erasmus, B.P.J. 1995. On route in South Africa. Johannesburg:

Fanner, Steve. 1994-06-08. Notes on the Garies road construction unit.. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Notes made by Fanner, Resident Engineer of the unit from 1967 to 1970, at the interview in the Provincial Roads Engineer's office, where Fanner was at that time Chief Engineer, Planning.

Fanner, Steve. 1999-05-06. Comments on various matters. Letter to the compiler. (Original in Ross Collection.) Comments on Kudu gas pipeline; light foundation roads; lap and plak projects; pebble- bed nuclear power stations in Namaqualand and water de-salination projects.

Fannin, M.G. 7 March 1928:17-19. The first attempts at mining in Namaqualand. In: The Mining and Industrial Magazine. A patchy account of the activities of his grandfather Thomas Fannin in Namaqualand from 1845 to 1847 while manager of The South African Mining Company.

Feinberg, Barry. (Photographs by Linda Pithers.) 1995. A Richtersveld diary. In: Getaway, August 1995:88-99. A trip to research `useful' plants in the region. See also: Getaway, October 1990.

Fig, D. 1991. Flowers in the desert: community struggles in Namaqualand. In: Cock J. & Cock E. (Eds.): Going green: people, politics and the environment in South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Finansies en Tegniek. 17 February 1989. Gebied benede Oranjeriviermond ontwikkel.

Findlay, Gill and McPartland, Peter. November 1981. Diamonds - mining research. Johannesburg: Mathison & Hollidge.

Fleminger, David. 2008. Richtersveld, cultural and botanical landscape, including Namaqualand. Johannesburg: Southbound. (Inscribed copy in Ross Collection). David had copies of my dissertation The interactive role of transportation and the economy of Namaqualand, and of The Romance of Cape Mountain Passes as aides.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 25 - A Pocket Guide worth carrying in your pocket (or your glove box). See also: AA, 1987, Bulpin, 1986; Cornelissen; Fleminger, Mostert & Crewe-Brown, Smalberger; Spilhaus; Stevens, W.Steenkamp; Taljaard; Waterhouse.

Fletcher, Hugh. 1994-11-02. Curriculum vitae of Patrick/Peter Fletcher. Letter to compiler. Three pages. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Hugh is a great-grandson of Patrick (the name being interchangable with Peter in Scotland at that time). Patrick Fletcher was in Namaqualand from 1853 to about 1875, and did much of the original survey of Little Namaqualand. He also, of course, built the Messelpad. See also: below.

Fletcher, Patrick. 1854. Letter to potential investors from Scotland. Two pages. Transcript received from his great-grand daughter, Mrs Alvin Cope. (Transcript in the Ross Collection.) Written on 25 June 1854 on the banks of the Orange River. Invites investment in copper mining, mentioning both the deposits and the difficulties.

Fletcher, Patrick. 22nd January 1855. Letter to his mother. Written on the banks of the Orange River. Transcript received from his great-grand daughter Mrs Alvin Cope. Three pages. (Transcript in the Ross Collection.) Describes his location, his equipment, his work, and incidentally reflects his outlook on life. It mentions his survey of the Orange River, and that he took the first "copper load" down the river by boat. See also: Cape of Good Hope (Colony), 1857.

Fletcher, Patrick. 1866a. Letter to a newspaper. 24 March 1866 (this date according to a handwritten annotation attached to the original cutting in the E.A.Judge Collection at University of Cape Town's Manuscript and Archives Department.) The newspaper's name is not noted, but Smalberger {1975} in note 25 on page 117 attributes "The Advertizer and Mail" of 7 April 1866 as the source. Written in reply to an invitation to become a candidate for a seat in the Colonial Parliament. Contains interesting comment and data.

Fletcher, Patrick. 20 September 1866b. Memorandum comparing the copper riding routes between the mines and the sea.

Fletcher, P. 1868. Hondeklip and Springbok Road: Namaqualand. Cape Town: Reports of the Chief Inspector of Public Works, Cape of Good Hope, presented to both Houses of Parliament by order of His Excellency the Governor. Also recorded under: "Cape of Good Hope (Colony). 1868-1871". (In Cape Archives (CCP 1/2/1/21: G 23 et altera); also in South African Library, on microfiche.) (Copies in the Ross Collection.) 1868: 23 January: written at Keerom (Fletcher's farm). Fletcher's report on the first year's work from the date of his appointment as Inspector of Roads on 1 January 1867. Included are two maps of the road between Springbok and Hondeklip Bay. 1869: 27 April: written at Tiger Kloof. During 1868 work was confined to the section between Wildepaarde Hoek and the ascent on the north side of the Buffels River. A survey plan, with descriptions of the various sections, was included. 1870: 15 January: written at Tiger Kloof. The report covers the work during the year 1869. The Cape Copper Company had decided in mid 1868 to direct the mining traffic to

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 26 - Port Nolloth instead of Hondeklip Bay, resulting in a lowering of construction standards. 1871: May: Report on the work performed on the Messelpad during 1870 and during January, February and March, 1871, when the last Government work was carried out. The Divisional Council then took over responsibility for the road. See also: Hugh Fletcher; Dr G.J.Kotze.

Floor, Bernal C. 1985. The history of National Roads in South Africa. Pretoria: National Transport Commission. (Ook in Afrikaans: Die geskiedenis van Nasionale Paaie in Suid-Afrika - afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) Includes comments on National Route 7, running north from Cape Town through Namaqualand to Namibia.

Forbes, Vernon. 1948. Paterson's travels. In: South African Geographical Journal XXX(April): 52-70. A professional paper to the learned society. See also: Forbes & Rourke; Paterson.

Forbes, Vernon. 1949. Colonel R.J.Gordon's contribution to Cape geography: 1777-1793. In: South African Geographical Journal XXXI(June):3-35. A professional paper to the learned society.

Forbes, Vernon Siegfried. 1965. Pioneer travellers of South Africa. Cape Town: A.A.Balkema. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A geographical commentary upon routes, records, observations and opinions of August Frederik Beutler, Carl Peter Thunberg, Francis Masson, Anders Sparrman, Hendrik Swellengrebel, William Paterson, Robert Jacob Gordon, Francois le Vaillant, Count Louis Marie Degrandpre and Sir John Barrow, travellers at the Cape between 1750 and 1800. Twenty one good maps. Extremey well-researched. Provides an excellent overview, commentary and comparison. Barrow, Gordon, Paterson and Le Vaillant travelled in Namaqualand. See also: Barrow; Becker; Burman, 1969a; Cullinan; Forbes & Rourke; Gordon; Green, 1967a; Le Vaillant; Meiring; Paterson; Quinton & Robinson; Raper & Boucher; Andrew Smith.

Forbes, Vernon Siegfried and Rourke, John (eds.) 1980. Paterson's Cape Travels: 1777 to 1779. Johannesburg: The Brentworth Press. (Limited printing: 1000 copies.) A prestige publication, giving much detail besides that of his four journeys. Chapter 4, pages 59-171: reproduction of William Paterson's "A Narrative of Four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots and Caffraria" first published in 1789. The diary is annotated, with many footnotes and illustrations (especially of plants: Paterson was essentially an army officer and a botanist), and is accompanied by eight very clear maps. Paterson travelled through Namaqualand on his second journey, and on his fourth journey visited the Orange River mouth with Gordon and went north through Springbok after returning to near Kamieskroon. See also: Becker; Burman, 1969a; Cullinan; Forbes, 1948, 1965; Gordon; Paterson; Raper & Boucher.

Fortune Magazine. 1947. and East O'okiep. January: 77-81,156-159.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 27 - An article on the occasion of the take-over by an American consortium and the formation of The South African Copper Company Limited.

Genis, Org. 1999-10-18. Orange River bridges. Letter to the compiler. (Copy in the Ross Collection.)

Gerdener, G.B.A. 1941. Baanbrekers onder die Suiderkruis. Stellenbosch: Christen Studente- Vereeniging. Biografies sketse van enige voortreflike voorlopers op sendinggebied.

Gill, Fraser. 1958. Ovenstones: a story of the sea. Cape Town: Ovenstone Holdings. 64 pages. (Green leather-covered presentation copy in the Ross Collection.) Pages 25 to 37 give a description and history of Port Nolloth, and an account of the rock lobster industry the Ovenstones built up there. See also: Susan Jones.

Glavovic, B. 1990. Social and economic characteristics of the West Coast: further development prospects and the environmental implications. Pretoria: Government Printer. Glavovic is an Environmental Officer with the Department of Environmental Affairs.

Godee-Molsbergen, Dr E.C. 1916, 1922, 1932. Reizen in Zuid-Afrika. Volumes I & II, III and IV. The Hague: Linschoten Vereeniging. Also published in 1916 as "Reizen in Zuid-Afrika in de Hollandse tijd" by Martinus Nijhoff, at 's- Gravenhage. Also reproduced and published in 1976 by M.Nijhoff, of s’Gravenhage, as Reizen in Zuid Afrika; Vols 1 & 2 Tochten naar het Noorden 1652-1686 & 1686-1806. Reproduces the journals kept on the expeditions between 1659 and 1664.

Gold Fields of South Africa. 1987-02-06. Gold Fields 1887-1987: a corporate report. Supplement to Financial Mail. 99 pages. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Pages 10 to 13: "In the black": the history of Black Mountain, Aggeneys. Pages 14 to 17: "Reburnishing the image": the history of O'okiep Copper Company since GFSA took over the management from Newmont Mining in 1984.

Gold Fields Group. Various dates. Quarterly results. Johannesburg: Gold Fields Group. Also in Cape Times Business Report. (Various reports in the Ross Collection.) Gives the production and financial results for O'okiep Copper Company Limited and Black Mountain Mineral Development Company (Proprietary) Limited for the current and usually a few previous quarters or the previous year.

Gordon, Robert Jacob (Colonel). 1988. Cape travels: 1777 to 1786. (Edited by Peter E.Raper and Maurice Boucher.) 2 volumes. Houghton: The Brenthurst Press. (Edition limited to 1000 copies.) See under Raper & Boucher for annotation.

Gosling, Melanie. 1992. An assessment of the potential socio-economic impact of the future closure of DBNM's diamond mines in Namaqualand. M.Phil. thesis; Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town. One of a series of theses prepared as a base for an Environmental Evaluation Unit report on Kleinzee. See also: Judy Beaumont; Karen Greeff; Andrew Mackenzie; Gregory McCulloch;

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 28 - Robin Short.

Gosling, Melanie. 23rd January 1996a:3. Diamond fields to become park. Cape Times: News Section. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Discusses the possible proclamation of a National Park along the 47 kilometres of coast between the Groen River and the Spoeg River, halfway to Hondeklip Bay, on land owned by De Beers.

Gosling, Melanie. 23rd July 1996b:2. From protests to parties: Richtersvelders celebrate. In: Cape Times: News Section. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A one page write-up, illustrated, on the fifth anniversary of the declaration of the National Park.

Gosling, Melanie. 26 July 1996c:20. See Richtersveld the rough way. Top of the Times. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A brief description of the park and its tourist opportunities.

Gosling, Melanie. 2nd July 1997:3. Thousands cut off by floods in Namaqualand. Cape Times. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Abnormal rains of 250 mm already; normal annual 180 mm. See Chronology, 1997.

Gosling, Melanie. 13 October 1998:13. Cry of `No Nukes' greets Eskom plan. Cape Times. (Copy in the Ross Collection) Discussions with people of Kommagas about the proposed "pocket nuke" sites at Brazil and Schulpfontein.

Gosling, Melanie. 6 August 1999. Helping the desert to blossom. Cape Times. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Namaqua National Park formed around Skilpad, Kamieskroon.

Great Britain: Hydrographic Office. 1868 et seq. Africa pilot: Part II: or sailing directions for the west coast of Africa from the River Cameroon to the Cape of Good Hope. First edition 1868; second edition 1875; tenth edition 1951. UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) for the Admiralty. (Extracts from 1875 and 1939 editions in the Ross Collection.) The early editions describe the coast, roadsteads, anchorages and landings as they must have been for the early miners and ore shippers (1852 onwards). The number of the Admiralty chart relevant to the place being described is given in each case. As always in the "Pilots" the descriptions are extremely detailed. For the Namaqualand coast these are based largely on the findings of Commander M.S.Nolloth, who surveyed the coast in HMS Frolic in 1854. Responsibility for the preparation of sailing directions around the coast of South Africa and Namibia was taken over by South Africa in 1954. See also: South African Navy: Directorate of Hydrography.

Great Britain: Hydrographic Office. Various dates. Various charts. UK: HMSO for the Admiralty. Cover the coastline, adjacent waters and harbours in great detail.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 29 - Responsibility for the supply and updating of charts was taken over by the South African Navy in 1954. See also: South African Navy: Directorate of Hydrography.

Greeff, Karen Liane. 1992. Socio-economic impact assessment of the proposed closure of De Beers Namaqualand Diamond Mines by the year 2005. M.Phil. thesis; Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town. A 64 page paper suggesting adverse and beneficial effects on the inhabitants of Namaqualand of the possible closure of Namaqualand Mines. Various mitigatory measures are suggested, most of which would require De Beers to gratuitously make considerable financial donations, or to hand over their property and possessions to the local inhabitants without compensation!

See also: parallel reports made by other students at the same time, q.v.: Judy Beaumont; Melanie Gosling; Andrew G.Mackenzie; Gregory McCulloch; Robin Vincent Short. The Environmental Evaluation Unit of the Department intended to compile a socio- economic impact assessment report based on the information contained in these reports.

Green, Lawrence George. 1933. The coast of treasure. London & New York: Putnam. (Actually published with author's name given as Lawrence C. Green.) Mainly of Namibia, but pages 129 to 139 of Chapter 8: "Riches of the Orange River" covers Namaqualand south of the river.

Green, Lawrence G. 1934. Wanderers in a South African wilderness. In: United Empire. July:402-405. An account of the life of the trekboers of Bushmanland. See also: P.J.van der Merwe, 1938; Van Onselen.

Green, Lawrence G. 1935. Great African mysteries. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Pages 18 to 21 speculate on the arrival of Chinese on the Namaqualand coast in AD 945, while on page 131 the finding of a fossilised South African "kangaroo" at Kleinzee is recorded. Chapter 21 has tales of the Orange River, and mentions Father Wulf of Pella, Carl Weidner of , Jacobus Coetsee, and A.D.Lewis' 12 day trip from Ramans Drift to the sea in 1912.

Green, Lawrence G. 1936. Secret Africa. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Chapter 5 talks of the Richtersveld, Alexander Bay diggings and Port Nolloth.

Green, Lawrence G. 1938a. Through Namaqualand. In: United Empire. March:116-127. An account of a trip to Namaqualand in the company of a botanist.

Green, Lawrence G. 1938b. Strange Africa. London: Stanley Paul & Co. (Ltd.) (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Some passing mention of Namaqualand places and happenings.

Green, Lawrence G. 29th November 1943:69. The diamond road of South Africa. In: Outspan.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 30 - Green, Lawrence G. 1945. Where men still dream. Cape Town: Howard Timmins (Pty) Ltd. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Pages 112-119: Tales of Bushmanland and the Richtersveld.

Green, Lawrence G. 1946. So few are free. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Pages 116 to 131: tales of the coast from south of Hondeklip Bay to the Orange River. Pages 132 to 147: tales of the country alongside the "Diamond Road" from Cape Town to Alexander Bay, and of its people. See also: Bulpin, 1986.

Green, Lawrence G. 1948. To the river's end. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Chapter 10 deals with the Orange River past , Goodhouse, Vioolsdrift, Aussenkehr, Sendeling's Drift and the Richtersveld. Mentioned are A.D.Lewis, L.J.Collyer, Carl Weidner, Solomon Rabinowitz, Ernest Heyes, William Carstens, Thomas Billingham and Fred Cornell. Chapter 12 tells the story of Pella and its early missionaries. See also: Simon; Thunemann; Weidner; Willcox.

Green, Lawrence G. 1955. Karoo. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Chapter 20, "Home of Strange Tales" has many tales of Namaqualand, and investigates the origins and meanings of some of Namaqualand's place names. See also: Raper.

Green, Lawrence G. 1958. South African beachcomber. Cape Town: Howard B.Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Mentions Namaqualand coast (p 13); Cape Voltas (p 15); Owen Bay (p 17).

Green, Lawrence G. 1962. Something rich and strange. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Histories and tales of diamonds: pages 69-81: early off-shore; 176-185: Cornell; 186-192: Kleinzee, Carstens, Merensky, Alexander Bay.

Green, Lawrence G. 1963. A decent fellow doesn't work. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Pages 81 to 83 relate recollections of travelling on, and tales of the narrow-gauge railway from O'okiep to Port Nolloth. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Green, Lawrence G. 1965. Almost forgotten, never told. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Tales of the South African coast. Pages 105 to 107 cover the Namaqualand coast.

Green, Lawrence G. 1966. Thunder on the Blaauwberg. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Various tales. Pages 41-50: Richtersveld; 46: W.C.Scully; 66: Raman's Drift; 163: early Chinese navigators; 230: date palms.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 31 - Green, Lawrence G. 1967a. On wings of fire. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Chapter 5: South to Port Nolloth; tales of Port Nolloth and of the narrow gauge railway, Chapter 6: A Cloud on the Horizon (the story of a locust invasion of Port Nolloth), Chapter 8: The Namaquas and Chapter 9: Land of the Donkey, are relevant to Namaqualand. Chapter 11: The Cave of Dreams, tells of the history of many of those who visited the Heerenlogement cave on their way north, or on their return, southward bound.

See also: Becker; Botha; Bulpin; Burman, 1969a & b, 1984, 1988; Cornelissen; Forbes, 1965; Le Vaillant; Quinton & Robinson; Reynolds; Smalberger; Spilhaus; W.Steenkamp; Waterhouse.

Green, Lawrence G. 1967b. Like diamond blazing. London: Robert Hale. Includes tales of Namaqualand and some of the people in its history. Most interesting. Chapter 8: "The river of mystery": pages 81-88: A.D.Lewis 1912; Solomon Rabinowitz 1905-1947; Fred Cornell; Edward (Ernest?) Heyes 1928. Chapter 9:"Cornell's secret": pages 89-96. Chapter 10: "Diamond road": pages 97-111: Bitterfontein (see 1931); Leliefontein (see 1816); Kleinzee; IDB; Port Nolloth. Chapter 11: "At the river's end": pages 112-121: Diaz; Gordon; James Alexander; Hendrik Louw of Grootderm (see 1950); steamer for the river (see 1882).

Green, Lawrence G. 1969. Harbours of memory. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Pages 54-56: the story of John Owen Smith and the steamer he had built in U.K. in 1854 to carry the ore from his mine at Kodas down the Orange River and south along the coast to Table Bay. See also: 1854, 1855, 1882.

Green, Lawrence G. 1972. When the journey's over. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) LGG's last book, published after his death. Pages 139 to 145 give his recollections of the hotel on the narrow gauge line at Klipfontein. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Gregg, Kate G. 1986. Jowells and the SARF. Letter to D.E.Pieters, G.M. Jowells Cape Transport. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The Executive Secretary of the Southern Africa Road Federation reviews Jowells' involvement with the Federation.

Gregg, Kate G. 1991-12-04. Jowells/Trencor and the SARF. Letter of congratulations to Cecil Jowell. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The Executive Secretary of the Southern Africa Road Federation reviewed Joe Jowell's involvement in the SARF, and congratulated Cecil and Neil on being selected as two of the Top Five Businessmen of 1991. Attached is a copy of Joe Jowell's letter of 26 December 1964 to Colonel Maclaren, then Director of the Federation, and of Cecil's 1991 reply to Mrs Gregg.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 32 - Gregory, Sir Theodore. 1962. Ernest Oppenheimer and the economic development of Southern Africa. London: Oxford University Press. Pages 163 through 167 cover the Namaqualand diamond discovery and its effects. See also: Jack Carstens; Chilvers; De Beers Consolidated Mines; Hocking, 1973; Keyser; Rudd & Watson; Von Zeil, 1989b; Williams, 1932.

Gutsche, Thelma (Dr) 1970. The Bishop's Lady. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. The edited and annotated journal of Sophia (Sophy), wife of Bishop Robert Gray, who accompanied him on his visitations in 1848, 1850, 1856, (1864 in Natal), 1865 and 1869. Includes a visit to Port Nolloth. The text is supported by some clear maps. See also: Robert Gray.

"H.H." 1875a. The Cape revisited - Chapter V - Namaqualand. In: Cape Monthly Magazine. XI(August):120-127. An extremely good contemporary description of Port Nolloth, the train and the copper fields. Extracts are much quoted. See also (i) Schaefer, 2008: 143-150. (ii) references under Moffatt, 1972.

"H.H." 1875b. The railway from Port Nolloth to O'okiep. In: Cape Monthly Magazine. XI(September):192. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Summarised statistical data supplied by H.Thwaites, Esq., correcting inaccuracies in the previous article. See also: (i) Schaefer, 2008: 151. (ii) references under Moffatt, 1972.

"J.S.H." 1870. The copper mines of Namaqualand. In: Cape Monthly Magazine. New series, 1(July):39-46; 1(August):91-97. An account of a journey by sea to Hondeklip Bay and thence by land to O'okiep, visiting the construction of "the new road" en route. Includes a description of the method of mining copper and general observations made during a stay of six months at O'okiep. See also: Schaefer, 2008: 107-119.

Hall, Hugh Lanion. 1 940. I have reaped my mealies. London: Hazel, Watson & Viney. A reprint, financed by H.L.Hall & Sons, was published by Betteridge & Donaldson, Johannesburg in 1968 (or 1969). Only one hundred copies of the two editions were ever published. (Copy in the African Studies Library, Johannesburg - bound photocopy in the Ross Collection.) The autobiography of Hugh Lanion Hall (1858-1940), who was the son of Richard Thomas Hall (qv). The book mentions early life in Namaqualand and sketchily outlines Thomas Hall's career thereafter. (The main thrust is about Hugh's interesting life in the Eastern Transvaal.)

Hall, Richard Thomas. 1866. Report on the roads and system of transport from the Cape Copper Company's mines to the coast of Namaqualand. Truro: printed by Heard & Sons for R.T.Hall, dated 1866, but report itself dated December 1865. (Copy in the Cape Archives, Part GH 18/11 of the 207 folios constituting Reference A 509; copy in the African Studies Library, Johannesburg; photocopy in the Ross Collection.) Thomas Hall's original report dated 18 December 1865 to Messrs John Taylor & Sons, Managers of Cape Copper Mining Company (Limited), London. The report covers in

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 33 - great detail his investigations into various transportation modes. It concludes with his recommendation that Port Nolloth should replace Hondeklip Bay as the major shipping port for the copper mines, and that a railway should be built across the Sandveld to the vicinity of Anenous. An outstanding technical and historical report, See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Hall, Richard Thomas, CE. 1871. The little railway in Namaqualand. In: Cape Monthly Magazine. New Series, VII, (April):250-256. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A summary of the difficulties involved in using ox wagons for the transport of copper ore, and a detailed description of the first 46 miles of the railway from Port Nolloth to Muishondfontein. A most relevant article. See also: (i) Burman, 1984; Hyatt; Schaefer, 2008:120-126. (ii) references under Moffatt, 1972.

Hanekom, Dr T.N. 1950. Die gemeente Namakwaland: 'n eeufees-gedenkboek: 1850-1950. Kaapstad: Die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerkraad van Namakwaland. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) Hoofstuk 1: Die land en sy voorgeskiedenis. Hoofstukke 2 & 3: Kerk en onderwys geskiedenis. Baie fotos van die land, sy geboue en sy mense. Sien ook: Cornelissen; Phyllis Jowell; Smalberger.

Heese, John A. 1942. Onderwys in Namakwaland: 1750-1940. D.Ed.-proefskrif. Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Hoofstuk 1 (1-18): Die land, Namakwaland: 'n deeglike fisiese beskrywing van die drie streeke; hulle topografie, klimaat, plantegroei en beskiktheid vir landbou en veeboerdery. Hoofstuk 2 (19-34): Die oorspronklile inwoners. Hoofstuk 3 (35-52): Die ontdekking van Namakwaland en die eerste blanke pioniers. Hierdie waardevolle hoofstukke, wat as inleiding tot die geskiedenis van onderwys dien, bewys Dr Heese se gevoel vir die land en al sy mense. Sien ook: Cornelissen; Phyllis Jowell; Smalberger.

Heese, J.A. et altera. 1973. Kamieskroon Vyftig 1923-1973. Kamieskroon Halfeeufeeskomitee. A history of the townas well as of the church and congregation.

Henwood, Mrs J. 1974. Extracts from Mrs Henwood's personal diary. In: Quarterly Bulletin of the South African Library. 1(September). Covers the siege of O'okiep in 1902. See also: Burke; Von Zeil, 1989c.

Herbert, I. 1972. The diamond diggers - South Africa 1866 to 1970s. London: Ed Hern, Rudolph Inc.

Hocking, Anthony. 1973. Oppenheimer and Son. Johannesburg: McGraw-Hill. The story of Sir Ernest and Harry Oppenheimer. Includes some cover on their involvement in Namaqualand. See also: Jack Carstens; Chilvers; De Beers Consolidated Mines; Sir Theodore Gregory; Keyser; Rudd & Watson; Williams, 1932.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 34 - Hodge, Edward. (1908). Reminiscences of Edward Hodge, Chief Mining and Railway Engineer, Cape Copper Company, 1877 to 1905. Manuscript in the Cape Archives, Reference A 2320, (47F); also a copy in Wits Archives/Library. (Photocopies of pages 38 to 46 in the Ross Collection.) Written by Edward Hodge in Cape Town "after a busy life, enjoying my chair, my pipe, and many very enjoyable reminiscences of scenes and incidents of the past." Pages 38 to 45 describe his experiences in O'okiep. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Hoernle, w. 1987. Trails in the Thirstland. Cape Town: UCT. A\Two anthropological expeditions, 1912-1913 in Sandveld and Richtersveld, and 1922- 1923 in South West Africa.

Hopkins, J.A. 1980. The Namaqualand railway. In: S.A.Rail. July/August:2,3,5,6. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) This authoritative article, and the chronological history by M.A.Robinson in the subsequent issue of S.A.Rail, were contributed arising from the reprinting in the May/June issue of the very general 1930 article by W.L.Speight. The article is supported by nine illustrations, by a map of Namaqualand showing the various historical surveys and proposed routes, as also by a table giving technical details of the various engines used. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Howard, C.P. 1994. Black Mountain Mineral Development statistics. Three page fax reference 0254-2302 to Ninham Shand, Springbok, 11 April; and two page letter to compiler, reference C.P.Howard, dated 26 May, responding to queries. Howard was the Chief Engineer, Black Mountain Mineral Development Company, Aggeneys. (Originals in the Ross Collection.) Various data and statistics relevant to the mine and to Aggeneys village. Details of transport arrangements. See also: Financial Mail.

Hugo, Andre H. 1994-06-01. Eskom development in Namaqualand. Three page letter (plus map), reference 00061. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Hugo was the Distribution Manager, Eskom, Kimberley. Andre Hugo lists the dates when major customers and towns were connected to the Eskom transmission grid, as also the dates of the electrification of townships in Namaqualand. The map shows diagrammatically the major transmission lines and the rural development (reticulated areas).

Humphrey, W.A. 1927a. Note on an occurence of diamonds near Port Nolloth. In: Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. XIV:217-218. Reports an in situ technical geological appreciation of the Carstens find. See also: Keyser; Wagner & Merensky.

Humphrey, W.A. 1927b. The changed conditions of Namaqualand. In: Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. XIV:219-224. A geological history of Namaqualand and Little Bushmanland.

Humphreys, A.J.B. & A.I.Thackeray. 1983. Ghaap and Gariep. S.A.Archaeological Society.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 35 - Later Stone Age studies in the NW Cape inland plateau.

Jansen, Chris. 1981. Namaqualand: thirstland in bloom. Cape Town: Don Nelson. (Ook in Afrikaans: Namakwaland: dorsland in die blom.) Short historical cover, with old photographs, followed by a fine collection of colour photographs of scenes in Namaqualand. See also: Eliovson; Le Roux & Schelpe; Patterson.

Jeffnews/Jeffnuus. 1994-12-05. Karkams water supply project creates jobs. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Article in their house magazine about Hemmingway, Isaacs, Coetzee 1990 survey and design of 15 kilometres of pipeline, borehole pumphouses and a modular steel water tank. Construction by Northern Cape Provincial Administration from mid-1991 to mid-1996.

Jeppe, Barbara. 1976. Namaqualand. Number 22 of the "Pride of South Africa" series. Cape Town: Purnell South Africa. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A 24 page informative booklet, profusely illustrated with photographs.

Jones, Mrs Susan J. 1987. Noordelike area - met die fokus op Hondeklipbaai. In: Oceana Tidings (in-house journal of Oceana Fishing Group), December:10-12. (Letter dated 22 April 1994 as well as photocopy of article in the Ross Collection.) A write-up giving a short history and reviewing the current situation in the Namaqua Canning Company Limited's operation at Hondeklip Bay, written by the Group Public Relations Officer. See also: Gill.

Jones, Thomas Rupert. n.d. Collection of Pamphlets, Volumes 1 & 2 Held in the Africana Library, Johannesburg. Contains certain published items relevant to Namaqualand.

Jooste, C.J. 1965. Community development in the Lower Orange River area, with special reference to the coloured population. In: Journal of Racial Affairs. Volume 16:3.

Joyce, Peter & Scannell, Ted. 1993. Diamonds in Southern Africa. (Second Edition). Cape Town: Struik Publishers. (First edition: 1988)

Jowell, Joe. (1958). Oorsig oor die werksaamhede van die Raad tot 1958. Springbok: Afdelingsraad van Namakwaland. Opgestel deur J.Jowell, Voorsitter, 8 bl. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) 'n Deeglike en interessante opsomming.

Jowell, Joe. (1960's). Verbindingswee in Namakwaland en met die buitewereld. 3 pages, typescript. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A review, by the Chairman of the Namaqualand Divisional Council, of the road system in the Division. Intended for the guidance of visitors.

Jowell, Joe. 1962. Transport in Namaqualand. Paper read at the University of Stellenbosch, 6 August 1962. Sixteen pages. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Describes the tribulations and triumphs of the Jowell transport empire, to that time.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 36 - Jowell, Joe. 1963. Presidential address. Johannesburg: South African Road Federation. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Jowell's first Presidential address, to the 20th November annual general meeting of the South African Road Federation.

Jowell, Joe. 1964. Presidential address. Johannesburg: South African Road Federation. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Jowell's second year as President. His report to the annual general meeting held on 9th November.

Jowell, Joe. 1967. Die geskiedenis van Jowells Transport. Ongepubliseerde referaat gelewer aan 'n nagraadse klas studente in Vervoerekonomie aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch.

Jowell, Phyllis (Assisted by Adrienne Folb). 1994. Joe Jowell of Namaqualand. Vlaeberg: Fernwood Press. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Having access to the Jowell Private Collection of documents, Joe Jowell's daughter-in- law has prepared a most comprehensive coverage of the Jowell family history, full of extracts, quotes and statistics. This is backed up by a look at the related development of Springbok, particularly modern Namaqualand in which Joe Jowell played such a vital role; the development of the economy of Namaqualand; and the development of transport in the region. (Page 15) A deeply researched, profusely illustrated, well presented and beautifully produced book. A most useful source of data on Namaqualand: surely one of the great contributions to the literature of the region. See also: Cornelissen; Hanekom; Heese; Joe Jowell (all); Kamieskroon; Macleod & Wiid; Marais; O'okiep Copper Company, 1952; Smalberger; L.M.Steenkamp.

Jowell, Phyllis and Adrienne Folb. (2005). Into Kokerboom Country – Namaqualand’s Jewish Pioneers. Vlaeberg: Fernwood Press. (Copy in the Ross Collection) With “meticulous research (superbly foot-noted and annotated)”, and illustrated with many photographs (including mine of the Messelpad on page 25!)

Judge, Edward Arthur. Various dates. A collection of documents in the Manuscripts and Archives Department of the University of Cape Town, reference BC500. Mr Judge took over as Civil Commissioner and Resident Magistrate in Springbokfontein in 1861. The collection of papers covers his period in Namaqualand as well as his subsequent period in the Eastern Cape.

Jux, Frank. 1996-08-28. The narrow gauge railway. Aerogramme to compiler. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Information from a researcher in this field.

Kamieskroon Halfeeufeeskomitee. 1973. Kamieskroon vyftig: 1923-1973: 'n feesblad. Kamieskroon Halfeeufeeskomitee. 128 bl. 'n Versameling van bydrae wat die geskiedenis van die dorp en distrik dek. See also: Cornelissen; Phyllis Jowell; Smalberger.

Kassier, W.E. & Burger, J.D. 1960. Economies-fiesiese opname van boerdery in die Noord-Wes Kaap. Universiteit van Stellenbosch: Department Landboukunde.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 37 - 'n Uitstekende en relevante opname.

Keyser, Unice. 1972. The occurrence of diamonds along the coast between the Orange River estuary and the Port Nolloth reserve. Pretoria: South African Department of Mines, Geological Survey. (Bulletin 54.) Details the geological characteristics of the area and describes the prospecting methods employed. She considers that it can no longer be disputed that the diamonds of Alexander Bay were transported by the Orange river. See also: Jack Carstens; Chilvers; De Beers Consolidated Mines; Green, 1962:176-192; Sir Theodore Gregory; Hocking, 1973; Humphrey, Lehmann; Rudd & Watson; Von Zeil, 1989b; Wagner & Merensky; Williams, 1932.

Kirby, Percival R. 1965. Sir Andrew Smith, MD, KCB: his life, letters and works. Cape Town/Amsterdam: A.A.Balkema. Chapter 5 is "The journey to Namaqualand: 1828-1829."

Kling, H. 1932. Onder die kinders van Cham. Nasionale Pers. Mission work at Steinkopf and Okahandja. In addition relates some of the history of early missionary endeavour in Namaqualand, like that of Schmelen and Olpp.

Kock, J.H.M. 1904. De Roemreijke Rei van de Zuid-Afrikaansche Reisbeschrijvers en hunne Reizen. HAUM. Dutch text. Summarises early travels through the sub-continent, e.g. Kolbe, Sparrman, le Vaillant, Barrow and Lichtenstein.

Kotze, Dr Gert. 1996. Die bou van die Messelpadpas: 6 Februarie 1867-31 Maart 1871. Springbok: Namakwaland Streeksdiensteraad. Dertien bladsye, weergawes van Fletcher se twee planne. (Afskrif gedateer 1996.06.30 in besit van samesteller) (Eerste konsep in 1994: "Die bou van die Messelpad: 6 Februarie 1867 - 31 Maart 1871". Brief gedateer 18 Julie 1994, asook ses bladsy pamflet in die Ross Versameling.) `n Pamflet "containing a very brief history of the building of the Messelpad. I tried to make it readable without repeating already documented knowledge." (Dr Kotze understates the thoroughness of his investigations and the comprehensiveness of his monograph - gldr) 'n Waardevolle dokument. Sien ook: Hugh Fletcher; Patrick Fletcher, 1868.

Kotze, Dr Gert J. 1999. Die Anglo-Booeroorlog in Namakwaland. Derde druk: Mei 1999. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling) Sien ook: Burke, 1995.

Kotze, Pieter Wouter de Villiers. 1943. Namakwaland. Kaapstad: Nasionale Pers. (Ook: 1942 D.Phil.-proefskrif, Universiteit van Stellenbosch.) 'n Sosiologiese studie van 'n geisoleerde gemeenskap.

Kotze, Theuns. 1987. Die vlugroep van die kelkiewyn. Kaapstad: Saayman & Weber (Edms) Bpk Namakwalandse sketse.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 38 - Krohne, Henry & Steyn, Lala. 1991. Land use in Namaqualand. University of Cape Town Press: Surplus People Project. A translation of the original Afrikaans text published by SPP in July 1990. Covers only a proposed community-based management strategy for agricultural land use in the Leliefontein, Steinkopf and Richtersveld coloured reserves.

Kuhne, W.O. 4 Desember 1953. Alexanderbaai se diamante. In: Die Huisgenoot.

Kultuur Historiese Vereniging van Namakwaland: sien: Cultural Historical Society of Namaqualand.

Lees, Robin. 1969. Fishing for fortunes: The story of the fishing industry in Southern Africa – and the men who made it. Cape Town:

Lehmann, Olga. (1955). Look beyond the wind. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The life story of Dr Hans Merensky. The Namaqualand story is in Chapters 3, 4, 5 & 6, pages 56 through 97. See also: The Mining & Industrial Magazine, 1927; Wagner & Merensky; Williams, 1932.

Le Roux, Annelise & Schelpe, E.A.C.L.E.(Ted). Photographs by Zelda Wahl. 1981. Namaqualand and Clanwilliam. Cape Town: The Botanical Society of South Africa, for the Cape Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) South African Wild Flower Guide 1. (Hersiene uitgawe: "Namakwaland": 1988: dek die Richtersveld, die Namakwalandse Klipkoppe, die Sandveld en die Knersvlakte.) See also: Eliovson; Jansen; Patterson.

Letcher, Owen. 1932. Namaqualand: cradle of mineral development in South Africa. Reprinted from The Mining and Industrial Magazine of Southern Africa, September 1932. A booklet containing a series of articles constituting an outline of the historical development of the territory, and a survey of its main physical features, geology and mineralisation. See also: Cornelissen; Macleod & Wiid; Marais; O'okiep Copper Company, 1952; Smalberger.

"Leunende Christen": sien Willem Francois Loots.

(i) Le Vaillant, Francois. 1790. Voyage de M. le Vaillant dans l'interieur de l'Afrique par le Cap de Bonne-Esperance: dans les annees 1780, 81, 82, 83, 84 & 85. Two volumes. Paris: Chez Leroy, Libraire. Also published in English in 1790 as Travels into the interior parts of Africa, by way of the Cape of Good Hope; in the years 1780, 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85. Two volumes. London: G.G.J. & J.Robinson. Also published in English in 1790 by William Lane of London, in two volumes. (In this publication numerous passages have been omitted in the translation.) Also published in English in 1790 by Graisberry & Campbell,Dublin and in 1802 by Thomas Duncan of Glasgow. Also published in German (1790), Dutch (1791), Russian (1793), Swedish (1795),

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 39 - Danish (1797) and Italian (1816). An account left by one of the most colourful characters among the pathfinders of the eighteenth century. His records of his travels include many wonderful adventures and deeds of derring-do. Although his descriptions generally lack geographic and temporal accuracy ("His aim was to entertain his readers and not to present an official report" - Forbes in Quinton & Robinson, I:62), there can be no doubt about his courage and spirit of adventure, nor that he covered tremendous distances in Southern Africa. His first journey (December 1781-March 1783) was via George and the Long Kloof to beyond the Great Fish River, and then via Pearston, Prince Albert and Ceres to Cape Town. This first publication was undoubtedly the most popular book of African travel of its day. (ii) Le Vaillant, Francois. Year 3 of the Republic (between September 1794 and August 1795). Second voyage dans l'interieur de l'Afrique, par le Cap de Bonne-Esperance, dans les annees 1783, 84 et 85; par F.Levaillant. Three volumes. Paris: Chez H.J.Jansen et Comp., Imprimeurs- Libraires. Also published in English in 1796 as New travels into the interior parts of Africa, by the way of the Cape of Good Hope, in the years 1783, 84 and 85. Three volumes. London: G.G. & J.Robinson. Also published in German (1797), Danish and Swedish (1798), Italian (1816) and Russian (1824-25) Le Vaillant's second journey (June 1783-early 1784) was via the Heerenlogement and Kamiesberg to Ramans Drift, and thence for a period of four months north of the Orange River (he states that he reached 23,5 degrees South, near Rehoboth, but this is disputed), before returning to the Cape. He had arrived in Cape Town on 14 April 1781, and left for Paris again on 14 July 1784. See also: Forbes, 1965; Meiring; Quinton & Robinson.

Lewin Robertson, A (ed.) See: Robertson, A.Lewin.

Links, Tony. 1989. So praat ons Namakwalanders. Kaapstad: Tafelberg Uitgewers. Gebaseer op Professor Links se 1983 Universiteit van Wes-Kaapland D.Litt.-proefskrif "Die Afrikaans van Kharkams".

Lister, Margaret Hermina (ed.). 1949. Journals of Andrew Geddes Bain: trader, explorer, soldier, road engineer and geologist. Cape Town: The Van Riebeeck Society, I-30. One of the pioneer South African road builders. Andrew Bain investigated and reported upon the geology and copper resources of Namaqualand as also on the transport of copper ore to the coast. See also: Bain; Cape of Good Hope (Colony), 1854; Ross, 1993c.

Loadsman, I.A. 1950. Little roads of Africa. Afrikaanse Pers Boekhandel. Tours by two ladies in Namaqualand and the Kalahari.

Loots, Willem Francois ("Leunende Christen"). 1948. Waar die kokerboom luister. Stellenbosch: S.V.Boekhandel. “n Lewenskets van Dr Isak van Niekerk van Namaqualand.

Loots, Willem Francois ("Leunende Christen"). 1960. Oom Willie van Namakwaland. Kaapstad/Pretoria: N.G.Kerkuitgewers. (Afskrif van die 1997 tweede druk in die Ross Versameling)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 40 - 'n Beknopte lewenskets van Ds W.L.Steenkamp, tweemaal Predikant van Namakwaland.

Lovegrow, Barry. 1993. The living deserts of Southern Africa. Vlaeberg: Fernwood Press. A fascinating discussion of flora, fauna, reptiles and insects to be found in Southern African deserts. Includes many references to Namaqualand species.

Luckhoff, A.D. 1947. Pieter Malan van Namakwaland. Privately published. Biography of respected church member of the Namaqualand community.

Lunn, W.Geoff. 199406-18. Civil engineering projects at Aggeneys and elsewhere in Namaqualand. Letter to compiler. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Describes his memories of the water pipeline and reservoirs at Aggeneys, terminal transportation facilities at Loop 10, and various road projects.

Luyt, Derek. 1981. The transition to capitalism in the Namaqualand reserves. B.Soc.Sci. Honours paper. Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town.

Lycett, James. (1854). Journal of a journey to Namaqualand from Cape Town in 1854 (8 August to 10 November), in the company of J.Calvert, Esq., Coachman John Southgate and Daanjie, a Hottentot. In the Cape Archives, Reference A72. Lycett was an actor and play producer who had worked for some time in Cape Town. This journal relates to prospecting for copper.

Mackenzie, Andrew G. 1992. A socio-economic impact assessment of the future closure of a diamond mine in Namaqualand, South Africa: planning for mine closure in advance. M.Phil. thesis, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town. One of a series of theses prepared as a base for an Environmental Evaluation Unit report on Kleinzee. See also: Judy Beaumont; Melanie Gosling; Karen Greeff; Gregory McCulloch; Robin Short.

Macleod, J.M. and Wiid, D.de N. 1954. The O'okiep Copper Company in South Africa. In: The South African Mining and Engineering Journal, LXV-II(3223)(20 November):467-469. Potted history of OCC mines and mining, statistical details of production, details of plant and installations, staff and housing and facilities. Macleod was General Manager of OCC from 1951 to 1959, having been Assistant Manager from 1942. See also: Cornelissen; Phyllis Jowell; Letcher; Marais; O'okiep Copper Company, 1952; Smalberger.

Marais, Jan. 1987. O'okiep Copper Company: 1937-1987. Nababeep: O'okiep Copper Company. 45 pages. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A commemorative brochure on OCC's 50th anniversary. Gives an excellent overview of the Company's history, mining activities, development, set-backs and triumphs. Illustrated by colour and black and white photographs. See also: Cornelissen; Phyllis Jowell; Letcher; Macleod & Wiid; O'okiep Copper Company, 1952; Smalberger; Taljaard.

Masson, Francis. 1776. Mr Masson's botanical travels. In: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, London. Vol LXVI, Part 1:269-317.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 41 - Also published as "An account of three journeys from Cape Town into the interior parts of Africa". Covers journeys between 1772 and 1774, to Swellendam, Sundays River and . Forbes (1965:37,38) indicates that Masson on a second visit to South Africa made three further journeys to the interior, in 1790 to the Kamiesberg, in 1792 to Klein Roggeveld and in 1793 to the Kamiesberg again.

Mathison & Hollidge: see Findlay, Gill & McPartland, Peter.

Matthews, N. & Wainwright, M.D.(comps.), & Pearson, J.D.(ed.) n.d. A guide to manuscripts and documents in the British Isles relating to Africa. University of London: School of Oriental and African Studies. (The list is in the Cape Archives, reference "Journals, South Africa".) The documents appear to relate mainly to the activities of the London Missionary Society. They contain, inter alia: -C.Albrecht: Cape Town to Namaqualand, January to August, 1805; -A. and C.Albrecht and J.Seiderfaden: from Cape Town to start a mission at Warmbad, Namibia, August to November, 1805; -J.H.Schmelen: travels in Namaqualand, July 1827 to June 1828, and -Edward John Dunn (Geologist): An account of a trip to Little Namaqualand in 1872 (14 pages).

McCulloch, Gregory. 1992. Socio-economic impact assessment of De Beers Namaqualand Mines closure in 2002. M.Phil. thesis, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town. One of a series of theses prepared as a base for an Environmental Evaluation Unit report on Kleinzee. See also: Judy Beaumont; Melanie Gosling; Karen Greeff; Andrew Mackenzie; Robin Short.

Meiring, J. (1973). The truth in masquerade. Cape Town: Juta. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The story of Francois le Vaillant and of his travels and adventures in Southern Africa. Pages 108 to 222 cover his journey through Namaqualand. See also: Forbes, 1965; Le Vaillant; Quinton & Robinson.

Mendelssohn Bibliography: see South African Bibliography.

Merensky, H. 1927. How I found the richest diamond fields in the world. See under The Mining and Industrial Magazine.

Metrowich, F.C. 1962. Scotty Smith. Books of Africa. The story of “the Robin Hood of the North Western Cape and Namaqualand”.

Meyer, G. 1960. Uit die verre Noordweste. Kaapstad: N.G.Kerk Uitgewers. Die verhaal van die eerste sendelinge in Namakwaland.

Middlemis, E. 1951. Date palm oasis in Namaqualand. In: Farmers' Weekly. No. 81 (September):51. An account of date farming at Henkries in the Springbok district. See also: Argus, 26/27 Dec 1998:17 (Pella); Green, 1966:230 (Steinkopf); Thunemann, 1996:21 (Pella).

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 42 -

Mine & Quarry Engineering. July 1964. O'okiep Copper.

Mining and Industrial Magazine. 1927. Special Namaqualand Section. IV(5):251-270. A collection of various articles: - The story of copper mining in Namaqualand. Richtersveld copper. The Richtersveld Company. Then shall the wilderness blossom - E.Heyes. - Geology of Namaqualand copper deposits - Andrew Wyley, late geological surveyor to the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. - Full story of Namaqualand diamond discoveries - as told by W.Carstens. - How I found the richest diamond fields in the world - Dr Merensky tells the story of Alexander Bay. - More about the Alexander Bay Find - Dr Reuning's part in the quest. - How the first diamonds were found at Alexander Bay – by Mr J.Gordon, a member of the original syndicate.

Mining Weekly. March 12-18 2004. 17 19. O’okiep Copper: it’s not over yet. Compiled by Andrew Lanham. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A review of the current and possible future ore situation at the OCC mines.

Moffat, Robert. 1857. Journey from Colesberg to Steinkopf in 1854/1855. In: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol 23. London: Royal Geographical Society; Clowes & Son. A paper read before the Royal Geographical Society of London on 14th December 1857. The son of Robert and Mary Moffat the missionaries, who passed through Pella 37 years before him. He was Managing Agent and Surveyor "for a copper mining company" in Little Namaqualand for a period of two years, and covered most of Namaqualand on horseback or in a wagon. See also: Schaefer, 2008: 39-61.

Moffat, Robert. (1858). Journey from Little Namaqualand eastward along the Orange River, the northern boundary of the Colony, in August 1856. London: William Cloves & Son. A paper read before the Royal Geographical Society of London on 8th February 1858. See also: Schaefer, 2008: 61-67.

Moffatt, Henry Robert. Various dates. Two boxes of documents, circa 1850 to 1927. (In Manuscripts Section of the South African Library, Cape Town, reference MSB 356.) The boxes contain, inter alia, documents relating to: -the siege and relief of O'okiep during the Anglo Boer War, -the original railway line from Port Nolloth to O'okiep (see below), -early mining operations, and -photographs of early Namaqualand (available for reproduction - the manuscripts section of the South African Library has a book of photocopies of the photographs in the library, from which a selection may be made without waiting for the box to come up from its filing repository - which can take half a day!). See also: below; Henwood; National Register of Manuscripts, Von Zeil, 1989c.

Moffatt, Henry Robert. 1972. The railways and transport in early Namaqualand. Monographs, written in 1972, in Box 2 of the two boxes referred to above. (Part published as an article in three parts in: "SASSAR", South African Railways and Harbours Administration; August, September and October, 1974.)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 43 - Typed, 12 pages, 2 maps, 10 photographs, the monograph covers the early copper freighting to Hondeklip Bay and Port Nolloth. - Plus: one page curriculum vitae of Richard Thomas Hall (1823 to 1889). - Plus: addendum, 4 pages, based on the Traffic Manager's and other reports of the Cape Copper Company for the years ending 30 April 1889 and 1913, containing statistical data on the operation of the railway, provided by "a Mr Moir of Benoni" (possibly Sydney M.Moir who wrote "Twenty-four inches apart: the two-foot gauge railways of the Cape of Good Hope"; 1963; The Oakwood Press ?? -gldr). - Plus: a schedule, 3 pages, of "important dates in the early history of transportation in Namaqualand - 1852 to 1905". (Copy of schedule in the Ross Collection.) H.R.Moffatt was a Life Fellow and President of the South African Institution of Civil Engineers, and Chief Civil Engineer of the South African Railways. He grew up in Namaqualand. His father, N.E.Moffatt, was Traffic Manager of the Cape Copper Company railway from 1874 to 1925. His grandfather, J.Henwood, was Chief Mining Agent from 1877 to 1903. A truly valuable collection.

See also: Argus (The Cape), 1873, 1876, 1892; Birkby; Burman, 1969b, 1984; Cape of Good Hope (Colony),1869a, 1869b, 1871, 1873a, 1873b, 1880, 1900a, 1900b, 1903a, 1905; Cape Illustrated Magazine, 1896; Colly; Cowie; Dickason; Engineering; Green, 1963, 1972; "H.H.", 1875a, 1875b; Hall, 1866, 1871; Hodge; Hopkins; Murray; News/Check 1967; Noble; Pirie; Reunert; D.C.Robertson, 1953, 1978; Joyce Robertson; M.A.Robinson; Shields; Simon; Smalberger; Speight, 1930; W.Steenkamp; Theal, 1908 (in "General" section at the end of this bibliography); Van der Merwe, 1950b.

Moister, W. 1877. Barnabas Shaw – the story of his life and missionary labours. Weslyan Conference Office. Biography of thei Namaqualand missionary. Includes a brief account of other Weslyan missions in South Africa. See also: Barnabas Shaw, 1970.

Molsbergen, E.C.Godee: see Godee-Molsbergen, E.C.

Mossop, Dr E.E. 1927. Old Cape highways. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Limited. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Descriptions of the routes which opened up the Cape hinterland. Also gives and discusses many historical references and quotations. Chapter II: the various routes across the Cape Flats. Chapter III: Tulbagh Kloof, Hottentots Holland Pass and Bain’s Kloof. Chapter IV: The highway east to Swellendam. Chapter V: "The Northern Highway", pages 117 to 169, tells of field investigation of the old routes from the Cape to Springbok. Chapter VI: From Tulbagh Kloof to Karoo Poort. Chapter VII: The forgotten highway: Karoo Poort to Verlaten Kloof. A marvellous book.

Mossop, Dr E.E.(ed.) 1931. Journals of the expeditions of the Honourable Ensign Olof Bergh (1682 and 1683) and Isaq Schrijver (1689): transcribed and translated into English, and edited with a foreword and footnotes by Dr Mossop. Cape Town: The Van Riebeeck Society, I-12.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 44 - Olof Bergh led expeditions to Namaqualand in 1682 and 1683. He was the first European to reach Namaqualand overland, and was the first to avoid the Olifantsrivierberge by travelling via the Sandveld. Isaq Schrijver's 1689 expedition was to Aberdeen, not to Namaqualand. (He was the first to succeed in bringing samples of Namaqualand copper ore to the Cape in 1684, and accompanied Commander van der Stel's expedition of 1685.) See also: Becker; Botha; Burman, 1988; Cornelissen; Green, 1967a; Smalberger; W.Steenkamp.

Mossop, Dr E.E.(ed.) 1935. The journals of Hendrik Jacob Wikar (1799) with an English translation by A.W.van der Horst; and The journals of Jacobus Coetse, Jansz (1760) and Willem van Reenen (1791) with an English translation by Dr Mossop; edited and with an introduction and footnotes by Dr Mossop. Cape Town: The Van Riebeeck Society, I-15. Hendrik Wikar, a Swede in The Company's service, deserted because of debts, and roamed Namaqualand and the lower and middle reaches of the Orange River from April 1775 to September 1779. Jacobus Coetze (Jansz, or "the son of Jan"), a farmer of Piquetberg, was in 1760 the first white man to cross the Orange River. (He went with Hop's expedition of 1761 as guide, explorer and hunter.) Willem van Reenen (who had accompanied Paterson and Gordon to the Orange River mouth in 1779) in September 1791 led a trek north to hunt, explore and do some gentle prospecting. They reached Rheboth (sic) south of Windhoek and returned to Cape Town in June 1792, 140 oxen having died or been abandoned along the way. See also: Becker; Botha; Burman, 1969, 1988.

Mossop, Dr E.E.(ed.) 1947. The journal of Carel Frederik Brink of the journey into Great Namaqualand (1761-1762) made by Captain Hendrik Hop, and The journal of the journey of Ensign Johannes Tobias Rhenius (1724): transcribed, translated and edited with an introduction, brief lives, and footnotes by Dr Mossop. Cape Town: The Van Riebeeck Society, I-28. First edition , two volumes in one, published by J.H.Schneider in 1778. Hendrik Hop led a semi-official expedition to follow up Jacobus Coetse's 1760 trip and explore further north of the Orange River. They left in July 1761 and got to fifty miles east of Keetmanshoop. On the return journey they suffered greatly from lack of water and grass, and reached Cape Town again in April 1762. See also: Becker; Botha; Green, 1967a; Smalberger. Johannes Rhenius led a trading expedition as far north as Garies. The locals were suffering from smallpox and the effects of drought, so had little to trade at that time. See also: Becker.

Mostert, Esta and Crewe-Brown, Mike. 1992. A traveller's companion to Namaqualand. Johannesburg/Cape Town: CBM Publishers. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A brief descriptive summary, followed by useful touring information. Worthy of a place in the glove box. See also: AA, 1987, Bulpin, 1986; Cornelissen; Fleminger, Mostert & Crewe-Brown, Smalberger; Spilhaus; Stevens, W.Steenkamp; Taljaard; Waterhouse.

Mulder, Huibrecht. 1970. Dit was gister en eergister. Kaapstad: Romanticapers. Sketse wat die gewoontes, leefwyse en gebruiksdinge van die mense van die Sandveld in vroeer jare beskryf. "Kommunikasie" is veral saaklik.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 45 -

Muller, E.F.C. n.d. 'n Reis deur Namakwaland. Ongepubliseerde memorandum. (Bron: D.M.Uys, 1977:60,92)

Murray, Ian M. 1928. Early railway development in the Cape Colony: 1853-1886. M.A. thesis. University of Cape Town. (Photocopy of pages 1 to 4 in the Ross Collection.) Contains much historical and financial information. Mention of the Namaqualand line included (pages 3 and 4). See also: references under Moffatt.

Murray, Marischal. 1933. Ships and South Africa. London:

Namakwaland Afdelingsraad: dek 1861-1989. Sien ook onder: Namaqualand Divisional Council. Vir 1990 tot 1995 sien: Namakwaland Streeksdiensteraad. Vir 1996 tot op datum sien: Namakwaland Distriksraad.

Namakwaland Afdelingsraad. 1861-1989. Notule van die Raad.

Namakwaland Afdelingsraad. 1985. Bevolkingstatistieke vir Afdeling volgens 1985 sensus. Springbok. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.)

Namakwaland Busdiens. 1993. Tydtafel en tarieflys. Twee foto-afdruk blaaie. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) Besonderhede vir die diens tussen Springbok en Kaapstad.

Namakwaland Lugdiens. (1975) Welcome aboard. Cape Town: Trencor. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A4 double sided pamphlet, listing scheduled routes on the 15th anniversary of commencing operations. See also: Die Burger; S.A. Conference & Executive Travel, 1985; S.A.Express; Shapley; Marguerite van der Merwe.

Namakwaland Streeksdiensteraad: dek 1990 tot op datum. Sien ook onder: Namaqualand Regional Services Council. Vir 1861 tot 1989 sien: Namakwaland Afdelingsraad.

Namakwaland Streeksdiensteraad. 1990-datum. Notule van die Raad.

Namakwaland Streeksdiensteraad. 1991. Bevolkingstatistieke vir Afdeling volgens 1991 sensus. Springbok. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.)

Namakwalandse Streeksontwikkelingvereeniging: sien ook onder Namaqualand Regional Development Association.

Namakwalandse Streeksontwikkelingvereeniging. 1965. Namakwaland. Springbok: Die Vereeniging. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) 36 bladsye; kaart in sakkie wys plekke waar verskillende delfstowwe ontgin word of ontdek is. 'n Brosjure wat die besondere aard en moontlikhede van die landstreek bekendstel.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 46 -

Namakwalandse Streeksontwikkelingvereeniging. 1980. Streek 1: 'n socio-economiese ondersoek. Pretoria: Staatsdrukker. Sien onder: "Suid-Afrika; Departement van Omgewingsbeplanning en Energie: 1980: 'n Streekanalise en ontwikkelingsvoorstelle vir Streek 1 (Namakwaland)".

Namaqualand Divisional Council: covers the period 1861-1989. See also under: Namakwaland Afdelingsraad. For 1990 to 1996 see: Namaqualand Regional Services Council. For 1996 to date see: Namaqualand District Council.

Namaqualand Divisional Council. (1985). Information for the period 1 July 1984 to 30 June 1985. (Springbok: Namakwaland Afdelingsraad.) (In the Ross Collection. Two pages, pages 45 and 46 of a larger document (annual report??) Statistical data for the financial year.

Namaqualand Regional Development Association: see also under Namakwaland Streeksontwikkelingvereeniging.

Namaqualand Regional Development Association. 1983. Namaqualand brochure. London: Faber & Faber.

Namaqualand Regional Services Council: covers 1990 to 1996. See also under: Namakwaland Streeksdiensteraad. For 1861 to 1989 see: Namaqualand Divisional Council. For 1997 to date see: Namaqualand District Council.

Namaqualand Regional Services Council. Published annually. Annual report. Springbok: Van's Photos. (Copies in the Ross Collection.) Includes Chairman's report; Chief Executive Officer's message; activities of the Council; financial matters; with slight variations of content from year to year. 1990 (1 January) to 30 June 1991: the first report. Gives a good overview of the region and of the differences in the RSC approach as opposed to the previous Divisional Council responsibilities. 1991 (1 July) to 1992 (30 June): "Technical Services" the new name for Paaie! Funds allocated are inadequate compared with estimates - 38,6%! The layout shows the changes from DC to RSC operation. 1992 to 1993: only 10,45% of the RSC funds allocated to participating bodies was used for roads, mainly the tarring of streets, despite the CEO's statement "Toegangsroetes en goeie toestand van paaie is belangrike fasette van infrastruktuur". (Note: no mention was made of the activities undertaken on an agency basis for the CPA: a far cry from the days of the DC when "Paaie" was the major item on the monthly meetings agenda, because its importance for all in the Division was fully appreciated -gldr)

Namaqualand Regional Services Council. (1993). Namaqualand: nature's changing kaleidescope (i). Cape Town: Southern African Holiday Guides. (Published in February 1993, according to NRSC's 4 page "'93 Tourism News" pamphlet.) 27 pages. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) General tourist information; potted histories.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 47 - Namaqualand Regional Services Council. n.d. Namaqualand: nature's changing kaleidoscope (ii). Cape Town: Southern African Holiday Guides. Various A3 pamphlets. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Informational: accommodation, places of interest, activities, where to eat, map.

Namaqualand Regional Services Council. 1995. Namaqualand: nature's changing kaleidoscope (iii). Springbok: Namaqualand RSC Public Relations Officer. September 1995; 32 A4 pages: available in both English and Afrikaans. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Map; places of interest; accomodation; tourist routes (also 4x4 and mountain bike); nature reserves; early missionaries; geology; and more. An outstanding tourist brochure.

Namaqualand Regional Services Council (Tourism Division). 1995a. Tourism in Namaqualand. Seven page facsimile to compiler. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Marlene Coetzee provided copies of two papers outlining the Council's approach to encouraging tourism in the region. See also: Johnson; Moore; Satour; Saunders.

Namaqualand Regional Services Council (Tourism Division). 1995b. Flower-time tourism figures. Personal letter to compiler, reference AT 4/9, dated 23 November. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Nini van Zyl provided statistics of flower-time visitors in 1994 and 1995; also tourist brochure, 4x4 and mountain bike trail details and news bulletin.

National Airlines. (1986). Timetable: flight schedules. Pamphlet, double sided A4. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Covers the period February 1986 to September 1993. Details the scheduled services and their frequencies. See also: Namakwaland Lugdiens.

National Airlines. (1993). Flight schedules. A4 sheet. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) For the period commencing September 1993. Details the scheduled services and their frequencies. See also: Namakwaland Lugdiens.

National Monuments Council. 1995. List of national monuments - Northern Cape. Cape Town: the Council. 7 pages, prepared for the compiler, and in the Ross Collection. Details the items, and the dates on which they were proclaimed.

NG Sendingsgemeente Concordia. 1988. Feesgedenkboek 1863-1988. NG Sendinggemeenskap.

NG Sendingsgemeente . 1979. Gedenkboek – Een en ‘n Half Eeufees 1829-1979. NGK Komaggas.

Naude, C.P. 1931. Ongebaande weë. Cape Town: Juta. See edited translation in Arne Schaefer, 2008:135-142.

Nellmapius, John. 1996. The Harwarden expedition: 1658. Somerset West: privately published. 15 pages, 2 maps. (Copy in the Ross Collection.)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 48 - An in-depth study of the expedition led by Sergeant Jan van Harwarden with surveyor Pieter Potter to the Nieuwekloof entrance to the Tulbagh valley.

News/Check. 1967:6(9):39. Pioneering railway: The Port Nolloth to O'okiep railway line. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Niehaus, P.Emslie. 1983. Namakwaland: ontwikkelingspotensiaal en ontwikkelingsvoorstelle. Kaapstad: Ninham Shand Ingelyf, Raadgewende Ingenieurs. (Afskrifte van uittreksels in die Ross Versameling. Ook van verslag in "Die Burger", 30 Oktober 1980.) Gedeelte 1: Oorsig. Gedeelte 2: Aanvullende studie (alternatiewe voorstelle). Gedeelte 3: Aanvullende studie (alternatiewe besproeiingskema). Een van die interessantste en deeglikste navorsings ondersoeke ivm Namakwaland: 662 bladsye. Afdelings gedek sluit in: fisiografie, geologie, minerale- en delfstowwe, mynbou, landbou, visbedryf, fisiese infrastruktuur, gebiedsontwikkeling, ekonomiese struktuur, knelpunte in ontwikkeling en uitbouing van infrastruktuur, watervoorsiening en besproeiing, hawe-ontwikkeling, spoorlyngeriewe, hoofverbindingswee, lughawe- geriewe, elektrisiteitsvoorsiening, toerisme, maatskaplike- en omgewingsaspekte. Die bestaande situasie word gedek, en voorstelle vir toekomstige ontwikkeling voorgele. Hierdie verslag verdien dit om deeglik bestudeer te word deur almal wat in die fisiese ontwikkeling van die streek belang stel. Sien ook: Suid-Afrika, 1975, 1980.

Niehaus, P Emslie. 1993. Namakwaland: potensiele minerale uitvoerhawe vir Suider Afrika. Kaapstad: Ninham Shand Raadgewende Ingenieurs in medewerking met Ematek WNNR en Posford Duvivier. (Also available in English: "Potential Mineral Export Harbour for Southern Africa" - photocopy in the Ross Collection.) 'n Memorandum, voorgele vir bespreking op 'n vergadering van belanghebbendes wat in Kaapstad gehou is. Die voordele vir Suider-Afrika en Namakwaland vernaamlik word breedvorig bespreek. Twee moontlike terreine word voorgele, met sketsplanne, by Doringbaai en Buchubaai (Peacock Roadstead). Moontlike spoor roetes word op 'n kaart aangewys. Sien ook: Cape Times, 1994 and 1997b; South Africa, 1993; Verburgh, 1966a; Peter Weidner.

Niemoller, R.G. 965?) Die frustrasie van Namakwaland en die Boesmanland. Kaapstad: ABC Pers. 'n 24 bladsy geskrif aan die verteenwoordigers van die Nasionale Party, wat die gebrek aan toereikende vervoerverbindings in die streek beklemtoon. Daar word gevra dat die "monopolie" van Jowell's Garage & Transport tot einde gebring moet word deur die wet so te verander dat SAS Padvervoerdienste in die streek ingestel kan word.

Noble, John (Ed.). 1875. Descriptive handbook of the Cape Colony: its conditions and resources. Cape Town: Juta. Also published, also in 1875, by Richards, Glanville & Co. of London, and by E.Stanford, also of London. Contains census and other statistical data. Pages 88-105: "The north-west districts and Orange River." The Cape Copper Mining Company railway is covered in pages 83 to 85.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 49 - See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Noble, John (Ed.). 1886. Official handbook of the Cape of Good Hope: its history, productions and resources. Cape Town/Johannesburg: J.C.Juta & Co. Prepared by the Clerk of the House of Assembly for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition held in London. Again contains statistical data. Page 283: copper mining in Namaqualand, Page 323: Namaqualand property valuation 154307 pounds.

Noble, John (Ed.). 1893. Illustrated official handbook of the Cape and South Africa. Cape Town/Johannesburg: J.C.Juta & Co. Chapter VIII: pages 203-232: "The Cape, its government, institutions, roads, railways and harbours." Pages 216-218: The Roads of the Cape.

Nolloth, Commander M.S. His Report on the examination of the Namaqualand coast south of the Orange River was included in Charles Bell’s 1855 Report to Parliament.

Northern Cape Province: see Cape Provincial Administration for prior to April 1994.

Oberholzer, I.(ed.) n.d.(bought in Garies in 1993). Namaqualand. Vredendal: Protea Press. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A 92 page A4 book, containing a collection of articles by local authors about the region, its history, flora, minerals and precious and semi-precious stones.

O'Callaghan, M. 1984. Some management recommendations for the Orange River near Alexander Bay. Stellenbosch: Botanical Research Institute.

Ogilvie, Ivan. 1985. Simon van der Stel and South Africa’s first copper mine. Optima, September 1985.

O'okiep Copper Company. 1952. Namaqualand copper: 1852-1952. Cape Town: R.Beerman. 48 pages. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A centenary publication. Historical review and description of copper mining in Namaqualand (exploration; mining, milling and smelting; concentration; blister copper). Pictures of Namaqualand flowers. The last eighteen pages a sequence of photographs illustrating the mining villages and plant, and the whole process of copper mining, extraction and transportation (firstly by rail and from 1942 in OCC's own fleet of heavy vehicles). An excellent publication. See also: Cornelissen; Phyllis Jowell; Macleod & Wiid; Marais; Smalberger; A.F.Williams.

O'okiep Copper Company. 1973. Copper Chronicle. Nababeep: O'okiep Copper Company. Vol 2 No 7; April 1973. Gives sketch and details of the progress of the construction of the pipeline to transport water from the Orange River at Henkries. The Koperberg Vliegklub, established in 1966, operated from the Springbok airfield. Vol 2 No 8: The Company's new airfield, north of Nababeep, complete.

O'okiep Copper Company. (1968). Summary of operations in Namaqualand, Cape Province. Volume 1 No. 2. Nababeep: O'okiep Copper Company. Photocopy in J.A.Smalberger

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 50 - Collection, reference BC635 A8.3, UCT Manuscripts and Archives Department - not found elsewhere. An 8 page typescript summary, including a chronology of events; looks like an effort by a local enthusiast. See also: Marais, and above and below.

O'okiep Copper Company Limited. (1992). A personnel-orientated report on the Company. Nababeep: O'okiep Copper Company. 17 pages. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A short company history, supported by numerous workforce statistics and data. Illustrates the care and consideration which the Company applies to the Namaqualand inhabitants employed on the mines (and also to those who are just squatting on Company land with no legal call on the Company!!). See also: Financial Mail, 1987.

O'okiep Copper Company. Various dates. Annual reports.

O'okiep Copper Company. 1994. Annual report. Johannesburg: The Gold Fields Group. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Gives details of production, copper prices, employees and development.

Oppenheimer & Son Ltd. 1955. History of Namaqualand diamond fields: 1925 to 1955. Johannesburg: E.Oppenheimer & Son Limited, 1 December 1955. Typescript; 59 pages of text plus appendices to page 89, plus one page of bibliography. Prepared by the Records Department (of Oppenheimer & Son Ltd, Johannesburg) assisted in the final compilation by V.U.T.Watson. In the Department of Historical Papers, William Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand: reference A 1548. (Photocopy in the Ross Collection.) See also: (i) B.J.Rudd & V.U.T.Watson, 1956: "History of Namaqualand diamond discoveries", being an edited version of the above. (ii) Jack Carstens; Chilvers; De Beers Consolidated Mines; Sir Theodore Gregory; Hocking, 1973; Keyser; Von Zeil, 1989b; Wagner & Merensky; Williams, 1932.

Ovenstones: see Fraser Gill.

Parvus, P.J. 1953. Namaqualand will be the diamond field of the future. In: Industrial Review of Africa: December 1953.

Paterson, William. 1789. A narrative of four journeys into the country of the Hottentots and Caffraria, in the years 1777, 1778 and 1779. London: J.Johnson. A second edition, and French and German translations, followed in 1790. (Forbes, 1969:81). (The German edition was titled Wilhelm Pattersons Reizen in das Land der Hottentots und der Kaffern, während der Jahre 1777, 1778 und 1779, and published by Christian Friedrich Boss) See notes under Forbes & Rourke (1980).

Paterson-Jones, F. 1998. Namaqualand – a visual souvenir. Cape Town: Struik. 80 pages, mainly colour photographs with captions.

Patterson, Freeman. 1993. Namaqualand: garden of the gods. Cape Town: Human and Rousseau. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Also published in Canada by Key Porter Books in 1984.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 51 - Many outstanding photographs (selected from 10 000) of Namaqualand in flower, accompanied by a good write-up. He landed in Springbok and got into his hired car to "drive away to photograph the wild flowers. Three hours later I had covered half a kilometre!" See also: Eliovson; Le Roux & Schelpe; Jansen.

Pheiffer, R.H. & G.C.de Wet. 1979. Simon van der Stel’s Journey to Namaqualand in 1685. Human and Rousseau. A large format reprint of Van der Stel’s journal, 431 pages with 70 colour plates. See also: Becker; Mostert & Crewe-Brown; Rogers; Spilhaus and Waterhouse.

Pifer, Drury. 1994. Innocents in Africa. London: Granta Books in association with Penguin Books. An American family's story of their life on mines in Africa between 1932 and 1942, at Nigel, Kleinzee (1937-1939: pages 93-140), Oranjemund and Kimberley.

Pinnock, Don. 1998. Copper Town Blues. In Getaway. September 1998:114-117,300. A write-up on Okiep and Nababeep.

Pollock, D.E. 1982. The fishing for and population dynamics of West Coast rock lobster related to the environment in the Lamberts Bay and Port Nolloth areas. Cape Town: Sea Fisheries Research Institute; Investigation Report 124.

Port Nolloth Munisipaliteit. 1991. Port Nolloth en omgewing. (Saamgestel deur Alwyn Cornelissen en Nokkie Hartman.) Port Nolloth Munisipaliteit. 42 bladsye. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) Kort geskiedenis; beskrywing van die dorp; inligting vir besoekers; interessante omgewingsbrokkies; bibliografie.

Province of the Western Cape: and Northern Cape Province: see Cape Provincial Administration for prior to April 1994.

Quinton, J.C. and Robinson, A.M.Lewin, asisted by Miss P.W.M.Sellicks (Eds.) 1973. Francois le Vaillant: traveller in South Africa. Two volumes. Cape Town: Library of Parliament. (Number 2015 of a limited edition of 2500 copies in the Ross Collection.) Various contributors comprehensively cover and comment on his life and works, his travels in South Africa, and other related aspects. Contributing authors: Matthys Bokhorst, Vernon S.Forbes, Ronald B.Lewcock, Dirk Visser, Margaret Shaw, Percival R.Kirby and J.M.Winterbottom. Includes reproductions of his maps of his two journeys and many excellent colour reproductions of his paintings. On his second journey, in 1783, he passed through Namaqualand, crossing the Orange River at Ramans Kraal. A prestige publication. See also: Forbes, 1965; Le Vaillant; Meiring.

Raper, Peter E. and Boucher, Maurice (eds.) 1988. Robert Jacob Gordon: Cape Travels: 1777 to 1786. Two volumes. Houghton: The Brenthurst Press. Limited edition: 1000 copies.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 52 - Contains a description of Gordon's life, and a translation into English of his Dutch diaries of his four major journeys between 1777 and 1786, with many footnotes, annotations and comments. His routes are shown clearly on four present-day maps. Colour illustrations. Volume 2 contains a description of his 1779 journey during which he reached the mouth of the Orange River with Paterson, and after returning to near Garies journeyed via Springbok up the Orange River to near Prieska, from where he returned again via Namaqualand to Cape Town. See also: Becker; Burman, 1969; Cullinan; Forbes; Forbes & Rourke; Gordon; Paterson; Andrew Smith.

Reader's Digest. 1978. Illustrated guide to Southern Africa. Cape Town: The Reader's Digest Association South Africa (Pty) Limited in association with T.V.Bulpin. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) An excellent overview of the sub-continent, supported by good photographs and very good locality maps. Namaqualand is covered in pages 162-169.

Reader's Digest. 1984. Atlas of Southern Africa. Cape Town: The Reader's Digest Association South Africa (Pty) Ltd. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) An outstanding collection of excellently reproduced topographical maps prepared by the Directorate of Surveys and Mapping, to various scales as appropriate. Namaqualand is covered at a scale of 1 in 500 000. See also: the Directorate's 1 in 250 000 and 1 in 50 000 maps which may be purchased by the public at reasonable prices. Aerial photographs are also available for most areas.

Reck, K.W. 1994. Tracks and trails of the Richtersveld. Privately published. Copy in the South African Library (AF 1994-603)

Redelinghuis, Aubrey. 1981. Die ontwikkelings potensiaal van vyf landelike gebiede in Namakwaland. Ph.D.-proefskrif, Departement Aardrykskunde, Universiteit van Wes-Kaapland.

Reitz, Deneys. 1929. Commando: a Boer journal of the Boer War. First edition. London: Faber & Faber. (Second edition 1931.) Paperback edition first published 1983. First South African edition (paperback) published by Southern Book Publishers (Pty) Ltd, Halfway House in 1992. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Chapters 25 and 26 tell of the attacks on Springbok and Concordia, and of the "blockade" or siege of O'okiep under General Smuts until April 1902.

Reunert. Theodore. 1915. Railway progress in South Africa: revised in 1898. In:SAR&H Magazine, December 1915, 9(12):1111-1114. The Port Nolloth line is mentioned on page 1112. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Reuning, Dr E. 1928. The discovery of Namaqualand diamonds. Mining and Industrial Magazine of Southern Africa. 12 December 1928.

Reynolds, David. 1981. A century of South African steam tugs. Pretoria: Downstairs Graphics & Publications. (Photocopy of pages 313-319 in the Ross Collection.) Pages 313 to 319 detail the maritime history of Port Nolloth. Detail is given in the text of the steam tugs which operated out of the Port. See also: Green, 1967a.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 53 -

Robertson, D.C. 1953. The romance of the old Cape railways. In: SAR&H Magazine, April 1953: 232-233. (Also in: SAR Magazine, September 1953, as "Romance of Cape railways".) ("DC", as a lecturer at UCT after the war, taught many of today's civil engineers and is well remembered by them. This includes me!) Page 233: the Port Nolloth to O'okiep 2'6" line. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Robertson, D.C. 1978. The Namaqualand Railway Line. The Civil Engineer in South Africa, December:327-329. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) An article based on H.R.Moffatt's memoir. An excellent short history of the transportation of copper in Namaqualand, with an emphasis on the railway line. Contains statistical data on the rail line and its operation, a map, and five photographs from Moffatt's collection. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Robertson, Joyce Kathleen. 1968. The history of the narrow gauge railways in South Africa: a bibliography. Pretoria: University of South Africa, Department of Librarianship. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Comprehensive bibliography of books, pamphlets, articles in periodicals, and illustrations. Pages 36 to 38, covers the Cape Copper Company's railway from Port Nolloth to O'okiep. See also: (i) Pirie; Ross, 1996b, 1996c; Smalberger's list of references; South African Bibliography. (ii) references under Moffatt, 1972.

Robertson, Kevin. 1996. Steel and the civil engineer. When will the twain meet? Civil Engineering, October 1996, 4(10):23-25. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The managing director of Iscor Steel, interviewed by Philip Clarke. The efficient rail link (also utilised by Black Mountain in Namaqualand) is what makes the Sishen iron ore exports profitable.

Robinson, A.M.Lewin (ed.) 1978. Selected articles from the Cape Monthly Magazine (New series 1870-1876). Cape Town: The Van Riebeeck Society, II-9. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Contains 17 "Travel" articles, 6 "Historical reminiscences", and 2 articles on "Cape English", plus a Glossary and a comprehensive Index. Pages 20-37: My First Journey by the Revd Richard Ridgill. A two wagon trek from Somerset West via Heerenlogement, Leliefontein, Aap (Gariep) and the Orange River to Warmbad, 5 October to 20 November 1855. Misfortunes and lack of water in the north. A graphic, detailed account of the crossing of the flooded Orange River. Pages 38-65: Through Bushmanland by Edward John Dunn, geologist. Starting from Victoria West, via Olyvenhoutdrif (named Upington in 1884), Pella, Port Nolloth, Springbok, Rietfontein, Boschluis and to Beaufort West, 27 June to 15 October (1871 or 1872 - probably 1872). Pages 214-227: Colonial Roads, Routes and Modes of Travel, author unknown. This article sets out both the beauties of the scenery and describes the various passes and the improvement of the road system and modes of travel, as they appeared to be in 1874. Very readable. (See also: Michell, for the passes situation in 1836.)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 54 - Robinson, M.A. 1980. The Namaqualand railway. In: S.A.Rail: September/October:2,3. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A chronological history of the copper line. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Rogers, Arthur William. 1917. An old report on the copper fields of Namaqualand. Report of the fifteenth annual meeting of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science. 2-7 July:146-152. Original Dutch, plus translation and comments, of the report dated 18 March 1686 by Freiderich Mathais van Werlinckhof, who accompanied Commander Simon van der Stel to the Copper Mountains in Namaqualand. See also: Waterhouse.

Rosenthal, Eric. 1953. Other men's millions. Cape Town: Howard B. Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Various historical tales. Chapter 2 tells of the copper share market boom of the 1850's.

Ross, Graham L.D. 1993a. Anenous Pass. A four page monograph, dated 11 January. Original included in the SAICE database on "Mountain passes and poorts of the Cape Province", held in the South African Library as MSB 953 - four box files. (Copy of the monograph in the Ross Collection.) A monograph telling the story of the field route location for Anenous Pass, Namaqualand, in 1958. See also: Ross, 1993d-15; 2002:184-186; Sunde.

Ross, Graham L.D. (Comp.) 1993b et seq. Reminiscences about Cape mountain passes. Part 1 in: Civil Engineering, October 1993; 1(9):22,23. Sixteen subsequent articles in later editions, until December 1996. (Copies in the Ross Collection.) Part 1 "The project and some background" introduces the series of some seventeen articles which Graham Ross wrote or compiled from monographs collected from a variety of Cape padmakers. Part 15, June 1996, covers Anenous Pass.

Ross, Graham L.D. 1995. Aspects of the transportation history of Namaqualand. Cape Town: South African Road Federation. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A paper presented to the 31 May Quarterly Meeting of the SARF. The emphasis is on road transportation.

Ross, Graham L.D. 1996a. Namaqualand: a transportation-related chronology. Somerset West: privately published, June 1996. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Copies deposited in the Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Free State and Witwatersrand University Libraries; Harold Strange Library of African Studies, Johannesburg; Library of Parliament; South African Library; Cape Archival Depot; Africana Library, Kimberley; and Springbok Library. Copies also held by various individuals. (A draft as at July 1994, titled "A chronological listing of transportation-related events in Namaqualand, as reported by various authorities" deposited in the South African Library.) This 417 page chronology was compiled from 1992 to 1996 while preparing the PhD dissertation "The interactive role of transportation and the economy of Namaqualand" at the University of Stellenbosch (see below - 1998b). It is thus a repository for data

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 55 - collected for a specific purpose - it is not a comprehensive chronology of events in Namaqualand. Annotations after each item refer to appendices in the dissertation (see also "Namaqualand: a transportation- related bibliography", below - 1996b).

Ross, Graham L.D. 1996b. Namaqualand: a transportation-related bibliography. Somerset West: privately published, June 1996. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A 141 page annotated bibliography, which also constitutes Appendix A: Annotated bibliography, of the dissertation "The interactive role of transportation and the economy of Namaqualand". A draft as at July 1994 - "The history of transportation in Namaqualand: an annotated bibliography" - is in the South African Library in Cape Town: accession 1994/64553; shelf AF 1994-706; BRN 00139827(book), and a draft as at October 1995, under the same title, is in the UCT African Studies Library.) Includes a considerable number of references covering the economy and the history of roads and transportation, especially as related to Namaqualand, which were used in the preparation of the dissertation. Complementary to "Namaqualand: a transportation- related chronology" (see above - 1996a).

Ross, Graham L.D. 1996c. Namaqualand: an annotated bibliography. Somerset West: privately published, June 1996. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Copies deposited in J.S.Gericke Library (Africana Section and open shelves), University of Stellenbosch; African Studies Library, University of Cape Town (BRB968.22); Institute for Contemporary History, University of the Free State; William Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand; Harold Strange Library of African Studies, Johannesburg; Library of Parliament, Cape Town; South African Library, Cape Town; State Archives, Cape Town; Africana Library, Kimberley; Springbok Municipal Library and by certain individuals. The earlier transportation-related bibliography (see above) was culled of items covering transportation and economic matters used in the dissertation but not directly related to the region, to provide a bibliography which is more completely concentrated on Namaqualand matters.

Ross, Graham L.D. 1998a. Transportation support for industry in Namaqualand. Paper presented at the UCT Industrial Archaeology Workshop, 4-6 February 1998. (Copy in the Ross Collection.)

Ross, Graham L.D. 1998b. Richard Thomas Hall and the Little Railway of Namaqualand. In: SA Rail & Harbours, July/September 1998. Durban: S.A.Rail & Harbours. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A history of the Port Nolloth-O'okiep line.

Ross, Graham L.D. 1998c. The interactive role of transportation and the economy of Namaqualand. University of Stellenbosch PhD (Transport Studies) dissertation. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Copies deposited in the Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Free State, Rhodes and Witwatersrand University Libraries; Harold Strange Library of African Studies, Johannesburg; Library of Parliament; South African Library; Cape Archival Depot; Garies, Kamieskroon, Springbok and Port Nolloth Municipal Libraries; Namaqualand District Council; Alexander Bay, Kleinzee and Springbok Museums. Copies also held by Western Cape and Northern Cape Provincial Administrations; Black Mountain Mineral Development Company; O'okiep Copper Company; and by various individuals.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 56 - Covers the history of water, rail, road and air transportation in Namaqualand, and shows its interrelationship with the economy of the region. Two Appendices;- A: annotated bibliography, and B: oral research sources. Supported by: "Namaqualand: a transportation-related chronology" (see above - 1996a).

Ross, Graham L.D. 2000c. Namaqualand transport history. A series of five articles. In: South African Transport (parts 1 and 2) and Transport World Africa (parts 3 through 5). Johannesburg: Bolton Publications. (Copies in the Ross Collection.) 1- October 2000: How pathfinders added colour to Namaqualand. (The picture before 1850). 2- November/December 2000: Road transport between 1850 and 1876: the copper riders. 3- The railway interlude: 1869 to 1941. 4- The transport riders (road transportation in the twentieth century: 1927 to date). 5- Floating and flying (water and air transportation)

Ross, Graham. 2002. The Romance of Cape Mountain Passes. Cape Town: David Philip. (Copy in the Ross Collection!) Includes Grey’s Pass/Piekenierskloof, Messelpad and Anenous Passes.

Rossouw, H.A. 1973. Namakwalandse kroniek. Stellenbosch/Grahamstad: Universiteitsuitgewers en -Boekhandelaars. Stories van die streek en sy inwoners.

Royal Engineers Journal. 1903. The relief of O'okiep. March 2. Four pages. Item 12.25 in the Smalberger Collection in the Manuscripts Department at UCT (BC 635).

Rudd, B.J. & Watson, V.U.T. 1956. History of the Namaqualand diamond discoveries. Johannesburg: privately compiled and issued by E. Oppenheimer, March 1956. 100 leaves (actually 97: the 51st page is numbered 54). Copy in UCT African Studies Library, accession 91/4355. (Copy of title page and pages 49-50, "Conclusions" - added to (i) below - in the Ross Collection.) See also: (i) Oppenheimer & Son Ltd, December 1955: "History of Namaqualand diamond fields: 1925-1955", being an unedited version of the above (copy in Ross Collection) (ii) Jack Carstens; Chilvers; De Beers Consolidated Mines; Sir Theodore Gregory; Hocking, 1973; Keyser; Von Zeil, 1989b; Wagner & Merensky; Williams, 1932.

Russell, A.F. 1910. Electioneering in Namaqualand. In: The State. November: 758-764. Excellent descriptions of the countryside as he travelled from Port Nolloth to Ookiep, Steinkopf, Bowesdorp, Kharkams, Lilyfontein, Garies, Pella and Springbok.

S.A.Express. SAX network for 1994. Johannesburg. Route map showing the Cape Town- Alexander Bay-Walvis Bay airline service coming into operation on July 31st 1994. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) See also: Namakwaland Lugdiens; National Airlines, 1986, 1993.

Satour. See under: South African Tourism Board.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 57 - Schaefer, Arne A. 2008. Life and travels in the North-west, 1850-1899. Namaqualand, Bushmanland & West Coast. Cape Town: Yoshi Publishing. (Copy in the Ross Collection) A carefully selected collection of articles, and extracts from articles, relevant to the area, covering the second half of the nineteenth century. Very little new stuff, but reading them together like this definitely adds value. Unfortunately lacking in references to sources, and the Index possibly prepared before the insertion on Tony Grogan’s delightful sketches. Schaefer includes his own The Koranna Wars: 1868-9 and 1878-9 (pages 208-215), for which see also T.Strauss’ War along the Orange, published in 1979 by UCT Centre for African Studies.

Schaefer, Arne. (2008) Annotated Namaqualand, Bushmanland & West Coast Bibliography – From the Collection of Arne Schaefer. 102 pages. Printed from .pdf file accompanying Arne’s e-mail of 1st September 2008. (In Ross Collection: Bibliographies 4-ring binder.) A remarkable collection. Entries in subject groupings.

Schapera, Isaac. 1930. The Khoisan peoples of South Africa: Bushmen and Hottentots. London: Routledge & Keegan Paul. A critical summary of all sources, as well as his own observations and deductions. Isaac Schapera is internationally acclaimed as an expert on this subject, and his text is to be valued accordingly.

Schapera, A. 2001. Golden days in Namaqualand. Namaqualand Tourism Development Co. Nostalgic memoirs of one of the Schapera brothers, who were born or lived in Namaqualand, and were traders or representatives in villages like Bowesdorp, Garies and Springbok during the 1920s.

Schepers, Hendrikus Josephus. 1949. Die ontdekking van diamante in Suid Afrika – 'n bibliografie. Johannesburg: privaat getik en uitgereik. Sewe bladsye. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) Enkele inskrywings het betrekking tot Namakwaland. Sien ook: National Register of Manuscripts; Smalberger se bronnelys; South African Bibliography.

Scholtz, D.J. n.d. Die verkiesing in Namakwaland. Ongepubliseerde manuskrip sonder datum.

Scholtz, Daniel Jacobus (Daantjie; LPR). 1947. Die verlenging van die spoorweg deur Namakwaland. Kaapstad: Nasionale Pers. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) An eleven page, well printed and illustrated brochure containing historical data, statistics of 1947 rail and sea traffic, and showing the great benefits which would arise as a result of extending the Bitterfontein rail via Springbok and Goodhouse to link with the SWA line at Karasburg. See also: Phyllis Jowell (pages 198-200).

Schumann, Chris. 1987. Die pont tradisie herleef. In: Shandbrief, April 1987. (Afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) Beskryf die ontwerp en konstruksie van die nuwe 50 tonne dravermoe pont te Goodhouse, en meld items uit die geskiedenis van die ou pont. Nota: Professor Schumann het 'n groot versameling fotograwe i.v.m. die bou en instaleering van die nuwe pont, asook van die ou pont.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 58 -

Scully, William Charles. 1898. Between sun and sand. Cape Town: Juta & Co. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Two tales, one of Bushmanland, the other of the rinderpest.

Scully, William Charles. 1913. Further reminiscences of a South African pioneer (1876-1899). London: T.Fisher Unwin. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) On pages 181 to 206 and 216 to 237 Scully records happenings during his two sojourns in Namaqualand. During 1892 he witnessed the last great springbok trek when he issued a hundred stand of Government rifles to farmers to enable them to protect their crops form being overrun. See also: Schaefer, 2008: 216-226.

Scully, William Charles. 1914. Lodges in the wilderness. London: Herbert Jenkins. Also published by Henry Holt, New York, 1915. Describes several journeys which he made into Namaqualand's interior while stationed at Springbok as Civil Commissioner for Namaqualand and Special Magistrate for the Northern Border of the Cape Colony from the end of 1890 to the end of 1892. See also: Schaefer, 2008: 226-246.

Scully, W.C. 2006. Unconventional reminiscences. Penguin. A collection of further chapters and extracts from a number of other publications.

Scully, W.C. A vendetta of the desert. A historical novel.

Shapley, John. 1978. Namaqualand (sic) Lugdiens: the airline that reveals SA's remote secrets. In: AVIA October/November:13,14,15. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A short history of Namakwaland Lugdiens and its contribution to the development of the region. See also: Avia, 1978; Die Burger; S.A. Conference & Executive Travel, 1985; Marguerite van der Merwe.

Sharp, J. 1984. Rural development schemes and the struggle against impoverishment in the Namaqualand reserves. University of Cape Town Press: S.A. Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Carnegie Conference paper number 69, Second Carnegie inquiry into poverty and development in Southern Africa, UCT, April 1984.

Sharp, J. & West, M. 1984. Controls and constraints: land, labour and mobility in Namaqualand. University of Cape Town Press: S.A. Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Carnegie Conference paper number 71, Second Carnegie inquiry into poverty and development in Southern Africa, UCT, April 1984.

Shaw, Barnabas. 1970. Memorials of South Africa. Cape Town: C.Struik. (First edition "Memorials of Southern Africa"; 1820; London: J.Mason, Hamilton, Adams & Co.) Tells of travels in Southern Africa, including Namibia. Chapter VIII tells how he founded the Lily Fountain mission at the request of a casually-met Namacqua chief. A classic. See also: W.Moister, 1877.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 59 -

Shields, Graham. 1971. The Namaqualand orphan: the story of the Cape Copper Company's narrow gauge line. In: The Railway Society of Southern Africa Newsletter 11(2):18-20. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A short history and a description of the current status of the line, parts still working in Port Nolloth with Ruston & Hornsby diesel locos. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Short, Robin Vincent. 1992. Using socio-economic impact assessment to plan for mine closure: De Beers Namaqualand Mines proposed closure in ten years time (AD 2002). M.Phil. thesis; Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town. One of a series of theses prepared as a base for an Environmental Evaluation Unit report on Kleinzee. See also: Judy Beaumont, Melanie Gosling, Karen Greeff, Andrew Mackenzie and Gregory McCulloch.

Simon, Jean Marie. 1959. Bishop for the Hottentots: African memories: 1882-1909. (Translated from the French by Angeline Bouchard.) New York: Benziger Brothers Inc. Second publication in 1997 by Jopie Kotze, Namaqualand Tourism Development Company, Springbok. (Copy in the Ross Collection) The story of the first Roman Catholic mission at Pella. Pages 7 to 20: Descriptions of Port Nolloth, of a journey in a "Special" on the railway in 1882, and some few comments on O'okiep. Lightly and brightly written, and often quoted. See also: (i) Re Pella: Argus (1998); Lawrence G.Green (1935, 1948); Sunday Times Lifestyle (2000b); Therese-Bernard Thunemann; Peter Weidner. (ii) Re railway: References under Moffatt, 1972.

Simons, Phillida Brooke. See: Brooke Simons, Phillida.

Slade, D.G.B. 1974. Aspects of the rural occupance of Namaqualand. Thesis. University of Liverpool. (Copy of pages 343 & 344 "Conclusions" in the Ross Collection.) Identifies and discusses five sequent phases: exploration, pioneer, colonization, competition, and integrated occupance.

Smalberger, John M. Various dates. The John Michael Smalberger Collection. A collection of papers, photocopies, etc. in the Manuscripts & Archives Department of the University of Cape Town, reference BC 635. Largely consisting of data collected for his 1969 MA degree (see below), and for the PhD on "The history of the diamond fields of Griqualand West: 1869-1888" on which he was working at the time of his death. The 5748 items were listed by Lesley Hart in 1980, and divided into the following sections: A: Copper mining in Namaqualand B: Diamond fields of Griqualand West C: Various aspects of SA history to about 1902 D: A.A.S.le Fleur, Herbert Rhodes, the London and Limpopo Mining Company E: South African politics in the 20th century F: Homosexuals in South Africa 1652-1977

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 60 - G: Personal H: Books and periodicals I: Miscellaneous

Smalberger, John Michael. 1969. Aspects of the History of Copper Mining in Namaqualand: 1846 to 1931. Master of Arts thesis at the University of Cape Town. Copy in Library of Parliament. Contains some information not included in his 1975 book.

Smalberger, John Michael. 1975. A history of copper mining in Namaqualand: 1846-1931. Cape Town: C.Struik (Pty) Ltd. Based on his 1969 MA thesis - see above. (Copy in the Ross Collection) Presents an extremely well researched and most detailed historical picture of Namaqualand, of its mines and of transportation in the region. The early explorers, as they contributed to the development of the copper mines, are described in the prologue. Thereafter, with many quoted abstracts from other sources, and with many footnotes, the growth of the industry and of the area is detailed. Chapter 4 deals with the rise and development of the most important mining areas, and with the problems of transport. One of the few publications dedicated to Namaqualand. See also: (i) James Alexander; Becker; Botha; Burman, 1969, 1988; Cornelissen; Cornell, 1920; Green, 1967a; Heese; Phyllis Jowell; Kamieskroon; Letcher; Macleod & Wiid; Marais; Mossop, 1927, 1931, 1935, 1947; O'okiep Copper Company, 1952; Rogers; Schepers; Spilhaus; L.M.Steenkamp; W.Steenkamp; Waterhouse; Williams, 1948. (ii) references under Moffatt, 1972.

Smith, Sir A. 1830. On the origin and history of the Bushmen. In: South African Quarterly Journal, 1830: 171-189.

Smith, Andrew B. 1981. Colonel Robert Gordon on the Orange River. Quarterly Bulletin of the South African Library. XXXVI:58-61. Discusses where he turned back in 1779 (probably about 50 kilometres west of Prieska). See also: Becker; Cullinan; Forbes; Forbes & Rourke; Gordon; Raper & Boucher.

Smith, Andrew B.(Ed). 1995. Einiqualand: studies of the Orange River frontier. Cape Town:

Solomon, David & Stein, Michael L.(eds.) & Bagnall, Deborah (asst. ed.) 1993. Juta's RSC Regional Services Councils manual. Cape Town: Juta & Co. Pages 6-NMQ-1 to 6-NMQ-4: map of Region, histogram showing composition of output [mining 72%], incomplete population figures, no entries under rates, electricity and water usage, financial or functions. Not very helpful!

South Africa (a periodical). 1907. Namaqualand's needs. 5 October:59. Reports a deputation waited on Dr Jameson and Dr Smartt to urge the (Colonial) Government to take over the OCC railway.

South Africa (a periodical). 1912. Namaqualand's railways. 10 January:330. Reports a deputation waited on Minister Sauer to ask the (Union) Government to take over the OCC railway.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 61 -

South Africa: see also Suid-Afrika. South Africa (Union of): 1910 to 1961 Prior to 1910: see Cape of Good Hope (Colony) 1961 and later: see South Africa (Republic of)

South Africa: Union of South Africa. 1931. Act to provide for the construction, equipment, deviation and closing of certain lines of railway, to ratify certain agreements, to provide for the deferment of the right to purchase the Cape Copper Mining Company's jetty and railways; and to make special provision as regards a line of railway between Eteza and Matubatuba. Pretoria: Act 43 of 1931. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) In Section 9 The Railways and Harbours Administration was empowered to contract with the CCMC to refrain (for not longer than 20 years) from exercising their right to purchase the Port Nolloth jetty and narrow gauge railway line to Okiep.

South Africa: Union of South Africa. 1945. Report of commission of enquiry into road motor transport. Pretoria: State Library. (Union Yearbooks.)

South Africa: Republic of South Africa. 1989. Alexander Bay development corporation Act, Act 46 of 1989. Government Gazette.

South Africa: Department of Water Affairs. 1990. Bitterfontein: first desalinated drinking water scheme in the RSA. Pretoria: Government Printer, in co-operation with Membratek (Pty) Ltd. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A four page glossy brochure, describing the scheme.

South Africa: Department of National Education. 1991. Proclamation of the old Messelpad Pass as a National Monument. Pretoria: Government Printer (Government Gazette 13075: 22 March). (Copy in the Ross Collection.)

South Africa: Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs. 1993. Potential for mineral exports through a port on the northwest coast of South Africa. Braamfontein: Mineral Bureau. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The report concludes that although the potential could arise in fifteen years (that is, by 2008), in 1993 there appeared to be no need for a new port to handle significantly increased mineral cargoes in the future. See also: Niehaus, 1993; Verburgh, 1966a; Peter Weidner.

South Africa: Department of Mines. Various dates. Mineral deposits and occurrences in South Africa. A series of maps. Sheet 2816: Alexander Bay; Sheet 2916: Springbok

South African Conference and Executive Travel: 1985 yearbook. 1985. Page 121: Mini-airline takes travellers to remote areas of South Africa. A short write-up on Namakwaland Lugdiens. See also: Avia, 1978; Namakwaland Lugdiens; Marguerite van der Merwe, 1985, 1986.

South African Mining and Engineering Journal. 20th February 1954. Namaqualand's mineral wealth. 64(2):889-891.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 62 - South African Mining and Engineering Journal. 1963. O'okiep Copper keeps growing. 74(2)(3685):863-866. Potted history of mining development, with detail of the 1963 mechanisation and production procedures.

South African Navy (Directorate of Hydrography). 1975 et seq. South African sailing directions: Volume II. First edition. Simon's Town: The Hydrographer of the South African Navy. (Copy of the 1979 Second Edition in the Ross Collection.) Volume II covers the coast from the Kunene River to False Bay. Responsibility for sailing directions was taken over from Great Britain in 1954. See also: Great Britain (Hydrographic Office).

South African Navy (Directorate of Hydrography). Various dates. Various charts. Various revisions. Simon's Town: The Hydrographer of the South African Navy. Cover the coastline, adjacent waters and harbours in great detail. Responsibility for the supply and updating of charts was taken over by the South African Navy in 1954. See also: Great Britain (Hydrographic Office)

South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review. October 1988. Articles on marine diamond production.

South African Tourism Board. (1987). Northern Cape and Namaqualand. Pretoria: Satour. (One of the "See South Africa" series - copy in the Ross Collection.) Pages 26 to 30 cover Namaqualand.

South African Tourism Board. (1990). Tourist guide to the Namakwari. Cape Town: The Argus. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Covers the area from Cape Town to Klerksdorp to the Cunene River. "The railway from Cape Town to Namaqualand comes to a sudden and rather disconcerting end at a quaint little railhead called Bitterfontein."

Speight, W.L. 1930. Off the beaten track in South Africa. In: Railway Magazine, March 1930:201,202. London. Also in: S.A.Rail, May/June 1980, page 5. (Photocopies of both in Ross Collection.) A description of travel at that time on the Port Nolloth - O'okiep narrow gauge railway. See also: references under Moffatt, 1972.

Speight, W.L. 1954. Namaqualand copper has paid good dividends. In: 1820 - The Settlers' Magazine on South Africa. 26(4):12-14. An historical sketch of copper mining in Namaqualand.

(The) Spektakel Examiner and Times and Namaqualand Advertizer. Circa 1874.

Spilhaus, M.Whiting. 1973. Company's men. Cape Town: John Malherbe. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) On pages 122 to 127 Spilhaus gives the story of Simon van der Stel's journey to Namaqualand in 1685. See also: Becker; Botha; Bulpin, 1986; Cornelissen; Green, 1982; Smalberger;

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 63 - W.Steenkamp; Waterhouse.

Spottiswoode, Brian H. 1980-07-29. Upgrading of the road from Kleinzee to : construction report. Johannesburg: Keeve Steyn and Partners Incorporated. Six pages. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Discusses certain points of the planning, documentation and construction which may be pertinent to the maintenance of the road and to similar construction in the future. See also: ATC paper below.

Spottiswoode, B.H. & Graham, R.W.V. 1982. Design and construction of a low-cost road at the west coast. In: ATC Conference, Vol. 3, Session H: Transport infrastructure: (ii) design and construction. Pretoria. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A fine paper on the design and construction of the 65 km Kleinzee-Koingnaas road in De Beers' diamond mining area. Besides giving detailed engineering data, it raises once again the question as to whether, when surfacing is called for, it is possible to accept the basic existing geometric alignment of a reasonable standard gravel road. See also: Construction Report above.

Springbok Lodge & Restaurant. 1998. Besienswaardighede in Namakwaland / Places worth visiting in Namaqualand. 21 pages, bilingual, glossy with colour photographs. (Copy in the Ross Collection)

Springbok Magistracy. October 1855-December 1895. Papers despatched by Civil Commissioner-General, References 1/Sbk 5/1/1 - 5/1/4.

Springbok Magistracy. January 1896- March 1913. Papers despatched by the Resident Magistrate and Civil Commissioner to Departments. References 1/Sbk 5/3/1 - 5/3/19.

Springbok Magistracy. November 1913-July 1914. Papers despatched by the Resident Magistrate and Civil Commissioner, miscellaneous. References 1/Sbk 5/4/21 - 22. Note: there are numerous documents relating to the Namaqualand Magistracy, Springbok, under various heads in the Cape Archives, all with the prefix 1/SBK…..

Springbok Municipality. 1963. Eeufeesviering van Springbok / Centenary Celebration of Springbok. Springbok: The Municipality. 22 pages. (Photocopy of annotated and corrected draft in the Ross Collection.) The contents cover: Die vroeere geskiedenis van Springbok; Opening of Copper Mines; Ontwikkeling van die Dorp; Gesondheidsdienste; Ander Maatskaplike Dienste; Handel en Nywerheid; and Tourism.

Springbok Municipality. 1984. Springbok & Namaqualand. Springbok: The Municipality. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A twenty two page A4 booklet, with many photographs (and advertisements), giving a short history of the town and district.

Steele, Frank. 199403-15 Road projects in Namaqualand. Two page letter to compiler, Jeffares & Green reference Adm-728H/FS. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Frank Steele, a director of Jeffares & Green, consulting engineers, gives a resume of the design and supervision of six major roads projects which his firm undertook in Namaqualand between 1959 and 1978. (As he remembered things!)

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 64 -

Steenkamp, L.M.(Ds). 1952. Samevattende geskiedenis van Garies. Garies: Die Munisipaliteit. Tien bladsye. (Foto-afskrif in die Ross Versameling.) Opgestel ten tyde van die Van Riebeeck-feesviering, en oorhandig aan die poskoets te Garies op Maandag, 17 Maart 1952. Sien ook: Cornelissen; Hanekom; Phyllis Jowell; Smalberger.

Steenkamp, Willem. 1975. Land of the thirst king. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Delightful descriptions and stories (both personal and historical) of Namaqualand, written by one who is by descent and by choice a true Namaqualander. Chapter 3 ("To the Copper Mountain") relates how transportatioon difficulties prevented the exploitation of the copper deposits for a century and a half after their discovery, and how transportation has played a key role in the working and development of these mines ever since. Pages 46 to 48 tell of his travels on the O'0kiep - Port Nolloth railway. Full of extremely readable tales. See also: (i) AA, 1987, Bulpin, 1986; Cornelissen; Fleminger, Patrick Fletcher, 1868, Mostert & Crewe-Brown, Smalberger; W.Steenkamp; Stevens, Taljaard; Waterhouse. (ii) references under Moffatt, 1972.

Steenkamp, W.L. 1947-02-12. Jongste gemeente in Kaapse kerk. Die Kerkbode.

Stevens, Ursula. 2008. Finding Pofadder: the West Coast, Namaqualand and Northern Cape. Wanderlust Books. See also: AA, 1987, Bulpin, 1986; Cornelissen; Fleminger, Patrick Fletcher, 1868, Mostert & Crewe-Brown, Smalberger; W.Steenkamp; Stevens, Taljaard; Waterhouse.

Suid-Afrika: sien ook South Africa.

Suid-Afrika. Departement van Omgewingsbeplanning en Energie. 1980. 'n Streekanalise en ontwikkelingsvoorstelle vir Streek 1 (Namakwaland). Pretoria: Staatsdrukker. Opgestel deur die Departement op versoek van die Namakwalandse Streeksontwikkelingsvereeniging: ook uitgegee deur die Vereeniging met die titel "Streek 1: 'n socio-economiese ondersoek" op die voorblad, en die Departement se titel binne-in. Aangebied by die 1983 Jaarkongres van die Streeksontwikkeling Vereeniging te Springbok. 'n Heelvattende analiese (208 bladsye). Sien ook: Emslie Niehaus, 1983: sy 662 bladsy verslag is om en by dieselfde tyd opgestel.

Sunday Times Business Times (Marcia Klein). 1997-11-09:3. Trencor sells its transport interests. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Trencor's transport interests, Jowells Transport, Stuarts Transport, Crosscape Express, Skynet Worldwide Express and Jowells Garage, which now constitute less than 10 percent of Trencor's earnings, sold by the Jowell brothers (Joe Jowell’s sons) for R148 million.

Sunday Times Business Times. 19 April 1998:4. Gold Fields set to close its Namib mines.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 65 - (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Covers also the performance of O'okiep and Black Mountain. Black Mountain has only three more years of life!!! See also: Cape Times, 1 & 17 April 1998.

Sunday Times Lifestyle. 6 August 2000a:8-12. Shine on, you crazy diamond, Deep in the heart of me; The thin edge; The ones that got away. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Short write-ups on Port Nolloth, Alexander Bay, the Richtersveld and surf zone mining.

Sunday Times Lifestyle. 13 August 2000b:12. Oasis in the outback.. (Copy in back of Sister Therese-Bernard Thunemann's Thirstland epic, in the Ross Collection.) Short write-up on a visit to Pella. See also: Argus (1998); L.G.Green (1935, 1948); Jeanne Marie Simon; Therese-Bernard Thunemann; Peter Weidner.

Sunde, Edward. 1993. Construction of three passes. Three page letter to compiler, Savage & Lovemore (Cape) reference ES/bm/MD13/01/93, 28 January 1993. (Included in the SAICE Division of Transportation Engineering Database on "Mountain passes and poorts of the Cape Province", held in the South African Library in Cape Town as MSB 953. Photocopy in the Ross Collection.) Ed Sunde, currently (1993) Managing Director of Savage and Lovemore (Cape), tells of construction happenings on Anenaus Pass in Namaqualand. See also: Ross, 1993a; 2002:183-188.

Sunde, Edward. 1996. Further notes on road construction in Namaqualand. Four page letter to compiler, dated 20 November 1996. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Ed Sunde, now retired, gives details of: NR 7/8: Springbok to Steinkopf, O'Kiep to Concordia, and TR 82/1: Steinkopf to Port Nolloth.

Surveyor-General: Cape. 1994. Orange River boundary with Namibia. Letter, reference S.3535/1, dated 1994-04-20 from John G.Obree, replying to my query. Original in the Ross Collection.) The right or north bank of the Orange River became the boundary as a result of the "Agreement between the British and German Governments respecting Africa and Heligoland": Berlin, July 1st 1890, Article III. Suggests references for further research: -"The Colonial boundaries Act, 1895". -"S.A.treaties, conventions etc, subsisting on 1 September 1898" presented to both (Cape) Houses of Parliament, 1898. -Sections 6 and 7 of the South Africa Act, 1909. See also: Barnard.

Swart, D.H., P.D.Morant, J.P.Moller, J.B.Crowley & A.de Wet. 1988. A record of events at the Orange River mouth during the March 1988 flood. In: Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap, deel 84, nr.11, November/Desember 1988.

Sycholt, August. 1986. Journey across the Thirstland. Meinert Publishers.

Talbot, W.J. !947. Swartland and Sandveld. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Survey of land utilisation and erosion in the region.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 66 -

Taljaard, Matthys Suzann. 1948. Glimpse of South Africa. Stellenbosch: The University Publishers and Booksellers. (Ook in Afrikaans gepubliseer: Oor berge en vlaktes.) An excellent overview of Namaqualand's basic geology, with accompanying cross sectional sketches, is given in pages 37 to 43. (M.S.Taljaard was Professor of Geology at US.) See also: AA, 1987, Bulpin, 1986; Cornelissen; Fleminger, Patrick Fletcher, 1868, Mostert & Crewe-Brown, Smalberger; W.Steenkamp; Stevens, Taljaard; Waterhouse.

Taylor, William Lawrence (Larry) & Schreuder, Wouter. 1994. Trunk Road 84: Loop 10 to Aggeneys. Five page monograph, April 1994; also: one page Additional Notes by Schreuder, 22 June 1994. Both of Van Niekerk, Kleyn & Edwards, Consulting Engineers. (Originals in the Ross Collection.) A statement of design and construction engineering data by the designer and by the Assistant Resident Engineer on Contract M253/1978. See also: Howard.

Thompson, George. 1827. Travels and adventures in Southern Africa. London: Colburn. A facsimile reprint published in 1962 by Africana Connoisseurs Press. Also published - with introduction and footnotes by Professor Vernon S.Forbes - by the Van Riebeeck Society, I-48 and 49, 1967 and 1968. Vol 2, pages 48 to 98: an account of Namaqualand and its people and of his adventures there.

Thomson, Peter M. 1964. Deep drilling and blasting techniques. 1964 Resident Engineers' Conference, Cape Provincial Roads Department, Cape Town. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A high standard state-of-the-art paper presented to this annual conference. Peter Thomson, then Resident Engineer of the Garies road construction unit, illustrated his paper with examples from the heavy granite rock cuts which were a characteristic of the National Road construction in his area.

Thomson, Peter M. 1994. Garies. Five page monograph, dated 18 November. Includes two sketches of the camp layout. Also: two pages of cryptic scribbled notes containing much information. (Originals in the Ross Collection.) A brief description of the National Roads Construction Unit camp at Garies, its layout, water supply system, and some personalities.

Thunemann, Therese-Bernard (Sister). 1996. Thirstland epic. Third printing; by Trans Oranje Drukkers, Upington, for Springbok Lodge and Restaurant. (Copy in the Ross Collection) First edition was in 1975, and I suspect it is that listed under “Anon” as Spore in die dorsland, published in 1975 by Upington: Gemsbok Drukkery (32pages). This work was revised by Sister Thunemann in 1982, and reprinted in 1996. The story of the Roman Catholic missions in Namaqualand, beginning at Pella in 1875. See also: Argus (1998); Green (1935, 1948); Jean Marie Simon; Sunday Times Lifestyle, 2000b; Weidner; Willcox.

Trollope, Anthony. 1973. South Africa. Cape Town: Balkema. (Reprint, with copious notes by Dr J.H.Davidson, of March 1878 publication by Chapman & Hall.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 67 - An abridged edition with notes by Peter Haworth - 237 pages iso 619 - published in London in 1938 by Longmans, Green & Co. - copy in the Ross Collection.) Trollope did not visit Namaqualand himself, but Chapter 16, Volume 2: "Native teritories: Namaqualand" describes the state of Namaqualand's economy as culled from Theal, Silver, the magistrates' reports appended to the Cape Blue Book, and the report of the Cape Copper Mining Company for 1877.

Tucker, A.Winifred. 1913. Richtersveld and its people. Johannesburg:

Uys, D.M. 1977. 'n Beplanningstudie van Namakwaland met spesiale verwysing na die vervoerprobleme. Magister-tesis, Departement van Stads- en Streekbeplanning, Universiteit van Stellenbosch. In die studie is gepoog om die streek te ontleed in terme van die ontwikkelingspotensiaal en die huidige ekonomiese aktiwiteite en om die regverdiging vir verbeterde vervoerfasiliteite te bepaal asook om 'n algemene ontwikkelingspatroon vir die streek neer te le. 'n Uitstekende werkstuk deur 'n gebore Namakwalander.

Van der Merwe, G. 2000. Kroonjuweel van Namakwaland. NG Kerk. Church and area history of the Springbok congregation on their 150th anniversary.

Van der Merwe, Marguerite. 1985-11-30. Namakwaland Lugdiens: 25th anniversary. Cape Town: Trencor Transport Division. Also published in: "World Airnews", January 1986, pages 22 & 23; and on page 3 of another magazine, reference unknown. (Copy of handout and photocopy of articles in the Ross Collection.) A three page handout with the airline history to date. See also: Avia, 1978; Die Burger; Namakwaland Lugdiens; Shapley; S.A.Conference & Executive Travel, 1985.

Van der Merwe, Marguerite. 1986-01-24. Namakwaland Lugdiens and National Airlines form new joint venture. Cape Town: Trencor Transport Division. (Copy of handout in the Ross Collection.) A two page handout, describing the two airlines' areas of operations and the anticipated benefits arising from the amalgamation. See also: references listed above.

Van der Merwe, Petrus Johannes. 1938. Die trekboer in die geskiedenis van die Kaap Kolonie (1657-1842). Kaapstad: Nasionale Pers Bpk. (Also translated by Roger B.Beck and published in 1994 by the Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio as "The migrant farmer in the history of the Cape Colony, 1657-1842".) Dek die ewolusie van die trekboer, die leningsplaasstelsel, en die lewenstoestande op die platteland. Sien ook: Green, 1934; Van Onselen.

Van der Merwe, Dr Petrus Johannes. 1941. Pioniers van die dorsland. Kaapstad: Nasionale Pers. 'n Uitstekende oorsig van die storie van die baanbrekers in Noord-wes Kaapland. Bladsye 1 tot 95 dek Boesmanland en Namakwaland.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 68 - Van der merwe, P.J. 1950a. Twee oulap se water, asseblief. In: Die Huisgenoot. 10 February 1950, Vol. 34(no. 1455):20,21. Port Nolloth se water vooraad by "Mile 5" stasie.

Van der Merwe, P.J. 1950b. Klim in - dit kos niks! Hierdie Suid Afrikaanse muiltrein was die gasvryste spoorweg ter wereld! In: Die Huisgenoot. 14 April 1950, Vol. 34(no. 1464):28,29, 56,57,65. Die Port Nolloth-O'okiep spoorweg. Sien ook: verwysings onder Moffatt, 1972.

Van der Reis, Greg. 2000. Adventuring in the Richtersveld. In: The Motorist, September 2000:83-85. (Copy in Ross Collection.)

Van der Waal-Braaksma, G, en O.J.O.Ferreira. 1986. Die Noordweste. Johannesburg: Genootskap vir Afrikaanse Volkskunde.

Van Heerde, P., Scholtz, Daantjie (L.V.), Jowell, J. & Van der Merwe, S. 1952. Springbok. Springbok: uitgegee deur die Poskoets-Reelingskomitee van Springbok, tydens die Van Riebeeck Fees op Vrydag 14 Maart 1952. (Afskrifte van toepaslike uittreksels in die Ross Versameling.) Die boekie gee 'n deeglike en interessante historiese insig in, en geskiedenis van die dorp en die afdeling.

Van Heerde, P. n.d. Eleven Volumes: scrapbooks, notes, articles and correspondence re the history of Springbok and Namaqualand, as well as notebooks on the meaning and origin of place names in Namaqualand. In Cape Archives, Cape Town, Reference A 2152. Compiled by Mr P.van Heerde of Springbok, 1914 to 1979. See also: L van Heerde, 2001: Oom Piet van Heerde se Namakwalandse Fotoversameling, Springbok Lodge.

Van Heerden, Pierre. n.d.(circa 1995). Namaqualand: a gift from the gods. Pierre van Heerden Films C.C., Rietfontein. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) A 60 minute video tape, with accompanying commentary. Many striking pictures and scenes.

Van Niekerk, Abraham A.J. 1964. Die soutryers en ander vertellings. Eerste druk. Kaapstad: Tafelberg-Uitgewers. (Ook: faksimilie-uitgawe: Klipbok-Uitgewery, Durbanville, 1983.) Met liefde en begrip word die wel en wee van die Namakwalandse wereld geteken deur 'n seun van daardie wereld.

Van Niekerk, A.A.J. 1969. Kelkiewyn en Koggelaar. Kaapstad: Tafelberg-Uitgewers. 'n Bundel sketse oor Namakwaland, sy geskiedenis en sy mense. Binneveld van Namakwaland (die "Hardeveld"), Namakwalandse Sandveld, Boesmanland, en Richtersveld is sketse wat hierdie dele van die streek goed afbeeld.

Van Niekerk, Abraham A.J. 1974. Bittergousblom. Kaapstad: Tafelberg- Uitgewers. Nog 'n versameling kort-verhale oor Namakwaland, die Richtersveld en Boesmanland.

Van Onselen, Lennox E. 1961. Trekboer. Cape Town: Howard Timmins.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 69 - The record of research, and the story of discussions with the fast-disappearing nomadic trekboers of Namaqualand, Bushmanland and the Kalahari. See also: Green, 1934; P.J.van der Merwe, 1938.

Van Riet, Willem. 1966. Stroom af in my kano. Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers.. Journal of a solo canoe trip down the Orange River, in 1958, aged 18..

Van Wyk (van Wijk), Calvin S. 1806-1934. Unpublished history of Rhenish Missionary Society in Namaqualand. (Box of documents in the Manuscripts section of the South African Library, reference MSB 708.) Extracts published in Paarl in 1981 as "Schematische geschichte der Rheinischen Missions- Gesellschaft in Klein-Namaqualande". 37 leaves. Mission stations at Pella, Steinkopf, Kommaggas, Richtersveld (Kubus), Concordia and Spektakel. Includes early history of London Missionary Society in area, and biographical notes on individual missionaries.

Van Zyl, Lebeau. 1995a. Pipelines in Namaqualand. Springbok: four page fax to Ninham Shand, Cape Town; reference 36600, 23 May. (Original in the Ross Collection.) The head of Ninham Shand's Springbok office briefly describes the water pipelines from Pelladrif to Aggeneys, from Alexander Bay to Port Nolloth, from Henkries to Springbok and from Okiep to Kleinzee. See also: below.

Van Zyl, Lebeau. 1995b. Pipelines in Namaqualand. Springbok: seven page fax to compiler, reference 0066, July 5th. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Further information, enlarging on that in the May fax (see above).

Van Zyl, M.J.N. 2004. Garies Eeufees Bundel. Garies: NGK.

Verburgh, C.(Dr.) 1966a. Vervoer en ontwikkeling in die Westelike-Kaap. Johannesburg: South African Road Federation. Supplement to "The Open Road", August 1966:11-14. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Professor Verburgh gives a short historical sketch, reviews general opinions on the relationship between transportation and the economy, and makes recommendations for inter alia a harbour south of Alexander Bay with a rail connection to Kakamas. See also: Cape Times, 1994 & 1997b; Niehaus, 1993; South Africa, 1993; Peter Weidner.

Verburgh, Cornelis (Prof/Dr.) 1966b. Vervoer in Noordwes-Kaapland. Stellenbosch: Sentrum vir vervoernavorsing, Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Die studiegebied behels die distrikte van Namakwaland, Van Rhynsdorp, Calvinia, Kenhardt, Gordonia, Hay, Prieska, Carnarvon, Williston, Fraserburg en Sutherland. Dws: N-W Kaapland: 102 448 vierkant myl; 233 692 bevolking. Cf: Namakwaland: 18 518 vierkant myl; 43 825 bevolking (1960). 'n 276 bladsy verslag opgestel in opdrag van die Hulpbronne- en Beplanningsadviesraad, Departement van Beplanning, met hulp van verskeie regerings en ander instansies. Baie deeglike navorsing en voorlegging van besonderhede. Bls. 274-276: 'n Vervoerplan vir Noordwes-Kaapland: 'n saamvatting van die vernaamste aanbevelings wat in terme van prioriteit op kort termyn ernstige oorweging behoort te geniet.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 70 -

Von Zeil, Anthony-Glenn. 1989a. Okiep: an example of the urban lifecycle of a mining town. BA(Hons) Thesis, Environmental and Geographical Science, January 1989. University of Cape Town. An in-depth study of the history and growth of Okiep town.

Von Zeil, Anthony-Glenn. 1989b. A reconstruction of events surrounding the first reported discovery of diamonds along the Namaqualand coast in 1925. History 308F project, June 1989, University of Cape Town. (Photocopy of relevant extracts in the Ross Collection.) A record of literary and oral research into this occasion, of so important a historic value for Namaqualand. Brings to light some variations of generally accepted events. See also: Jack Carstens; Oppenheimer & Son; Rudd & Watson.

Von Zeil, Anton-Glenn. 1989c. Jane Henwood's diary: the siege of O'okiep: 31 March-21 May 1902. University of Cape Town project paper: in African Studies Library. Von Zeil edits Mrs Henwood's diary in his usual thorough manner, with references, foot notes and suporting text. Jane was the wife of John Henwood, Chief Mining Agent of CCC from 1877 to 1903. Robert Moffatt was her grandson: amongst many other monographs he wrote two unpublished monographs on the siege. See also: Burke; Henwood; Moffatt, "various dates".

Wagner, Percy A. & Merensky, Hans. 1928. The diamond deposits on the coast of Little Namaqualand. With an appendix "The palaeontology of the Namaqualand coastal deposits" by S.H.Haughton. In: Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, 1928, Volume XXXI: pages 1-41. A paper read before the Society in August 1927. See also: Humphrey; Keyzer; Lehmann; The Mining & Industrial Magazine, 1927; Williams, 1932.

Wagner, Patrick. 1996. On stony ground. In: Getaway. September: 44-52,54,146,147. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) The 4x4 trail from Pella through the Richtersveld to Brandkaros (near Alexander Bay).

Wannenburgh, Alf. 1980. Forgotten frontiersmen. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. Short tales of many early personalities, including Adam Kok I and II, Cornelis Kok, Klaas Barends, Barend Barends, Jager Afrikaner, John Campbell and Robert Moffat. See also: Becker; Campbell.

Waterhouse, Gilbert. 1979. Simon van der Stel's journey to Namaqualand in 1685. Cape Town/Pretoria: Human and Rousseau. Limited edition of 750 copies. Originally published by Longmans Green, London in 1932. A “Supplement” was published by Hodges, Figgis & Co in 1953. Edited from the manuscript in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. Contains reproductions of the actual hand-written diary; printed transcript in Dutch; and printed translation of the contents into English. This is the definitive text. (Also contains full sized reproductions in colour of the original accompanying illustrations.) See also: AA, 1987, Becker, Bulpin, 1986; Cornelissen; Fleminger,

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 71 - Patrick Fletcher, 1868, Mostert & Crewe-Brown, Pheiffer & De Wet, Rogers, Smalberger; Spilhaus, W.Steenkamp; Stevens, Taljaard; Waterhouse.

Weidner, Peter. (1969 & 1978). The world owes you nothing - start now and push your own barrow. Warmbad, SWA: the author. (Copies of first edition, and of second edition with final chapter, in the Ross Collection.) The son of Carl Weidner of Goodhouse (see 1913 in Chronology). Stories of prospecting along the Orange River, ending with the build-up of Pella Associated Minerals, and the Pella Group. Mentions (p 86) the desirability of a rail line to a port near Port Nolloth. See also: (i) Re prospecting: Cornell (1920); Green (1962). (ii) Re Pella: Argus (1998); L.G.Green (1935, 1948); Jeanne Marie Simon; Sunday Times Lifestyle 2000b; Thunemann. (iii) Re railway: Niehaus; South Africa (1993).

Wellington, John H. 1960. Southern Africa: a geographical study. Cambridge: University Press. Volume 2: "Economics and Human Geography" includes basic data on Namaqualand.

West, M.E. 1984. Vulnerability, impoverishment and apartheid: a case study of Port Nolloth. University of Cape Town Press; S.A. Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Carnegie Conference paper.

West Coast Regional Services Council. 1990/91. Flower regions along the west coast: information guide. Lambert's Bay: West Coast Tourism Board. 3 pages. (Copy in the Ross Collection.) Contains maps, basic descriptions and well-presented advertisements by those providing various services in the area. Pages 53 to 57 cover Namaqualand.

Westraat, H.J.J. 1972. Namakwaland. SARP, Maart 1972.

White, Jon Manchip. 1969. The land God made in anger. London: George Allen & Unwin. Mainly about South West Africa, but Chapter 12: "Close goods" covers the story of the diamond discoveries north and south of the Orange River.

Willcox, Alexander Robert. 1986. Great River: the story of the Orange River. Winterton: Drakensberg Publications. An extremely well researched and well written monograph by a past-President of the S.A.Archaeological Society. It covers from pre-historic times: geology, exploration, peoples, history, diamonds, development, dams and irrigation. With many illustrations, including colour reproductions of paintings by the early explorers. Map 2 shows the routes of the explorers and travellers who traversed stretches of the river or crossed it. Map 3 is a reproduction of part of Colonel Gordon's map of the Orange River. See also: Green, 1935, 1948, 1967b.

Williams, Alpheus Fuller. 1932. The genesis of the diamond. London: Ernest Benn Ltd. Two volumes, 636 pages.

- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 72 - A very professionally detailed geological treatise by the General Manager of De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. Pages 592 to 618 are a section on "The Namaqualand alluvial diamond-bearing deposits", covering history, quoting reports by Merensky et altera, and formulating a theory about the origin of the Namaqualand diamond deposits. See also: Keyser; Lehmann; Wagner & Merensky.

Williams, Alpheus Fuller. 1948. Some dreams come true. Cape Town: H.B.Timmins. A sheaf of stories leading up to the discovery of copper, diamonds and gold in Southern Africa, and of the pioneers who took part in the excitement of those early days. Chapter II, pages 22 to 34, is the only mention of copper, giving a short history. Pages 431 to 435 and 435 to 437 give short histories of Namaqualand and of Namaqualand diamonds. See also: Becker; Botha; Burman, 1969, 1988; Cornelissen; Mossop, 1927, 1931, 1935, 1947; Smalberger.

Williams, Roger. Unknown. King of sea diamonds. Cape Town:W.J.Flesch & Partners. The off-shore mining story.

Williamson, Graham. 1995. Richtersveld National Park. National Parks Board. 48 pages. (Copy in Ross Collection.) Description of various aspects; figures; colour plates.

Williamson, G. 2000. Richtersveld – the Enchanted Wilderness. Umdaus Press. In-depth investigation of this mountainous desert, its history, people, topography, climate, fauna and flora.

Winterbottom, J.M. & M.Courtenay-Latimer. 1961. A list of the birds of Little Namaqualand. Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of Ornithology.

Withers, Mike J. 1994-07-08. Springbok-Pofadder road contract. Two page letter to compiler; Hawkins, Hawkins & Osborn reference CTO/Gen. (Original in the Ross Collection.) Recollections of the Resident Engineer on this road contract during 1980 and 1981.

Wyley,A. 1857. Mineral and geological structure of South Namaqualand. Cape of Good Hope: G36/1857. A detailed survey of all the copper mines and prospects in the region, as well as appendices on topography, climate, botanical features, fauna, population, mission stations and communications.

Young, Robert A. 2004-07-24. Letter re trip to Port Noloth and Nababeep. (In the Ross Collection.) Various aspects: eg: now only one metre of water alongside the north end of the jetty at low tide.

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- Namaqualand Bibliography Page 73 - A SELECTION OF REFERENCES OF A GENERAL NATURE

Human Sciences Research Council (previously National Council for Social Research, Department of Higher Education). 1968 et seq. Dictionary of South African biography. Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel Bpk. Volume 1 was published in 1968 and covered people who died before 1950. Subsequent volumes, published at about five yearly intervals, keep the data updated.

National register of manuscripts (NAREM). A computerised database listing the holdings of all the archives, as well as the document collections of libraries and museums around the country.

Potgieter, D.J., du Plessis, P.C. & Hiemstra, L.W.(eds.) 1970 to 1976. Standard encyclopaedia of Southern Africa. Twelve volumes. Cape Town: Nasou Limited.

Raper, P.E. 1989. A dictionary of South African place names. Second edition. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers. Also applicable: Hottentot (Khoekhoen) place names, by Nienaber and Raper.

Rosenthal, Eric (comp. & ed.) 1970. Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa. Fifth edition. London & New York: Frederick Warne & Co. (Copy in the Ross Collection.)

South African bibliography: Volumes 1 to 4. 1979. London: Mansell. Supplement: Volume 5. 1991. London: Mansell. An index to all volumes is at the end of Volume 5.

Theal, George McCall. 1893-1905. Records of the Cape Colony: 1793-1831. 36 volumes. London: William Clowes & Sons for the Government of the Cape Colony. (Also: facsimile by C.Struik of Cape Town.) Every fifth volume has an alphabetical Index for itself and the previous four volumes. Volume 36 contains a chronological Register of the Contents of the previous 35 volumes, notes the major documents for 1671-1792, and includes a list of Maps, Plans and Plates.

Theal, George McCall. 1890. A Short History of South Africa. Darter Brothers & Waltons.

Theal, George McCall. 1907. History of South Africa before 1795. Johannesburg: "Star" edition. (Also: facsimile reprint by C.Struik, Cape Town, 1964.) Eleven volumes. See below for after 1795.

Theal, George McCall. 1908. History of South Africa since September 1795. London: Swan Sonnenschein. Five volumes. See above for before 1795.

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NOTE: THE LAST PAGE LISTS REFERENCES OF A GENERAL NATURE.

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