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Assessment and Eva Ecosystem Service Succulent Karoo Assessment and Evaluation of Ecosystem Services in the Succulent Karoo Biome Prepared by the South African National Biodiversity Institute, with the support of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Programme, for the Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme June 2009 ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE SUCCULENT KAROO BIOME Report prepared for the Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme (SKEP) Coordination Unit Prepared by: the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Authors: David Le Maitre, Patrick O’Farrell, Sue Milton, Doreen Atkinson, Willem De Lange, Benis Egoh, Belinda Reyers, Christine Colvin, Ashton Maherry and James Blignaut (2009) Assessment and evaluation of ecosystem services in the Succulent Karoo biome Executive summary What are ecosystem services? Within our landscapes there are innumerable interactions between species, their environment, and one another, going on at any one time. Some of these interactions are especially useful to people, supporting life and livelihoods in a variety of ways. These include the provision of oxygen to breathe and clean water to drink, fertile soils for our crops, the pollination of fruit and vegetables that we eat and even the provision of aesthetic beauty. The benefits we get from our ecosystems we collectively call ecosystem services. How we use and manage our landscapes influences the quality and the quantity of the ecosystem services that they in turn provide to us. Focus on the Succulent Karoo The focus of this study was on assessing the benefits of ecosystem services provided by the Succulent Karoo biome to the inhabitants of the region and elsewhere. The Succulent Karoo, situated in western South Africa, is a semi-arid area that has been globally recognised as extremely conservation worthy given the exceptional diversity of plants, reptiles, insects, birds and mammals – which make it the most diverse arid area in the world. In addition to this, the Succulent Karoo, like other semi-arid parts of the world, is home to some of the most vulnerable people and places in the country. Limited water and high levels of poverty make the Succulent Karoo more vulnerable to changes in ecosystem services than most other parts of the South Africa. How we choose to use this landscape affects not only its globally important biodiversity, but also the ecosystem services it provides, with direct consequences for its human inhabitants. Altering our landscapes, by mining them, transforming them for crop production or degrading them through sustained heavy grazing, runs the risk of reducing the quality and the quantity of these services and affecting our own well- being. This study investigated the ecosystem services that landscapes and their species within the Succulent Karoo provide to the people living in the region, South Africa and internationally. After identifying the relevant ecosystem services and their beneficiaries, we focussed our analysis on five key services: water, grazing, tourism, natural products, restoration and carbon sequestration. Water Water is a fundamental ecosystem service as it sustains all life and all economic activity. Within the Succulent Karoo both surface and ground water are generally very limited and highly variable in space and time. Groundwater is frequently of naturally i Assessment and evaluation of ecosystem services in the Succulent Karoo biome poor quality, particularly in the driest regions, while surface water quality has been affected by anthropogenic increases in salinity. A cost recovery approach to valuing this service indicated that on a per capita basis water in the Succulent Karoo has a value of R3 667 per capita per year. However as all economic activity can be attributed to water supply, the full value of water is arguably closer to the annual GVA of the region, which stands at R25 billion, or R26 265 per capita. The region experiences major challenges around inequitable access to water and the associated human health implications. This is further compounded by human activities, primarily in the form of land use change, which alter water quality and quantity. The future prospects of climate change and population and economic growth will further exacerbate these issues where people’s desire for water intensive technologies such as flush toilets, inappropriate developments, such as golf courses, and water-demanding lifestyles will have to be counterbalanced against decreases in the amount of water available. Water foot printing exercises that highlight consumption rates are an effective first step towards reducing water use. The central challenge to the future sustainability of the Succulent Karoo and its people will be the management of its water services for equitable, sustainable and efficient use. Well informed management of water for domestic consumption, food production and ecosystem functioning, together with careful land management and wise decision making will be essential. This will only happen if we ensure that local government has the capacity to use the IDP and SDF processes to develop and implement Integrated Water Resource Management plans and practice co-operative governance across all sectors (Atkinson 2007). Water ecosystem services also need to be considered in all development decisions. Grazing The natural vegetation of the Succulent Karoo provides a significant ecosystem service in the form of forage for livestock production. Livestock production has both monetary and social value. The monetary value of this ecosystem services is evident in the value of livestock production in the biome which generates R153 million per annum. A replacement cost valuation of grazing, which is required under extreme drought conditions, shows the service to have an annual replacement value of R917 million. A social assessment shows that livestock production is an important livelihood choice to many inhabitants in the Succulent Karoo. The provision of the ecosystem service of grazing allows the pursuit of a lifestyle based on diversified income streams, which is ii Assessment and evaluation of ecosystem services in the Succulent Karoo biome economically significant for poor people in terms of reducing their vulnerability profile. The major direct threats affecting the provision of this service include degradation of the natural vegetation (mostly through overgrazing) and climate change. A case study in the Little Karoo shows that the loss of grazing services, at current levels of degradation, translate into a loss of roughly R3.1 million/year of potential income from livestock grazing on the Succulent Karoo vegetation. These degraded areas (mostly in the Little Karoo and Namaqualand) are also likely to be most severely affected by climate change where vegetation has shifted from shrub-dominated to annual-plant-dominated. The latter are very dependent on rainfall and thus vulnerable to the predicted declines in mean annual precipitation. This places people who dependend mainly on livestock production in these degraded areas, at great risk. The driving forces behind land degradation are multiple. Current land distribution patterns that restrict mobility prevent communal farmers from exploiting seasonal variation in grazing services. More extensive land transfers are required to relieve this pressure. Land transfers and redistribution needs to supports farmers’ desires to engage in diversified economic activities. This is particularly important in light of observed commercial farming trends of decreased production due to a lack of profitability. This is in part tied to the deregulation of the farming sector and the removal of subsidies that had supported commercial farming activity under the apartheid regime. There is a clear need to facilitate the uptake of information on appropriate livestock management strategies, as well as improvements in the capacity of local government to implement and manage these strategies. This should all take place under an umbrella of cooperative governance between land reform, employment creation and food production, all cognisant of the need for diverse activities and income streams as a coping strategy. Tourism Tourism in the Succulent Karoo is a complex ecosystem service largely dependent on a variety of natural and human influenced landscape features. The service is particularly significant in the south-eastern areas where visitors seek out scenic landscapes and solitude. In the north-western areas, mass flower displays are the major attraction. The annual value of flower viewing tourism was calculated to be R18 million and scenic tourism has a value of R156 million. iii Assessment and evaluation of ecosystem services in the Succulent Karoo biome Tourism has been identified as a growth area for the region, and is supported through existing infrastructure, government initiatives, and can, if managed carefully, be carried out in conjunction with agriculture and conservation. Tourism presents another opportunity for diversifying income streams, essential to reducing the vulnerability profiles of poorer communities especially in uncertain times. Future growth must be carefully and sustainably managed and is likely to depend on the successful development of tourism routes, and niche product development linked to sustainable land use and certification. Climate change poses a threat to this service where mass flower displays, a major attractor for tourists, are vulnerable to decreases in rainfall and will result in a decrease in visitors to the region. The current water shortages are another
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