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Histories-Of-The-Internet-And-The-Web LIVING BOOKS ABOUT HISTORY Histoires de l’Internet et du Web : Introduction Valérie Schafer, Alexandre Serres To cite this version: Valérie Schafer, Alexandre Serres. Histoires de l’Internet et du Web : Introduction. His- toires de l’Internet et du Web, Infoclio.ch, 2016, Living Books about History, 978-3-906817-10-1. 10.13098/infoclio.ch-lb-0006. hal-02529993 HAL Id: hal-02529993 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02529993 Submitted on 8 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LIVING BOOKS ABOUT HISTORY VALÉRIE SCHAFER & ALEXANDRE SERRES HISTOIRES DE L’INTERNET ET DU WEB « Il existe une demi-douzaine de livres sur Internet, écrits par des gens qui n’étaient pas là quand il a été développé. On est tenté de commencer un ouvrage sur le sujet par la vieille remarque : “Tout ce que vous savez est faux !” » (Jacques Vallée, Au cœur d’Internet, Balland, 2004, p. 20). Il y a tout juste cinquante ans, en 1966, Charles Herzfeld débloquait à l’Advanced Research Projects Agency les financements qui permettront au département de l’IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office) de lancer le projet Arpanet ; il y a vingt-cinq ans, en 1991, le Britannique Tim Berners-Lee annonçait en ligne, dans les Newsgroups, espaces de discussion Image not readable or empty 1 data:image/png;base64,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 la communauté Usenet , l’invention du Web ; il y a vingt ans, en 1996, Brewster Kahle créait Internet Archive, fondation qui se donnait alors pour mission d’archiver le Web mondial … Récente, l’histoire d’Internet est tournée vers un objet en mouvement permanent, ni clos, ni 2 stabilisé . Elle est également confrontée à la mémoire vivante de ses acteurs, au regard que porte son époque sur cette innovation, qui incarne pour beaucoup la « révolution numérique », et aux définitions plus ou moins larges de son périmètre. Valérie Schafer & Alexandre Serres - Histoires de l’Internet et du Web - Generated 02-12-2016 1 http://livingbooksabouthistory.ch/fr/book/histories-of-the-internet-and-the-web LIVING BOOKS ABOUT HISTORY Afin de ne pas discriminer entre plusieurs acceptions et approches de l’Internet et de son histoire, cette anthologie rend compte d’une variété de tendances historiographiques et de travaux. Certains prennent étroitement pour cadre d’étude le réseau des réseaux et ses aspects protocolaires. D’autres proposent une analyse plus large des cultures numériques. Les acteurs techniques, mais aussi les visionnaires des premiers temps sont à l’honneur, notamment dans les sources rassemblées dans la première partie de ce Living Book. Mais, les suivantes font également place à des aspects économiques, sociaux et politiques, pour ne pas adopter une approche exclusivement technicienne et internaliste de cette histoire. En effet, les acteurs qui ont fait l’histoire d’Internet ne sont pas seulement ceux qui en ont conçu l’architecture technique et que célèbre l’Internet Hall of Fame de l’Internet Society, même si leur rôle a été décisif et fondateur (voir le texte de Leiner, Cerf et al.). Contribuent aussi à cette histoire ceux qui, par leur vision éclectique, décalée, politisée, engagée, en ont forgé les imaginaires et cultures, à l’instar de John Perry Barlow et de sa retentissante déclaration 3 d’indépendance du Cyberespace en 1996. Des travaux, notamment ceux d’Eric von Hippel , ont mis en valeur l’idée que les innovations et usages numériques sont le produit d’une co- construction et ne peuvent être appréhendés selon une vision purement descendante ( top/down). Les utilisateurs sont également des acteurs à part entière de cette histoire. Ce sont ceux des premiers temps, puis les early adopters confrontés dans les années 1990 à l’arrivée des 4 néophytes sur les réseaux qu’ils ont contribué à développer (voir le texte de Nicolas Auray . Ce Image not readable or empty data:image/png;base64,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