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Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences) 2018; 11(2) Louws, M. L., Meirink, J. A., van Veen, K., & van Reabluedhiran, S. (2014). Report Seminar Open Transforming Roles and Functions of Women in the Northeast Region of Thailand Driel, J. H. (2017). Teachers' Self-Directed Learning Educational Resources–OER for Lifelong Learning. Benjapa Kaithong* and Yothin Sawangdee and Teaching Experience: What, How, and Why Teachers Retrieved from www.stou.ac.th/Schools/sst/main/ want to Learn. Teaching and Teacher Education, 66, KM/KM%20Post/57/OER.pdf Social Science of General Education, Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University under the Royal Patronage 171-183. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect. 1 Moo 20 Phaholyothin Road, Klong Nuang, Klong Luang, Phathum Thani 13180 com/science/article/pii/S0742051X17305930 Sungsri, S. (2013). Lifelong Learning for Thailand *Corresponding author. E-Mail address: [email protected] (2nd ed). Nonthaburi: Sukhothai Thammathirat Open Received: 24 July 2017; Accepted: 28 September 2017 McNally, M. B., & Brailey, M. (2016) . Lifelong University. Abstract Learning and Open Educational Resources. Retrieved The objective of this research was to study the transformation of roles and functions of women in the northeast region of from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/6w924f6 UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. (2017). Thailand since the 1st century up the 21st century. Documentary research was used for this research with content analysis used to 19#.WrYVfohubIV, https://doi.org/10.7939/R3DZ History of the Institute. Retrieved from http://uil. analyze the data. The research findings revealed that the Isaan women’s roles and functions had changed constantly which can be 0385G unesco.org/unesco-institute/history described through three main periods. Firstly, during the arrival of states (between 1 and 1800 A.D.) the arrivals of Indianisation – such as Hinduism, Theravada Buddhism and the patrilineal ideology – were the driving forces that transformed the relationship Mikroyannidis, A., Domingue, J., Maleshkova, M., Yamkasikorn, M. (2009). Must Teach Lifelong between men and women from a horizontal perspective to vertical. Secondly, during the period of absolute monarchy under the Norton, B., & Simperl, E. (2016). Teaching Linked Learning. Retrieved from http://www.komchadluek. Chakri Dynasty (between 1801 and 1931 A.D.), there was no empirical evidence identifying the changing roles and functions of Isaan women, however, this was the starting point for women’s rights and freedoms along with their empowerment through Open Data Using Open Educational Resources, In D. net/news/edu-health/25494 education. Thirdly, the period of the democracy revolution and the national economic and social development plans (between 1932 Mouromtsev, & M. d'Aquin (Eds.), Open Data for Yamkasikorn, M. (2016). Professional Learning and 2016 A.D.) may be regarded as being significant in generating the changing roles and functions of Isaan women in the Education: Linked, Shared, and Reusable Data for Community: Challenges in Self-Development of dimensions of socio-culture, economics, and politics. Interestingly, it was found that democracy was the essential portal that Teaching and Learning (pp. 135-152). NY: Springer Teacher. In Academic Conference of the Teachers’ allowed Isaan women to follow up on their opportunities. International Publishing. Council of Thailand 2016, Research Innovative Keywords: Northeast Region of Thailand, Transformation, Woman’s Roles and Functions Mingsiritham, K. (2009). Self-Directed Learning on Learning and Educational Management for Sustainable the socio-cultural context of the northeast region were Web-Based Learning. Journal of Education Khon Kaen Development, 27-28 August 2016 (pp. 39-46). Introduction complementary or mutually supportive (Smutkupt, University, 32(1), 6-13. Bangkok: The Teachers’ Council of Thailand. According to the topography of the northeast Kitiana and Phuttha, 1994; Smutkupt and Kitiana, Narot, P. (2001). Life Long Education: Lifelong Yamkasikorn, M., Jiraro, P., & Phothong, W. (2015). region of Thailand, it is different from the other regions 2002; Promphakping et al., 2008; Hall, 1994). Learning. Journal of academic service Centre, 9(1), 6-11. Research and Development of Science, Mathematics, in that most of the land consists of a high plain known Traditionally, it was reported that daughters were and Computer Teachers through English for Integrated as Isaan. The region is regarded as the biggest and preferred over sons and that they received an advantage Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Studies Leading to International Standard of the most populous of the country. Although the Mun and in terms of property rights. This was especially the Development. (2007). Giving Knowledge for Free Schools within EIS (English for Integrated Studies) the Chi Rivers make some parts of the land productive, case in regard to the youngest daughter, who had a the Emergence of Open Educational Resources. Networks. Bangkok: Office of the Basic Education a large part remains drought-stricken. The region has unique position in that it was her responsibility to care Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/edu/ceri/ Commission (OBEC). also been considered as a problem area of the country for her aged parents until their death. Hence, she 38654317.pdf with low per capita income, environmental degradation, inherited the parental home and the parents’ share of Yamkasikorn, M., Jiraro, P., & Phothong, W. and controversial politics. However, the area is endowed rice-growing land while sons only inherited movable Panakul, S. (2006). Lifelong Learning: Necessity and (2016). Research and Development of Science, with a rich cultural heritage which has been achieved capital such as buffaloes and cattle. A man would also Guidelines for Support. Ramkhamhaeng University Mathematics, and Computer Teachers through English during the various periods of Isaan civilization pay a ‘bride price’ for his future wife as a way of Journal, 23(3), 89-97. for Integrated Studies Leading to International th (Wanliphodom, 1938). Since the mid-19 century, paying for access to her inheritance that he may receive Standard of the Schools within EIS (English for Rattanaubon, A. (2014). Definitions, Concepts, the northeast region has been under the administration through marriage. After the end of wedding ceremony, Integrated Studies) Networks Phase 2. Bangkok: Characteristics of Lifelong Education. In of Bangkok; nevertheless, Lao culture and social the groom would move to the bride’s parent’s house. Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC). structures still have influence in this area. In regard to S. Charungkaittikul (Ed.), Article Yearbook on It signified honor to the woman (Smutkupt, Kitiana Education and Lifelong Learning (pp. 1-30). gender ideology, both Western and Thai scholars have and Phuttha, 1994; Promphakping et al., 2008). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University. claimed that male and female roles and functions in 27 Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences) 2018; 11(2) Nevertheless, the researcher found that this was Not surprisingly, a daughter was controlled far more not as clear-cut as it may have seemed. In fact, there than a son because she could easily bring discontent have been two types of wedding ceremony. In the first into the house. As for the daughter’s functions, she type, the groom would move to the bride’s house; this was responsible for household tasks. She cared for her ceremony was called “Avaha Mongkon.” The parents, siblings, and other relatives. She would assist northeasterners strongly believed that the new son-in- her mother in whatever way was required, and she law would bring abundance, prosperity, and wellbeing would obey her father, brother, uncle or any other into their house. In the second type, the bride moved male relative. The woman’s role was as a wife and to the groom’s parent’s house; this was called “Vivaha mother. A good wife must be uncomplaining, obedient, Mongkon”. This type of arrangement hardly ever took submissive, passive, restrained, and tolerant. She must place in the region because people believed that the always put her husband and his needs above her own. bride would bring disease, ghosts, and badness into The good mother would be compassionate and devoted; the house. Therefore, the thinking behind an Isaan carrying and shielding her children from harm. As for wedding ceremony indicated that a man was accepted a woman’s general functions, they cooked food and to a greater extent than a woman (Clergyman Institute went to the forest or to the fields to collect vegetables in the Northeastern Thailand, 1990). and other food items, including small animals and Furthermore, Klong 14 (the fourteen moralities) edible insects. They would also weave cloth or silk emphasized inequality between men and women and and husk rice after they were free from the cultivation identified the gender roles. Klong 14 provided social and harvest seasons (Sansak, Lamduan and Champadaeng, and governing rules that the northeasterners must follow 2014). (Wanlu, Chantachon and Rachote, 2009; Clergyman Also, ancient proverbs or ‘Phya’ had reinforced Institute in the Northeastern Thailand, 1990). It was women’s roles and functions, particularly the woman’s conventionally accepted that the woman’s roles and roles and functions as a wife as reflected in the functions were a big issue and so have been talked subordination of a woman to a man. The proverb about to a greater extent than those of men. Klong 14 shown below indicates the functions of a good wife mentioned the woman’s role, that is, the woman’s role (Clergyman Institute in the Northeastern Thailand, was as a daughter. The northeasterners compared a 1990). daughter with a toilet established in front of the house. “A wife authorized her husband to be the leader in the family and followed him. When eating, a wife would eat after her husband. When sleeping, a wife would sleep lower than her husband. A wife would wake up before her husband and make piper betel leaf. When a Buddhist holy day arrived, a wife would keep a flower to worship the Buddha.

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