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Biostratigraphy and Systematics of Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils from East Antarctica and South Australia

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Biostratigraphy and Systematics of Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils from East Antarctica and South Australia Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1907 Biostratigraphy and Systematics of Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils from East Antarctica and South Australia THOMAS M. CLAYBOURN ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-513-0880-7 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-405216 2020 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Hambergsalen, Geocentrum, Villavägen 16,, 752 36 Uppsala, Friday, 26 February 2021 at 10:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor David Harper (Durham University). Abstract Claybourn, T. M. 2021. Biostratigraphy and Systematics of Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils from East Antarctica and South Australia. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1907. 63 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0880-7. The remote lower Cambrian Byrd group of sedimentary rocks from East Antarctica has been studied intermittently since its discovery over a century ago. Previous insights into the trilobites and archaeocyaths indicated a close correlation to the sedimentary sequences of South Australia. The lowest unit of the Byrd Group is the fossiliferous Shackleton Limestone which overlies the Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Beardmore Group and is representative of a long period of carbonate shelf formation on a passive margin with the palaeo-Pacific. This was truncated by marine transgression and the deposition of the deeper-water calcareous siltstones of the fossiliferous Holyoake Formation. This is overlain by the Starshot Formation and all three units are cross-cut by the Douglas Conglomerate, marking the start of a collisional tectonic regime between the East Gondwana and palaeo-Pacific plates. The first systematically sampled and analysed sections through the carbonate Shackleton Limestone and argillaceous Holyoake Formation has yielded a new fauna of small primarily phosphatic and secondarily phosphatised shelly fossils. The abundant molluscs, brachiopods and tommotiids are reported here. These findings are ideal for correlating this section to the fossil biozones of South Australia, including the Dailyatia odyssei small shelly fossil Zone and the Pararaia janeae trilobite Zone. Chemostratigraphic data from three sections preserve the profiles of two major stable carbon isotope excursions: the Mingxinsi Carbon Isotope Excursion and the Archaeocyathid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion. The combination of these two lines of evidence are a strong indicator for Cambrian Series 2, early-mid Stage 4. This is corroborated by newly described D. odyssei-P. janeae Zone small shelly fossils from the carbonate clasts from the Cambrian Stage 4 White Point Conglomerate of South Australia which bear strong similarity to the fauna of the Shackleton Limestone. Palaeobiogeographically the fauna recovered from the Byrd Group is similar to the East Gondwanan region of South Australia, with similar brachiopod assemblages to those recovered from the Xinji Formation of North China and similar molluscan assemblages to the Bastion Formation of North-East Greenland. Keywords: Cambrian, Biostratigraphy, Systematics, East Antarctica, Small Shelly Fossils Thomas M. Claybourn, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villav. 16, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. © Thomas M. Claybourn 2021 ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-513-0880-7 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-405216 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-405216) For Yvonne, Alexandra and Adam List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I Claybourn, T. M., Jacquet, S. M., Skovsted C. B., Topper, T. P., Holmer, L. E. & Brock, G. A. 2019. Mollusks from the upper Shackleton Limestone (Cambrian Series 2), Central Transantarc- tic Mountains, East Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology, 93, 437- 459. II Jackson, I. S. C.* & Claybourn, T. M.* 2018 Morphometric analysis of inter- and intraspecific variation in the Cambrian helcionelloid mollusk Mackinnonia. Palaeontology, 61, 761- 773. III Claybourn, T. M., Skovsted, C. B., Holmer, L. E., Pan, B., My- row, P. M., Topper, T. P. & Brock, G. A. in press. Brachiopods from the Byrd Group (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, phy- logeny and systematics. Papers in Palaeontology, 35pp. IV Claybourn, T. M., Skovsted, C. B., Betts, M. J., Holmer, L. E., Bassett-Butt, L. & Brock, G. A. in prep. New and previously un- described camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3-4, East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeogra- phy, and systematics. Manuscript prepared for submission to Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. V Betts, M. J., Claybourn, T. M., Brock, G. A., Jago, J. B., Skovsted, C. B. & Paterson, J. R. 2019. Shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian White Point Conglomerate, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64, 489-522. VI Betts, M. J.*, Claybourn, T. M.,* Holmer, L. E., Skovsted, C. B., Myrow, P. M., Stemmerik, L., Topper, T. P., Park, T-Y., Hughes, N. C. & Brock, G. A. in prep. Integrated chronostratig- raphy of the lower Cambrian Byrd Group, Transantarctic Mountains. Manuscript prepared for submission to Geology. *equal contribution Papers I and V are reproduced under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Papers II and III are reproduced with permission from Wiley. Statement of authorship Papers I, IV: T. M. C. imaged and figured the specimens and wrote the man- uscript with input from co-authors. Paper II: T. M. C. contributed to analysis design, collected data, interpreted results and wrote the manuscript with the co-author. Paper III: T. M. C. designed and performed the analysis, imaged and fig- ured the specimens and wrote the manuscript with input from co-authors. Paper V: T. M. C. contributed to imaging specimens and writing the man- uscript. Paper VI: T. M. C. contributed to interpretation of data, imaging specimens and writing the manuscript. Additionally, the following papers were prepared during the PhD, but not in- cluded in this thesis: Holmer, L. E., Zhang, Z., Topper, T. P., Popov, L. & Claybourn, T. M. (2018) The attachment strategies of Cambrian kutorginate brachiopods: the curious case of two pedicle openings and their phylogenetic significance. Journal of Paleontology, 92, 33-39. Holmer, G. A., Popov, L., Ghobadi Pour, M., Claybourn, T., Zhang, Z., Brock. G A. & Zhang, Z. (2018). Evolutionary significance of a middle Cam- brian (Series 3) in situ occurrence of the pedunculate rhynchonelliform bra- chiopod Nisusia sulcate. Lethaia, 51, 424-443. New taxa published in Paper IV are not considered valid according to Article 8 of the ICZN. Contents Introduction ................................................................................................... 11 What are Small Shelly Fossils? ................................................................ 11 The (Ediacaran-) Cambrian Radiation ..................................................... 14 Timing the ECR and Cambrian Stratigraphy ........................................... 17 Aims ......................................................................................................... 17 The lower Cambrian of East Antarctica ........................................................ 19 Initial research in the Golden Age of Antarctic Exploration and 20th Century ..................................................................................................... 19 Geological and tectonic setting ................................................................ 20 Systematics: Describing the fossil fauna of the Byrd Group ........................ 23 Taphonomy and preservational bias ......................................................... 28 Understanding Lophotrochozoan evolution .................................................. 30 East Antarctica in context: Palaeobiogeographic distribution ...................... 33 Cambrian Series 2 chronostratigraphy in East Gondwana ............................ 37 Dating in the Cambrian ............................................................................ 37 Biostratigraphy .................................................................................... 37 Chemostratigraphy ............................................................................... 39 Radiometric dating............................................................................... 40 Chronostratigraphy and East Gondwana .................................................. 41 The future of Antarctic Research .................................................................. 44 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 45 Svensk sammanfattning ................................................................................ 46 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 48 References ..................................................................................................... 49 Abbreviations Ma Mega-annum, a million years Ga Giga-annum, a billion years CTM Central Transantarctic Mountains KGI King George Island AR Argentina Range SSF Small shelly fossils ECR Ediacaran-Cambrian Radiation MICE Mingxinsi Carbon Isotope Excursion AECE Archaeocyathid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion
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