Forensic Micropigmentation

International Journal of Forensic Sciences MEDWIN PUBLISHERS ISSN: 2573-1734 Committed to Create Value for researchers

Zwerling CS1* and Lee M2 Research Article 1Goldsboro Eye Clinic, Medical training at University of Bologna Medical School, USA Volume 5 Issue 1 2University of Mount Olive, USA Received Date: March 23, 2020

Published Date: April 20, 2020 *Corresponding author: DOI: 10.23880/ijfsc-16000180 Goldsboro, North Carolina 27534, USA, Tel: (919) 736-3937; Email: [email protected] Charles Zwerling, Goldsboro Eye Clinic, 2709 Medical Office Place,

Abstract

In the field of forensic science, the use of micropigmentation, cosmetic tattooing, micro blading or permanent makeup has had no relevance in criminal investigations and trials at this time. Moreover, there are no known recognized and established in a criminal case. However, there has been an ever increasing incidence of civil cases and litigation in respect to micropigmen- protocols for gathering and examining information concerning the forensic use of micropigmentation or permanent makeup

Classic tattooing has had a major impact on many criminal and civil cases for centuries. Micropigmentation is a form of tattoo- tation. There is a definite need for objective analysis of these cases. ing, with its relevance and impact on society growing exponentially over the last 30 years. Therefore, it would be advisable to

This research study includes the exploration of necessary parameters to establish such a protocol. Because of the historic establish appropriate scientific protocols for future forensic micropigmentation and permanent makeup cases.

- roots of micropigmentation in tattoo techniques, current tattooing classification systems were discussed, highlighting their sizing future implications where such a protocol is needed. This study concluded with the establishment of a procedural clas- function and use in forensic investigations. Current civil cases in the field of micropigmentation were also discussed, empha

sification system for forensic use in micropigmentation evidence. Keywords:

Forensic science; Forensic micropigmentation; Cosmetic tattooing; Permanent makeup; Tattooing; Biometrics; Soft biometrics; Human identification Abbreviations: no clear evidence for these suppositions. Modern tattooing is in an extension of the primitive custom of painting the SPCP: Society of Permanent Cosmetic body. Examples of body paint include the red ochre found Professionals; IAFIS: Integrated Automated Fingerprint in prehistoric burial sites; blue woad, used by the ancient Identification System; CBIR: Classification, Content Based Image Retrieval; NGI: Next Generation Identification; SMTs: Scars,Introduction, Marks, and Tattoos. Brief History of courseBritons; the kohl, war usedpaints in of Asia the American to enhance Indian the tribes beauty [2]. of The the Micropigmentation and Tattooing gianteyes; henna,cosmetic used industry on fingernails, today might in the well Middle be considered East; and, ofa

tattoo needles made of bone, and bowls that held pigment evidence of tattooing dates to the Ice Age, or more than modification of primitive “war paint” customs. Early crude 8000Pictorial BC [1]. self-adornmentThese early body has adornments a long history. were The probably earliest used to imitate the color of animals, have some mystical or (usually soot) have been found in carves and rock strata in France,Egyptian Portugal, mummies, Romania, as andold as Scandinavia 4000 years, [1]. display tattoos religious purpose, or possibly camouflage; however, there is Forensic Micropigmentation Int J Forens Sci 2 International Journal of Forensic Sciences on women but not men. These tattoos were placed on dancing girls, concubines, and women singers, usually depicting the doctors to introduce eyelash tattooing, a less-invasive symbol of Bes, the goddess who protected women. However, alternativePassot were to generallyeyelash grafting. given creditIn this asprocedure, the first the group tattoo of men were tattooed in Libya. Male mummies with symbols of was delivered with a hypodermic needle and syringe, using a brown pigment. In 1984, Dr. Giora Angres published an article (1300 BC) [3]. In very early Greece, men were tattooed as on the use of eyelash tattooing to create both eyeliner and asun sign worship of nobility on their or proof skins ofwere bravery. found Later, in the as tomb that ofcustom Seti I eyelash enhancement for cosmetic purposes [9]. Dr. Angres declined, tattoos in Greece were limited to slaves and criminals. There is no evidence of tattooing among Hebrews even before the Mosaic Law, which forbade it [4]. There is a was the first medical doctor to develop his own machine and scarcity of tattoos on Jews, even nonreligious Jews, today [5]. pigments for the specific purpose of this eyeliner procedure. Micropigmentation, was written by Drs. Zwerling, During the summer of 1986, the first textbook,

Credit for the first documented use of the term “tattoo” createdChristensen, the basis and forGoldstein. quality assuranceThis book andprovided technical a foundation accuracy belongs to Captain James Cook who was an explorer and of knowledge for the field, served as a reference guide, and Captain for the British Royal Navy [6]. His first voyage to the ofTahitian tattooing. islands The took word place tattoo from is derived 1768-1771. from Itthe was Tahitian/ during Micropigmentationfor this emerging field Millennium, [10]. The wasbook written was published by Drs. Zwerling, by Slack, this exploration that Cook was first introduced to the practice Dixon,Inc. in NewChristensen, Jersey. The and most Goldstein recent in textbook 2012 [8]. on this subject,

PolynesianModern word tattooing “tatau,” can which be dated means mid-1880s, ‘to mark’ when [6]. Samuel Currently there are numerous organizations devoted to

micropigmentation in the USA: Allied Health Association, O’Reilly exploited Edison’s idea and designed the first Americansafety, education, Academy certification, of Micropigmentation, and research in theSociety field of usedelectric today tattoo by machinetattoo artists in New are York, very latersimilar patented to the inoriginal Great Britain in 1891 by his cousin, Tom Reilly [7]. Tattoo machines Institute of Intradermal Cosmetics. embellishments. Many of these modern tattoo machines may Permanent Cosmetic Professionals (SPCP), and The American beO’Reilly seen unit,in the with Tattoo some Art ingenious Museum modificationsin San Francisco and or artistic at the Definitions World of Tattoos exhibit in Honolulu. All micropigmentation Micropigmentation Minute, metabolically inert pigment granules that are instrumentinstruments hasnow the available ability on to the change market frequency are derived from in partless placed mechanically or manually below the epidermis for thanfrom 30 the cycles original per O’Reillysecond to instrument. an excess Aof standard120 cycles tattoo per the purpose of cosmetic and/or corrective enhancement. represent the basic types. Of these two types, the double coil second [7]. Reciprocating and rotary tattooing machines microblading [8]. reciprocating machine is the conventional model most used Includes permanent makeup, cosmetic tattooing, and by tattooing artists. Tattooing By the late 1970s, a greater number of women established Intradermal implantation of indelible pigments and/or themselves within the mainstream of tattoo art. Among placed mechanically or manually below the epidermis. Used to create legends, decorative art, and/orscarification symbolism of the for skin, the purpose of body adornment. these women, Mary Jane Haake, Winonna Martin, Shelia pigmentation.May, and Pati PavlikIn 1979 were there traditionally was a documentedtrained tattoo case artists of Biometrics: (SMT) permanentwho began toeyeliner offer intradermal performed makeup on Dr. andLinda reconstructive Dixon [8]. A. Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a intradermal cosmetics and reconstruction. However, they person based on an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral allThese shared women a basic were parallelism unaware in of development: each other’s ventureexpertise into in classical tattooing, appreciation of cosmetology towards handwriting, iris, retina, vein, and voice characteristics. Biologicalcharacteristic. features Includes are DNA,traits fingerprints, that could handbe measured, geometry, artistry. facial morphology, and insight in disciplines of makeup Behavioral features would include features such as voice In the 1940s, Moestin, Mauclaire, Duformentel, and recognitionincluding fingerprints, or handwriting DNA, analysis. iris, and retina (Figure 1).

Automatic Biometric Identification Systems:

on computer stored data. One contributor to this Automatic Biometric Identification Systems are based

databasedata includes in the the world FBI’s [12]. Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), the largest criminal biometric ANSI/NIST Classification (Tattoos) [13] (Figure 3): The ANSI/NIST system is based on categories or class codes with labels as follows: Human – Human Forms and Objects Animal – Animal Forms and Features Plants Flags – Flags Objects – – Plants Objects Abstracts – Abstracts Symbols - Insignias and Symbols Other – Other Images

Figure 1: Biometric biological features. A. Fingerprint; B.

Tattoo; C. Retina; D. Iris. are considered soft biometrics, easily measurable physical characteristicsB. Skin markings that like can scars, change birthmarks, (Figure 2). and tattoos (SMT)

Figure 3: ANSI/NIST tattoo categories. These class Figure 2: Soft biometric examples. Easily measurable physical characteristics that can change: A. Scars, B. categories are often broken down into subclasses. A. HUMAN; B. ANIMAL; C. PLANT; D. FLAG; E. OTHER; F. Markings, C. Tattoos. EachSYMBOL; category G. ABSTRACT, has subcategories H. OBJECT. (Figure 4). For example, a Current Tattooing Classification Systems tattoo is the intradermal implantation of indelible pigments

Dermal Classification Systems Bertillon system of art, and symbolism for the purpose of body adornment [13]. marks, scars, and moles: The science of anthropometry Theand/or process scarification is achieved of the by skinvarious to create methods, legends, including: decorative created in 1879 by Alphonse Bertillon, focused on the Tattoo To indicate a common tattoo or indelible image meticulous measurement and recording of different parts and components of the human body [11]. Generally, law coloring matter. th th enforcement of the late 19 and very early 20 centuries Chemicalresulting Anfrom image the createdpricking by or the injecting use of ofchemicals the skin to with burn a held that each individual possessed a unique combination of measurements relating to parts and components of the Branded human body. In this system, comparing these measurements orthe other image form into of the heat. skin. could be used to distinguish between individuals. Cut An image burned into the skin using a branding iron

The image was caused by incision of the skin. Zwerling CS and Lee M. Forensic Micropigmentation. Int J Forens Sci 2020, 5(1): 000180. Copyright© Zwerling CS and Lee M. 4 International Journal of Forensic Sciences

Figure 4: ANSI/NIST tattoo classes and subclasses.

New Tattoo ID Classification, Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR): correcting alopecia of the eye lashes [14]. Soon thereafter patientswas known were as requesting blephropigmentation eye lash enhancement with the and purpose eyeliner of visual features: color, texture, and shape. Based on scale invariantCBIR feature searches transform the database (SIFT) usingfeatures the extracted similarity from of a summary of the various procedures that can be utilized by tattoo images and optional accompanying demographical micropigmentationprocedures in order techniques. to avoid the need for makeup. Below is information, our system computes feature-based similarity between the query tattoo image and tattoos in the criminal A. Cosmetic database [13]. 1. Eyes: eyeliner,: permanent eye lash enhancement, makeup procedures eye shadow that are Image Based Technology: 2.performed Eyebrow: to liner, mimic enhancement conventional makeup 3. Lips: liner, full lip 4. Breast: areolar enhancement Next Generation Identification (NGI) will extend 5. Face: blush, shadow automated biometric identification capabilities beyond severalfingerprints years and to helppalm identify prints. Althoughor eliminate law suspects, enforcement the NGIhas B. Corrective: paramedical procedures that are performed willused photographsautomate the of scars,process. marks, In 2014, and tattoosinvestigators (SMTs) will for to correct disease and/or physical deformities be able to query the NGI with descriptive data about tattoos 1. Simulation: hair loss cornea, nails, areolar reconstruction

shading to find images of potential SMT matches associated with 2. Camouflage: vitiligo, port wine, skin pigmentation, scalp individual’s records. System, micropigmentation can be categorized as either 3. Revision: scars trauma, burns, surgical a cosmeticBased onor corrective the Zwerling procedure Procedural (Figure Classification 5). In the 4. Resurfacing: wrinkles, microdermabrasion early development of micropigmentation, the procedure 5. Medical Markers: biopsy, cancer

Figure 5:

Zwerling micropigmentation procedural classification system. Forensic Micropigmentation Protocols gathering and examining of physical evidence of permanent Forensic Micropigmentation can be defined as the criminal or civil court. Micropigmentation represents a type ofmakeup Soft Biometric or cosmetic Trait tattooing which is anin easilyorder measurableto establish physical facts in trait that can change over a period of time.

The following protocols below represent a logical micropigmentation in a victim: scientific approach for the forensic evaluation of Collect Evidence (Figure 6) 1. Exam Identify and record location of sample i.e. right lower eye lid. 2. Chain of evidence documentation. Figure 6: 3. Use of digital photography for documentation throughout sample. entire forensic examination. Identification steps of a micropigmentation

Morphology use of Classification Systems (5-S, 2. Shape: irregular, random or consistent lines and/or head shape, Oculo-facial Morphology, noses) patterns (Figure 7) 3. Weight: in grams metric 1. Size: measure in metric with calipers/ rulers 4. Color (s): descriptive; use color key to assist in description; Fitzpatrick Scale 1-6.

Figure 7:

Classification of micropigmentation using morphology tools. Physical Properties (Figure 8)

1. Macro evaluation represents the overall appearance of ii. Pointillism the micropigmentation procedure. By careful observation iiii. Dimensional Use of Color: iii. Brush Stroke the forensic evaluator can identify various techniques used in creating the overall appearance of the micropigmentation Hue Color Value Brightness origin of previous treatments for that victim including type Tint Addition of White procedure. These identifiers can be useful in determining the

 of machineDistinctive used andartistic specific artistictechnique/style technique. “CLIMB” Tone Amount of Gray Added Shade Addition of Black artistic technique: Color, Line, Insertion, Movement, Borders Simultaneous Contrast Effect of Surrounding Undertone Cool or Warm Skin

Colors on Perception i. “Korean Method”

Figure 8: Macro evaluation protocol of micropigmentation physical properties using the CLIMB analysis.

 Mechanism of pigment placement (Figures 9-12) iii. Hand technique i. reciprocal conventional tattoo machine vi. Microblading ii. rotary micropigmentation machine

Figure 9: Original patent for rotary micropigmentation machine.

Figure 10: Micro evaluation protocol of micropigmentation physical properties.

Figure 11:

Tattoo identification tools through data base search.

Figure 12: Data base tools and techniques.

 Determination of possible needle type Simulation Studies i. Liners ii. Shaders A. iii. Magnums B. Reproduce physical environment 2. Micro evaluation or Histology DataReproduce Base physical conditions a. Amount and Depth of pigment and uniformity of depth; pigment located at which level of epidermis/dermis 1. Use of electronic medical records (EMR) c. Migration effects localized directional a. correlate pigment brand with specific patient d.b. CollagenCellular removalreaction and/or/ Stage lymphaticof Healing: removal; Phase 1-4 cellular type compositionb. identify permanent makeup practitioner histiocyte, macrophage a.2. Develop Identify baseline specific analysis manufacturer of commercial based onpigments chemical by published composition e. Presence of needle tracks/injections; Dry Needling b. Use of gas mass spectrometry pigments 3. Magnetic Properties +/- presence of ferrous/ferric Discussion 4. Chemical composition of pigment by gas mass spectrometry been present for centuries in our cultures for the purpose of bodyDermalpigmentation, adornment. Classical commonlytattooing consists known ofas intradermallytattooing, has titaniumTimko, et and al. carbon[15] found at 87, that, 73, ofand 30 67 tattoo percent inks respectively. studied, the mosta. Organic: commonly carbon identified nitrogen elements oxygen chlorine,were aluminum, hydrogen oxygen, legends, decorative art, and symbolism for the purpose of b. Inorganic: iron oxide, titanium, presence of talc bodyimplanting adornment. pigments Micropigmentation and/or scarification is a of separate the skin specialtyto create developed from tattooing with the placement of colorants 5. Water properties a. hydrophilic medical correction, and/or aesthetic restoration. b. hydrophobic into the skin for the purpose of cosmetic enhancement, Therefore, micropigmentation is differentiated from classical tattooing by its purpose, specialized training, a. recover underlying tattoos from cover tattoo designs and unique standards required to perform this procedure. b.6. (IR)reveal infrared previous photography micropigmentation that has been c. reveal tattoo / micropigmentation designs that have been toMoreover, confusion the and use ofmisrepresentation. other terminology The such intradermal as “semi- removedcamouflaged by laser implantationpermanent makeup” of any pigment and “cosmetic and/or needle tattooing” causes often permanent leads d. Tattoo removal methods histologic alteration of the dermis even if the pigment fades;

In the early 1980s, there were a number of reports oxymoron and contradiction of terms. In 1986, Dr. Zwerling of foreign body reports that were a result of a reaction moreover, the use of a term like “cosmetic tattoo” is an to talc powder that was mixed with the iron oxide pigments. Moreover, there have been a number of delayed disciplineand Dr. Christensen separate from created classical the wordor traditional “micropigmentation” tattooing [8]. hypersensitivity reactions to various metallic and organic to better define this new technology as a distinct entity, a pigments in the medical literature associated with classical Edmond Locard, a renowned pioneer in forensic science tattooing. To date, the FDA has been made aware of more than 150 adverse events and is investigating additional reports and criminology stated decades ago his famous Locard’s Exchange Principle. This theory relates to the transfer of sent to the manufacturer. Reactions that have been reported trace evidence between objects in which “every contact tissueinclude mass swelling, associated cracking, with peeling, an infection) blistering, in the and areas scarring of the otherleaves object a trace”. or His leave theory something states thatbehind. when Micropigmentation two objects come eyesas well and as lips. formation This type of of granulomas delayed hypersensitivity (chronically inflamedreaction into contact with each other, one will take something from the The practitioner who applies micropigmentation to an is a soft biometric that follows the Locard Exchange Principle. is consistent with Type IV delayed hypersensitivity. The inks pigments and needles. associated with this outbreak were voluntarily recalled by individual imparts a unique artistic technique with specific the companyIn the spring that marketed of 2012, them the inFDA 2004 received [17]. reports of the artisticIn the macroscopic technique used evaluation for the of procedure. a victim’s Thepermanent CLIMB infections from contaminated inks, resulting in their recall Techniquemakeup, the describes investigator the artistic can gaintechnique valuable used insightin the case. into and market withdrawal. In the fall of 2017, a firm voluntarily Careful analysis can determine that Machine v. Hand Method recalled several colors and sizes of tattoo inks, due to was used with single or multiple needle clusters. Moreover, microbial contamination identified by an FDA survey [17]. microblading techniques or other unique applications FDAIn addition, to investigate concerns their raised safe use. by FDA the scientificcontinues communityto evaluate methods might have been employed. Just as every contact theregarding extent theand pigments severity usedof adverse in tattoo events inks associatedhave prompted with leaves a trace, every practitioner has a unique method of performing micropigmentation that leaves his or her original tattooing and is conducting research on tattoo inks. marksThe on FDA the client.considers the pigments used in intradermal Careful chemical analysis of the pigment from a victim’s permanent make-up could reveal unique, detailed properties of a specific manufacturer [18]. It would be possible to match approvaltattoos, including under the permanent Federal Food, makeup Drug, to and be cosmeticsCosmetic Act. and that pigment to a specific practitioner who could possibly However,color additives. the FDA Therefore, has not exercised they are regulatory subject to authority premarket for identifyConclusion an unknown victim or even perpetrator. derived from other competing public health agencies and a With the estimated millions of cases of color additives of permanent makeup pigments. This lack is micropigmentation throughout the world, it is just a matter these pigments. The actual practice of tattooing is regulated of time when micropigmentation could be an important byprevious local jurisdictions. lack of safety problems specifically associated with a criminal case. The purpose of this article is to introduce An exhaustive research of the internet reveals that there theforensic use toolof micropigmentation in identification of as a victimpotential or perpetratorforensic tool in has been no circumstance to date where micropigmentation has been used as forensic evidence in a criminal case. protocol for future development of micropigmentation as a However, there have been numerous civil litigations where in future criminal cases by providing a scientific forensic appropriate forensic analysis could have impacted the civil By understanding micropigmentation techniques, pigments, case [16]. Most of the civil cases have been a disagreement in andscientific application tool for methods, criminological the forensic study andinvestigator forensic willanalysis. able the cosmetic outcome. Moreover there have been legal issues location and potential time lines of the crime. However, there have been certain legal actions involving to assist in victim identification as well as establish possible medicalconcerning complications intellectual from property infections, and trademark delayed allergic rights. Conflict of Interest Statement protocol for forensic micropigmentation could have affected reactions, and systemic inflammations in which a scientific the outcome of the case. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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