Forensic Micropigmentation

International Journal of Forensic Sciences MEDWIN PUBLISHERS ISSN: 2573-1734 Committed to Create Value for researchers Forensic Micropigmentation Zwerling CS1* and Lee M2 Research Article 1Goldsboro Eye Clinic, Medical training at University of Bologna Medical School, USA Volume 5 Issue 1 2University of Mount Olive, USA Received Date: March 23, 2020 Published Date: April 20, 2020 *Corresponding author: DOI: 10.23880/ijfsc-16000180 Goldsboro, North Carolina 27534, USA, Tel: (919) 736-3937; Email: [email protected] Charles Zwerling, Goldsboro Eye Clinic, 2709 Medical Office Place, Abstract In the field of forensic science, the use of micropigmentation, cosmetic tattooing, micro blading or permanent makeup has had no relevance in criminal investigations and trials at this time. Moreover, there are no known recognized and established in a criminal case. However, there has been an ever increasing incidence of civil cases and litigation in respect to micropigmen- protocols for gathering and examining information concerning the forensic use of micropigmentation or permanent makeup Classic tattooing has had a major impact on many criminal and civil cases for centuries. Micropigmentation is a form of tattoo- tation. There is a definite need for objective analysis of these cases. ing, with its relevance and impact on society growing exponentially over the last 30 years. Therefore, it would be advisable to This research study includes the exploration of necessary parameters to establish such a protocol. Because of the historic establish appropriate scientific protocols for future forensic micropigmentation and permanent makeup cases. - roots of micropigmentation in tattoo techniques, current tattooing classification systems were discussed, highlighting their sizing future implications where such a protocol is needed. This study concluded with the establishment of a procedural clas- function and use in forensic investigations. Current civil cases in the field of micropigmentation were also discussed, empha sification system for forensic use in micropigmentation evidence. Keywords: Forensic science; Forensic micropigmentation; Cosmetic tattooing; Permanent makeup; Tattooing; Biometrics; Soft biometrics; Human identification Abbreviations: no clear evidence for these suppositions. Modern tattooing is in an extension of the primitive custom of painting the SPCP: Society of Permanent Cosmetic body. Examples of body paint include the red ochre found Professionals; IAFIS: Integrated Automated Fingerprint in prehistoric burial sites; blue woad, used by the ancient Identification System; CBIR: Classification, Content Based Image Retrieval; NGI: Next Generation Identification; SMTs: Scars,Introduction, Marks, and Tattoos. Brief History of courseBritons; the kohl, war usedpaints in of Asia the Americanto enhance Indian the tribesbeauty [2]. of Thethe Micropigmentation and Tattooing gianteyes; henna,cosmetic used industry on fingernails, today might in the well Middle be considered East; and, ofa tattoo needles made of bone, and bowls that held pigment evidence of tattooing dates to the Ice Age, or more than modification of primitive “war paint” customs. Early crude 8000Pictorial BC [1]. self-adornmentThese early body has adornments a long history. were The probably earliest used to imitate the color of animals, have some mystical or (usually soot) have been found in carves and rock strata in France,Egyptian Portugal, mummies, Romania, as andold as Scandinavia 4000 years, [1]. display tattoos religious purpose, or possibly camouflage; however, there is Forensic Micropigmentation Int J Forens Sci 2 International Journal of Forensic Sciences on women but not men. These tattoos were placed on dancing girls, concubines, and women singers, usually depicting the doctors to introduce eyelash tattooing, a less-invasive symbol of Bes, the goddess who protected women. However, alternativePassot were to generallyeyelash grafting. given creditIn this as procedure, the first thegroup tattoo of men were tattooed in Libya. Male mummies with symbols of was delivered with a hypodermic needle and syringe, using a brown pigment. In 1984, Dr. Giora Angres published an article (1300 BC) [3]. In very early Greece, men were tattooed as on the use of eyelash tattooing to create both eyeliner and asun sign worship of nobility on their or proof skins ofwere bravery. found Later, in the as tomb that ofcustom Seti I eyelash enhancement for cosmetic purposes [9]. Dr. Angres declined, tattoos in Greece were limited to slaves and criminals. There is no evidence of tattooing among Hebrews even before the Mosaic Law, which forbade it [4]. There is a was the first medical doctor to develop his own machine and scarcity of tattoos on Jews, even nonreligious Jews, today [5]. pigments for the specific purpose of this eyeliner procedure. Micropigmentation, was written by Drs. Zwerling, During the summer of 1986, the first textbook, Credit for the first documented use of the term “tattoo” createdChristensen, the basis and forGoldstein. quality assuranceThis book andprovided technical a foundation accuracy belongs to Captain James Cook who was an explorer and of knowledge for the field, served as a reference guide, and Captain for the British Royal Navy [6]. His first voyage to the ofTahitian tattooing. islands The took word place tattoo from is derived 1768-1771. from Itthe was Tahitian/ during Micropigmentationfor this emerging field Millennium, [10]. The wasbook written was published by Drs. Zwerling, by Slack, this exploration that Cook was first introduced to the practice Dixon,Inc. in NewChristensen, Jersey. The and most Goldstein recent in textbook 2012 [8]. on this subject, PolynesianModern word tattooing “tatau,” can which be dated means mid-1880s, ‘to mark’ when [6]. Samuel Currently there are numerous organizations devoted to micropigmentation in the USA: Allied Health Association, O’Reilly exploited Edison’s idea and designed the first Americansafety, education, Academy certification, of Micropigmentation, and research in theSociety field of usedelectric today tattoo by machinetattoo artists in New are York, very latersimilar patented to the inoriginal Great Britain in 1891 by his cousin, Tom Reilly [7]. Tattoo machines Institute of Intradermal Cosmetics. embellishments. Many of these modern tattoo machines may Permanent Cosmetic Professionals (SPCP), and The American beO’Reilly seen unit,in the with Tattoo some Art ingenious Museum modificationsin San Francisco and or artistic at the Definitions World of Tattoos exhibit in Honolulu. All micropigmentation Micropigmentation Minute, metabolically inert pigment granules that are instrumentinstruments hasnow the available ability on to the change market frequency are derived from in partless placed mechanically or manually below the epidermis for thanfrom 30the cycles original per O’Reillysecond toinstrument. an excess Aof standard120 cycles tattoo per the purpose of cosmetic and/or corrective enhancement. represent the basic types. Of these two types, the double coil second [7]. Reciprocating and rotary tattooing machines microblading [8]. reciprocating machine is the conventional model most used Includes permanent makeup, cosmetic tattooing, and by tattooing artists. Tattooing By the late 1970s, a greater number of women established Intradermal implantation of indelible pigments and/or themselves within the mainstream of tattoo art. Among placed mechanically or manually below the epidermis. Used to create legends, decorative art, and/orscarification symbolism of the for skin, the purpose of body adornment. these women, Mary Jane Haake, Winonna Martin, Shelia pigmentation.May, and Pati PavlikIn 1979 were there traditionally was a documentedtrained tattoo case artists of Biometrics: (SMT) permanentwho began toeyeliner offer intradermal performed makeup on Dr. andLinda reconstructive Dixon [8]. A. Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a intradermal cosmetics and reconstruction. However, they person based on an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral allThese shared women a basic were parallelism unaware inof development:each other’s ventureexpertise into in classical tattooing, appreciation of cosmetology towards handwriting, iris, retina, vein, and voice characteristics. Biologicalcharacteristic. features Includes are DNA,traits fingerprints, that could handbe measured,geometry, artistry. facial morphology, and insight in disciplines of makeup Behavioral features would include features such as voice In the 1940s, Moestin, Mauclaire, Duformentel, and recognitionincluding fingerprints, or handwriting DNA, analysis. iris, and retina (Figure 1). Zwerling CS and Lee M. Forensic Micropigmentation. Int J Forens Sci 2020, 5(1): 000180. Copyright© Zwerling CS and Lee M. 3 International Journal of Forensic Sciences Automatic Biometric Identification Systems: on computer stored data. One contributor to this Automatic Biometric Identification Systems are based databasedata includes in the the world FBI’s [12]. Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), the largest criminal biometric ANSI/NIST Classification (Tattoos) [13] (Figure 3): The ANSI/NIST system is based on categories or class codes with labels as follows: Human – Human Forms and Objects Animal – Animal Forms and Features Plants Flags – Flags Objects – – Plants Objects Abstracts – Abstracts Symbols - Insignias and Symbols Other – Other Images Figure 1: Biometric biological features. A. Fingerprint; B. Tattoo; C. Retina; D. Iris. are considered

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