FundamentalsFundamentals ofof JainismJainism

PravinPravin K.K. ShahShah Jain Study Center of North Carolina (Raleigh) 401 Farmstead Drive, Cary NC 27511-5631 919-469-0956 and fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.jainism.org JainJain BeliefsBeliefs FundamentalFundamental BeliefsBeliefs ofof JainismJainism TheThe SoulSoul isis boundedbounded byby KarmaKarma fromfrom thethe BeginningBeginning ofof TimeTime TheThe PrinciplesPrinciples governinggoverning thethe successionssuccessions ofof lifelife cyclescycles (Birth,(Birth, Life,Life, andand Death)Death) isis .Karma. OurOur intentionintention behindbehind ourour actionsactions ofof body,body, mind,mind, andand speechspeech bindbind usus withwith Karma.Karma. UltimateUltimate goalgoal ofof lifelife isis eternaleternal releaserelease fromfrom Karma.Karma. AimAim ofof JainismJainism ToTo attainattain FreedomFreedom ofof SoulSoul byby FreeingFreeing itit fromfrom itsits bondagebondage toto Karma.Karma. QuestionsQuestions What is ? What is Karma? What are their Qualities? What is Bondage? What is Freedom? How is the Soul bounded by Karma? How can one obtain Freedom of the Soul? Answer requires the proper knowledge of the Universe and its substances particularly Soul and Karma and their relationship.relationship. JainJain ReligionReligion

TheThe TrueTrue naturenature ofof aa substancesubstance isis aa religionreligion AnyAny activitiesactivities ofof Body,Body, MindMind andand SpeechSpeech whichwhich reducesreduces KashayKashay (Anger,(Anger, Greed,Greed, Ego,Ego, Lust,Lust, etc.)etc.) withinwithin ourselvesourselves isis aa religiousreligious activity.activity. MoralityMorality vs.vs. ReligionReligion

Individual Person

Following Not Following Law and Order Law and Order

Moral Immoral

Religious Non-religious MoralityMorality vs.vs. ReligionReligion (Continued)(Continued)

JainJain MoralityMorality (Vyavahara(Vyavahara )Dharma) ConductConduct inin accordanceaccordance withwith thethe rulesrules prescribedprescribed byby ArihantsArihants andand accompaniedaccompanied alwaysalways byby ,compassion, love,love, sympathysympathy etc.,etc., otherwiseotherwise thethe practicepractice isis meremere hypocrisy.hypocrisy. JainJain ReligionReligion (Nischaya(Nischaya Dharma)Dharma) PurityPurity ofof soulsoul whichwhich resultsresults fromfrom thethe aboveabove actionaction (dirt(dirt ofof karmakarma disappears)disappears) UniverseUniverse andand itsits SubstancesSubstances

UniverseUniverse isis made-upmade-up ofof sixsix eternaleternal andand independentindependent substances:substances: SixSix UniversalUniversal SubstancesSubstances (Entity/)(Entity/Dravya) JivaJiva SoulSoul oror LivingLiving beingbeing PudgalPudgal MatterMatter DharmaDharma PrinciplePrinciple ofof MotionMotion AdharmaAdharma PrinciplePrinciple ofof RestRest AkasaAkasa SpaceSpace KaalKaal TimeTime CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof aa SubstanceSubstance

UtpadaUtpada OriginationOrigination VyayaVyaya DestructionDestruction DhrauvyaDhrauvya PermanencePermanence UniverseUniverse andand itsits SubstancesSubstances ParyayParyay -- EveryEvery substancesubstance continuouslycontinuously goinggoing throughthrough OriginationOrigination andand DestructionDestruction whichwhich areare thethe TransientTransient CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof aa SubstanceSubstance knownknown asas ParyayParyay oror Modification/FormsModification/Forms ParyayarthikParyayarthik NayaNaya DravyaDravya -- WhileWhile goinggoing throughthrough continuouscontinuous changes,changes, certaincertain qualitiesqualities ofof aa substancesubstance remainsremains unchangedunchanged whichwhich areare thethe PermanentPermanent CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof aa substancesubstance knownknown asas DravyaDravya // DravyarthikDravyarthik NayaNaya DravyaDravya andand ParyayParyay areare inseparable.inseparable. SoulSoul -- LivingLiving BeingBeing

EveryEvery SoulSoul isis IndividualIndividual andand EternalEternal TwoTwo TypesTypes FreeFree oror LiberatedLiberated SoulSoul SamsariSamsari oror WorldlyWorldly SoulSoul FreeFree oror LiberatedLiberated SoulSoul FreeFree fromfrom allall KarmasKarmas KnownKnown asas SiddhaSiddha oror GodGod PossessesPossesses InfiniteInfinite (Perfect)(Perfect) Knowledge,Knowledge, Vision,Vision, Power,Power, BlissBliss HasHas NoNo PhysicalPhysical BodyBody FreeFree fromfrom CycleCycle ofof BirthBirth andand DeathDeath FreeFree fromfrom PainPain andand PleasurePleasure InfiniteInfinite numbernumber LivesLives inin MokshaMoksha WorldlyWorldly (Samsari)(Samsari) SoulSoul

Covered with Karma (Matter) Doer of all (Actions) Recipient of Fruits of Karmas Feels Pain and Pleasure Possesses Limited Knowledge, Vision, Power, Bliss Possesses Physical Body (Matter) Possesses one or more Sense Organs Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, Hearing Wonders in a Cycle of Birth and Death Contraction and Expansion Infinite Number Capable of becoming Free/Liberated WorldlyWorldly SoulsSouls (Continued)(Continued) PossessesPossesses OneOne toto FiveFive sensessenses Touch,Touch, Taste,Taste, Smell,Smell, Sight,Sight, HearingHearing OneOne SenseSense -- EkendriaEkendria EarthEarth asas bodybody -- PrithvikayaPrithvikaya WaterWater asas bodybody -- ApakayaApakaya FireFire asas bodybody -- AgnikayaAgnikaya AirAir asas bodybody -- VayukayaVayukaya PlantPlant asas bodybody -- VanaspatikayaVanaspatikaya WorldlyWorldly SoulsSouls (Continued)(Continued)

TwoTwo sensessenses -- BeindriyaBeindriya worms,worms, leechesleeches ThreeThree sensessenses -- TreindriyaTreindriya ants,ants, licelice FourFour sensessenses -- ChauindriyaChauindriya flies,flies, beesbees FiveFive sensessenses -- PanchandriyaPanchandriya animals,animals, birds,birds, human,human, heavenly,heavenly, hellishhellish etc.etc. JainJain GodsGods LiberatedLiberated HumanHuman beingbeing becomesbecomes GodGod

Jain God Liberated Soul

Siddha Liberated Soul Realized Soul (Keval_Jnan) Pure Conciousness (No Physical Body) Living Human Being

Tirthankar Simple Kevalin Establishes Remains in Meditative State JainJain GodsGods (Continued)(Continued) HumanHuman beingbeing afterafter attainingattaining Keval_jnanKeval_jnan knownknown asas ArihantArihant ArihantArihant PerfectPerfect HumanHuman BeingBeing PerfectPerfect Knowledge,Knowledge, Faith,Faith, ConductConduct IfIf ArihantArihant establishesestablishes religionreligion isis knownknown asas TirthankaraTirthankara :Tirthankara: FounderFounder ofof FourfoldFourfold orderorder ofof religionreligion Monks,Monks, Nuns,Nuns, Laymen,Laymen, LaywomenLaywomen JainJain GodsGods (Continued)(Continued) VariousVarious namesnames ofof Arihants:Arihants: ,Arhat, Jina,Jina, Nirgrantha,Nirgrantha, TirthankaraTirthankara Arihant:Arihant: OneOne whowho hashas destroyeddestroyed hishis innerinner enemiesenemies suchsuch asas Greed,Greed, Anger,Anger, Desire,Desire, andand HatredHatred Arhat:Arhat: OneOne whowho isis worthyworthy ofof worshipworship byby IndraIndra (god)(god) Jina:Jina: OneOne whowho hashas conqueredconquered his,his, innerinner passionspassions suchsuch asas DesireDesire andand HatredHatred Nirgrantha:Nirgrantha: AA religionreligion ofof OneOne whowho hashas gottengotten ridrid ofof allall KnotsKnots ofof relationshipsrelationships andand possessionspossessions JainJain GodsGods (Continued)(Continued)

AllAll ArihantasArihantas afterafter deathdeath becomebecome SiddhasSiddhas SiddhaSiddha LiberatedLiberated SoulsSouls PurePure ConsciousnessConsciousness SoulSoul withoutwithout KarmaKarma oror bodybody BlissfulBlissful StateState PerfectPerfect Knowledge,Knowledge, Vision,Vision, PowerPower KnowerKnower andand ObserverObserver LivesLives atat thethe TopTop ofof LokakasLokakas MatterMatter (Pudgal)(Pudgal) Non-livingNon-living SubstanceSubstance NoNo Consciousness,Consciousness, NoNo KnowledgeKnowledge InfiniteInfinite NumberNumber PossessesPossesses BodyBody PossessesPossesses SensesSenses Touch,Touch, Taste,Taste, Smell,Smell, Sight,Sight, andand HearingHearing ColorColor OccupiesOccupies SpaceSpace ,Skandha, Skandha-desa,Skandha-desa, Skandha-pradesa,Skandha-pradesa, ParamanuParamanu (Atom)(Atom) EightEight VarganasVarganas (Matters)(Matters)

Audaric Vargana Physical body Tejas Vargana Tejas body - heat, digestion Aharak Vargana Aharak body - small in size Vaikriya Vargana Vaikriya body - small or large Karman Vargana Karmic or Causal body Breathing Vargana Provides breathing Mind Vargana Provides mind for thinking Speech Vargana Provides speech FiveFive BodiesBodies

AudaricAudaric bodybody TTejasejas bodybody AaharacAaharac bodybody VaikriyaVaikriya bodybody CasualCasual oror KarmicKarmic bodybody KarmaKarma

KarmaKarma isis aa mattermatter (Pudgal)(Pudgal) VeryVery finefine particlesparticles CanCan notnot bebe seen/feel/verifiedseen/feel/verified EntireEntire UniverseUniverse isis filledfilled withwith KarmaKarma ParticlesParticles PrinciplePrinciple ofof MotionMotion (Dharma)(Dharma)

Non-livingNon-living SubstanceSubstance NoNo ConsciousnessConsciousness OneOne andand WholeWhole HelpsHelps -- MotionMotion ofof Soul/MatterSoul/Matter NoNo Senses,Senses, Color,Color, andand Body.Body. ExistExist inin Lokakas.Lokakas. PrinciplePrinciple ofof RestRest ()(Adharma)

Non-livingNon-living SubstanceSubstance NoNo ConsciousnessConsciousness OneOne andand WholeWhole HelpsHelps -- toto RestRest SoulSoul andand MatterMatter HasHas nono Senses,Senses, Color,Color, andand BodyBody ExistExist inin LokakasLokakas SpaceSpace (Akasa)(Akasa) SpaceSpace (Akasa)(Akasa) Non-livingNon-living SubstanceSubstance NoNo ConsciousnessConsciousness EverywhereEverywhere (infinite)(infinite) OneOne andand WholeWhole SelfSelf SupportedSupported ProvidesProvides spacespace toto AllAll EntitiesEntities Soul,Soul, Matter,Matter, Dharma,Dharma, Adharma,Adharma, andand TimeTime NoNo Form,Form, Color,Color, Touch,Touch, Taste,Taste, Smell,Smell, Sight,Sight, HearHear LokakasLokakas -- DharmaDharma /Adharma/Adharma ExistExist AlokakasAlokakas -- InfiniteInfinite EmptyEmpty SpaceSpace TimeTime (Kaal)(Kaal)

OneOne ViewView -- ImaginaryImaginary thingthing NoNo realreal existenceexistence AnotherAnother viewview -- RealReal existenceexistence InnumerableInnumerable timetime atomsatoms MeasuresMeasures changeschanges ofof SoulSoul andand MatterMatter NotNot aa causecause ofof changeschanges TimeTime (Samaya)(Samaya) SmallestSmallest indivisibleindivisible portionportion ofof TimeTime isis calledcalled oneone SamayaSamaya Innumerable Samayas = One Avali 256 Avali = One Kshullak_bhav Approximately 17.5 Kshulak_bhav = One Breath (inhale + exhale) 3773 Breaths = One Muhurat (48 minutes) 16,777,216 Avalis = One Muhurat 2 Ghadi = One Muhurat One Muhurat = 48 minutes 30 Muhurats = One Day 15 Days = One Fortnight 2 Fortnights = One Month TimeTime (Samaya)(Samaya) Continued..Continued..

12 Months = One Year 5 Years = One Yuga 8,400,000 x 8,400,000 years = One Purva (70,560,000,000,000 Years) Innumerable Years = One Palyopama* 10 x 10,000,000 x 10,000,000 Palyopamas = One Sagaropama 20 x 10,000,000 x 10,000,000 Sagaropams = One Time Cycle *One Palyopama The time required to empty Sixty Four cubic Gau (512 cubic miles) deep well completely filled with hairs of a seven day old newly born baby and one hair is removed every 100 years. TimeTime CycleCycle

Time Cycle Kal 20 x 10,000,000 x 10,000,000 Sagaropams

Avasarpini (Declinig Era) Utasarpini (Rising Era) 10 x 10,000,000 x 10,000,000 Sagaropams 10 x 10,000,000 x 10,000,000 Sagaropams from Happiness to Miserable from Miserable to Happiness

Time is a continuous Cycle of Decline and Rise Era

Declining Era (Avasarpini) Time Cycle Human , Natural conditions decline over time

Rising Era (Utsarpini) Time Cycle Human virtues, Natural conditions improve over time TimeTime CycleCycle (continued)(continued)

Six parts of Declining Era (Avasarpini) Time Cycle 1. Happy_happy 4 x 10E14 Sagaropams 2. Happy 3 x 10E14 Sagaropams 3. Happy_unhappy 2 x 10E14 Sagaropams 4. Unhappy_happy 1 x 10E14 Sagaropams - 42000 years 5. Unhappy 21000 years (present time 2500years) 6. Unhappy_unhappy 21000 years Six parts of Rising Era (Utsarpini) Time Cycle 1. Unhappy_unhappy 21000 years 2. Unhappy 21000 years 3. Unhappy_happy 1 x 10E14 Sagaropams - 42000 years 4. Happy_unhappy 2 x 10E14 Sagaropams 5. Happy 3 x 10E14 Sagaropams 6. Happy_happy 4 x 10E14 Sagaropams NineNine TattvasTattvas (Principles)(Principles) TheThe RelationshipRelationship betweenbetween SoulSoul andand KarmasKarmas areare defineddefined inin NineNine PrinciplesPrinciples knownknown asas NineNine TattvasTattvas JivaJiva SoulSoul (Consciousness)(Consciousness) AjivaAjiva Non-livingNon-living substancessubstances AsravaAsrava InfluxInflux ofof KarmaKarma BandhBandh BondageBondage ofof KarmaKarma PunyaPunya VirtueVirtue PapaPapa SinSin SamvaraSamvara StoppageStoppage ofof KarmaKarma NirjaraNirjara ExhaustionExhaustion ofof KarmaKarma MokshaMoksha LiberationLiberation AsravaAsrava -- InfluxInflux ofof KarmaKarma

MithyatvaMithyatva WrongWrong belief,belief, IgnoranceIgnorance AviratiAvirati Vowlessness,Vowlessness, LackLack ofof selfself restraintrestraint PramadPramad Carelessness,Carelessness, UnawarenessUnawareness oror UnmindfulnessUnmindfulness KashayKashay PassionsPassions (anger,(anger, ego,ego, deceit,deceit, andand greed)greed) YogaYoga ActivitiesActivities ofof mind,mind, speech,speech, andand bodybody BandhBandh -- BondageBondage ofof KarmaKarma PrakritiPrakriti BandhBandh TypesTypes ofof KarmaKarma (Eight(Eight Categories)Categories) SthitiSthiti BandhBandh DurationDuration ofof KarmaKarma AnubhavaAnubhava BandhBandh oror RasaRasa BandhBandh IntensityIntensity ofof KarmaKarma PradesaPradesa BandhBandh QuantityQuantity ofof KarmaKarma PrakritiPrakriti BandhBandh (Types(Types ofof Karma)Karma)

GhatiGhati KarmaKarma (Four)(Four) ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's naturalnatural qualityquality AghatiAghati KarmaKarma (Four)(Four) ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's non-physicalnon-physical qualityquality GhatiGhati KarmaKarma

JnanavaraniyaJnanavaraniya ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's facultyfaculty ofof knowledgeknowledge DarsanavarniyaDarsanavarniya ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's facultyfaculty ofof intuitiveintuitive visionvision MohniyaMohniya ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's naturalnatural statestate ofof non-attachmentnon-attachment AntarayaAntaraya ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's infiniteinfinite powerpower AghatiAghati KarmaKarma VedniyaVedniya ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's infiniteinfinite spiritualspiritual happinesshappiness notnot dependentdependent onon body,body, senses,senses, andand otherother externalexternal objectsobjects NamaNama ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's nonphysicalnonphysical naturenature GotraGotra ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's equanimityequanimity qualityquality AayuAayu ObscuresObscures soul'ssoul's immortalityimmortality SamvaraSamvara -- StoppageStoppage ofof KarmaKarma

RightRight beliefbelief ObservanceObservance ofof vowsvows AwarenessAwareness PassionlessnessPassionlessness PeacefulnessPeacefulness ofof vibratingvibrating activitiesactivities 5757 WaysWays toto StopStop thethe InfluxInflux ofof KarmaKarma

55 SamitiSamiti CarefulnessCarefulness 33 GuptiGupti PreservationPreservation 1010 YatiYati DharmaDharma ObservancesObservances 1212 BhavnaBhavna ReflectionsReflections 2222 ParishahaParishaha SubduingSubduing ofof SufferingsSufferings 55 CharitraCharitra ConductsConducts FiveFive SamitisSamitis -- CarefulnessCarefulness SamitisSamitis purifypurify thethe actionsactions

IryaIrya SamitiSamiti ProperProper carecare inin walkingwalking BhashaBhasha SamitiSamiti ProperProper carecare inin speakingspeaking EshnaEshna SamitiSamiti ProperProper carecare inin beggingbegging AdanaAdana NikshepaNikshepa SamitiSamiti ProperProper carecare inin takingtaking andand keepingkeeping UtsargaUtsarga SamitiSamiti ProperProper carecare inin disposingdisposing wastewaste ThreeThree GuptisGuptis -- PreservationsPreservations GuptisGuptis prohibitsprohibits sinfulsinful activitiesactivities

ManoMano GuptiGupti ProperProper controlcontrol overover MindMind VachanVachan GuptiGupti ProperProper controlcontrol overover SpeechSpeech KayaKaya GuptiGupti ProperProper controlcontrol overover BodyBody TTenen VirtuesVirtues ofof ReligionReligion

KshamaKshama Forbearance,Forbearance, ForgivenessForgiveness MardavaMardava Modesty,Modesty, HumilityHumility AarjavaAarjava Straightforwardness,Straightforwardness, CandorCandor SauchaSaucha ContentmentContentment SatyaSatya TruthfulnessTruthfulness TTenen VirtuesVirtues ofof ReligionReligion (Continued)(Continued)

SaiyamSaiyam Self-restraint,Self-restraint, ControlControl ofof SensesSenses TapaTapa Austerity,Austerity, PenancePenance TyagaTyaga RenunciationRenunciation AkinchanyaAkinchanya Non-attachmentNon-attachment BrahmacharyaBrahmacharya Celibacy,Celibacy, ChastityChastity 1212 BhavnaBhavna (Anupreksa)(Anupreksa) ReflectionsReflections oror ThoughtsThoughts

Anitya Bhavna of the world Asarana Bhavna No one provides protection Samsara Bhavna No permanent relationship in universe Ekatva Bhavna Solitude of the soul Anyatva Bhavna Separateness Asuchi Bhavna Impureness of the body 1212 BhavnaBhavna (Continued)(Continued) ReflectionsReflections oror ThoughtsThoughts

Asrava Bhavna Influx of karma Bhavna Stoppage of influx of karma Bhavna Shedding of karma Loka Bhavna Transitory of universe Bodhi-durlabha Bhavna Unattainability of right faith, knowledge, and conduct Dharma Bhavna Unattainability of true preceptor, scriptures, and religion UniversalUniversal FriendshipFriendship BhavnaBhavna

MaitriMaitri AmityAmity PramodaPramoda AppreciationAppreciation KarunaKaruna CompassionCompassion MadhyasthaMadhyastha EquanimityEquanimity NirjaraNirjara -- ExhaustionExhaustion ofof KarmaKarma ExhaustionExhaustion ofof karmakarma alreadyalready acquiredacquired TheThe karmakarma exhaustexhaust themselvesthemselves byby producingproducing theirtheir resultsresults whenwhen itit isis timetime forfor themthem toto dodo so.so. HoweverHowever atat thatthat time,time, newnew karmakarma beginbegin toto pourpour in.in. HenceHence itit becomesbecomes difficultdifficult toto bebe freefree ofof Karma.Karma. Therefore,Therefore, oneone shouldshould destroydestroy thethe KarmaKarma beforebefore theythey produceproduce thethe result.result. ThisThis isis calledcalled Nirjara.Nirjara. NirjaraNirjara isis donedone byby rigorousrigorous penance.penance. TwoTwo typestypes ofof NirjaraNirjara oror PenancePenance

ExternalExternal Penance:Penance: RelatesRelates toto PhysicalPhysical BodyBody InternalInternal Penance:Penance: RelatesRelates toto ThoughtThought ProcessProcess ExternalExternal PenancePenance (Nirjara)(Nirjara) Anasan Complete abstinence of eating and drinking Alpahara or Unodari Reduced quantity of food one normally eats Ichhanirodha or Vrttisamksepa Control of desire for food and material things Rasatyaga Give up stimulating or tasty food honey, alcohol, butter, milk, tea, sweets, juice etc. Samlinata Stay in lonely places free from all disturbances Kayaklesa Place one's body under stress through cold and heat InternalInternal PenancePenance (Nirjara)(Nirjara) Prayaschita Repent and atone for the sinful acts Respect and Honor teachers, elders Vaiyavrata Selfless service towards teachers, elders, sick people Svadhyaya Study of Religion for Spiritual development Non-attachment to the body Give up all egoistic thoughts Dhyana Religious meditation MokshaMoksha -- LiberationLiberation

UltimateUltimate andand OnlyOnly goalgoal ofof humanhuman lifelife WhatWhat isis Liberation?Liberation? ManifestationManifestation ofof Soul'sSoul's PurePure NatureNature PerfectPerfect Knowledge,Knowledge, Vision,Vision, Power,Power, EnergyEnergy FreedomFreedom fromfrom karmakarma FreedomFreedom fromfrom birth,birth, oldold age,age, death,death, diseasesdiseases FreedomFreedom fromfrom body,body, breathing,breathing, andand mindmind LiveLive inin eternaleternal blissbliss ProcessProcess ofof BondageBondage

BondageBondage ofof KarmaKarma toto SoulSoul TheThe ProcessProcess TheThe RelationshipRelationship CauseCause andand EffectEffect TTerminologyerminology toto UnderstandUnderstand

FreeFree KarmaKarma ParticlesParticles BondedBonded KarmaKarma ParticlesParticles (Karma)(Karma) DravyaDravya andand ParyayParyay NimittaNimitta andand UpadanUpadan TTerminologyerminology toto UnderstandUnderstand (Continued)

KarmaKarma WhenWhen thethe freefree KarmaKarma particlesparticles bindsbinds toto aa SoulSoul isis knownknown asas bondedbonded KarmaKarma oror KarmaKarma DravyaDravya andand ParyayParyay -- EachEach substancesubstance continuouslycontinuously modifiesmodifies itsits formform (Paryay),(Paryay), whilewhile itsits certaincertain qualitiesqualities remainsremains unchangedunchanged (Dravya).(Dravya). DravyaDravya andand ParyayParyay areare inseparable.inseparable. e.g.e.g. BengalBengal isis aa Paryay,Paryay, GoldGold isis aa DravyaDravya TTerminologyerminology toto UnderstandUnderstand (Continued)(Continued)

UpadanUpadan -- AA realreal causecause ofof aa ResultResult UpadanUpadan isis OneOne andand OnlyOnly OneOne inin anyany givengiven process,process, result,result, oror activityactivity NimittaNimitta -- AnAn apparentapparent causecause ofof aa ResultResult oror AA catalyticcatalytic agentagent (helper)(helper) ofof aa ResultResult OneOne oror MoreMore NimittaNimitta inin anyany givengiven processprocess PotPot makingmaking processprocess UpadanUpadan -- ClayClay NimittaNimitta -- Potmaker,Potmaker, Fire,Fire, Water,Water, MachineMachine BondageBondage andand RemovalRemoval ProcessProcess

CaseCase II PersonPerson AA sayssays badbad wordword toto personperson BB PersonPerson BB getsgets AngryAngry CaseCase IIII PersonPerson AA sayssays badbad wordword toto personperson BB inin thethe morningmorning PersonPerson BB doesdoes notnot getget AngryAngry PersonPerson AA sayssays badbad wordword toto personperson BB inin thethe eveningevening PersonPerson BB getsgets AngryAngry BondageBondage andand RemovalRemoval ProcessProcess (Continued)

CaseCase IIIIII PersonPerson AA sayssays badbad wordword toto personperson BB alonealone PersonPerson BB doesdoes notnot getget AngryAngry PersonPerson AA sayssays badbad wordword toto personperson BB inin presencepresence ofof CC PersonPerson BB getsgets AngryAngry CaseCase IVIV PersonPerson AA sayssays badbad wordword toto personperson BB PersonPerson BB doesdoes notnot getget AngryAngry PersonPerson CC sayssays samesame badbad wordword toto personperson BB PersonPerson BB getsgets AngryAngry ProcessProcess ofof SeparationSeparation andand BondageBondage WhenWhen B'sB's pastpast KarmaKarma (anger)(anger) isis readyready toto produceproduce thethe result,result, BB lookslooks forfor thethe reasonreason andand findsfinds AA sayingsaying badbad word.word. AtAt thatthat timetime OldOld KarmaKarma separatesseparates fromfrom thethe SoulSoul andand BB getsgets Angry.Angry. NewNew KarmaKarma bindbind toto B'sB's SoulSoul ProcessProcess ForFor B'sB's AngerAnger ExternalExternal NimittaNimitta -Bad-Bad wordword ofof AA InternalInternal NimittaNimitta -Maturity-Maturity ofof oldold KarmaKarma ofof BB UpadanUpadan -Person-Person BB (Soul)(Soul) ProcessProcess ofof SeperationSeperation andand BondageBondage (Continued)(Continued) ForFor thethe separationseparation ofof OldOld KarmaKarma fromfrom B'sB's SoulSoul NimittaNimitta -- TimeTime (Maturity(Maturity ofof OldOld Karma),Karma), AA sayingsaying badbad wordword UpadanUpadan -- KarmaKarma ForFor thethe BondageBondage ofof NewNew KarmaKarma toto B'sB's SoulSoul NimittaNimitta -- PersonPerson B'sB's AngerAnger UpadanUpadan -- FreeFree KarmaKarma particleparticle ProcessProcess ofof SeperationSeperation andand BondageBondage (Continued)(Continued) SummarySummary OldOld KarmaKarma isis NimittaNimitta forfor B'sB's angeranger RealReal causecause (Upadan)(Upadan) ofof B'sB's angeranger isis B'sB's SoulSoul (himself)(himself) IfIf BB remainsremains quietquiet oror undisturbed,undisturbed, nono freefree KarmaKarma particleparticle willwill convertconvert intointo bondedbonded Karma.Karma. B'sB's ownown efforteffort (understanding)(understanding) cancan onlyonly minimizeminimize oror eliminateeliminate hishis angeranger ApplicationApplication ofof KarmaKarma PhilosophyPhilosophy inin OurOur DailyDaily LifeLife ExampleExample PersonsPersons XX andand YY areare involvedinvolved inin aa carcar accidentaccident PersonPerson XX waswas atat faultfault PersonPerson YY gotgot hurthurt PersonPerson ZZ witnessedwitnessed thethe accidentaccident ReflectionReflection ofof PersonPerson XX 1.1. ItIt waswas Y'sY's badbad karmakarma thatthat hehe gotgot hurt.hurt. II waswas justjust thethe Nimitta.Nimitta. oror 2.2. II waswas notnot drivingdriving carefully.carefully. BecauseBecause ofof mymy negligencenegligence YY gotgot hurt.hurt. ApplicationApplication ofof KarmaKarma PhilosophyPhilosophy inin OurOur DailyDaily LifeLife (Continued)(Continued) ReflectionReflection ofof PersonPerson YY 1.1. ItIt waswas thethe faultfault ofof X.X. IfIf hehe wouldwould havehave beenbeen carefulcareful II wouldwould notnot getget hurt.hurt. oror 2.2. ItIt waswas mymy badbad karmakarma thatthat II gotgot hurt.hurt. PersonPerson XX waswas justjust Nimitta.Nimitta. ReflectionReflection ofof PersonPerson ZZ 1.1. YY gotgot hurthurt becausebecause ofof hishis badbad karma.karma. LetLet himhim completecomplete thethe sufferingsuffering soso thatthat hishis karmakarma getget exhausted.exhausted. oror 2.2. YY isis hurthurt andand II shouldshould trytry mymy bestbest toto helphelp himhim immediately.immediately. ProperProper reflectionreflection forfor X,X, Y,Y, andand ZZ isis 2.2. SummarySummary DuringDuring IgnoranceIgnorance statestate aa personperson isis controlledcontrolled byby Nimitta.Nimitta. HenceHence PersonPerson shouldshould bebe surroundedsurrounded byby properproper environmentenvironment (Religious(Religious study,study, Svadhyaya,Svadhyaya, TempleTemple going,going, GoodGood friends,friends, ScholarScholar visitationvisitation etc..)etc..) AsAs SpiritualSpiritual progressprogress occursoccurs thethe effecteffect ofof NimittaNimitta reduces,reduces, andand powerpower ofof UpadanUpadan increasesincreases SummarySummary (Continued)(Continued)

ForFor totallytotally realizedrealized personperson (Kevali)(Kevali) NimittaNimitta hashas nono effect.effect. HeHe isis aa LiberatedLiberated person.person. OurOur intentionintention behindbehind ourour actionsactions ofof body,body, mind,mind, andand speechspeech bindbind usus withwith Karma.Karma. KarmaKarma philosophyphilosophy appliesapplies toto ourselves,ourselves, CompassionCompassion appliesapplies toto othersothers JainJain ReligionReligion FeaturesFeatures GodGod isis notnot aa Creator,Creator, PreserverPreserver oror DestroyerDestroyer ofof thethe UniverseUniverse (not(not aa dynamicdynamic God).God). GodGod isis allall KnowerKnower andand ObserverObserver (Static(Static God)God) EveryEvery livingliving beingbeing hashas aa potentialpotential toto becomebecome GodGod PathPath ofof liberationliberation isis toto followfollow rightright perception,perception, rightright knowledge,knowledge, andand rightright conduct.conduct. ProperProper knowledgeknowledge ofof thethe sixsix substancessubstances andand seven/nineseven/nine fundamentalfundamental truthstruths ((),Tattvas), areare essentialessential forfor rightright perception,perception, knowledgeknowledge andand conduct.conduct. SelfSelf purification,purification, penance,penance, austerity,austerity, andand meditationmeditation areare essentialessential forfor rightright conduct.conduct. JainJain ReligionReligion FeaturesFeatures (continued)(continued) ConquerConquer youryour desiredesire byby youryour ownown efforteffort toto attainattain liberation.liberation. NonviolenceNonviolence isis thethe highesthighest religionreligion toto bebe followedfollowed inin action,action, thought,thought, andand speech.speech. OneOne mustmust ceasecease injuringinjuring sentientsentient creatures,creatures, largelarge andand small.small. OurOur intentionintention behindbehind ourour actionsactions ofof body,body, mind,mind, andand speechspeech bindbind usus withwith Karma.Karma. KarmaKarma philosophyphilosophy appliesapplies toto ourselves,ourselves, CompassionCompassion appliesapplies toto othersothers SacredSacred scripturesscriptures guideguide moralmoral andand spiritualspiritual lifelife toto ultimatelyultimately attainattain liberation.liberation. SpiritualSpiritual lineagelineage ofof thethe twentytwenty fourfour TirthankarasTirthankaras