FundamentalsFundamentals ofof JainismJainism PravinPravin K.K. ShahShah Jain Study Center of North Carolina (Raleigh) 401 Farmstead Drive, Cary NC 27511-5631 919-469-0956 and fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.jainism.org JainJain BeliefsBeliefs FundamentalFundamental BeliefsBeliefs ofof JainismJainism TheThe SoulSoul isis boundedbounded byby KarmaKarma fromfrom thethe BeginningBeginning ofof TimeTime TheThe PrinciplesPrinciples governinggoverning thethe successionssuccessions ofof lifelife cyclescycles (Birth,(Birth, Life,Life, andand Death)Death) isis Karma.Karma. OurOur intentionintention behindbehind ourour actionsactions ofof body,body, mind,mind, andand speechspeech bindbind usus withwith Karma.Karma. UltimateUltimate goalgoal ofof lifelife isis eternaleternal releaserelease fromfrom Karma.Karma. AimAim ofof JainismJainism ToTo attainattain FreedomFreedom ofof SoulSoul byby FreeingFreeing itit fromfrom itsits bondagebondage toto Karma.Karma. QuestionsQuestions What is Soul? What is Karma? What are their Qualities? What is Bondage? What is Freedom? How is the Soul bounded by Karma? How can one obtain Freedom of the Soul? Answer requires the proper knowledge of the Universe and its substances particularly Soul and Karma and their relationship.relationship. JainJain ReligionReligion TheThe TrueTrue naturenature ofof aa substancesubstance isis aa religionreligion AnyAny activitiesactivities ofof Body,Body, MindMind andand SpeechSpeech whichwhich reducesreduces KashayKashay (Anger,(Anger, Greed,Greed, Ego,Ego, Lust,Lust, etc.)etc.) withinwithin ourselvesourselves isis aa religiousreligious activity.activity. MoralityMorality vs.vs. ReligionReligion Individual Person Following Not Following Law and Order Law and Order Moral Immoral Religious Non-religious MoralityMorality vs.vs. ReligionReligion (Continued)(Continued) JainJain MoralityMorality (Vyavahara(Vyavahara Dharma)Dharma) ConductConduct inin accordanceaccordance withwith thethe rulesrules prescribedprescribed byby ArihantsArihants andand accompaniedaccompanied alwaysalways byby compassion,compassion, love,love, sympathysympathy etc.,etc., otherwiseotherwise thethe practicepractice isis meremere hypocrisy.hypocrisy. JainJain ReligionReligion (Nischaya(Nischaya Dharma)Dharma) PurityPurity ofof soulsoul whichwhich resultsresults fromfrom thethe aboveabove actionaction (dirt(dirt ofof karmakarma disappears)disappears) UniverseUniverse andand itsits SubstancesSubstances UniverseUniverse isis made-upmade-up ofof sixsix eternaleternal andand independentindependent substances:substances: SixSix UniversalUniversal SubstancesSubstances (Entity/Dravya)(Entity/Dravya) JivaJiva SoulSoul oror LivingLiving beingbeing PudgalPudgal MatterMatter DharmaDharma PrinciplePrinciple ofof MotionMotion AdharmaAdharma PrinciplePrinciple ofof RestRest AkasaAkasa SpaceSpace KaalKaal TimeTime CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof aa SubstanceSubstance UtpadaUtpada OriginationOrigination VyayaVyaya DestructionDestruction DhrauvyaDhrauvya PermanencePermanence UniverseUniverse andand itsits SubstancesSubstances ParyayParyay -- EveryEvery substancesubstance continuouslycontinuously goinggoing throughthrough OriginationOrigination andand DestructionDestruction whichwhich areare thethe TransientTransient CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof aa SubstanceSubstance knownknown asas ParyayParyay oror Modification/FormsModification/Forms ParyayarthikParyayarthik NayaNaya DravyaDravya -- WhileWhile goinggoing throughthrough continuouscontinuous changes,changes, certaincertain qualitiesqualities ofof aa substancesubstance remainsremains unchangedunchanged whichwhich areare thethe PermanentPermanent CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof aa substancesubstance knownknown asas DravyaDravya // DravyarthikDravyarthik NayaNaya DravyaDravya andand ParyayParyay areare inseparable.inseparable. SoulSoul -- LivingLiving BeingBeing EveryEvery SoulSoul isis IndividualIndividual andand EternalEternal TwoTwo TypesTypes FreeFree oror LiberatedLiberated SoulSoul SamsariSamsari oror WorldlyWorldly SoulSoul FreeFree oror LiberatedLiberated SoulSoul FreeFree fromfrom allall KarmasKarmas KnownKnown asas SiddhaSiddha oror GodGod PossessesPossesses InfiniteInfinite (Perfect)(Perfect) Knowledge,Knowledge, Vision,Vision, Power,Power, BlissBliss HasHas NoNo PhysicalPhysical BodyBody FreeFree fromfrom CycleCycle ofof BirthBirth andand DeathDeath FreeFree fromfrom PainPain andand PleasurePleasure InfiniteInfinite numbernumber LivesLives inin MokshaMoksha WorldlyWorldly (Samsari)(Samsari) SoulSoul Covered with Karma (Matter) Doer of all Karmas (Actions) Recipient of Fruits of Karmas Feels Pain and Pleasure Possesses Limited Knowledge, Vision, Power, Bliss Possesses Physical Body (Matter) Possesses one or more Sense Organs Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, Hearing Wonders in a Cycle of Birth and Death Contraction and Expansion Infinite Number Capable of becoming Free/Liberated WorldlyWorldly SoulsSouls (Continued)(Continued) PossessesPossesses OneOne toto FiveFive sensessenses Touch,Touch, Taste,Taste, Smell,Smell, Sight,Sight, HearingHearing OneOne SenseSense -- EkendriaEkendria EarthEarth asas bodybody -- PrithvikayaPrithvikaya WaterWater asas bodybody -- ApakayaApakaya FireFire asas bodybody -- AgnikayaAgnikaya AirAir asas bodybody -- VayukayaVayukaya PlantPlant asas bodybody -- VanaspatikayaVanaspatikaya WorldlyWorldly SoulsSouls (Continued)(Continued) TwoTwo sensessenses -- BeindriyaBeindriya worms,worms, leechesleeches ThreeThree sensessenses -- TreindriyaTreindriya ants,ants, licelice FourFour sensessenses -- ChauindriyaChauindriya flies,flies, beesbees FiveFive sensessenses -- PanchandriyaPanchandriya animals,animals, birds,birds, human,human, heavenly,heavenly, hellishhellish etc.etc. JainJain GodsGods LiberatedLiberated HumanHuman beingbeing becomesbecomes GodGod Jain God Liberated Soul Siddha Arihant Liberated Soul Realized Soul (Keval_Jnan) Pure Conciousness (No Physical Body) Living Human Being Tirthankar Simple Kevalin Establishes Religion Remains in Meditative State JainJain GodsGods (Continued)(Continued) HumanHuman beingbeing afterafter attainingattaining Keval_jnanKeval_jnan knownknown asas ArihantArihant ArihantArihant PerfectPerfect HumanHuman BeingBeing PerfectPerfect Knowledge,Knowledge, Faith,Faith, ConductConduct IfIf ArihantArihant establishesestablishes religionreligion isis knownknown asas TirthankaraTirthankara Tirthankara:Tirthankara: FounderFounder ofof FourfoldFourfold orderorder ofof religionreligion Monks,Monks, Nuns,Nuns, Laymen,Laymen, LaywomenLaywomen JainJain GodsGods (Continued)(Continued) VariousVarious namesnames ofof Arihants:Arihants: Arhat,Arhat, Jina,Jina, Nirgrantha,Nirgrantha, TirthankaraTirthankara Arihant:Arihant: OneOne whowho hashas destroyeddestroyed hishis innerinner enemiesenemies suchsuch asas Greed,Greed, Anger,Anger, Desire,Desire, andand HatredHatred Arhat:Arhat: OneOne whowho isis worthyworthy ofof worshipworship byby IndraIndra (god)(god) Jina:Jina: OneOne whowho hashas conqueredconquered his,his, innerinner passionspassions suchsuch asas DesireDesire andand HatredHatred Nirgrantha:Nirgrantha: AA religionreligion ofof OneOne whowho hashas gottengotten ridrid ofof allall KnotsKnots ofof relationshipsrelationships andand possessionspossessions JainJain GodsGods (Continued)(Continued) AllAll ArihantasArihantas afterafter deathdeath becomebecome SiddhasSiddhas SiddhaSiddha LiberatedLiberated SoulsSouls PurePure ConsciousnessConsciousness SoulSoul withoutwithout KarmaKarma oror bodybody BlissfulBlissful StateState PerfectPerfect Knowledge,Knowledge, Vision,Vision, PowerPower KnowerKnower andand ObserverObserver LivesLives atat thethe TopTop ofof LokakasLokakas MatterMatter (Pudgal)(Pudgal) Non-livingNon-living SubstanceSubstance NoNo Consciousness,Consciousness, NoNo KnowledgeKnowledge InfiniteInfinite NumberNumber PossessesPossesses BodyBody PossessesPossesses SensesSenses Touch,Touch, Taste,Taste, Smell,Smell, Sight,Sight, andand HearingHearing ColorColor OccupiesOccupies SpaceSpace Skandha,Skandha, Skandha-desa,Skandha-desa, Skandha-pradesa,Skandha-pradesa, ParamanuParamanu (Atom)(Atom) EightEight VarganasVarganas (Matters)(Matters) Audaric Vargana Physical body Tejas Vargana Tejas body - heat, digestion Aharak Vargana Aharak body - small in size Vaikriya Vargana Vaikriya body - small or large Karman Vargana Karmic or Causal body Breathing Vargana Provides breathing Mind Vargana Provides mind for thinking Speech Vargana Provides speech FiveFive BodiesBodies AudaricAudaric bodybody TTejasejas bodybody AaharacAaharac bodybody VaikriyaVaikriya bodybody CasualCasual oror KarmicKarmic bodybody KarmaKarma KarmaKarma isis aa mattermatter (Pudgal)(Pudgal) VeryVery finefine particlesparticles CanCan notnot bebe seen/feel/verifiedseen/feel/verified EntireEntire UniverseUniverse isis filledfilled withwith KarmaKarma ParticlesParticles PrinciplePrinciple ofof MotionMotion (Dharma)(Dharma) Non-livingNon-living SubstanceSubstance NoNo ConsciousnessConsciousness OneOne andand WholeWhole HelpsHelps -- MotionMotion ofof Soul/MatterSoul/Matter NoNo Senses,Senses, Color,Color, andand Body.Body. ExistExist inin Lokakas.Lokakas. PrinciplePrinciple ofof RestRest (Adharma)(Adharma) Non-livingNon-living SubstanceSubstance NoNo ConsciousnessConsciousness OneOne andand WholeWhole HelpsHelps -- toto RestRest SoulSoul andand MatterMatter HasHas nono Senses,Senses, Color,Color, andand BodyBody ExistExist inin LokakasLokakas SpaceSpace (Akasa)(Akasa) SpaceSpace (Akasa)(Akasa) Non-livingNon-living SubstanceSubstance