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Allium Odorum L. (Kucay) 17 Allium Sativum L

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Allium Odorum L. (Kucay) 17 Allium Sativum L DIPLOMARBEIT Javanese medicinal plants used in rural communities angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Pharmazie (Mag. pharm.) Verfasserin Emina Koller Matrikel-Nummer: 9803368 Studienrichtung (lt. Pharmazie Studienblatt): Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kubelka Wien, am 13.01.2009 Durchgeführt am Department für Pharmakognosie Universität Wien, 2008 Acknowledgements I hereby express my gratitude to Univ. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kubelka for the great support throughout the thesis, he always had an open ear for all questions and concerns. Furthermore, I thank my colleague Anna-Maria Köck for the very good exchange of valuable information and great tips. Cordially, I thank my husband, Manfred Koller for his understanding, support and backing during the entire study and a special thanks goes to my parents, who made it possible that I study pharmacy. Many thanks go to all my friends during that time. What I am, is because of you all! 2 Table of content Acknowledgements 2 Table of content 3 1 Introduction and Background 5 2 Monographs 7 2.1 Alliaceae 8 Allium cepa L. (Bawang Ganda, Bawang Beureum) 9 Allium odorum L. (Kucay) 17 Allium sativum L. (Bawang Bodas) 19 Allium tuberosum Rottler ex. Spreng (Kucay) 24 2.2 Anacardiaceae 27 Mangifera foetida Lour. (Limus) 29 2.3 Araceae 31 Alocasia macrorrhiza L. Schrott (Meuhmal) 33 Colocasia esculenta L. (Taleus hideung / sente) 35 2.4 Asphodelaceae 38 Aloe vera L. (Lidah buaya) 39 2.5 Bombacaceae 44 Eriodendron anfractuosum D.C. (Randu) 45 2.6 Brassicaceae 48 Raphanus sativus L. (Lobak putih) 49 2.7 Campanulaceae 51 Laurentia longiflora L. (Ki Korejat, Ki Caang) 53 2.8 Caricaceae 55 Carica papaya L. (Gedang) 56 2.9 Crassulaceae 61 Kalanchoe crenata Andrews (Buntiris) 62 2.10 Cucurbitaceae 66 Coccinia grandis MJ Roemer (Gambas Ipapasan) 67 Lagenaria leucantha Rusby (Kukuk) 69 Momordica charantia L. (Paria/pare) 72 Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (Labu siem) 79 2.11 Equisetaceae 82 Equisetum arvense L. (Tikal balung) 83 Equisetum debile Roxb. (Tikal balung) 90 2.12 Malvaceae 92 Sida rhombifolia L. (Sadagori) 93 2.13 Moraceae 95 Ficus edelfeltii King. (Ki Kunci) 96 2.14 Musaceae 97 Musa paradisiaca L. “Banana” (Cau) 98 2.15 Myrsinaceae 102 Ardisia fuliginosa Bl. (Ki Ajag) 103 3 2.16 Oxalidaceae 104 Averrhoa carambola L. (Belimbing) 105 2.17 Polygalaceae 111 Polygala glomerata Lour (Ki Tajam) 112 Polygala paniculata L. (Ki kumat) 114 Polygonum posumbu Buch. - Ham. (Baran) 118 2.18 Punicaceae 119 Punica granatum L. (Delima putih) 120 2.19 Rhizophoraceae 126 Rhizophora apiculata Bl. (Bako) 127 2.20 Ruscaceae 130 Pleomele angustifolia Roxb. (Suji) 131 2.21 Rutaceae 132 Citrus aurantifolia Swingle (Jeruk Nipis) 133 Citrus mitis Blanco (Limau) 137 2.22 Staphyleaceae 139 Turpinia Montana Kurz. (Karas Tulang) 140 2.23 Sterculiaceae 141 Sterculia rubiginosa Vent. (Hantap) 142 2.24 Tiliaceae 143 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. (Pungpurutan) 144 2.25 Zingiberaceae 146 Alpinia galanga Willd. (Laja) 147 Amomum cardamomum L. (Kapol) 151 Amomum coccineum Bl. (Tepus) 153 Amomum dealbatum Roxb. (Hangasa) 154 Costus speciosus Smith (Pacing) 155 Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. (Koneng Hideung) 158 Curcuma longa L. (Kunyit) 160 Curcuma purpurascens Bl. (Koneng tinggang) 164 Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (Koneng Gede) 165 Boesenbergia rotunda L. (Kunci) 169 Kaempferia galanga L. (Cikur) 172 Kaempferia rotunda L. (Kunir putih) 177 Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Panglay) 179 Zingiber odoriferum Bl. (Lampuyang) 183 Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Jahe) 184 Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Rosc. ex Smith (Tepus) 191 3 Conclusions and Summary 194 Common illnesses experienced by village, in groups 196 Medicinal plant species commonly known in Sirnarasa: 198 Medicinal plant species commonly known in Tanjungsari: 199 Medicinal plant species commonly known in both villages: 200 Comparison common Illnesses with most commonly known plants 201 4 Curriculum vitae 206 4 1 Introduction and Background The impulse for two master theses (“Javanese medicinal plants used in rural communities“ by Emina Koller and “Medicinal plants used in rural communities of Java“ by Anna-Maria Köck) was given by a project from INTRAMED (Integrating local knowledge on traditional medicine into rural health care system in Indonesia) which was supported by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Univ. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kubelka (Dept. of Pharmacognosy Univ. Vienna) took part in the project, starting fall 2006, finishing winter 2007, and went to Java in September 2006. The project was conducted among low-income households and health care staffs in two villages in West Java; Sirnarasa is a remote village and Tanjungsari in contrast is located in a sub-urban area. Figure: Map of World, Java and West Java In each village respondents were involved for interviews and wider participation during group discussions. The respondents consisted of male and female inhabitants from common village, local healers as well as official health care personnel. In both villages, lack of knowledge in medicinal plant preparation was identified. This research has demonstrated local availability and importance of medicinal plant knowledge in maintaining daily health status as well as the obstacles for its utilization in the existing rural health care system. Optimization of locally known medicinal plant use may provide an affordable 5 and accessible health care alternative for communities, which in long term contributes positively in poverty alleviation. INTRAMED documented all the medicinal plant species from both villages, and their use for treatment of more than 50 illnesses, from common cold to hypertension. Our work started with looking through the long list of collected plants, comprising appr. 160 species. The main task of our work was to search literature for knowledge of all of the plants – botanical description, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, use as remedies, toxic properties, etc. In this way we intended to yield scientific background and support for the traditional use of the plants and the respective preparations. Considering the large number of plant species it was decided to split the work into two seperate parts, each of them dealing with 25 or 20 plant families and the species within these families. Information on each plant was obtained by searching in books, journals, and the internet. Special notice was given to recent research studies. Figure: Image taken from study presentation by Verania Hödl, INTRAMED Project Coordinator 6 2 Monographs In this chapter are the monographs of the different plants from Java used in the study from INTRAMED ordered alphabetically by plant family and then by the scientfic name of the plant (in brackets the Javanese local name of the plant). Some plants have different local names in the two rural communities Sirnarasa and Tanjungsari. Add. to figures: I have tried to identify all the image rights holders and to get consent to the use of the images in this work. Should however a copyright infringement will be known, I would ask to notify me. 7 2.1 Alliaceae Onion family Alliaceae include 20 genera of usually bulbous perennial herbs, which are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. This group is closely related to the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae. It includes pungent culinary herbs such as onions, garlic, chives, shallots and leeks. The characteristic aroma emanates from sulfur compounds. Several species are grown for their ornamental flowers as well. Leaves are narrowly strap-shaped to linear. Flowers are funnel-shaped, with petals fused into a tube at the base. They are clustered in umbels and subtended by a dry, spathelike bract and borne at the end of a leafless stalk (scape).[1] Alliaceae are monocots, part of the order Asparagales. The family has been widely but not universally recognised; in the past, the plants involved were often treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae, and still are by some botanists. The APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) II system of 2003 recognises the family and places it in the order Asparagales in the clade monocots. APG II allows two options of the circumscription of the family: Alliaceae sensu lato ("in the wider sense"), including all the plants that were assigned to the families Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae and Amaryllidaceae in the 1998 APG. Alliaceae sensu stricto ("in the strict sense"), unchanged from the 1998 APG system, excluding the plants then forming the families Agapanthaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Note that quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae are assigned to the family Themidaceae by both APG and APG II. The most important genus is Allium, which includes several important food plants, including onions (Allium cepa), chives (A. schoenoprasum), garlic (A. [2] sativum and A. scordoprasum), and leeks (A. porrum). [1] TROPICAL FLOWERING PLANTS, A Guide to Identification and Cultivation, Llamas Albrecht Kirsten, Timber Press Inc, Portland-Oregon USA, 2003, ISBN 0-88192-585-3, pp. 51 [2] Weblink: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliaceae, Wikipedia, 02.04.2008 8 Allium cepa L. (Bawang Ganda, Bawang Beureum) Allium cepa L. Occurrence and appearance Bulb solitary or clustered, applanate-globose to cylindric-ovoid; tunic purple- red, brown-red, pale brown-red, or yellow to pale yellow, papery to thinly leathery, entire. Leaves shorter than scape, 0.5--2 cm wide, terete, fistulose. Scape developed or not, if developed then to 1 m, terete, conspicuously inflated below middle, fistulose, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2- or 3-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, densely many flowered or with bulblets and a few flowers. Pedicels equal, ca. 5 × as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth chalk white or white; segments with green or pale red midvein, oblong-ovate, 4--5 × ca. 2 mm. Filaments equal, slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base for ca. 1/5 their length, adnate to perianth segments for 1/2 of connate part; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style slightly exserted.
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