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A Study on the Dating of Illegal Firearms

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A Study on the Dating of Illegal Firearms FORENSIC SCIENCE Forensic Science Journal JOURNAL SINCE 2002 2004;3:1-11 A study on the dating of illegal firearms Hsien-Hui Meng Ph. D. Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University, 56 Shu-Jen Rd., Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan, ROC. Received December 16, 2003/Received in revised form March 17, 2004/Accepted July 11, 2004 ABSTRACT Although the dating of firearms is usually not included in the routine work of firearm identification, it is one of the essential skills for firearm examiners. Since the gun control policy has got stricter and stricter in the last few decades in Taiwan, it is hardly possible for any gun holders who acquired their firearm certificates long time ago to legally replace their old firearms with new ones. Consequently, some certificated owners transported their guns abroad in the name of repairing, and illegally replaced the old guns with non-certificated new ones with forged serial numbers. If the manufac- turing date of suspected guns could be precisely determined, it may be helpful in the solution of this problem. Thus, this work was concentrated on the subject of the dating of firearms. Firstly, relevant literatures and references were collected and carefully reviewed. Useful methods for the dating of firearms were extracted from these reference materials. The make, type, model, serial number, proof marks, and relevant specifications of each studied firearm were deliberately observed and analyzed; the results were then collectively em- ployed to determine the manufacturing date. The information proved to be useful for the dating of firearms including (1) the model of firearm; (2) the characteristics of major components; (3) the unique commemorative marks; (4) the last possible manufacturing date or the cessation time of production; (5) serial numbers and ; (6) the date code implied in proof marks; (7) the "date clock" and (8) the obligated official marks. The methods mentioned above have been successfully employed for dating a part of studied firearms that were either evidence submitted for examination or reference collection originated from confiscated weapons. This proved that the dating methods are practical to forensic examination of confiscated firearms. Hopefully, it will improve the performance of firearm examination, and be beneficial to criminal investigation, law enforcement, and justice. Keywords: Forensic Sciences, Firearms Examination, Manufacturing Date, Serial Number, Proof Marks. Introduction ones stamped with forged serial numbers. All of these illegally altered guns were confiscated by local police Firearm identification is one of the essential skills for firearm examiners. It is hardly possible to obtain all department and sent to the author's laboratory for ex- necessary information of firearm exhibits without well- amination after being smuggled back to Taiwan. Since established examination procedures. The dating of fire- the gun control policy has got stricter and stricter in the arms is usually not included in the routine work of fire- last few decades in Taiwan, it is hardly possible for any arm identification. However, in 2001, the FBI forensic authorized gun owners who acquired firearm permits long laboratory in the USA conducted an examination to time ago to legitimately exchange their original old guns identify the authenticity of the famous Derringer which with new ones. Consequently, these gun owners ille- was used to murder the former US president Abraham gally replaced their guns abroad under the cover of le- Lincoln[1]. The case indicated that the importance of the gitimate procedures.[2,3,4]Because the certificated fire- dating of firearms should not be neglected. In 2002, some arms have only been roughly documented by the con- gun owners in Taiwan sent their certificated old firearms cerned authority, there are no individual characteristics to the United States in the name of repairing, and ex- except serial numbers recorded in the official file. Hence, changed the old guns with non-certificated brand new the determination of manufacturing dates of confiscated * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Forensic Science Journal 2004; Vol. 3, No. 1 firearms became the final approach to solve this problem. manufacturing date was determined employing the meth- Thus, the purpose of this work is to formulate methods ods described in Results and Discussion. for the determination of firearm's manufacturing date. According to the English Firearms Act 1968, cer- Results and Discussion tain types of firearms made before 1939 could be classi- fied as antiques exempted from certificate control. The A survey on the firearm dating methods Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997 provides an exemption There are eight practical firearms dating methods for ownership of certain classes of historic handguns. obtained after a survey of reference materials. Although Handguns manufactured before 1 January 1919 are typi- these methods are not exhaustive, they were success- cal examples of historic handguns. [5] Besides, the fully applied to the dating of confiscated firearms. The American code also defines the gun made before 1898 results are described later in this work. Each method is as antique firearm. [6] Accordingly, the determination of briefly introduced as follows. manufacturing date is not only useful for forensic ex- A. According to the data from commercial catalogues amination but also beneficial to firearms control. and reference books, a period of possible manufac- Perhaps the better way to apprehend the age of a turing date can be estimated for weapons that manu- firearm is directly securing answer from customer ser- facturers and models are known. vice of manufacturers, nevertheless, most of the gun B. Firearm manufacturers often introduce different manufacturers are reluctant to provide necessary infor- materials, new component design, and novel tech- mation relevant to firearms involved in criminal cases in niques to their production but still use the same Taiwan. Thus, it is advisable for local forensic scientists model name. The change of these characteristics to develop practical methods for the dating of firearms. can be employed for the estimation the possible period of manufacturing date. Materials and Methods C. Commemorative productions of certain popular models are occasionally made by famous A survey on the firearm dating methods manufacturers. Unique commemorative marks, A number of books and journal papers concerning design, decorations, and serial numbers of these fire- firearm examination [7,8], reference books of light weap- arms can be used to determine the manufacturing ons [9,10,11], products catalogues of firearm manufac- date. turers [12,13], and firearm-related web sites [14,15] were D. For weapons no longer in production, the last pos- carefully reviewed. Methods with the potential of age sible manufacturing date can be specified basing on determination of firearms were kept for later use. the date that the production ceased. E. Some gun distributors put a date code into the se- Determination of the age of confiscated firearms rial number or publish serialization/manufacturing 1. Materials date data in books; they are very useful for accu- 1 Sixty one firearms submitted to the Central Police rate determination of manufacturing date. University for forensic examination. F. Some proof houses stamp a date code as integral 2 One hundred and eighty one firearms from the refer- part of the proof marks to indicate the date of proof. ence collection of the Central Police University. The The code can be deciphered to determine the year reference collection was collected from confiscated of make. firearms after the criminals were convicted. G. The possible age of Sig Sauer made firearms can be 2. Methods estimated by the "date clock" on grip panels and/or The make and model of each firearm was identified bottom plate of the magazine. firstly. The serial number, proof marks, unusual compo- H. According to the German Weapons Act nents and decorations, and other special marks were (Waffengesetz) and the German War Weapons Con- carefully observed and photographically documented. trol Act (Gesetz er die Kontrolle von Kriegswaffen), Characteristics concerning the age of weapon were all earmament of the Federal Armed Forces should extracted and compared with known references for be unambiguously marked with the information of confirmation. For the firearms that the age-related fea- manufacturer, month and year of delivery, serial tures were discovered, their age or possible period of number, and proof firing stamp. These obligated A study on the dating of illegal firearms 3 official marks are useful for the determination of the confiscated weapons including Glock pistols that are age. most frequently used in crime in Taiwan. There are 63 Glocks in the collection with various calibers and mod- Determination of the age of confiscated firearms els including Glock17, Glock17C, Glock18, Glock19, Although only a part of studied weapons were Glock26, Glock23, Glock27, and Glock21. The period of exactly dated, the possible age or period of manufactur- manufacturing date of each model of Glocks is shown in ing date could be obtained for most of the weapons. Table 1. The period of manufacturing date of some other This would be considered helpful for crime investigation types of studied firearms were also successfully and prosecution. Results of age determination using dif- determined, typical examples are Winchester Super X ferent methods are described
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