YORKSHIRE No.16 ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY

Looks familiar...

Thirty years on from , another ‘Viking-Age’ timber house is found at ...

Inside: Britain’s Oldest Brain ARCHAEOLOGICAL Hungate TRUST Medieval Piers Yorkshire Archaeology Today

Spring 2009

Contents Number 16 Hungate Block H 1 Editors: Richard Hall, Christine Kyriacou come to Hungate 4 Picture editor, design & layout: Lesley Collett Printed by B&B Press, Parkgate, Rotherham Rocking the Boat 9 Yorkshire Archaeology Today Medieval Piers 12 is published twice a year. UK subscriptions: £8.00 a year. Overseas subscriptions: £12.00 (sterling) a year. Plague, Poverty and Prayer 16 To subscribe please send a cheque payable to Yorkshire Archaeology Today to: Using my Head, Saving a Brain 18 York Archaeological Trust, 47 YO1 7BX Britain’s Oldest Brain 20 or through Postgiro/CPP to: ACCOUNT 647 2753 National Giro, Bootle, The Archaeology of Shopping 23 Merseyside, GIR 0AA

Yorkshire Archaeology Today is published by York Archaeological Trust. Editorial and contributors’ views are independent and do not necessarily reflect the official view of the Trust. Copyright of all original YAT material reserved; reproduction by prior editorial permission only. © June 2009

York Archaeological Trust is a registered charity, Charity No. 509060: A company limited by guarantee without share capital in England number 1430801. Tel: 01904 663000 Email: [email protected] http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk ISSN 1474-4562

Unless stated otherwise, illustrations are by Lesley Collett and Steve Allen; photos are by Mike Andrews and members of YAT staff: all are © York Archaeological Trust

Cover Photo Excavation of the timber-lined sunken building in the Deep Trench of Block H, Hungate (see pp4-8) Hungate: fromH1toH2 f ecvtn dw t ntrl ol ars the across soils natural to down excavating of the by disturbed be development. to going not alone, are they burials as the left and situ in archaeology the recorded we were, burials the where found we Once burial. of limit the respect deliberately to appear boundaries property later as on, early St John’s in the Marsh. This was achieved relatively medievalchurchthe lost the graveyardaround of the teamhas, tosay busy. theleast,beenvery ih ht u o h wy t a js a case a just was it way the of out that With The main aim for H1 was to find the extent of period; intervening the in happened has lot A Building Focal T hc te ol wr src. notntl we Unfortunately struck. were tools the which from cores the as well as flakes, and scrapers as such flints, worked of form the in comes have found we activity is earliest The story together. the coming and H1, in excavations the from 2008. of half latter the in this completed Wefinally excavated. and recorded disentangled, be to needed that pits intercutting of depth 2m a wasexcessthere in of others in though simple, relatively was sequence the places some In imagine. could you than pits more fact in pits, of lot a quite pits; some were way our in standing things only The H1. of rest excavations.on theHungate n h pro c10 – .70 W wr also were We c.1780. preparing for the first season of – c.1600 period the in animals of keeping the even and improvement soil as such activities agricultural with linked be to appears soil of dump This H1. Block across offeatures soil ‘horticultural’ of deposit deep a into cut that the excavation off finishing were We are currently assessing the information information the assessing currently are We e at ie woe bu Hnae for Today Hungate Archaeology about Yorkshire wrote I time last he Archaeology Live! Archaeology i 20, we 2007, in , blocks. within thedevelopment Left: Excavationareas Hungate development; Top: Location ofthe

1 2 to pits trainees areintroduced Archaeology Live! Below, right: weather! continues whateverthe Below: Archaeology burial found withinaRoman a completeRomanpot Above, right: pits inareaH1 Above, left:Intercutting Recording 2008 from the end of the Romanthe mid- the until period of end the from landscape. Roman the in marker visible a still was so side, one on bank a had or depression, a as survived ditch the that suggests backfill ditch the into cut were burials the that fact The coffin. each of end accompanying pots had been placed over the foot and stains, coffin recognisable had Each burials. alignment, which had been cut by two later Roman NW-SEa on running ditch, a was Romanfeature best However,pits.the discrete of number a did as it, within finds Roman had trench deposit the across soil early An period. Roman the from area. the in activity prehistoric was there that suggest recovered we materials of volume the although features, prehistoric definitely any find not did hr ws paety o ciiy cos H1 across activity no apparently was There were features archaeological clear first The hr ws hg aon o ciiy linked activity of amount huge a was There building. timber a for footings the possibly and pits quarry clay ovens, as identified easily more were features later The character. in ‘industrial’ more was centuries 16th early and 14th,15th the formed had deposit further back soil from Hungate and later activity from a century, 13th the the Viking period. changes linked with the end of no showing apparently century, 12th the of half waste disposal. with linked are pits The H2. excavatein to them of more lot havea we but level, ground the raise to laid deliberately maybe they though represent, the site. We are not sure what the striped deposits towards down and pits were dug extending Hungate back across laid were deposits orange and black alternating of series a when century, 10th During an apparent hiatus of activity during activity of hiatus apparent an During latter the until use in continued pits The and ovens, similar to those seen in H1. Finally, the timbers.without surviving perhaps although 4), page (see Trench Deep the more in found one the to buildings,similar Viking-Age be may what of glimpses also are There earlier.and period Viking the of end the to dated is archaeology surviving the pits, and wells like features,cut intrusive few a showbar results that, early The Hungate. to adjacent immediately area next threeyears. the for on working be would we what reveal to underneath, deposits horticultural the and levels these away stripped we completed, was task Once that H1. in out found we what to add which disentangle and features excavate the sequence of to efficiently workedand quicklyteam The there. deposits soil horticultural the into cut features the recorded quickly and H2 to across they jumped H1 Block in features last the on working excavation. our of edge very the on was building this though Hall, Cordwainers’ the of construction the with h eteo H sdmntdb oso pits H2 is dominated by lots of centre The of the on concentrating be will we 2009 During finished had team excavation the as soon As fof o atsi ok oho n f site. do, fantasticwork, bothonandoff to continue and havedone,they as Hungate with –www.dighungate.compages weprovide make yousure have webour at look a Block H. Hungate this again so in on do going lots is there see, can you as year…So will and 2008 2007, during Bradford of University the from undergraduates archaeology the for course training also a provided we Finally, courses. mentoring of-season out- our on expanded and courses weekend series of a introduced also have We archaeology. record and excavate to how Yorkand of history the about more out with finding trainees 2008, of hundreds and 2007 during well very worked Live! running our first spring session of session spring first our running toexcavate thisuntil we start confirm thisarea. webut Romanwon’t bylarge terrace; a to able be dominated be could site the of corner northern Finally, a big thank you to the team working team the to you thank big a Finally, you are If interested in the any training of that On the things training we side are of currently rhelg Live!. Archaeology wis pann or hr sme season summer third our planning whilst , h tann mdl has model training The ok rhelgcl rs Tann Excavation Training Trust Archaeological York fes cmrhnie riig programme training comprehensive a offers that isopentoall. Toby Kendall atcpto i te riig i is dig training the in Participation completely flexible, you can come can you flexible, completely Archaeology Archaeology along for a one or two day taster,day for two or one a for along a week,twoweeksorlonger. h 20 sao will season 2009 The ocnrt o te medieval the on concentrate n Vkn-g archaeology Viking-age and ln te ie f Hungate. of line the along hr i te oeta fr a for potential the is There huge range of different types different of range huge of archaeology. rcs rm ny 5 for £50 only from Prices oedy atr Special taster. one-day a icut fr returning for discounts ries n Fins of Friends and trainees YAT.

3 4 not soil which had originally been deposited deposited been originally had which soil not indicate that these layers sherds were primary dumps, Roman large pit; occasional ploughsoil was deposits, a cut series byof the the Above pottery. Roman century 2nd/3rd ridges and furrows 1m apart, and it parallel contained of consisted surface its ploughsoil; a certainly almost was what by overlain turn in was deposit This natural. redeposited of are deposit levelling and a formed have pottery, to thought Roman contained and mixed more were these but clay, and sand of layers Above further were deposits natural these times. Prehistoric in channel Foss River the of infilling during down laid presumably been had which encountered, were sand silty and clay of layers surface, ground therefore only3msquareatthebottom. was it 3m, overwell of depth a reached it as in by 1m on each side with depth; each queries 1m of these stepped was and answer square 9m about measured to dug trench trial The H. Block excavate to remaining years archaeological three than the less the in recovered information maximise would that strategy a devise to possible be not would it information that remains.Without structural and deposits occupation complex were there whether and material organic contained and deposits were, archaeological whether they the were waterlogged deep how clear not was it So decade. the in earlier site entire the of in trenches archaeologicalevaluationthe during area this trial of sinking the prevented had Circumstances unclear. was H Block part of this in deposits archaeological the of character the that was campaign excavation the in on later fully explored be will that area the fullstoryofwhatwasrevealed. you bring can we completed, been has trench this of excavation the that Now unearthed. was building floored sunken Viking-Age a York,and in site re-development Hungate the of H Block In autumn 2008 a deep trial trench was sunk into t dph f 34 blw h present the below 3.4m of depth a At an in trench this digging for reason The the lowerpartandbasedatetoRoman Anglo-Scandinavian periods. the upperhalfoftrencharemostly19th-20thcenturyindatewhilethose Below: View ofthedeeptrench,lookingsouth-west. The depositsandfeaturesin Above: LocationoftheBlockHDeep Trench. n te et hs o ciiy comprising activity, of phase identified, next the were and centuries) 9th (5th–early these layers accumulated. as disturbed been had burial one least at that suggest bones human other and skull human However,a here. moved then and elsewhere No features dating to the Anglian period Anglian the to dating features No evidence, the dumping and pit-digging pit-digging and continued well intothe10thcentury. dumping the evidence, was there occupation close by. that Judging from the pottery indicate pits cess probable and 9th/ features Structural late centuries. 10th the early to dated is pits, and dumps more followedbystake-holes and post-holes Elevation ofthenorth-westwall later extension. the darkerbrownisa construction cutwhile represents theoriginal lighter brownshading floored building. The Plan ofthesunken-

5 6 west. building, lookingsouth- of thesunkenfloored Right: Generalview lining (left) the buildingwithtimber later south-westendof slot (centreleft)andthe west wallconstruction (top), theoriginalsouth- original north-westwall north-west, showingthe floored building,looking Above: The sunken structure is similar to the late 10th-century 10th-century late the to similar is structure This cut. construction narrow a in set been themselves had which large, uprights byradially-split cut the of sides the against place boat edge-laid timbers used as planks, held in original construction. It the consists represent of horizontal, to thought is and substantial, particularly was lining north-west The deep. cut at least 4.3m long by 3.5m wide and 0.8m rectangular timber-lined large, a of end west u it tee eois a te south- the was deposits these into Cut was set into recesses dug in the sides of the of sides the in dug recesses into set was wall south-west the in plank surviving one the upper walls parts in of the extension. The the aboveline to used were planks horizontal 0.4m but side; south-east the apit in of exposed fill loose the retain to used be had to planks where except planks, with not clay, with only lined were extension this in walls the of 0.4m lowest The longer. much that building the making south-west, the to construction cut building’swas extended by about 0.5m the and removed, was south- wall original west The rebuilt. partially been to and, had structure problems,the these counteract walls the some north-west in and This caused uprights south-west timber the pits. of settlement earlier of fills unconsolidated the on extent some to rested been have found inLondon. hearths, centrally-placed with structure, Hungate the to similar date this of two having storeys. However, single-storey buildings Coppergate as interpreted the are which to examples, contrast in sunken-floored building, single-storey a was it that the structure’s floor, suggesting the centre of York. in Coppergate, cut hearth possible a was 16-22 there However, at Dig’ Viking ‘The at 1976-81 YATin by found buildings All the walls the of new Hungate structure late 10thcentury. the to dates followedprobably activitythat it the as decade, a than more much for use in been have not may building The burning. by destruction its represent could structure the building. of margins the the around of deposits Daub-rich use the with associated limited was there evidence for the build external deposits up of it; with contemporary been have may building, the of south-west from aboatbuiltaboutdecadeearlier. timbers incorporated remarkably, most and, was building 960s late the in the constructed certainly almost that seems It timbers). tree rings the seen pattern of in the structural through of dating and date study (the dendrochronology construction precise a obtain more to possible was it indicated pottery, been the by had building this for date ancillary some suchpurpose asstorage. for used been have may it instead, dampness; to and due instability structural purpose this for used not was but dwelling a as intended been had building the contain a hearth structure, it is that suggested not did cut hearth possible the As deposits. backfill silt clay organic of consisted space otherwise subterranean building’s but the filling layers floor, the a cut formed the have of may base the in gravel and mortar clay, concealingtheplanksbehindthem. with filled were uprights the the between spaces and subsidence; to due reinforcement a as perhaps side, north-west the to been added have seem uprights two addition, In side. south-east supported the on wall load-bearing the south-east, the to immediately stone sill wall on the surface,ground external a timbers that likely these is it Instead, load-bearing. of were any unlikely is it so cut, construction a in set werenot others the and but them some wereof little more than stakes the building, to retain the wall planks,of part original the in as extension, the in used were place.Uprights in it hold to cut construction Stake-holes and post-holes, particularly particularly post-holes, and Stake-holes century 10th late - mid a Although of patches with layer clay sandy thin A otmdea eso fHaver Lane. a post-medieval version of dated by pottery to the 16th century, could be trench, the of corner south-east the towards surface stony A well.brick-lined a was noted probable feature only century?) (17th/18th The post-medieval reason. same the for absent probably are deposits post-medieval and features; later by truncated increasingly were but pits, and dumps further comprise conquestandintothe 12thcentury.Norman pottery the beyond continued activity the this evidence, to According Lane. Haver known as later Hungate, off street side a for origin Anglo-Scandinavian an to point could surface in the the trench south-east corner of stony a surface point to occupation close by. A stony and hearths beam-slots, possible There was no dwellings,evidence of Hungate. although to perpendicular land of plots of boundaries the formed have to cut thought are linear a and alignments post-hole two least stake-holes.At and pits, post-holes cess The dumps were regularly cut by and rubbish backfills.the of settlement continued to due necessity continuing a infilling, and disposal waste of purpose dual the had dumps these that likely is it and structure sunken the into tipped dumps These deposits. dump organic h ltr eivl ees per to appear levels medieval later The Overlying the sunken structure were many Lifting theboattimbers

7 8 the north-westwall Drawing anelevationof eann acaooia dpst and of depth overall The H. deposits Block the in features into archaeological insights useful remaining very given has redevelopment. thecurrent of part to the east had been removed by clearance as The foundations the remained. of much and superstructure west its to surface tarmac external an and foundation area, concrete a this only in building 20th-century the Of encountered. was cut north- drain the the of side west only although Lane, Haver of a main sewer beneath the included last, stone sett surface probably these buildings; these with associated were drains ceramic survived. Several surfaces floor no and truncated, wereheavilybuildings Both area. the of map straw and hay merchant’s as premises on identified the 1907 building health survey a of foundations brick and concrete massive the 19th century. This structure was in turn cut by sunken probably dating structure, to the later brick-lined rectangular, a of end north-east In conclusion, trenchthe deep excavation the by cut were deposits medieval The ok owr t te lc H excavation H Block questions.helping toanswer thesebigger the to forward can look We Conquest. Norman the following PoolKing’s the of formation the by caused and the apparent changes with the disruption Fosswaterfront in Riverthe Anglo-Scandinavian period, the of use growth the and town rapid the the of with activity in rise the link to tempting is It use. land in change a by followedactivity, 11th-century and 10th- the of intensity the was surprising was What periods. medieval the and in Anglo-Scandinavian H) Block of side south-west entire the along (possibly street this onto fronting buildings were there that and century, the 10th by established was Hungate street that the suggests strongly This pits dumping. and buildings, activity, backyard suggests land-use later of and character Anglo-Scandinavian the general The the metre. in bottom occur material organic deposits containing waterlogged but suspected, had been than less was deposits archaeological Kurt Hunter-Mann tutrs n w nw eiv te are they believe now we and these in structures posts on holes frequently These quite appear out. this rule to us allowed has Coppergate from timbers the but of re-use,study their of evidence was this that thought initially was It them. behind boards the to posts fasten to pegs redundant; hold not do are they holes These end. butt the from 250mm and 150 between timber the of face the through cut holes auger single haveposts the of Some area. sunken the of sides earth the and betweenposts boards the horizontal into of set a set with pit, the posts of base upright the of series a Coppergate, – 16-22 York at 1976-81 in YAT by the very similar type to found the majority of looked building a sunken-floored defining At first sight, the plank-lined rectangular hole ssilcreti at ftheircountry. of inparts is stillcurrent Colleagues in Norway tell us that this practice post. the of face the with flush off cut seen, have we as or, out pulled be could pegs the site, on Once site. construction the to felled lift were they where woodland or the from timbers drag to fastened be could straps or ropes which points, around hitching form to timbers. Pegs would be tapped into the holes the of movementhandling the and of relicts a Viking boat…” the planksarenotfrom ‘Viking-Age’ structure, “ althoughthisisa structure insitu. examines thetimber YAT’s woodtechnologist, Below: Steve Allen,

9 10 building re-used intheHungate Articulated boattimbers tl oesrrss Frty hr a cr surprises.some still Firstly, wasthere scarf a were there but this, confirm could we posts the lifting After planks. boat be to appeared they them, at look good a got we when building; and the to relate in not did holes which had them Some them. about unusual something was there that obvious was it site source was wood localratherthanimported. the that means which York, course, of and, Barton-on-Humber Beverley, from those with well very match sequences ring tree The 960s. late - mid the to dated were Tyers,Ian byand sampled were posts the of Six dendrochronologist. the from the building of tree/construction the of felling the for dates good also very get might we that means It felled. were they after shortly very ground the in placed were timbers the that us tell facts These damage. pre-burial woodworm any or of trace whilst no rot is there or buried, damage suffered has softer wood this Though posts. the present of most is on edge, bark or surface sapwood has notbeentrimmedaway. length to it cutting or it felling when timber the of out cut kerf or wedge the Sometimes neatly. very necessarily not of but timber, axis the the to square cut usually are butt ends The axes. with timber the hewing or rectangular cross sections created by splitting When the planks were first exposed on exposed first were planks the When outermost the sometimes and Sapwood, sub- have and oak, are posts the of All the overlapping edges of the planks fastenedplanks the of overlappingedgesthe ScandinaviantheBoatsbuiltin tradition have which planks form the hull have partially the overlapping edges. is, that clinker-built, are from aVikingboat… not are planks the structure, ‘Viking-Age’ a is this although And York. in period this of building a of walls the in found been have timbers re-used time first the York.also is It Scandinavian boat timbers have been found in Anglo- that time first the is than our this and planks, later much are finds these Foss. of River All the medieval of bank later the a on revetment of part formed 1959, in Hungate at found planking, of run longer a and revetment, a of part as reused 1982, in planking articulated was found at Coppergate thirteenth-century of slab small A York. in thecut. sideof north probably from the same boat, used to line the south planking, more with cut, building the the of side revet to re-used wale, or strake rubbing a with boat a of side starboard the of part haveis to seem we What articulated. the one planks. of Finally,of the outside planks were still the to nailed been had wood of piece shaped Thirdly,extra pegs.wooden an small by but expected, had we as nails iron the planks were still fastened together, not by Secondly, building. the of side south the on or end-to-end joint between the lowest planks Most North European boatsthis of period finds rare surprisingly are planks Boat London, boat are from trees which grew in grew which trees from are boat London, Wharf, Fresh New the centuries. for used planks 8th-9th The the of possibly Sussex, waterfront 10th-century of date and one from country,this in made London the from three from a separate boatbuilding tradition. the clinker planking, not iron nails. fasten It to is clearly pegs wooden uses however, boat, by settled Our clench-nails. areas these uses Scandinavians, from those of most and everythe boatone of finds from Scandinavia, different hull forms and differentare of dates, have can sizes, different many in come they Although boat. the of inside the on washer or plate flat a overriveted then overlap,and the through outside, the from in driven are nails The clench-nails. iron using together Only four comparable finds have been have finds comparable four Only join thetimbers. wooden pegsusedto Inset: detailofthe removed. timber whichhasbeen right-hand edgeofthe can beseenonthe timbers. Pegholes Above: Liftingtheboat this buildingwas lined. of much which with boat the least, not and, when this happened, the technology available dates exact the building, the of modification and construction the about idea better a us give to start will this hope we and months, few next the in excavated be to remain still building the from timbers More excavation. of area the beyond pass they know we and trench, trial the in seen building one of part than we hadexpected. shorter much years, twelve of life working maximum a had it suggests This reuse. for up broken been had boat the which by date the us tell building the from dates the and cut down no earlier than AD953, which is the trees from wasbuilt boat our nowknowthat We dendrochronology. for sampled been have planks our of four origin, of place its about questions some answer and boat our British Isles. In order to tie down the date of the in built probably was boat Hungate the so the cut, were planks unlikeour which from timber straight-grained, and close be the5th-6thcenturies. periodof migration the in Isles British the to brought traditions boatbuilding several of one been have may Scandinavian this that suggests research Current from practice. distinct but to similar superficially boatbuilding, of form German) northern certainly (or ‘Slavonic’ a represent Germany.may It north-east Poland nowand is what in Sea, Baltic the of coast southern the be to believed based is finds, archaeological on construction, of form this of home original the However, England. south-east l fthe All timbers of discussed here are from to tends region Baltic the from Timber hc i ms hv be built, been have must it which after date the us tells boat the precise location. more a of sure be yet though weeast England, cannot south- from those with well fit timbers. The tree ring sequences boat the on ring surviving latest h dnrcrnlg o of dendrochronology The Steve Allen

11 12 (Reproduced fromHarvey1993) structural components. showing principal Carrickfergus c.1560, Timber-built pierat 2000) (reproduced from Neave & Neave Bridlington, c.1700 Place oftheSouthpier, Sketch byFrancis Ai h rhelg f ulig,adti ril ulnssm f h anfnig fhisdissertation. themainfindingsof buildings, outlinessomeof andthisarticle of MA inthearchaeology an completed recently has Mark Johnson Officer Field base. skills its expansion and development YATthe encourages timber could form the principal component principal the form could timber On that strange appear may century. it consideration first 16th the before existed rarely have appear England, of coasts southern long. and eastern the on metres least at piers, Stone-built hundred several often and were timber sites of these primarily of constructed many were at piers original seem, the may it as steel Remarkable or concrete. stone and of built all are piers extant the country, the in at elsewhere towns piers historic harbour coastal and all cases, of cases the these in both In Bridlington. or Scarborough at piers harbour the of think the may we region from this In sea. the extend into out land that piers that harbour piers’, of harbour is ‘coastal of but here, piers pleasure Victorian of We’retalking not Historic timber-builtcoastalpiersof Yorkshire directly tothem. relating information of publication sparser even the by only matched piers, timber into investigation of lackextreme the is existence type structure. of As surprising as their former unambiguously testify to this the existence of all These evidence. documentary of amount with a earlytogether surprising depictions of number a are there and known, presently are remains archaeological limited of handful a and examples survive as standing structures today, medieval no Although periods. the post-medieval constructed earlier of were much rebuilt, throughout and repaired frequently albeit structures, such that know do we Yet drying. and wetting of processes daily twice the and surges tidal and gales in actions wave the to exposed structure a of hn hy ee mlyd n ter rates their and employed were they when and how piers, the of reconstruction the in the are names and each trades person of engaged these of accounting Some devices that provide such detail as Reformation. the of time the to dating documents Exchequer of details.remarkably similarstructural century,17th provides the of years latest the to dating probably Bridlington, at pier south timber the of sketch A elements. natural the against structure the stabilise and slippage the walls, whilst of the stones prevent inward slippage outward prevent to serve rails and tie-beams Structurally,the stone. of ballast a the the interior timber of shell is in-filled with whilst pier, the of sides the down tie-beam to tie-beam from mortises,extend the within running bars, locking or Rails, them. within cut mortises have and walls wooden the of which project beyondends of the outer faces the tie-beams, spaced regularly of series a is Extending laterally from one wall to the other which planks, end. seaward the at degrees 90 probably through turn timber, of walls two vertical, and this parallel, pier consists of headland, small a of shelter the within Lying Carrickfergus, Co. Ireland. Antrim, Northern at castle English the to adjacent pier the of is 1560, around to dating depictions, early the of remains.important material most The and sources documentary and pictorial from their origin,development anddemise. of context economic and social the region, of technology Yorkshirethe within and, construction, their the of some piers, coastal timber-built of aspects principal the of two by dredging. Here we shall look briefly at just later harbour works – or just as likely, removed by masked or removed been has Bridlington and Scarborough at evidence whilst sea, to out 1km around lie now Hornsea at remains are and boulders, Key/Quayplace-names.Any with associated of spreads than more little of consisting remains material scanty have Flamborough, and Filey these, Twoof Filey, Flamborough, Bridlington Scarborough, and at Hornsea. existed have to known are Again relating to Bridlington are a series a are Bridlington to relating Again derived is evidence technological The Within our region, examples these of piers either form. on working of capable quite was carpenter competent a and related, were buildings and piers of technology the Rather, time. this at builders pier timber specialist no were there that suggests evidence, other with together This, buildings. on working found also are pier the at working as listed carpenters the of two village; the within buildings on and to relating 1540s works carried out at Flamborough the pier of early the of documents piers and buildings is provided by Exchequer between connection further A bothome’. the at as top the at brode as upright stondithe and stones Tymber framed like two house sides filled within with pier there described as: the with buildings and piers some of provides comparison 1560s the in from Scarborough petition A buildings. framed contemporary timber of block building basic formed the also course, of units, Bay bay. the block,being or units,unit, building basic this connected, a identical series and of replicated of comprised were piers early these essence, tie-beams.In or ’ barres ‘cross by bays adjacent from separated width and standard a eachof the pier was of constructed in ‘roomes or bayes framework timber the that told also are We Bridlington). of Priory demolished, largely dissolved,the whichfrom and came of most the the pier timber with shell stone of ballast, infilling and piles timber driving services, in engaged labour performing manor the of tenants local and labourers with workers), (timber sawyers and carpenters by done was work skilled the all that us tell evidence of sources important these Collectively, piers. the within defects of surveys effectively are documents Exchequer the of pay.Other of ‘all the owte sides made of ’,

13 14 Bridlington) (courtesy BayleMuseum, timberwork. structural detailsof early 19thcentury:note Right: Bridlington, Service) (courtesy EastRidingMuseums divisions. pier showinglateral 19th century:dilapidated Above: Bridlington,early the Yorkshire coast, together with subsequent internal ballast. the planking, of movement the restrict to of presumably wall a separated by neighbour laterally its from was division bay each least, at places in that shows, inset) (above, timber. illustrationThe withdeckinga of off capped plankswas structure The these. fixed to was horizontal of cladding external the and bottom, to top from extended rails, the stout, close spaced timber studs, connected to beams at the baypoint of division. A series of horizontal rails, and with upper and lower tie- twoangle-drivenbyconnected the piles with element, basic the ascontinued have to seen be jointing.cantimberunit bay The of form the of level the to down right construction of manner the showclearly other,views and These, above.reproduced are piers later the elsewhere,use twoandviews of of out gone had they aftercentury, long19th the of first half the into Bridlington at survived piers timber of system a Remarkably, pier. built information timber-regarding a later of form detailed highly provide century 19th whilst earlier above, and 18th the for evidence outlined of sourcessimilar construction of method basic that the aroundvariation was there indicates centuries 17th and 16th the h oiis f h tme-ul pes f of piers timber-built the of origins The of evidence cartographic and Pictorial ossig o i te ae f Scarborough of case the units in economic or possessing, large within origin an by ports between Scarborough and the Humber. rival of development prevent to attempted whichcharter a in onwardsand century 13th mid the from burgesses the to harbour the rights toquayage (tolls) at regulargranting of trees from the royal Pickering,forest of in the of form the in expressed was largesse This town in its the keepingport in of good repair. crown frequently displayed favour the towards borough, the the to belonged Scarborough at pier the Althoughcastle. royal major a of significant mercantile a community as well as being the housingsite borough, an wasimportant it but estates large to access direct have not did Scarborough Riding. East the in concentrated were estates secular whose family Constable the of holdings extensive the of part formed harbour and manor the estateFlamborough,appliesalsoanto where held extensive possessions. Foundation within and wealthy enormously became Both institutions respectively. large Priory, Bridlington of and estates Abbey,Mary’sYorkinstitutions, St themonastic within originated Bridlington, and Hornsea sites, society. the of Two broader within change economic socio- ownership, of patterns and on light interesting controlshed their in changes These pier sites are therefore characterised circumstances it became increasinglybecamecircumstancesdifficultit constrainedmore new theseestates, inlarger had been supported by the resourcesmuch of piers the previously Whereas units.manorial single resourcesof thewithsolely piers large these maintain to required were lessees the maintenance/repair. These leases, however, had a sting in their tail; continuous required piers timbercost-cutting; of one was policy’ economic ‘new this behind motivecrown’s the that clear it makePapers State of variety opportunities wrought by the Reformation. A upheavals,the and waketheof infore the to groups yeoman, of a class increasingly coming local to attachedwere they which to manors upon the idea leasingof these harbours and the crown,Elizabethratheradvisors,orher I, hit the of control the in Remainingpiers. these of reconstruction the on estates) monastic resources timber of (courtesy the of dissolved money andhuge investedsumsenormousof interestmattersnautical,anin hadwhoVIII, Henry ownership, royal in Now Grace. of Pilgrimage the in crown the against rebelled Constable Robert Sir when seized likewise was Flamborough at pier The crown. the to theirpiers atHornsea and Bridlington passed St Mary’s and Bridlington were broken up and of estates monastic YorkshireThe piers.the of development and control the on impact operated. and fostered was it which in unit economic scaled-down equally the reflection of a be to appear would proportions ‘scaled-down’ its Scarboroughthoseat Bridlington and and of size the fraction small a only pier a indicate unit.However, manorial itstiny archaeological remains small a within originated have to this Filey, picture is the pier whichof appears to exception The labour. tenant and timber resources for building a timber pier ‘in-house’; necessary two the to the access providedestates Secondly, fishermen. tenant/borough for bases and imports, and exports borough estates/borough; parent estate/ for locationsregulated provided they their of activity can be seen as major conduits in the economic ports Firstly,this. twothese for reasons principal be to to may crown, There the resources. extensive via access indirect having h Rfrain eadd h greatest the heralded Reformation The om o sbiy anand uh f the harbour distributionpattern we of see today. of much maintained subsidy of forms on later andThis, coast. the alonginfrastructure duties imposed colliers Parliament and the income was injected into port of Acts Accordingly, successive infrastructure. ‘local’ of items merely notinterest’, ‘national wider the these in being as viewed be Effectively,to came harbours freebooters. other and from danger in when orweather Englandfoulincould resort coasteasternof hundreds colliers of and other ships plying the havenswhichthesaferefuge, to harboursof as served Scarborough, at and Bridlington, at piers functions,the other century. Among state intervention in the later yearsthe of 17th to directlyowed wasprosper, to began even and all, at survived Bridlington at piers the That decline. to continuing harbour the saw sea the of ravages the and WarCivil the of communitytheindirectdirect andeffectsthe manytheirlivelihoods. Despite theeffortsof ensuretheir theharbour survival – andof for they could means this by only that felt they perhaps pier; the maintaining for specifically the former manorial system labourof services, Interestingly, the community decided to retain freeholders. becoming effectively tenants of majority the and Feoffees, Lords elected by regulated and governed being piers its and town the with constitution, democratic a as regarded be can what The up change. drew community revolutionary a was 1630 of buy-out community this retrospect In itself. buyers the manor the of tenants sold, collectiveof the being thereafter pier shortly and were manor the one, unprofitable an package this finding Seemingly favourite. a to possessions these gifted I James crown. reverting,briefly,manor the and to pier back the in resulted lease latest the of failure the managed to maintain its pier, but at Bridlington also Filey at pier became redundant. small the as time same the about – century 17th the of middle the around Flamborough and century 16th late the in Hornsea use, of out went finally and Flamboroughdeclinedand Hornsea of piers to do so. With little or no external support the h iprat on f Scarborough of town important The Mark Johnson ‘Dunkirkers’

15 16 for the citizens of York from the Norman Norman the from York of citizens the for life everyday explores which exhibition, The was launched at Barley Hall in February 2009. Trust, Archaeological York by designed and A , funded by the Wellcomethe Trust by funded Prayer, exhibition, new lge Pvry and Poverty Plague, ohS enr’ optli ok n fof one York, in Hospital Leonard’s St both from Evidence ago. in years 500 provision over Britain care health of development the and origins the about debate historical the illustrate to used is York from this material of advantage Archaeological townhouse.medieval historic full taking Great and Chamber, Lesser the the and utilising spaces, Hall, Gallery Barley of floor second 2009. untiltheendof and willrun Disease) and Illness and Conditions, Living four main subject areas (Medical Care, Cures, covers exhibition This time. the at Britain in prayer, medicine, astrology, spells folk and mysticism to those living of importance the and used; treated remedies the have of some may and them who period; anddiseases the from illnesses about out find can visitors material, skeletal excavated recently and research, period. new displays, interactive With the from evidence archaeological on heavily draws times, Tudor to invasion is housed on the on housed is Prayer and Poverty Plague, from specialist academics such as Dr Charlotte osteoporosis, disease, syphilis andplague. joint degenerative include covered Subjects tuberculosis, dental anaemia, disease, leprosy, period. the in evident illness and disease prevalenceof and types on material research recent alongside interpreted, and displayed is Yard, Dixon’s at Trust Archaeological York by excavated in Stephen, St female churchof lost the from skeleton A rates disability. of mortality types and health, children, of standards expectancy, life as such issues on had these effects the and York medieval in conditions interactive on recipespublishedinthe15thcentury. and objects, displays, graphics including home-cure remedies based replica using panels, explored is information This York. from Book Barber-Surgeon and the Medicinal Killingholme the using including manuscripts, period, as such sources, primary other and the evidence archaeological environmental during medicines feature. also London, in Hospital Bartholomew’s St and Norwich, at Hospital Great Borders,the Scottish the in Soutra including Britain, in sites hospital Other presented. is hospital, Europe, medieval Nicholas’sYork’sSt Hospital, leper and only in hospitals largest the h ehbto icue rcn research recent includes exhibition The living examines also exhibition The and cures at looks gallery second A them at Barley Hall. intrigue and fascinate to much discover will families,whoindividuals andgroups, general Plague,PovertyPrayerand Repeats Hall Barley of success the at follows and recently, installed be to exhibition Medicine workshops(e.g.themedundertake also can who visitors, school including audience varied and new a attract to aim exhibitions (www.barleyhall.org).year this autumn These websitefromHallBarley downloadthe from to available be will which podcasts of series bynewabook containing this material, anda area York.of The exhibition will be supported people who lived and worked in the from gathered material history oral new use entitled and Fund further Lottery a Heritage the install by will funded exhibition, Trust The 2010 In Anglo-Saxonclothing.productiontextileand fashion to explore the techniques and styles of York Archaeological Trust. from material excavated and research new alongside Reading, of University the from the York from University and of Dr Gundula Müldner Kenwood Harry and Hall Allan Dr Durham, Universityof the from Roberts Wellcome Trust forfundingthisexhibition the to grateful Yorkis Trust Archaeological lge Pvry n Prayer and Poverty Plague, a ehbto wih sd modern used which exhibition an , and n the in Surgeon Barber the Meet Stonegate Voices,Stonegate exhibition), wellasas s h second the is which will which Fashion Tudor

17 18 skull isarrowed. East; thelocationof Excavation atHeslington How auniversitylecturecameinuseful. USING MY HEAD,SAVING THE BRAIN Laboratory, I carefully removed it from the from it removed carefully I Laboratory, a tubfortransport. into carefully block this pack to bags padded damp the soil surrounding and used some of in bones excavatorthe lifted The site. the on skull The body.was found face the downmany the pits in one of of rest the of sign no was there splinters, unidentifiable other few a and bone finger a from Apart vertebrae. two first the and jaw) (lower mandible the the finds was an intact human skull including Amongst team. curatorial the by processing of all flints, which were workedbrought to YAT headquarters for and pottery as such produced prehistoric a finds large quantity of to at least 300BC. The archaeological features backfields, date that trackways buildings and of landscape farming Age Iron extensive an extension will stand. The excavators uncovered University’s2 the Campus where Heslington near site a investigate to York of University the for working was team excavation YAT our in York the 2008 excavations.of find summer the During we with objects the all Officer cataloguing and Finds cleaning includes Trust as Archaeological job My ne h sul rie i te Finds the in arrived skull the Once an expert opinion. an expert possibility.Weneeded exciting very a was It Could it be possible that this too was a brain? human where skulls.inside preserved been had tissue brain Court, Magistrates Hull at mid-nineties the excavationsin about lecture university a to back think me made location was unlike anything I had ever seen before. Its It material. spongy yellow bright of quantity investigatemyto sawskull surprise,and, a the of base the at hole the though peered I site.on conditions with comparison in warm relatively is Lab Finds the as out, dried it as become detached the from skull the inside of had that mud of lump a be to this assumed I move. skull the inside something felt I so did I As face. the from away mud the clean to order in support, foam the on skull the of position the alter to able was I point this At block. soil the from vertebra and mandible the remove to possible was it off, came mud the As gently. bone the wash to water clean in dipped paintbrush soft a used I ring foam its on skull the supporting hand one With sides. the covering also and area face the on mud of lot a was There soil. the by stained been The having colour, foam. in dark of appeared bone ring a on it rested and tub hs ri blne to ee tog there though even too, belonged individual brain this the about something learn may We also example. for death, after quickly very buried was skull the whether practices; burial about is us tell It also will brain. this that hoped the of preservation the to led a what investigate planning to research is of programme O’Connor, Dr by advised YAT,begins. project the of part interesting really the Now degradation. further restrict to help and environment burial the mimic conditions damp cold, the where refrigerator a in kept being is It skull. washed partly the within still is brain the so and evidence, the It isaremarkablediscovery. Britain. in brain human surviving oldest the brain origin. So the skull contains scan are of onthe visible is structures the Duffy that confident Phillip contents Neurologist the skull. the of of image clear a produced Hospital York at scan CT further A tissue! to say that we had discovered preserved brain happy was she findings, the on Based skull. the inside look better a get to endoscope an used and X-Radiograph, an took O’Connor Dr where Bradford to over skull the took I brains. Hull the investigating with involved been had who conservator the O’Connor, Sonia Dr by Bradford of University the at laig a hle t aod damaging avoid to halted was Cleaning given been had question in lecture The skulls Iwash fromnow on! brain material inthefuture. human more recover and recognise to archaeologists lead may survival rare this of understanding deeper A thoughts! their read to life to back it bringing of way no is wl crany ok aeul isd any inside carefully look certainly will I Rachel Cubitt Hospital ) (Photo: DavidKing, York inside theskull. showing darkmaterial CT scanat York Hospital Below, right: (Photo: DrSoniaO’Connor) endoscope. of theskullwithan investigates theinterior Below, left: in pitfill Above: Theskullinsitu Rachel resultsofa

19 20 (Photo: DrSoniaO’Connor) interior. material fromskull Below:Fragment of a texture, resilience and convoluted structure convolutedand structure resilience texture, a has it that revealed magnification, low under this, of examination and removed was skull the in material the of sample A Bradford. of University the of O’Connor Sonia Dr by this was confirmed firstly by visual inspection howand brains; its skull of remains the contained the that possibility the to her alerted lecture, university a of recollection the and at YAT, mind, describes how her presence of the article above, Rachel Cubitt, Finds Officer skull is thus at least two The thousand years recovered. old. In also were bones finger two although decapitation a represent date,could conceivably,earlier) (or, slightly Age Iron of be to believed is which pit a within isolated atlas and mandible its with found skull, The skull. human Yorka recovered of University York developmentCampus the East at Heslington the media, on excavations the Trust’s in Archaeological reported widely As research design forthisstudy. comprehensive a together bring to capacity, that in and, designate as investigator act principal to O’Connor Dr asked YAT York, significance. international of is find this of understanding and study The preservation. archaeological of form exceptional an of example valuable a is date,world.it its the Whatever in earliest the of one and Europe, from material brain preserved of example known earliest the be the brain. what and had distorted remains once of been shrunken the was indeed this that confirm to morphology internal and external the of detail sufficient revealed images resultant the Consultant Duffey,Neurologist. They concluded Philip that and King, Radiologist David Consultant by imaging (MR) resonance magnetic and (CT) tomography computer using examined was it where Hospital York was find to taken was skull the The announced. publicly before skull the the of in material identification the of proof further acquire to necessary felt was it scepticism, with met frequently are bodies skeletonised site.the HullMagistratesCourts from those been to manner similar had a in preserved it that and brain the of remains the were these that concluded O’Connor Dr cerebrum. the of lobe shrunken a of folds in photo opposite) appears to show the neural arrow an with (marked masses these of One morphology. gross differing masses apparently with endocranial three least at revealed Radiography brain. of remains be to shown wet and ago, years overten Kingston-upon-Hull, similarly site, in Courts Magistrates Hull the at deposits burials examples from preserved retrieved better the to similar ih upr fo te nvriy f of University the from support With Such finds are rarely reported, and this may inotherwise brains of finds Because of a persistentof alteration product. environment that encouraged an inthe burialdevelopment and death between elapsed has only timea very (hours brief rather than days) thatindicate to seemfolds,woulde.g. neural morphology, brain recognisable of survival brainveryquickis putrefy to liquid.toThus, recently deceased humans, it is known that the sites have cometolightinrecentyears. waterlogged, or wet, from structures brain-like of finds of number increasing an However, skull. the within preserved be to tissue brain expect to unrealistic seem would it cavity, body the within or bones the over survive, environments tissues soft burial recognisable no In where extent. lesser or including tissues, muscle, skin and hair, also survive to soft a greater external Similarly, removed. deliberately been have they unless preserved, also are tract, digestive the heart and lungs, as such organs, internal other Hungary. the Dominican Church in Vác and near Budapest, London Church, Spitalfields at burials crypt the and lead-coffins in sealed bodies Europe; Western and Northern across bodies from bog tanned the Andes; high the of mummies Peruvian freeze-dried, naturally the Man; Ice Tyrolean deeply 5000-year-old frozen the Egypt; Ancient desiccated of burials and sand mummies embalmed the include range Examples environments. a burial and in of preserved bodies incidentally mummified others deliberately in rm bevtos f ri tsu in tissue brain of observations From When brain tissue persists in these bodies, found been have brains of remains The (Photo: DavidKing, York Hospital) and structureswithinit. Below: CT scanshowingacross-sectionoftheskull amongst others: including, undertaken, be will investigations is beingneglected. evidence therefore that an class important of and realise we than common more much are future on excavations. recovery It is possible that these survivals of rate the found, improving be might they which in conditions should allow us to this predict more accurately the burial Furthermore, belonged. they funerary practices or the individuals to whom about indicate could that what and survive brains why of understanding our improve n umr, sre o nlss and analyses of series a summary, In to designed is project proposed The (Photo: DrSoniaO’Connor) contents between views). some movementofthe (There willhavebeen skull anditscontents radiographs ofthe Left: Lateralandbasal

21 22 support for this project, and the remainder of our work onitsCampus2site. our work of andtheremainder forthisproject, support underpinning and in interest continuing its Yorkfor of University the thanks Trust YorkArchaeological made inthissynthesis. This article is based heavily on the Dr work Sonia of O’Connor; she is not responsible for any misrepresentations theproject’s Yorkshire resultsinaforthcoming Today.hope tobringyou newsof Archaeology Bradford, and specialists,Yorkfrom other institutions.from the universities and Weof of of ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● fall this sounds like complex science; well, it is! ToIf it undertake we have a team gathered remains by lightmicroscopyandSEM Detection attributable toprotein,followed by proteinchemistry. shotgunproteomicstocharacterise thesurviving Protein formation thisearlykerogen betheconsequenceof thebrainmay inpart of during decay; thestructure Identifying tissue Lipid proteins orlipidsandothercarbohydrates andisotopes, information andwillpotentiallyprovide dietary Carbon pathwayand theInfra-redsplittingfactortoestablishdiagenetic ratio C/P the of analysis FTIR bone, cranial the of examination Histological bone. the of preservation of FT theindividual thesexof confirm also should This both. distinguishedin be can genotype human same the if determine and materials both in DNA Imaging massspectrometr Histolog SEM of recording, cleaningand3Dlaserscanning T evidence fordecapitation R Cleaning andrecordingof extensionof Study non-destructively histology Micro theskull,forproceduresrequiringuncontaminatedsamples remains, priortotheopeningof CT radiocarbon datingof Sur and death time and to interval mayage decipher a havepossible signature that left time on of this unique protein. isoforms neurofilament the of results with comparison of a more recent stoichiometry control brain (19th century) and a control with known post-mortem of Determination techniques. neuroimmunological repanning of the skull to allow brain remains to be extracted; removal of the brain masses, photographic photographic masses, brain the of removal extracted; be to remains brain allow to skull the of repanning crig f te rnu, adbe n ay etba; nlss f ae sx mtis n ptooy and pathology and metrics sex, age, of analysis vertebrae; any and mandible cranium, the of ecording e f oescltrtr oclaeifraino h uvvlo braintissueindiverse circumstances. of onthesurvival forensicliteraturetocollateinformation vey of aa pcrsoyt ana vriwo tepritn aeiltebanhsfre n fthe state the persistent and of material the brain has formed Raman spectroscopy an overview of to gain mgn f the the brain brain remains probes in for situ sampling to the allowimaging core of of for positioning of analysis to explore the survival of tissue fats and their degree of preservation. Brain is a very lipid-rich very a is Brain preservation. of degree their and fats tissue of survival the explore to analysis samples from a a brain tooth mass and will the be centre preservation taken of to compare the state of of the internal and external deposits on the skull to identify any surviving evidence of soft tissue soft of evidence surviving any identify to skull the on deposits external and internal the of CT and higher energy MR imaging of the different masses to explore the morphology and surviving surviving and morphology the explore to masses different the of imaging MR energy higher and CT smlso thedifferentmasses samplesof etc. analysis; amino acid composition analysis will be used to establish the percentage of nitrogen nitrogen of percentage the establish to used be will analysis composition acid amino analysis; etc. n irgnaayi.Rtoo Cro:irgnwl rvd rd niao f h rsneo of presence the of indicator crude a provide will Carbon:Nitrogen of Ratio analysis. Nitrogen and f ape fthedifferentbrainmasses samplesof y of the presence of polymerized lipids derived from C16 and C18 precursors in lipid rich tissues rich lipid in precursors C18 and C16 from derived lipids polymerized of presence the of neurofilament proteins using quantitative (ELISA) and qualitative (immunoblot) andqualitative (ELISA) quantitative using proteins neurofilament of thisstudytothesedimentsamplesfromburialcontext theskull’s jaw theskullandconventional photography, andlaserscanning 3Dphotography y (IMS) will relate brain-specific lipids and proteins with morphological features.y (IMS)willrelatebrain-specificlipidsandproteinswithmorphological xaain a Hnae ae eoee a predominantly artefacts, branded recoveredof number have Hungate current at the excavations believe; us have would gurus marketing the than earlier branding somewhat began that confirm finds YAT’s 1759. in founded ceramics was firm his strategy; brand the of Wedgwood, entrepreneur,keya as utilisation the in figure Josiah cite frequently years. studies consumer hundred of last Historians the of phenomenon presence. associated their advertise as well as prestige partners, their with and reputation the museum in or art and exhibitions in which businesses hope to events share sporting of sponsorship corporate with leisure, our even brand lives, our constant of areas all to in campaigns strategy subject are We luxury gifts. to groceries supermarket of choice our our from habits, spending in essential everyday daily brands about decisions make Westore. chain the of spread the by created homogeneity overwhelming the witness and UK the in city any of street high the down walk culture; brand within saturated positively society is century Indeed, twenty-first market. produced mass- a in competitors their from products their differentiate to companies for need the to response in branding originated of in an the twentieth concept century, is developing the there that assumption world marketing the Within The ArchaeologyofShopping oee, rnig s o sll a solely not is branding However, al mdr pro gv wy rdal to gradually way gave period modern the early in transactions producer-to-consumer Personal, place. took consumption which in one as it charts the the way transformation of the period c.1600–c.1900. throughout branding of development documentary the comprehensiverise and understanding of a historical formulate to advertising, as such evidence and York’s in museums, culture material of assemblages other as well as collections, YAT’s explore further to aim Over I years three next the period. three a hundred-year over from residents York’s of habits shopping the to on perspective new opportunity a establish provides exciting study items an branded the of archaeologists, Brewery. Tadcasterfrom beer and Tower l a c o l Water’Aerated Harrogate from ‘Emmatt’s and including products, international national, of sold remedy a reflect finds variety The 1670. around from toothache is a such Elixir’, One ‘Daffy’s century. seventeenth the in existence in were that brands of examples patent medicines and drinks bottles, including excavated fromHungate. Fragment of‘Daffy’s Elixir’bottle,early19thcentury, hs eid s priual stimulating particularly a is period This and historians For Harrogate. Aerated Water from contained Emmatt’s from Hungateonce This bottleexcavated Low Harrowgate from EdwardWormald of Stoneware porterbottle

23 24 2nd August 18th July– 2009 Hands onFinds YAT’s of tour behind-the-scenes this with Conservation Department.Meetat them YAT frontgateat10am(47 Aldwark, unearthed YO1 7BX). have archaeologists after artefacts to happens what out Find 615505). (01904 required pre-booking limited: are Places Free. August. 5th & July 29th 10am, YorkBehind theScenesatConservation, ArchaeologicalTrust Festival ofBritish Archaeology foranyonepresentingacurrent Young Archaeologists’ Clubmembershipcard. to 2nd YATadmission - Free July the August. 18th of duration the for Hall) Barley and (JORVIK,DIG attractions Free AdmissiontoYoung Archaeologists! 20th July-2nd August (excluding26thJuly).Pre-bookingrequired(01904615505). Free Hungatetours FESTIVAL ofBRITISH ARCHAEOLOGY 2009 defined therefore approved was listing Branding as suppliers. well as bottle, colour the and of shape the length at advertising described Contemporary counterfeiters. four bottle the foil to Life attempts his in decade a of in times Balsam his of shape the changed Turlington, Robert medicine, proprietary eighteenth-century popular a of as historian John Styles brands: has outlined, one creator popular copying from made be to money of amounts significant were there that demonstrate medicines proprietary for through face-to-face contact. Advertisements trust and quality offer to wouldhaveable once been they that of assurances same offer the and firms other from products their differentiate to more sought companies frequent, becoming less transactions waspersonalised and prevalent, production mass when century, eighteenth the the than By producer. rather itself, brand the with was relationship customer’s the which in those 10am -3pm,1st August 2009.Sitetoursandfindsdisplay. Freeadmission. Hungate OpenDay As thewalkisoverunevenground, itmaybeunsuitableforwheelchairusers. you to places and tell stories of a battle that shaped our history forever. Wear stout footwear and outdoor clothing. pre-booking required (01904 615505). Visit the site of the Battle of Marston Moor. Your costumed guide will take 11am, 24th July. Meet at the War Memorial, Marston Moor (walk lasts until 1pm approx.). Free. Places are limited: Battlefields Archaeology-UncoveringMarston Moor 18th July-2nd August, BarleyHall,Coffee Yard. Maximumofthreefreechildrenperpayingadult. Kids goFree atBarleyHall! are limitedatthesesessionspre-bookingrequired(01904615505). apply.Places DIG for charges admission over.Normal and 9 ages for YATdisplay.by Suitable on normally not excavated finds YourSaviourgate. handle St to Church, chance Saviour’s July,St 30th DIG, / 28th / 23rd / 21st or CBA websites(www. jorvik-viking-centre.comorhttp://festival.britarch.ac.uk/)forfulldetails. Festival of British Archaeology promoted by the Council for British Archaeology. Check the JORVIK York Archaeological Trust will be running a number of special events to coincide with the nationwide uevso o h Cnr fr eivl tde a the at York andYork Studies of Archaeological Trust.University Medieval for Centre the of supervision oa cnetoey opne, Rowntree and Terry’s, thatbecamenationalbrands. companies, confectionery major two local of birthplace the as renowned study, case excellent an is York regard, this in provinces; the of that and brands based York’s the examine interaction to of and relationship between London- hope I practices neighbourhoods, consumption the therefore afascinatingone. is documents historical with them combine and collections YAT’s from artefacts with work to opportunity The brand. the of part inseparable an is bottle Coca-Cola iconic the today as much differentiation, of form a as product the of shape physical actual the by In addition to building a profile of profile a building to addition In Jenny Basford is a Ph.D student under the collaborative Jenny Basford JOIN THE FRIENDS OF YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST

Receive YORKSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY twice a year Receive the Annual Report of YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST Specialist Weekend Courses Free, unlimited entry to JORVIK, Coppergate Free, unlimited entry to DIG, St Saviourgate An Introduction to 10% discount in the DIG shop Fieldwork 10% discount on the training dig 30% discount on all the Trust’s academic publications when 22nd - 24th May 2009 purchased direct (one of each publication per person) 14th - 16th August Access to the Trust’s highly acclaimed lunchtime lectures 23rd - 25th October A special programme of visits, day schools, lectures, site tours and social events. This course will give beginners and those By joining you will be contributing directly to the work of York with some basic knowledge the chance to Archaeological Trust. The Friends donate every penny of profit find out and take part in fieldwork based at directly to the Trust to further its important and exciting work. the unique Hungate site. Delegates will get the chance to excavate the site and explore Membership rates archaeological techniques with the experts Adult £19.00 pa from York Archaeological Trust, as well as Joint Adult (2 adults at same address) £27.00 pa see behind the scenes. Family (2 adults and all children at same address) £31.00 pa Over 60s £17.00 pa Cost per person: £120.00. (£110 for all Joint over 60s £23.00 pa those who have already taken part in Student in full-time education £17.00 pa the Training Dig at Hungate) Overseas member (sterling) £30.00 pa Life membership (single) £200.00 Email: [email protected] or Life membership (couple) £250.00 telephone 07908 210026 to enquire To join The Friends, send a cheque payable to FOYAT to: The Friends, York Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York YO1 7BX or book a place.

St Wilfrid CELEBRATINGFESTIVAL of BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGY25 YEARS OF JORVIK! 1300th Anniversary Conference York, 10 – 11 September 2009 JORVIK Viking Centre is 25 years old! Since opening in 1984, over 15 million visitors A group of historians, art historians and have enjoyed the JORVIK experience. To archaeologists will discuss the life and legacy of celebrate the history and success of this Wilfrid, Bishop of York and Abbot of Ripon and ground-breaking visitor experience, which was Hexham. created on the site of one

The conference will take place in St William’s of the most famous College, beside York Minster and will include a and astounding visit to Ripon and Hexham on 12th September. discoveries of modern Full details are available on the YAT website: archaeology, a www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk year of events has been Prices: organised as a Public Lecture (September 9)...... £5 thank you to all Conference (September 10-11)...... £50 of its supporters Excursion (September 12)...... £20 over the years.

Booking through the York Minster box office at Visit our website https://www.boxoffice.yorkminster.org/public/ www.jorvik-viking-centre.com or see local press for details of events No.16

In this issue...

Thirty years on from Coppergate, another ‘Viking-Age’ timber house is found at Hungate...

YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST

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