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An Overview of the Uses of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) – Electronic Supplementary Information 1

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An Overview of the Uses of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) – Electronic Supplementary Information 1 Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020 An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) – Electronic supplementary information 1 Juliane Glüge,a* Martin Scheringer,a Ian T. Cousins,b Jamie C. DeWitt,c Gretta Goldenman,d Dorte Herzke,e1, e2 Rainer Lohmann,f Carla A. Ng,g Xenia Trier,h and Zhanyun Wangi a.Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland, b.Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691, Sweden c.Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. d.Milieu, Brussels, Belgium e1. NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, Norway e2. Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway f. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA g.Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA h. DTU Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark i. Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland * Corresponding author email: [email protected] 1 General explanations The document provides an overview of the applications of PFAS. The information was gathered from various sources, such as reports, journal articles, databases, patents, safety data sheets and websites. The information on the substances themselves can be divided into four categories/types: information that a substance has been used for a specific application, but no information on its current status [uses (U)]; information that a substance is currently used (current use means a use with public record(s) of use from the last 4 years, i.e. 2017 or later) [current uses (U*)]; information that a substance has been detected in a specific product [detection (D)], and information that a substance has been patented (and given a CAS number) for a specific application [patent (P)]. Uses (U) and current uses (U*) were assigned based on, for example, data from the Chemical Data Reporting database under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in the United States (US), data from the SPIN database of the Nordic countries, information from safety data sheets and information that a specific substance is sold for that particular use. Information on detected substances was mainly retrieved from scientific studies (e.g. journals articles, reports). Patents were retrieved via either SciFindern (CAS 2019) or Google patents (Google_patents 2019). The information in brackets [e.g. CAS 2019 (JP05033153, 1993)] provides the patent number and the year of the invention. More information on the literature sources is provided in the Methods section of the main article. The information in this document originates from public sources and we were not able to verify whether the information in the public sources is correct, whether the substances work as intended, and what their real benefits are. Therefore, we cannot guarantee the validity of the compiled information. Important information for the tables: a) The chemical names in the tables are often generalized to a group of PFAS. However, this does not imply that substances with the same functional group, but different chain length, have the same properties. And most importantly, it does also not imply that all chain lengths of one generalized form are suitable for the same application. b) The structural formulae of some substances have been cut at one or both ends. The missing part of the carbon chain is not indicated. An example is displayed here: cut form uncut form Note that the complete molecular formulae are all provided in the tables. 2 c) Most of the anionic PFAS are displayed as neutral PFAS in the pictures in this document. Strictly speaking, this is not correct. The correct form is given in the tables under “molecular formula”. However, editing the images (which were taken from SciFindern) would have been extremely time-consuming, so we decided to not correct them. An example of the incorrect and correct forms is shown here: – + Li Li incorrect form correct form d) The graphics of the molecules do not intend to reflect any actual bond length ratios. e) For polymers, only the monomers are shown. f) Labels provided in parentheses (e.g. ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate(1a)) mean that the substance shown in the graphic below the label is another salt of the same anion (e.g. potassium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate and not ammonium perfluoroalkyl carboxylate). g) The chemical names in the tables are often generalized to a group of PFAS (to cover more than one CAS No.), using “perfluoroalkyl”, also it might be a “polyfluoroalkyl”. An example is the PFAS group shown below. The general name should be “1-Alkanol, polyfluoro-“ but in this document we write “1-Alkanol, perfluoro-“. We have also not used the plural forms of the names, although they encompass often more than one substance. h) The chemical names of the PFAS are either from Buck et al. (2011) or SciFindern (CAS 2019). In SciFindern, IUPAC names are used for normal registrations, whereas for manual registrations, only “descriptive” names are given (e.g. siloxanes and silicones, di-Me, Me 3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl, Me 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8- tridecafluorooctyl). i) The graphics from SciFindern may sometimes contain “D1” in the structure (see below for CAS No. 51798-33-5), and it is unknown where such “D1”s are connected to the main structure. 3 Table of content General explanations ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Table of content .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 1 Industry branches ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Aerospace ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Biotechnology ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Building and Construction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.4 Chemical industry .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.5 Electroless plating ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21 1.6 Electroplating (metal plating) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 1.7 Electronics industry ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 1.8 Energy sector ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 1.9 Food production industry .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 1.10 Machinery and equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40 1.11 Manufacture of metal products .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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