Dr. ABDUL NABI AL-GHADBAN
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Dr. ABDUL NABI AL-GHADBAN Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research 5/6/2012 Contents Introduction: location NW of the AG Impact of this location on the environment of Kuwait Kuwait coastal and Marine environment The Islands Kuwait Bay Southern Area External Risks and Impacts: reduction of fresh water input, rehabilitation of the Iraqi marshes, Nuclear PP of Iran, exotic species, LBS of pollutants Recent studies at KISR Potential threats and or risks Recommendations اليوم العالوي لنظن الوعلوهات الجغرافية International Geographic InformationDr. Hamdy Systems El-Gamily Day 2008 Kuwait Environment I R A Q I R A N 32 ° 30° KUWAIT 28° A heavy dust turbidity The mean dust turbidity The moderate dust turbidity The direction of the dust, sand streams Dust storms and vortices 48° 51° Low vegetation cover with high The dust storms are associated with wind speed from the North West considerable amount of suspended generates several dust storms that particulates as well some pollutants that adversely impact the condition in are adsorbed to such particles. the area. Water Circulation Iraq N Kuwait Low Energy Iran 100 km Bahrain Qatar Abu Dhabi Saudi Arabia UAE Oman 1991 Gulf war oil releases sources locations (Source: Ecology & Environment and Dr J.M. Al- Hassan, 1994) Coastal Geomorphology Location map of Kuwait Bay N Kuwait KB is an elliptically shape I R A N 28o embayment that protrudes BAHRAIN from the Arabian Gulf in QATAR S A U D I A R A B I A 24o westward direction at its UNITED ARAB OMAN 100 km EMIRATES northwestern corner. 48o 52o 56o It covers an area of about 750 km2 1989 2003 29° 40` N Bubiyan Island Nutrients Arabian Arabian Gulf Metals Subiya Low stressed areas 29° 30` Highly stressed areas Ras Kathman Doha Rain Sewers Emergency Sewers Doha east Ras Al Ajuzh Fish farming Ash Shuwaikh Doha east 29° 20` Ras al Ardh Al-Ajahra Ports Marinas 0 km 10 Kuwait City Recreation Oil and Gas industry 47° 40` Power-stations and desalination plant 48° 00` 48° 20` 29° 40` Bubiyan Island Ras Arabian Al Himar Gulf Subiya - Az 29° Jal Zor 30` Failaka Ras Kathman Doha west Al-Akaz Ras Al Doha Ash Ajuzh Shuwaikh Ras al 29° Al-Ajahra east 20` Sulaibikhat Ardh Bay 0 km 10 Kuwait City 47° 40` 48° 00` 48° 20` 29° 40` Bubiyan Island N Arabian Gulf Subiya 29° Zone D 30` Zone B Zone C Ras Kathma Doha Zone A n Doha east Ras Al Doha Ash Ajuzh Shuwaikh 29° Al-Ajahra east Ras al 20` Ardh 0 km 10 Kuwait City 47° 40` 48° 00` 48° 20` Area Types of Activities Types of Pollution Priorities for rehabilitations Zone A: Sewage input, Power Plant, Desalination, Nutrients, heavy metals, hydrocarbon, thermal 1st Priority Suliabekhat Bay Hydrocarbon, heavy metal pollution. Zone B: Recreation, Transportation, desalination and 2nd Priority Doha Port power plant. Hydrocarbon, heavy metal pollution. rd Zone C: Recreation, Transportation, sewage 3 Priority Shuwaikh Port Suspended solid, Hydrocarbon, heavy metals, th Zone D: Fish-farming, Oil activities agricultural pollution 4 Priority Northern and northwestern sector Heavy Metals Levels of heavy metals in the sediments of Kuwait Bay comparing with Canadian Guideline and Dubai Creek Concentration (ppm) Kuwait Bay SQ Guidelines Dubai Creek (Canada) Cadmium 7.73 - 22.83 0.6 - 10 3.38 - 7.2 Nickel 41.35 - 140.07 16 - 75 34.5 - 39 Lead 4.96 - 22.53 31 - 250 35.8 - 53.5 Mercury 0.03 - 0.06 0.2 - 2.0 ND Chromium 58 26.0 - 110 ND Copper 27 16.0 - 110 ND Manganese 481 460 - 1100 ND Sewage “Suliabikhat Bay” 2005 29° 40` Bubiyan Island Arabian Gulf Arabian Subiya Medira 29° 30` 1 Ras Asherge3 Ras Ajuzah Ras Al- 5 6Arahd Ras Shuwaikh KathmanDoha 4 2 Doha west Al- Ras Al Doha Ash SulaibikhatAkaz Ajuzh 29° east Shuwaikh Ras al Ardh 20` Al-Ajahra Bay 0 km 10 Kuwait City 12 47° 40` 48° 00` 48° 20` 10 8 6 mg/l 4 Z 01 Z 02 Z 03 2 Z 04 Z 05 Z 06 0 S S A S S A S S A S S A S S A S S A S S A S S A S S A W W W W W W W W W 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Lithofacies map of the marine bottom Biolithofacies map of the marine bottom sediments (Al Yamani at al, 2004). sediment (after Al Yamani et al, 2004). The coastal area exhibits variety of activities Such activities are ranging from marinas, power plants, coastal reclamation, fishing, etc. Coral reefs Port and Navigation routs Desalination plants Chalets Recreational Salinity Average Salinity values vary seasonally from 36.3 to 43.6ppt, with minimum salinities most often observed in May. Nutrients Human and Urban Development on the coastal area Port Sewage outlet Power and Desalinization Northern Plant Residential Area Proposed Aquaculture Recreational Area Industrial area Recreational and Industrial Area Rapid population growth along the coastal region as a result of oil booming period is imposing an increasing pressure on the coastal ecosystem as more untreated municipal wastewater being dumped into the coastal area through more than 12 inlets. Oil Pollution Pollution from Ships Desalination & Power Impacts of Regional Plants Wars 7 6 8 1 11 14 17 20 27 26 25 39 24 30 79 37 56 78 53 58 72 51 66 Legend: 2006, 2001 and 1992 2006 or 2001 or 1992 2006 only 1992 (Mt.Mitchell) only No sediment sample Sampling sites during the marine cruises TPH (fluo) TPH (fluo) TPH (fluo) TPH (fluo) TPH (fluo) TPH (fluo) TPH (fluo) PAHs PAHs TPH (fluo) Legend: 2006 and 2001 2006 or 2001 2006 only “Hot-spots” of TPH and PAHs in the Gulf 2 Results of ROPME’s 26 contaminant survey in 2005 14 14 13 TPH concentration 251 10 in the sediment: mg ROPME Oil / kg 32 61 16 Temporal Changes in the Marshes of Southern Iraq 1972 1990 1997 Marshlands Of Mesopotamia 1973 - 1976 2000 مدى اﻷنتشار تأثري الرياح السائده Recommedations from the 2004 study” Al- Yamani et al 2004” 1. Ensure sustainable developments in the marine environment. 2. Establishment of a concerned authority for coastal zone and marine planning. 3. Trust fund to support public awareness 4.Kuwait, through its membership in ROPME, should encourage sustainable developments related to the area around Shatt- Al-Arab and also to actions related to the rehabilitation of the Iraqi marshes 5. Implement and enforcement of the law related to the establishment and management of the marine parks. 6. Prevent the existence of exotic species from the ballast waters through the implementation of IMO resolution; establishment of reception facilities. 7. Control the by-catch 8. Implement the law related the prevention of TBT. 9. Support the implementation of Integrated Coastal zone management. 10. More effort to keep the integrity of coral reefs in the area. 11. Establish a monitoring plan that includes biological and toxicological studies. Contents 12. Monitoring the coastal area to ensure its safety from the effect of industrial effluents, untreated sewage, and effluent water from the power and desalination plants. 13. More work should be done to ensure water quality in 2 areas; Al-shuwaikh and Al-Shuiaba. 14. Assessment of the above actions every 5 years. Environmental Management Program – Policy and Applied Research Reporting environmental information to the Government (EPA) To regulate environmental Data/Info - Assessment Manage Goals and ecosystem 1 health in Kuwait Characterization of pollutants, Identification of environmental stressors in Design effective pollution sources in Kuwait Environmental Quality/Pollution policy measures, indicators regulatory Identify and assess emerging standards pollutants Develop and 2 strengthen Fate and transport environmental Study, assess environmental of pollutants Tailor-made pollution weathering processes monitoring/ regulations assessment tailor-made for 3 strategies for the Kuwaiti Kuwait conditions, Develop monitoring strategies Environmental considering impact and risk international assessments practices Toxicity and environmental Decision support safety evaluation 4 tools for management of Management of waste emissions/ Adopt, develop decision waste disposals disposals support tools for environmental pollution control Methodology transfer to stakeholders 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 Project EM-1:– Environmental indicators (biological and Project EM-1 1 Identification of new chemical) and their advanced monitoring for emerging environmental pollution characterization ecosystem functioning in the marine indicators; updating the list of and terrestrial environment Project EM-2a Project EM-2b priority pollutants for Kuwait; and strengthening and upgrading Project EM-2 environmental regulations and the a:- Building the capacity to fulfill data requirements of related advanced monitoring the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Project EM-3 strategies Pollutants (POPs) b:– Occurrence and environmental concentrations of oil, non-oil and emerging pollutants in Kuwait’s environment Project EM-3:– Spatial-temporal characterization airborne 2 Environmental weathering pollutants, land-surface temperatures, hydrocarbon Project EM-4 processes affecting the fate of pollution using remote sensing (satellite imageries) new emerging pollutants and the transport processes; contribution Project EM-4:– Environmental weathering of petroleum Project EM-5 to the revision of regulations and hydrocarbons and emerging pollutants in Kuwait’s redesign monitoring programs marine and terrestrial environments Project EM-5:– Advanced monitoring approaches for characterization of pollutant transport (atmospheric and 3 Toxicological testing of new land-based), including trans-boundary pollution Project EM-6 emerging pollutants in the Project EM-6:– Eco-toxicological testing of oil, non-oil