Preface The destruction of our forests has been of some concern since early 70's. The Silent Valley struggle in late 70's is a landmark. The achievement of the struggle was arousal of concern for nature in many especially, youth. The older issues like pollution from Grassim industries caused to Chaliyar River or disappearing wetland and forests could not achieve the magnitude ofripples Silent Valley struggle could create.

Keralam had 70,000 ha. of mangroves, 39 backwaters nourished by 41 west flowing rivers bringing nutrients from the mountains and sustaining the pristine and unique coastal systems at the dawn of this century. We have lost all of them in strict biological terms. Still we have small specks of these as remnants. What we have today vary from one plant to a speck of wetland traces or a mangrove patch. The need for care and nurture ofthese delicate specks are all the more relevant. Urgent protection measure to restore is the need of the hour. A stock taking for understanding the system could be done later. This is a catch 22 situation. How can you care and restore a system, which is little known. I do not have an answer for this as of now but I feel we should be able to achieve it.

As a boy of elementary class I used to wonder and sit patiently asking questions to 'Pokkichi • (she was a traditional stake holder of the wetlands with a wisdom and understanding of its diversity when I look back to her now.) who brought prawns, crabs and a variety of fishes from the 'Kaippad' (wetlands). Since then, I had tried to devote my selfto search for better understanding of wetlands and its intricacies. I did not take up this as a conventional research but as a personal search that started with bird watching and later been enlarged to study ofthe wetland ecosystem.

One of the causes for wetland destruction today is tourism development. Dhanaraj Keezhara. Programme Coordinator (Kerala programme) of Equations has been motivating me to study the backwaters. Later with inputs of Haribabu of Coastal programmes (Equations) the framework for this study was drawn. I proposed a budget and a programme. The work got itself changed into new dimensions during the course of the study. I could not complete the work with in the budget and time. The work presented in the following pages is a part of an ongoing struggle. There are two parts of the report. Part 1 is the literature survey and the case study ofthe two wetlands. Part 2 is selected abstracts related and relevant for wetlands of South India. I am hopeful of finding support to continue the work deeper and involve in an educational process to create better understanding ofthe system.

I need to thank many people. All had a common goal to share and hence, this is not my personal work but a collective effort. Most ofthem do not want the names to be mentioned here. Therefore, while expressing my gratitude to all of them I am not mentioning the names. I am personally responsible for accuracy of information and interpretations in the report and if there are any mistakes it is mine not ofthe group.

C. Jayakumar. Introduction

Keralam could have been the ideal place for study on the interaction of the land with water in its natural abundance. Here various fonns of life could have been mutually influencing and collectively changing the land and waterscapes and evolving further to maintain hannony and rythm of the system. In the recent past human populations also came into this as dependent communities which tried to understand the life supporting system and harmony in living together. At some point of time these communities became societies, which are humancentric, and soon the fabric of life support system was taken for granted and the priority shifted to efforts to acquire assets to become "powerful". Thus the scenarios changed drastically. Looking back it is easier for us to understand these as we live in the same scenario but with much more technological might and on top of ignorance about the backdrop, which maintains, enriches, fills and makes life meaningful and possible. We will never be able to understand the situations earlier to this as we have lost the best of the natural systems and human communities who understood them and used them. Positioning ourselves in the postmodern realities one need to look back to understand about ourselves and also to continue the journey further searching for the "survival knowledge".

The fishing communities, tribal communities and fanners lived and manipulated the wetlands and backwaters to a greater extent. Coastal Keralam was actually a broken mass ofland connected by water. The people were dependent directly on the land and water. Geographical limits were accepted as limits for the community and "beyond" were for those who dare. "Beyond" was also the space for adventure, mysteries and of unknown. Conflicts of chieftains often led to wars eventually taking partisan asylum in the empires. The Kings wanted connectivity and fortunately had traditional ways to keep the area together. The limited surplus capital was a positive factor as far as wetlands were concerned. This got changed and construction of roads and bunds, which were the major negative activity, was the result of war and arrival of European for trade. Tipu built the m~or roads in Malabar and the British built first railway line up to Kadalundi to fight Tipu. The construction of this railway has been the first major damage to the wetlands of Keralam, which fragmented and stagnated the ecosystem. Subsequently reclaiming the common land and waterscape. Everyone also accepted conversion of these to private property. Encroachments of the hills in large scale also started at the same time. Both required surplus capital to build and maintain the land or the farms. Labour force was not available and soon migrant labour was brought in and provided shelter so that they will be available for immediate needs. The rest is the most recent history written by many which all of us know.

A literature survey to understand the scientific work can go back 300 years to the past. The first author (using the research jargon) who described mangroves is Van Rbeede (1678-1693) who described 18 mangrove species in his legendary 'Horthus Malabaricus' with excellent hand dra"ings and described medicinal properties of some of them. This is the base line work by Government Departments, Universities, Research Institutes, Scholars, Non Governmental Organisations and individuals followed resulting fairly large number of papers on various aspects of wetlands. The search to compile the research on wetlands of Keralam led to over 5000 references of which some are directly based on Keralam and others covering aspects which can be applied to understand Wetlands of Keralam. A select abstracts related to wetlands are included as part 2 ofthis report. The largest number of reports is by biologists. The naturalists gave accounts of birds, fishes, plants and various aspects related to natural history, species and ecosystem. The work of professionals based in research centres, Universities and Government departments also resulted in large number of papers on a variety of aspects. P.W.O., Indo-Dutch mission and C W.R.O.M. gave in-depth analysis from engineering point of view. CE.S.S. attempted mapping of wetlands, mangroves, Kayals etc,. Most of the other work has been on inventorying. Kerala Agricultural University and its Research stations worked on matters related to agriculture and soil. K.F.R.I. and CE.S.S. also organised management programmes. Department of Aquatic biology, University of Kerala has done work on the ecology of Kayals and backwaters. CM.F.R.I. has done work on fisheries, aquaculture and related fields. An inter disciplinary work to interpret the complex natural life supporting system is yet to be visualized and accomplished. The work by these Institutes are sometimes fragmented often dealt in detail to a specific problem but an attempt to understand the problem in the back drop of the system which supports life is yet to start.

The following are the institutions, which undertook various research programmes:

1. University ofKerala, Thiruvanantbapuram. 2. Public Works Department, Govt. ofKeraIam, Thiruvanantbapuram 3. State Committee on Science and Technology. Govt. ofKeralam, Thlruvananthapuram 4. C.E.S.S., Thiruvananthapuram. 5. T.B.G.R.I., Thiruvananthapuram. 6. C.D.S., Thiruvananthapuram. 7. Centre for Environment & Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram. 8. Environment Resources Research Centre, Thiruvananthapuram. 9. Programme for Community Organisation, Thiruvananthapuram. 10. Mahathma Gandhi University, Kottayam. 11. Coehln University ofScience and Technology, Koehi 12. C.M.F.R.I., Koehl. 13. C.I.F.T., Koehl. 14. John Abraham·, Kumarakam 15. KS.S.P., Thrissur. 16. Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. 17. K.F.R.I., Thrissur. 18. University ofCali cut, Thenhippalam. 19. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargod. 20. Thanal- Conservation Action and Information Network, Kannur & Thrissur. 21. S.E.E.K, Payyannur. 22. Kerala Natural History Society, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode. 23. Mangalore University, Mangalore. 24. Abdul Khader·, Kattampally. 25. Department ofFisheries. Govt. ofKeralam, Thiruvananthapuram.

• John Abraham, Kumarakam and Abdul K.hader Kattampally are the two individuals who fought for wetlands right from late fifties. Their contributions are not published as scientIfic papers. They have written large volume of articles and has been inspiration for many. There may be many such little known or unknown individuals who are not included here.

The above institutions have officially worked on topics I aspects related to wetlands. Some of them, environment impact assessment written by the organisations only to favour the State or the industry forgetting the fundamentals of science. The notable work covering various aspects and including dependant communities are done by SEEK with the support of C.D.S. Thiruvananthapuram. C.D.S. has launched several research programmes under K.R.P.L.L.D and more such work might come out of this initiative. The traditional Government reports by P.W.D. and Gazetteers gave valuable information on the past management CESS has compiled the available information, which is the baseline to start a state level stocktaking. CESS also has done mapping of the wetlands and mangroves which needs updating for getting present status.

Survey of Literature

I could visit KFRI, CWRDM, CPCRI, KAU, CESS, CDS, STEC, CMFRI and related institutions. I got large number of references. The foJlowing are the most important references, which are directly related to our wetlands. The abstracts from TREECD related to wetlands and mangroves were also browsed through and the references, which are relevant for our systems, are selected and included separately as Part 2 ofthis report.

An effort to collect copies of the following references will help to create a solid database on the wetlands. Pathiramanallslands, Alappuzha

(A preliminary case study on the impact of Tourism)

Vembanad is the largest and magnificent backwater of Keralam. Vembanad used to support over 3 lakh migratory waterfowls and a variety of fish and other flora and fauna. The lime shell mining by Travancore Cements, Kottayam, is the major industrial activity besides other small and traditional activities. The area was known and the major tourism activity was the annual Nehru Trophy boat race. There were initiatives to convert the Alapusha, once known as the Venice of Keralam, to acommercially successful place and to help it to regain the glory. The suggestion was to promote tourism as a major activity. The planners felt that the location and settings are ideal for tourism. Thus the island Pathiramanal between Kumarakom and Muhamma came in to the tourism map. The island had 13 families and their houses and agriculture land. There were demands from forest and tourism departments for acquisition and finally the decision came favoring the tourism department.

The department came with master plans. Tourists pavilion, star hotel, swimming pool, amusement park; recreation centre and mini zoo were the major components. Private and government investments were invited. DTPC Alapllsha, KTDC, Dept of Tourism and Forest Departments were the major investors from the government. The plan was submitted to Government of India and the 13 families were moved out to keep the land ready for the programme. Since the number was only 13 the resistance against displacement was weak and the district administration successfully evicted the families. The then Vice President of India DR. Shanker Dayal Sharma laid the foundation stone in 1989. There was some tourism activity a toilet was built. occasional tourists were bought and vide media coverage was given as propaganda to develop backwater tourism. The vacated houses and coconut trees and one Sree Narayana statue were the only remnants of the inhabitants. The newspaper reports came in 22.7.92 that the government of India could not give money allocated under national tourism activity and the project is shelved. The Vembanad Nature Club came up with a compromise proposal deleting the star hotel and other constructions suggesting concrete footpath around the Island and an open Zoo in the Island in 1995. There is flow of money from department of Tourism and KTDC for the same head and DTPC are also trying to keep the issue live. But for practical purpose nobody knows what is happening. Repeated attempts at Directorate of Tourism and KTDC failed and the staff officers and Director evaded by saying some excuse or other. None is giving an information also about the plans or programmes.

The impact of the tourism activity directly was on the families were who were forced out from the area. The island has been kept unutilized for all these years. The construction materials shipped to the island is stolen and gone. Lot of illicit activities is reported from the island. The mangroves are destroyed for the construction of footpath. The outboard engines have used largely for houseboats and speedboats have caused extinction to the rays (a species of fish bottom dwelling reported from Vembanad). The large trees were removed and this caused damages to the nesting birds, which might have shifted their nesting, as they are not seen now. The flocks of birds visiting Vembanad are an old story. In place of the lakhs of waterfowls seen the last two years recorded absence of these migrants. The scenario is awkward, as these lakhs of visitor birds could not continue to visit there because of disturbance created to accommodate few tourists. They were coming to enjoy the birds and the vicious cycle either completes here or starts from here. The money spend for Pathiramanal also is not available from the sources and the wasteful expenditure has denied bonafide needs in genuine cases. The players had short-term benefits in to their personal official credits or pockets. The loss to the families or biodiversity cannot be easily estimated. The opportunity lost by the mismanagement also needs to be considered. In other words the glossy handouts and media reports painted a scenario which has disappeared in to the waterscape along with the unknown biodiversity. The major impact of Pathiramanal is indirect. It gave propaganda for backwater tourism and all the known backwaters were eventually pushed in to tourism development by the planers ignorantly quoting Pathiramanal and Vembanad.

The damage to the natural system cannot be repaired and the value dilution of the wetlands as only useM to tourism is yet another problem. The models once presented will continue top give illusions for more time with the multiplier effect so in social terms the impact of this model will haunt us for some more time. The Pathiramanal project motivated at least a dozen new projects by the private entrepreneurs and the impact of this is already felt in Kumarakom and adjacent areas. The damage to the only location in Keralam, which could have been identified and declared as Ramsar site under international Ramsar Convention I is yet another indirect impact. The loss of foreign currency and resources because of this is several folds more than what is earned by tourism which any way did not benefit the region or community. Akkulam Backwaters, Thiruvananthapuram.

(A preliminary study of impact of Tourism.)

Thiruvananthapuram was a town with seven hills and the many natural streams draining the same. Thus city had the privilege to be one of the clean cities earlier. The town had manageable population and well with in irs carrying capacity. Being the capital of the Travancore Kings and then the capital Thiru -Kochi state there was lot of movement in to the city. The city sewage was draining to Akkulam. The increasing urbanization followed by formation of Keralam State and declaration of the city as capital was beyond planned growth and the existing sewage system could not handle the load eventually all got drained to Akkulam. Simultaneous to this the growing, city had more needs. The Akkulam area was selected for industrial establishments, Hindustan Latex and English Indian Clays and many others were established. The Indian Space Research Organization started many centers and the north west of the lake became the restricted area. The Centre for Earth Science Studies was established in the early eighties. Thus there was a growing need for urban recreation. A small facility was set up at Veli as youth Hostel and boating was developed the area was taken over by the Tourism Department and it became a centre for adventure water sports and youth center. The Tourism sculptor Kanayi Kunhiraman built his usual nude sculpture and did landscaping. Floating restaurant floating bridge and Hovercraft etc were added to this latter. The pressing need of people to go out for evenings or short outings resulted in good crowd coming to eat ice creams etc. The idea of creating additional facility was a need thus further up in the backwater Akkulam was selected for major development.

The once well known location which was part of the Parvathi Puthanar trade route which had connectivity with the famous trade center of the past' Anchu Thengu' thus got a new facelift to become the hub of major tourism project.

The area, which had good paddy fields and agriculture land and coconut palms, represented the traditional rural setting dose to city. The Local people used to fish in the lake and the fishermen reports the variety of fishes they used to get. Retting of coconut husk, coir industry and other traditional practices was the livelihood. The area by and large retained the agriculture landscape and was supporting under privileged and weaker sections were the larger part of the population sustained by the above. The announcement of the tourism project was welcomed by all and supported aggressively by the then Panchayat president. The idea of developing the area for backwater tourism was thus launched. There was well-organised media campaign by the Tourism department. Thus along with Pathiramanal project another project was prepared for Akkulam. The original idea was to spend rupees one crore for development of the region. The then Minister for tourism Sri. P.S.Sreenivasan laid the foundation stone

A boat club, garden, anthurium collection, water park, island restaurant with fountain, walk in aviary, cottages for tourists, floating restaurant, Kanayi Kunhiraman's tourism sculpture, children's park and swimming pool were part of the package. There was not much budgetary support from the Dept. of Tourism so novel ways were tried. An employment generation scheme for SC/ST girls through Horticulture was drawn to built the anthurium collection. The same was applied for the boat dub. 10 SC/ST girls were given training to be the boat drivers and 3girls for supporting the boat dub. Total of 13 gins was provided employment by DTPC at the total investment of 30 lakhs to built the boat club. Membership was offered to public and could not bring in the numbers to sustain the club. However the boating was bringing revenue in the first year on peak days more than 7000 rupees were collected from boating. The Water Park was set up for a total expenditure of rupees 40 lakhs, work was started in 1991 and completed in 1994. The same welcomed Thiruvananthapuram city dwellers used to come for swimming and. DTPC could successfully ensure water supply to the park even when there is drinking water scarcity. There was an additional proposal of a water railway line and there was initial investments construction of lines and later it disappeared in to the newspaper reports and files. There was dredging and soil work the mangroves were cleared and burned. Then came the new idea of developing Akkulam - Veli Tourism village. The proposal was to establish the village in an area of 405 acres at an expenditure of 112 crore rupees. The development that will flow in to the area started appearing in the newspapers. Out of 112 cores 72 crores were to meet cost for rehabilitating people to be displaced to build the village. This sparked agitation and was one of the issues in the election agenda. The proposal was to give 94 acres to hotels, 50 acres to golf course, 50 acres to cottages etc. The people who are in the project area are not given electricityl water connection and are forced to vacate from the locality. CESS was asked to do the feasibility study as on now no information is available on these. When approached the officials of tourism department say that they cannot give information, as there is possibilities of litigation as in the case of Kumarakom.

The project is in a hung status and the facilities are poony utilized. The eutrophicatiOn of the lake due to churning of the water by outboard engine of speedboats has caused serious problems. The settled sewage deposits in the bottom of the lake also got swelled up and the water is now black in color and stinking. The tourists opting for boating can see floating contraceptives, napkins and human excreta. The floating water hyacinth has been clogging the outboard motors and the boating is a rare activity now. The investment was Rs 2.63 lakhs per person, the investment to provide job for 13 people, could not sustain the retums beyond the third year. The speedboats caused high waves that have destroyed the patches of mangrove vegetation. The floating restaurant is taken to Veli after inauguration and is now in a pathetic condition. The floating bridge blocks movement of local boats, which ferry around carrying materials to and fro from Veli poshi to Akkulam. The people are denied opportunity to live by doing the jobs they were doing for decades. The impact of tourism on these people cannot be quantified easily. The impact is of multifaceted with multiplier effect on each.

The Veli - Akkulam project is now an opportunity for study of impact of tourism. An unexpected purpose provided by tourism development project. The hills around this region are fully build up now. The Southern PJr Command has occupied most of the areas and built various departments and an school. The area now is restricted for public. In other words northwest is restricted by ISRO and northeast and southeast fully occupied by PJr Force. The lake is fully destroyed by tourism and the two tourism facilities in various stages of degeneration are on the shore is yet another reality. The by pass road and bridge are blocking the waterflow. The once open spaces are full of housing colonies. There are proposals by housing board to build more colonies. They have started work at the only open space available in the area. Even today there are about eighty families who are not sure about continuing in the area because the tourism proposal is not officially abandoned. The ignorance of the planers and their negligence sealed the region from developing to asustainable economy. The story of this region should documented and brought as monograph which will be of immense use to activists and g-oups who are campaigning for informed decision making by people. The same will help planers and administers as how fragmented decisions are killing the very area on which the entire proposal is constructed. Recommendations

1. Collection of copies and reprints of available literature to build the database on wetlands and mangroves. 2. Documentation of the eXl sting fragmented natural areas and preparation of restoration methods and the priority of the area for the same. :'. A case study of the backwaters mentioned below to come out with a status report of the same. 1. Vembanad backwaters. -A quick appraisal onlTe present status (~rrhe largest 'welland ofKeralam. n. Kochi backwaters. -A mapping and status report ofthe Koch; hackwaters. iii. Asbtamudi Lake. -A .'IIams report on the Ashtamudl Lake andlistmg out the ma/or threats to the lake. IV. Bharathapuzha., Chaliyar, Kadalundi, Chalakkudy and Chandragiri estuaries. -An appraisal (~f the present status with suggestions for community led conservation programmes with the involvement oflocal Panchayath. v. Case study of the Valapauanam and Ramapuram estuaries and connected backwaters including canals. -Study (?fthe present prohlems andmapping ofmangroves andsuggestionsJor community led conservation programmes. VI. Case study of Pookode Lake and Kuruva islands ofWayan ad. -Study and st(}(.:ktakmg {~f impact ~ftourism on these areas

4. Case study of Thiruvananthapuram coast from Varkala to Adimalathurai including associated backwaters to map the number of tourism projects. its intensity and violation of existing laws and encroachments to commons. 5. Developing conservation plan for Kwnarakom to be managed by the Panchayath and to benefit the local community and environment. The plan may be developed through consultations and made available for discussions. 6. A technical conservation assessment workshop to recommend the species for inclusion in the endangered list and to develop legal and policy framework for protecting the same. 7. Capacity building for wetland watchdog functioning and fdcilitation to support activists and voluntary organisations. 8. Bio-diversity estimation and monitoring ofmangroves. A relatively undisturbed area in Valapauanam and regenerating area in KadallUldy may be selected for long-term study and documentation. 9. Development of education package to '-Teate informed decision making and public opmton. 10. Development of a primer as a supplementary text book for the curriculum on backwaters, lakes and mangroves giving historical accounts present status and problems. 11. A short term exercise to de~elop a major project for subrrutting to donors to seek support for policy intervention collection of benchmark data etc. 12. Preparation of a GIS on backwaters and mangroves of Keralam. Abbasi, S.A and Remani, KN., 1985. Environmental pollution due to retting of coconut husk and preliminary studies on closed system retting Pmc. Workshop on Coir Research, COlr Board, Alapuzha, pp J2 J - J3 I .

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