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E499 SECTORAL Volume4 J L ENVIRONMENTAL Public Disclosure Authorized AS SES SMENT Of the STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT - ROAD COMPONENT Public Disclosure Authorized

4 m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Y Public Disclosure Authorized

Prepared on behalf of Public Works Department

Volume -II Preparedby Appendices to Main Report Louis Berger International, Inc., Sheladia Associates. CES & ICT Muthoot Chambers, Thycaud , Public Disclosure Authorized Kerala, - 695014 October2001

.~ VWErtp I Kerala StateTransport Project SectoralEnvironmental Assessment - AuIgust2001

Volume II Appendices to Main Report

Table of Contents l Appendix A. 4.1 Environmental And Social Impact Screening I Appendix A. 4.1 Model (EASISM)

I Appendix A. 4.2 Link SpecificEnvironmental Analysis I Appendix A. 4.3 EnvironmentalStrip Maps

Appendix A. 5.1 CRZ- 1 Areas of Importance According to I Appendix A. 5.1 GOI Regulation

I AmbientAir, Waterand Noise Quality Appendix A. 5.2 Monitoring - Stations, and Period of | Monitoring

Appendix A. 53 IUCN Document on Sensitive Ecological * Areas

Appendix A. 6.1 Environmental Design Drawings

I Appendix A. 6.2 Kerala Specific Policy for Roadside Tree Plantation

| Appendix A. 8.1 Short listed NGOs for Project Consultation and Participation

Appendix A. 8.2 Official Consultations I Appendix A. 8.3 Minutesof ScopingWorkshops | Appendix A. 9.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan for KSTP I l

LBI/Shclad ia!CESlICT I I I I Appendix A.4.1 I

I Environmental And Social I Impact Screening Model (EASISM) I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l

Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment -August 2001 l

I KERALASTATE TRANSPORT PROJECT | ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIALIMPACT COMPONENT

ENVIRONMENTAL ANS SOCIAL IMPACT SCREENING MODEL ! (EASISM)

Backgroundand Purpose 3 The Kerala State Highway Project requires the screening of 2,500 km' of State highways selected by a previous Strategic Options Study and the selection of 1,000 km for upgrading in two phases. The first will be for 400 km and the secondfor 600 km.

Kerala is a long and narrow State situated in the southwest of the Indian Subcontinentand consistsof a coastal plain, a zone of rolling countryand the mountainsand hills of the Southern 5 and Western . At 749 people per sq km2. it has one of the highest populationdensities in India. As the populationis concentratedin the coastal and rolling areas to the west of the State, populationdensities there are even higher. The existingroads in these areas largelyrin in narrow I winding corridorslargely bordered by housingand commercialbuildings. Therefore, it will not be an easy task to construct roads with modern geometric standardsin these corridorswithout taking a significantamount of land and affectingmany people. In order to be able to estimatethe I amount costs involved the Environmentaland Social Impact Screening Model (EASISM)was developed.EASISM was designedas a screeningand planning tool in the election of links for upgrading as well as the type of upgradingto be undertaken.While it generates numbers to I several significant figures, these numbers should be regarded as approximate. They were nevertheless initially the most accurate figures available on the land acquisition, building replacementand relocationcosts.

Descriptionof the Model

| The model consistof three interlockingExcel spreadsheetfiles (workbooks)named:

I * Env-SocialScen.xls * Env-socialSummary Scenario 1.xls * Env-SocialSummary Scenario 2.xls

IOriginally 2,800 km but 300 km were reclassified as National Hiwhvays and thus rcmoved from the list of roads to be considered. 3 21991 census

5 ILBt3/Sheladia/CES/ICT Kerala State Transport Project Scctoral Environmcntal Assessment -August 2001

When opened the spreadsheets are titled:

1 * KEARALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS - COMPARISON OF SCENARIOS

* SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES FOR ROADS SELECTED FOR UPGRADING - Scenario 1 1 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES FOR ROADS SELECTED OR UPGRADING - Scenario 2 I respectively Scenario I assumes that wherevcr widening occurs it will be to the full width of a two-lane highway with shoulders and drainage to IRC standards. Scenario 2 assumes that the maximum effort will be taken to avoid the destruction of buildings and widening will occur within the corridor between buildings wherever possible.

The first workbook contains the following data for each link and each scenario included in the * spreadsheet:

PPercent of corridor within four given width ranges, : Land taken, I * Numberof affectedpeople displaced, * Average number of people displaced per km, and 3 * Total costs of land acquisition, buildings and relocation. It has the facility of including and excluding specific links and showing data, totals and averages for the included links only. For each link a specific road corridor width may itself be selected I from four options. The width of each option may be changed. Options 1 and 2 represent minimum width corridors. Options 3, representing a full width two - lane road to IRC standards, sets the minimum width under Scenario 1. Option 4 is intended to represent a dual carriageway * (divided highway). To set widths or select links requires a minimum knowledge of operating computers and no specific knowledge of the spreadsheet program Excel.

| The other two spreadsheets contain the following data for the links included: : Percentof corridorwithin four given width ranges, Land acquisition in hectares, * Land acquisition costs, : Numberof buildingsto be taken, * * Value of buildingstaken, Average number of affected people per km, I * Costs of relocation, Total costs, * The number of religious and cultural sites along the link, * The percent of the link built up on either side , and

.LBIISheladiaCESICT l Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment -August 2001

1Whether the link passes through environmentally sensitive areas such as forests. As indicated, the spread sheets do not contain all the links in order to avoid too large files. However, links can be added and deleted easily by anyone knowledge in the operation of Excel. Each of the Scenario files contain data for each link included as an individual link worksheet. These are shown at the bottom of the Summary worksheet with their link numbers.

Separate workbooks have been prepared for each link and of each scenario and are identified as "Link x Scenario x xis. These can be copied into the summary spreadsheets and addressed to interlock them, added with relative ease.

In order for the interlinking to function properly all the files need to be stored in a directory called: "C:\My Documents\Kerala" and all three need to be opened. To change the directory requires the changing of all the interlinking address which function in two directions. If it can be done by a simple " Search and Replace" function this would be easy. Otherwise it is a laborious and time consuming task.

Functioning of the Model

Among other items, data was collected for each kilometer for each link on the distance from the centerline of the pavement to the edge of the corridor, defined as a wall, fence, hedge, drainage ditch or other feature. The measurements did not take cuttings or embankments into account measuring to the top of an embankment and bottom of a cutting. It also determined the distance from the centerline of the pavement to the front of buildings on either side of the road and the distance between buildings parallel to the road. Corridor width measures this way should not necessarily be equated with a legal right-of-way(ROW) but it is indicative of it.

From this data model first calculates the width of the corridor and then classifies each kilometre into a width category: over 20 m, 12-20m, 10-12 m, or under 10 m. The model calculates the percentages of measurements that falls into each of these categories for each link. This gives an indication of the width of corridors available.

The model calculates the amount of land required to be taken for each of four minimum corridor widths. These are currently set at 10, 12,23,30m. The first two represents the minimum widths of a narrow corridor. The third represents the width required to construct a two-lane highway to IRC standards, and the fourth for a dual carriageway. It does this by testing each kilometre as to whether it falls below each of these widths and where it does determines the extra width required and the number of hectares required to maintain this width over a kilometre. These settings can be changed from the main worksheet of the spreadsheet entitled "Kerala State transport Project - Environmental and Social Impacts - Comparison of Scenarios" and the program recalculates all the impacts.

It does this for two scenarios. In the first, wherever widening is required, it assumes that the widening will be to the third minimum, width selected, currently 23 m. In the second scenario the model tests for the presence of buildings. If buildings are present it will test to see whether the corridor between them is less than the minimum corridor width plus two meters. It will calculatc land acquisition requirements to construct a full two-lane road only if no buildings are present or the corridor between them is less than the minimum required. Otherwise it will

| L lB[t/Shelaiia,lCES,lCT Kerafa State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment -August 2001 calculate the land required to maintain the minimum corridor. The land acquisition requirements are for each kilometer and are totaled for each link.

It calculates the width of the corridor between buildings. Where no buildings are present , the distance to buildings is entered as 100 m, to give a width greater than that required for any conceivable corridor width. It them tests this corridor against the same four corridor widths as for land acquisition under each of the two scenarios. If buildings have to be removed it calculates the number of buildings on either side of the road plus an assumed average width of buildings currently set at 10 m. This can also be changed from the main worksheet of the spreadsheet entitled " Kerala State Highways Project - Environmental and Social Impacts - Comparison of Scenarios". It totals the number of buildings to be removed. A check of the average number of buildings on each side of ten -kilometre sections of roads near Thiruvananthapuram indicated tht the model may generate a higher count than actually exists. The counts were 458 versus 370, and 698 versus 503 calculated by the model respectively.

The number of project affected people is calculated by assuming that 80 percent of buildings are residential. The average household size has been set at 5.27, the average for Kerala established by the 1991 census. This can also be changed from the main worksheet of the spreadsheet entitled " Kerala State Highways Project - Environmental and Social Impacts - Comparison of Scenarios".

The cost of land and average cost buildings is entered individually for each link. The cost of land is based on values for the zone for urban, semi urban and agricultural land and the proportion of each is a function of the percentage of built up areas abutting the road and was calculated by the project estimator. To estimate land values the State was broken up into a series of zones. The value of buildings is based on an estimate on the cost per square meter of construction of pucca and kutcha buildings, an estimate of their average size and the proportion of each in the link determined by the survey.

Using the Model

Installing

All three files should be installed in a directory called " C:\My documents\Kerala" . My Documents is the default directory for installed Excel files (workbooks). The sub-director Kerala"needs to created if necessary.

Simple use

Al, three files )workbooks) should be opened. The "Summary" files should be used for reference only and no entries should be changed on them. The Comparison of Scenarios" file is the central workingdocuments. The user can:

* Select particular links by setting the number I in the "Select Link" column or de-select the link by setting it to 0. Press the enter key after each selection has been madc.

* The desired width of corridor can be selected in the " Width Selection" column by selecting from the fouLroptional widths in the bottom of the sheet. These widths can also be

LBI 1Sheladia'CESt ['f Kerala State I ransport Project SectoralEnvironmental Assessment-August 2001

changed and the model will re-calculate values for links with that width selection. Press the enter key after each selection has been made.

The model will re-calculate values for each link as well as totals as soon as any selection has been entered. Thus the use cam test by selecting a series of links each with its specific width of corridor selection or he can test the effect of changing width by selecting an alternative width for a specific links or by re-setting the width options at the bottom of the sheet.

This workbook has two additional worksheets: "Scen 1" and "Scen 2". These link the workbook to the other workbooks and should not be touched.

Setting of Values

As indicated the above , the widths are selected in the "Comparison of Scenario" worksheet and these settings are transmitted throughout the other workbooks. Similarly the average number of people per household and the average width of a house is set in this work sheet.

As they may vary between links the values of land and buildings have to be set for each link in the Summary workbooks. Note that the value of land is stated in Lakh Rs. per Hectare whereas land prices are normally quoted in Rs. per cent (one-hundredth of an acre). To convert to lakhs per hectare the multiplier is 0.0025.

Other values are entered individually from the survey sheets. 3 Adding Links * sNote:This operation requires an understanding of Excel

To add a link: 1 1. Create a new worksheet in a Summary workbook and move it to its correct space and rename it "Link x" and copy it into the appropriate link worksheet that has been created. Change the contents of address B2 so that it contains the length of the road only.

2. Insert a blank row in the appropriate place in the "Summary" worksheet. Enter in link data in columns A through F. Note address of first width setting, average number of people per household and average width of buildings at the bottom of the sheet. 1 3. Return to link sheet and enter he address of the first width setting in address: S6 with the following syntax: Summary'Fx and copy this through to address V6. this will control the width settings in all the columns and formulas. There should be no changes I in the values shown when the sheet is first opened unless the values in the "Summary" sheet have been changed. Using the same syntax, enter the addresses from the "Summary" sheet in the boxes for average number of people per household and average I width of buildings. Note the row numbers of the percent by width, land acquisition, land cost, buildings taken, value of buildings, number of people displaced and average numberof people displacedper kilometer.

LBIIUSheladia,CES,ICT l I KeralaState Transport Project Sectoral EnvironmentalAssessment -August 2-001I 4. Return to the " Summary" sheet. Copy in the row above into all the empty cells and individually change the link and row numbers in each column. The "Summary" should now show correct values.

5. Repeat for the other scenario.

6. Open the " Comparison of Scenarios" workbook and open Worksheet "Scenario 1". Insert a row at the appropriate place. Copy the row above into the blank row. This should result in the correct entry of all date except the link number. Change the link numbers, and if necessary the addresses in each formnula.

7. Repeat for the worksheet " Scenario 2".

8. Open worksheet "Main". Insert a row in the appropriate place. Manually enter data in columns A through F. Copy the row above in columns H through L And N through U. Check that the address for each conditional statement are correct in the row and the row below.

9. Open the worksheet "Scenario 1". Copy the link number from the row above into the new row. (This link is to the selection in " Main".)

10. Repeatfor worksheet"Scenario 2"

* Deleting Links

Note: This operation requires an understanding of Excel I Carryout the followingoperations in the ordergiven: I1. In "Comparison of Scenarios" Workbook, Worksheet "Main" delete the row containing m the link.

2. Repeat for Worksheets "Scenario I" and "Scenario 2".

3. In the "Summary, Scenario I" Workbook, delete the row containing the link in the Summary" worksheet and then delete the worksheet for the link.

4. Repeat in the "Summary, Scenario 2" workbook.

I.1InISheladiaCESICT I I I I I * Appendix A. 4.2

1 Link Specific Environmental Analysis I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

APPENDIX A.4.2 I LINK SPECIFICENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

The following pages provides the Link Specific Environmental Analysis in the Same order listed below (all in one page)

SL. NO. LINK ROAD ROAD NAME PHASE-I PRIORITY ROADS 1. 1 SH-1 |Taikkod- 2. 2 SH-1 Kottarakkara-Adur 3. 3 SH-1 Adur- 4. 72 Link Road SH- I - NH-47 5. 73 SH- 11 -Alapuzha 6. 26 NSH-4 Idukki- 7. 70 SH-8 - 8. 6 SH-1 Muvattupuzha-Angamali 9. 50.1 NP-301 -Shomur 10. 40 SH-30 [-Kuttipuram PHASE-II PRIORITY ROADS 11. 4 SH-1 Chengannur- 12. 5 SH-1 Ettumanoor-Muvattupuzha 13. 84 SH-8 -Thodupuzha 14. 68 NK-3 Pilathara-Pappinissery 15. 69 NSH-l8 I Kasargode- 16. 74 J SH-36 -Valavupara

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LBtt. Shc1adja/CES,'ICT Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

LINK 1: TAIKKOD - KOTTARAKKARA: ROAD CODE: SHI l PHYSICALDETAILS Location Thiruvananthapuram and Districts Cities / Towns /Municipalities Thiruvananthapuram, , Ayur, Kottarakkara Length 46.3 Km Corridor Width 13.5 m (Average) Traffic Loads Average annual daily traffic is 5828 pcu EIRR 45% NPV/FIC ratio 4.0 Surface condition 'Poor' between Kilimanoor and Ayur. 'Fair' in other places I ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS Topography Undulating region High land, Mid land or Coastal Mid land I region Geology Rock types of Khondalites, Chamockites, Pyroxene granulites, Garnet Biotite Gneisses, Calc granulites and Quartzites. Annual Rainfall 2870.5 mm (average) Flood potential Flooding during rainy season. Rivers /Streams /Irrigation canals / Sarkara river, , river, tributaries of * / backwaters / ponds /chtira Palliman nrverand several streams cross the road. Soils River alluvium, brown hydromorphic soil and lateritic soil. Erosion Vigorous erosion during . _* Salt waterIntrusion Not a problem Mineral Resources Clay deposits present in PIA districts. Coarse aggregate available near the road. Quarries are present near project influence area. Industrial Development PIA districts are not industrially well developed. Two industries are present in project influence area. Land Use Built up areas and market places interspersed with plantation areas and agricultural land. Agriculture Intense cultivation of , plantain and tapioca Vegetation (Private/ Public) Plantations and house gardens. No continuous avenue plantation. I Parks, Sanctuaries No natural vegetation. Parks,: Sanctuaries No parks or sanctuaries. Forest Land Thonnakal reserved forest, Lambarkottummala reserved forest, ______Ayiravalli reserved forest and Irattur reserved forest. Endangered species None identified Cultural Resources Historic, Religious Sites and One Temple, one Church, four Mosques and 13 Shrines identified I Temples on project corridor. Sensitive Noise Receptors 11 schools / colleges and three hospitals Human Health and Road Safety Five accidents per year reported at . Two * accidents each per year reported at , Kuriyode,Valakom and Panveli. Tourism Major tourist attractions around the road are , , ______Ponmudi and . MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered No bypasses ReulignmentsD considered 17 realignments of total length 5000 m. Data Sources SOI map numbers: 58 D/14, 58 D/13, 58 Di'9. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other Government *-BlIShel T agencies. I LBII/Sheladia/CES/'ICT Kerala StateTransport Project Sectoral EnvironmentalAssessment - August 2001

LINK 2: KOTTARAKKARA - ADUR: ROAD CODE: SH1 PHYSICAL DETAILS Location Kollam, districts Cities / Towns /Municipalities Kottarakkara, Adur Length 21.2 km Corridor Width 13 m (average) I Traffic Loads AADT of 4586 pcu EIRR 32 % NPV/FIC ratio 1.9 Surface condition Fair ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS I Topography Gently to moderately sloping spurs, lagoons and reservoirs High land, Mid land or Coastal Midland region region Geology Common country rock type is Khondalites. Annual Rainfall 3075.5 mm (average) I Flood potential Floods during monsoon. Rivers / Streams / Irrigation river, Anthaman stream, Katuva stream. canals / lakes / backwaters! ponds / chira Soils Red loam, brown hydromorphic soil and lateritic soil. I Erosion Vigorous erosion during monsoon Mineral Resources Deposits of clay and bauxite in . Industrial Development PIA districts are industrially developed. Only one industry was identified along project corridor. Land Use Predominantly agricultural areas followed by built up ______and plantation areas. * Agriculture Paddy field, rubber Vegetation (Private/ Public) Plantations. No continuous avenue plantation. Parks, Sanctuaries No parks or sanctuaries identified. Forest Land No forest land Endangered species None identified Cultural Resources Historic, Religious Sites and One temple, Three churches and seven shrines Temples identified along the project corridor. Sensitive Noise Receptors Three schools and one hospital Human Health and Road Safety 15 accidents per year at Adur, Four at and three ______at V ayala. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered No bypasses Realignments considered Not decided Data Sources SOI map numbers: 58 C/16, 58 C/12. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other ______Government agencies.

LBII/Sheladia/CES/ICT Kerala StateTransport Project Sectoral EnvironmnentalAssessment - August 2001

LINK 3: ADUR - CHENGANNUR: ROAD CODE: SHI PHYSICALDETAILS Location Pathanamthitta and districts. Cities / Towns /Municipatities Adur, Pantalam. , Chengannur I Length 23.1km Corridor Width 13 m (average) Traffic Loads AADT of 4586 pcu EIRR 26 % NPV/FIC ratio L6 Surface condition Fair ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS Topography Nearly level to very gently sloping coastal plain, lagoons and reservoirs.

_ Highland, Mid land or Coastalregion Midland and coastal regions. 3 Geology Khondalitesand Laterite. Annual Rainfall 2558 mm (average) Flood potential Floods during monsoon I Rivers/Streams / Irrigation canals / Achancoil river, Pampa river and Kozhi stream. lakes / backwaters / ponds / chira Soils Lateritic soil and red loam Erosion Vigorous erosion during monsoon Sat water Intrusion (Surface and Not a problem Groundwater) * Mineral Resources Deposits of clay, glass sand and bauxite found in . Industrial Development PIA districts are industrially moderately developed. Only I one industrywas identifiedalong project road. Land Use Predominantly agricultural areas, interspersed with built up areas. I r Agriculture Paddy field, rubber Vegetation (Private / Public) Rubber plantations. No continuous avenue plantation. Parks, Sanctuaries No parks or sanctuaries identified. Forest Land No forest land Endangered species None identified CULTURALRESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and Temples Two churches and 10 shrines identified on the project road. Festivals and Processions Many festivals. Some are held on fixed dates. Others are spontaneous Human Health and Road Safety 15 accidents per year at Adur, seven at and five at Mitrapuram. Tourism Tourist destinations such as , Kovalam, Varkala, Alappuzha, are located around the road. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered Chengannur bypass of length 3 km. Realignments considered Not Decided - ~~~DataSources SOI map numbers: 58 C/12, 58 C/16 and 58 C/I11. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other ______Government agencies.

LBII/Sheladia/CES,'ICI l Kerala State Transport Protect Sectoral Environmental Assessrent - August 2001

LINK 72: SH1 - NH 47: ROAD CODE- LINK ROAD l PHYSICALDETAILS Location Thiruvananthapuram District Cities / Towns /Municipalities Thycode, Pothancode, Kazhakkootam Length 14 Km Corridor Width 12.5 m (Averagc) Traffic Loads Average annual daily traffic is 2919 pcu EIRR 21% NPViFIC ratio 1.5 Surface condition Fair ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Topography I Gently to moderately sloping High land, Mid land or Coastal Coastal region region Geology Khondalites and Quilon and Warkalai beds. Annual Rainfall 2002 mm (average) Flood potential Flooding during monsoon. Rivers /Streams /lIrrigation canals / Kolathur stream and a tributary of Sarkara river cross the lakes /backwaters / ponds /chira road. Soils Lateritic soil and borrow hydromorphic soil. Erosion Erosion during monsoon. Salt water Intrusion Not applicable l MineralResources Coarse aggregate is available. A quarry is present at Pothencodeon the projectcorridor. Clay is present. Industrial Development The PIA district is not industrially well developed. Only two industrialunits were identifiedon project corridor. Land Use Predominantly built up area with agricultural lands. Agriculture Paddy fields. Coconut, banana, rubber and tapioca cultivation. Vegetation (Private/ Public) Paddy fields, Plantations and other cultivations. Parks, Sanctuaries None present Forest Land A very small reserved forest. NW of this alignmentat Kallakkod. Endangered species None present I CULTURALRESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and Three Temples, seven Churches and 14 Shrines present on Temples the project corridor. I Sensitive Noise Receptors Four schoolsand sevenhospitals Human Health and Road Safety Accidents to two wheeler passengers were reported during field survey. I Tourism Kovalam, Ponmudi and Varkala are the major tourist centers of the PIA district. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED. I Bypass considered No bypasses. Realignments considered Realignments are to be provided wherever necessary. Data Sources SOI map No: 58 D/14. Field reconnaissance maps, a______publishedsources and other Governmentagencies.

LBII/SheladiaiCES/ICT KeralaState TransportProject SectoralEnvironmental Assessment - August2001

LINK 73: ALAPPUZHA - CHANGANASERRY: ROAD CODE: SH 11 I PHYSICAL DETAILS Location Alappuzha, districts Cities / Towns /Municipalities Changanaserry, Ramankari, Chambakkulam, Alappuzha Length 22 km Corridor Width 18.49 m (average) Trafc Loads AADT of 4236pcu EIRR 17 % NPV/FIC ratio 0.7 Surface condition Good M ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Topography Nearly level to very gently sloping coastal plain High land, Mid land or Coastal Coastal regions I region Geology Soil alluvium Annual Rainfall 2982.5 mm (average) * Flood potential Some areas around the road are flooded from June - January. Rivers /Streams /Irrigation canals/ river and cross the road, Parakkal lakes /backwaters /ponds Ichira todu stream is parallel to the road. Puduppandam , Vatta a lake and Vembanadlake are in the project influence area. PTAis criss crossed by several streams and water bodies. Soils Coastal alluvium, Grayish Onattukara and acid saline I | Erosion Vigorouserosion during monsoon Salinity Salinity intrusion in ground and surface water MAineralResources Deposits of clay, glass sand and bauxite in Alappuzha I district. Deposits of ilminite, graphite and lime shell in in the P[A district Industrial Development The PIA districts are industrially backward. Only two industries are located on the project corridor Land Use Paddy fields, built up areas and canals Agriculture Paddy fields, Coconut Plantations and banana cultivation Vegetation (Private /Public) Coconut Plantations. Continuous line of trees for about 4 km Parks, Sanctuaries No parks or sanctuaries identified Forest Land No forest land identified Endangered species None identified Coastal Regulation Zone This road passes through which is protected from tidal effects by Thannermukkom barrage and spill way in the north and the south respectively. Hence it is excluded from CRZ notification as per the CRZMP prepared by the Government of Kerala. CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and One temple, Two churches and Nine shrines identified in the Temples project corridor. Sensitive Noise Receptors Four hospitals Human Health and Road Safety Six accidents per year at Pallathurathy -Ponga and - Mampazhakkary, five at Kidangara MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered No bypasses Realignmentsconsidered No realignment * Data Sources SOI map No: 58 C/7 and 58 C/ll. Field reconnaissance

______maps, published sources and other Government agencies. l | ~~~~LBIV!She1adial,CES!ICT Kerala State TransponProject SectoralEnvironmental Assessment - August2001

LINK 26: IDUKKI - PULIYANMALA: ROAD CODE: NSH 4 I PHYSICALDETAILS _ fLocation Idukki districts Cities I Towns Cherutoni,SMunic Idukki, Vellayamkudi, Kattapana, Puliyanmala *aLength 31.3km CorAidor Width 88 m (average) Traff c Loads AAFDTof 150mpcu a ~~~EIRR 15 % NPVIFIC ratio 0.3 | ~~~Surfacecondition 'Poor' | ~ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS Topography Steep to very steep hill ranges kHigshland, Maid land or Coastal Highland reiion G(eology Charnockites,Cordienite gneiss, Homblende Biotite gneiss * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~andother unclassifiedcrystallines y ~~~AnnualRainfall 2889mm (average) Flood potential Floodsduring monsoon * ~~~~RiversIStreams llrrigation canals / Periyarriver, Cherutoni river, Irattayarriver, Kattpanariiver~, ~~~~lakes I/backwaters lponds I/chira Idukkirese-rvoir and numerous non - perennial streams Soils Forestloam Erosion Vigorouserosion and land slides during monsoon Mineral Resources Deposits of graphite in the PIA district IIndustrialDevelopment No industries were identified on the project corridor Land Use Agricultureland forest land and built up areas 3 Agriculture Coffee, , Pepper, Ginger, tea small built up areas Vegetation (Private / Public) Plantations and forestland. No other avenue plantation Parks, Sanctuaries Idukki wild life sanctuary close to the road at a distance of I 200 to 500m(Approximate) Forest Land Thodupuzha RF, Nagarampara RF and RF Endangered species Elcphant, Nilgiri Langer, Lion tailed , Sambar Wild 3 bear, Blackpanther, Bear Wild buffalo and CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and Two temples, Nine churches and 12 shrines identified in the 3 Temples project corridor. Sensitive Noise Receptors Two schools Human Health and Road Safety Detailed Environmental Management Action plan (EMAP) will be devised during the detailed EnvironmentalImpact assessment.This action plan will also consider the wild life safety. Tourism Important tourist destinations such as , Idukki, , and Perumedlocated aroundthe road MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered Katapana bypass of length 4.4 km Predominant land use is paddyfields followed by plantationsand built up areas. Realignments considered 14 Realignments are considered Data Soufrces SOImap No. 58C/13, 58G/1 and 58G/2 Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other ______Governmentagencies.

I L1311/Sheladia/CES/ICT l Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001 l LINK 70: MUVATTUPUZHA - THODUPUZHA: ROAD CODE: SH 8 3 PHYSICAL DETAILS Location Emakulam, Idukki districts Cities / Towns /lMunicipalities Muvattupuzha, , Thodupuzha Length 18.4 km Corridor Width 14.06 m (average) Traffic Loads AADT of 4279 pcu EIRR 13 % NPV/FIC ratio 0.1 Surface condition Generally good I ENVIRONMENTA1LCONDITIONS Topography Lagoons and reservoirs High land, Mid land or Coastal Mid land regions Highland region Geology Chamockites, Annual Rainfall 3209 mm (average) a Flood potential Floods duringmonsoon Rivers /Streams /lIrrigation canals/ Thodupuzha river crosses the road near Muvattupuzha. lakes /backwaters /ponds Jchira Kaliyar river, river are in the project influence area. One pond identified on the side of the road through field survey. Soils Red loam and Lateritic soil Erosion Vigorous erosion during monsoon Salt water Intrusion L Not Applicable Mineral Resources Deposits of clay and graphite in Emakulam district. Deposite 3 of graphitein Idukki districtalso. Industrial Development Other than one saw mill, no industrial units were identified on project corridor Land Use Mainly built up areas, interspersed with agricultural areas Agriculture Paddy field, pineapple, rubber, tapioca, banana, coconut Vegetation (Private/ Public) Rubber and Coconut plantation. No continuous avenue plantations Parks, Sanctuaries No parks and sanctuaries identified Forest Land Dense mixed jungle at Maniyandram reserved forest 600m away from project road. Ezhallur RF, Nedulmala R.F and I ManakkadRF (teak plantation)within 7 km of the road. All small forest patches mostly plantations without any wild life significance Endangered species None identified CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and Two temples, Five churches, Four mosque and 14 shrines Temples identified in the project corridor. Sensitive Noise Receptors Five schools / colleges, One hospitals and One court MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered No bypasses Realignments considered Maximum realignments per kilometer 19 realignments in ______I18.9_ Kilom eter Data Sources SOI map No 58 C/9, 58 C/13 and 58 B/12. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and othcr l Govemment agencies.

LBII/Sheladia/(ES,'ICT Kerala State Transport Project Stctural Envirunmental Assessment- August 2001

I LINK 6: MUVATTUPUZHA - ANGAMALI: ROAD CODE: SHI PHYSICAL DETAILS Location District Cities / Towns /Municipalities Muvattupuzha, , , Length 34.1 Km Corridor Width 14.8 m (Average) Traffic Loads AADT 6252 pcu EIRR 25% 3 PV/ FIC ratio 3.0 Surface condition Fair ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 3 Topography Undulatingwith an averageelevation of 40 m abovemean sea level. High land, Mid land or Coastal Mid land | ~~~region Geology Rock types of Chamockites, Cordierite Gneisses, Homblende biotite gneiss and other unclassified crystal lines Annual Rainfall 3529 mm (average) Flood potential Flooding during monsoon. Rivers /Streams /Irrigation canals / Muvattupuzha river, Kaliyar river, Kothamangalam river, lakes / backwaters /ponds Ichira Kuriya stream, Valakam branch canal, valley irrigation project main canal, west branch canal, Kodanad east branch canal and Mulavur branch canal. * Soils Riveralluvium, brown hydromorphic and lateriticsoil. Erosion No significant erosion in the project corridor. Mineral Resources Construction materials (Earth / Soil, Murrum / gravel, stone, 3 fine aggregate)available Industrial Development Registered factories and small-scale industries wide spread in the PIA district of Ernakulam. 23 Industries on the side of the project road. Land Use Predominantly built up area intersected with agricultlre Agriculture Paddy fields, rubber plantations, coconut and pineapple. Vegetation (Private/ Public) Plantations and house gardens. No continuous avenue *______plantation ForestLand reserved forest 2-3 km away from the road * ~ ~ ~ ______alignment CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and Two Temples, six Mosques, 14 Churches and 24 Shrines are Temples located on the side of the road. * Sensitive Noise Receptors Five Schools l Colleges and six Hospitals Human Health and Road Safety 17 accidents per year in Muvattupuzha town. 9-10 accidents each per year at Pazhakapally, Angamaly and Kalady I Junction Tourism Important tourist locations such as Kochi, Munnar, wild life reserves of and backwater tourism at ______Vembanad Kayal situated around the project road. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED. Bypass considered Perumbavoor Bypass of length 4.5 km. Land use is mainly paddy field and agricultural land. Realignments considered No realignments Data Sources SOI map numbers: 58 C/9, 58 B/8. Field reconnaissance

______- maps, published sources and other Government agencies. l | ~~~~IBll!Sheladia!CFS/lCT Kerala State Transport Project SectoralEnvironmental Assessment- August 2001

LINK 50.1: PALAKKAD - SHONUR: ROAD CODE: NP 301 PHYSICAL DETAILS Location Cities / Towns /Municipalities Palakkad, Parli, Mangalam, Variyumkulam, Kulapully Length 45 km Corridor Width 15.45 (average) Traffic Loads AADT of 4,287 pcu EIRR 21% NPV/FIC ratio 1.2 Surface condition Poor ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Topography Moderately to steeply sloping ridges lagoons and reservoirs High land, Mid land or Coastal Highland and Midland regions - ~~~region Geology Charnockites. Granites and soil alluvium Annual Rainfall 2398 mm (average) Flood potential Floods during monsoon Rivers / Streams / Irrigation canals / Bharathapuzha river, Kannadi river, Gayatri rver, Kalpathi lakes /backwaters /ponds /chira river, Erivari stream, Plakkattampathi stream, i vadakkethodistream,Mucheri stream, Mulanhur Stream, Tirunal stream, right bank canal, kodundirapalli channel, Peringottukurissu canal, Vallikod branch canal, Odanur branch canal, Kuttanur channel, Mangurussi branch canal, 4 small ponds. Soils Lateritic soil and brown hydromorphic soil. I Erosion Vigorous erosion during monsoon Salinity Not a problem Mineral Resources Lime stone deposits in Palakkad District. I Industrial Development A PIA district is industrially backward. Two industrial units identified on project corridor. Land Use Predominantly built up areas interspersed with agricultural, plantation and forest lands Agriculture Paddy field, Coconut, banana and rubber plantations Vegetation (Private /Public) Plantations and forestland. No continuous avenue plantation. Parks, Sanctuaries No parks or sanctuaries. Forest Land Chenat Neyar RF, Vengallur RF in 3 patches and Nedumpura RE Endangered species None identified CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and Five temples, two churches and 1 1 shrines identified on I Temples project corridor. Sensitive Noise Receptors 14 schools, one college and six hospitals Tourism Important tourist locations such as Malampuzha, Cheruthuruthi, Peechi Thrissur and Kochi located around the road. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED 3 Bypass considered No bypasses Realignments considered Based on site conditions Data Sources SOI map No. 58 B/9, 58 B/10, 58 B/5, 58 B/6. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other Govemment agencies.

| ~~~~LBIL/Sheladia/CES/ICT Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

LINK 40: THRISSUR - KUTTIPURAM: ROAD CODE: SH30

PHYSICAL DETAILS Location Thrissur, districts Cities/ Towns /Municipalities Thnrissur, , , Kuttipuram Length 33 Km Traffic Loads AADT of 8275 pcu EIRR 26% NPV/FIC ratio 13.8 Surface condition Fair_| ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Topography Nearly level to very gently sloping High land, Mid land or Coastal Midland region | ~~~region Geology Soil alluvium Annual Rainfall 3038.5 mm (average) Flood potential Floods during monsoon. Rivers /Streams/Irrigation canals/ Bharathapuzha river, Vadakkamcheri river, Peramangalam lakes/backwaters/ponds/chira stream and Chundal stream cross the road. Biyyam Lake is 3.5 to 7 km to the south - west of the road near I I Chankaramlkulam.Numerous canals of Thrissur,Kolkrushi Development Field crisscross the area of the west of the road near Punkunnam Soils Brown hydromorphic soil, Lateritic soil and Red loam Erosion Vigorous erosion during monsoon MineralResources Deposits of Illuminate, Iron ore and aunferous gravel found a______in PIA district of Malappuram Industrial Development Only six industries identified on project corridor. Land Use Predominantly built up areas interspersed with plantations

______and agricultural areas. Agriculture Paddy fields and coconut plantations. Vegetation (Private /Public) Plantations and house gardens. No continuous avenue

______plantations. Parks, Sanctuaries No parks or sanctuaries identified. Forest Land No forest land identified Endangered species None identified CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and DATA TO BE ADDED I Temples Sensitive Noise Receptors 10 Schools, two Colleges and seven Hospitals. Festivals and Processions Many festivals. Some are held on fixed dates. Others are spontaneous Human Healtlhand Road Safety 21 accidents per year at Kunnamkulam, 16 at Mundoor, 12 each at Thrissur town area and Keecheri and 11 at Choondal MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered Thrissur bypass of length 9.5 km Realignments considered Realignments will be considered depending on site

______conditions. Data Sources SO map numbers: 58 B/2, 58 B/l, 49 N/13. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other l______Government agencies.

I Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

LINK 4: CHENGANNUR - ETTUMANOOR: ROAD CODE: SHI PHYSICAL DETAILS Location Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta and Kottayam districts Cities / Towns / Municipalities Chengannur, , Changanasserry, Kottayam, Ettumanoor Length 47 Km Corridor Width 14.8 m (average) * Traffic Loads AADT is 10,548 pcu for link 4.1 and 8,670 pcu for link 4.2 EIRR 61% NPVI/FIC ratio 8.1 Surface condition Fair ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Topography Nearly level to very gently sloping I High land, Mid land or Coastal Coastal and midland regions region Geology Laterite and Chamnockites. I AnnualRainfall 2793 mm (average) Flood potential Flooding during monsoon. Rivers /Streams /Irrigation canals/ Pamba river, , Kakkad river, Chela river, a lakes /backwaters /ponds /chira Vettikkal river, Koduvan river, kavan river, Minadam river, Panjampala stream, Parakkal stream, Kari stream, Puthan stream, Pennar stream and parts of lake. I Soils River alluvium, brown hydromorphic soil and lateritic soil. Erosion Vigorous erosion of river banks during monsoon Salinity Salinity intrusion in ground and surface water of low land regions. Mineral Resources Coarse aggregate, fine aggregate (river sand), lime, gravelly soil. Industrial Development Only a few industries in PIA districts. Only one industrial unit was noted on project corridor. Land Use Predominantly plantation areas, followed by built up and agricultural areas. Agriculture Paddy fields, rubber plantations and coconut plantations. Vegetation (Private/ Public) Plantations and other agricultural areas. No continuous avenue plantations. Forest Land Vedagiri RF near end of road. CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and 19 Churches, one Temple, one Mosque, 11 Shrines and one Temples Sacred groove on the side of the road. Sensitive Noise Receptors 13 schools and two hospitals Human Health and Road Safety 25 accidents per year at Changanasserry town, 10 at Kottayam town and 11 at Ettumanoor town. Tourism Important tourist locations such as Kumarakom, Thekkady,

______Kochi and Vembanad lake situated around the river. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered Bye passes at Chengannur (3.0 km), Thiruvalla (2.1 km), l Changanasserry (4.2 km) and Kottayam (8.0 km) Realignments considered Not decided Data Sources SOI map No: 58 C/ll, 58 C/7, 58 C/I0 and 58 C/6 Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other

______JGovemnmentagencies.

LBII/SheladiaiCES/ICT Kerala StateTransport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment- Auzust 2001

LINK 5: ETTUMANOOR - MUVATTUPUZHA: ROAD CODE: SH1i PHYSICAL DETAILS Location Kottayam,Emakulam Districts Cities/ Towns/Municipalities Ettumanoor,Kuthattukulam, Muvattupuzha Length 43 Krn CorridorWidth 13.05m (Average) 3 TrafficLoads AADT4006 pcu EIRR 24% NPV/FICratio __2.2 Surfacecondition I Fair ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Topography Gentlyto moderatelysloping High land, Mid land or Coastal Mid land region Geology Rocktype of Charnockites AnnualRainfall 3396 mm (average) Floodpotential Floodingduring monsoon. Rivers/Streams /Irrigation canals/ river Thodupuzha river, Muvattupuzhariver, lakes/backwaterslpondslchira Kottachira stream, Karukkumchuvattu stream, Karuppantharastream, valiya stream,Perumbadavam stream, Kavalamattamstream, Marika stream Soils Lateriticsoil, Brownhydromorphic soil and Red loam. Erosion Vigorouserosion during monsoon. MineralResources Hard coarse aggregates,fine aggregate (river sand), gravelly soil, soft aggregates(laterite material) available in the PIA districts. IndustrialDevelopment Large numbers of small medium and large industries are located in the PIA districtof Ernakulam. Land Use Agriculturalareas. plantations and built up areas. Agriculture Coconut.rubber, teak plantations.paddy fields. Vegetation(Private/ Public) Plantations,paddy fields, house gardens. A row of trees for about200 m length. Parks,Sanctuaries None identified. ForestLand VedagiriRF, KuriyankunnuRF, NedumalaRF Endangeredspecies None identified. CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and Four Temples,Nine Churches,one Mosque and 21 Shrines Temples identifiedon project corridor. SensitiveNoise Receptors 11 schools,one college and two hospitals Human Healthand Road Safety 17 accidentsat Muvattupuzhatown, 11 at Ettumanoortown, Nine at ,eight at Kuravilangadand seven at Ettumanoortemple area. Tourism Tourist destinationssuch as Kumarakom, Vembanad lake, ______Kochi,Thekkady, Munnar situatedaround the road. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED. Bypass considered No bypasses. Realignmentsconsidered A numberof realignmentwill be necessary.Not decided.

Data Sources SOI map numbers: 58 C/IO, 58 C/6, 58 C/9 and 58 C/5. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other O______Governmentagencies.

LBII/Sheladia/CES'ICT I KeralaState Transport Project Sectoral EnvironmentalAssessment - August2001

LINK 84: PUNALUR - THODUPUZHA: ROAD CODE: SH38 PHYSICALDETAILS Location Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Kottayam and Idukki districts Cities / Towns /Munici alities Punalur, , Manimala, Pala, Thodupuzha Length 134 Km Corridor Width 12.34 m (Average) Traffic Loads AADT of 3567 pcu in link 84.1; 3983 pcu in Link l ______84.2,84.3 and 84.4; 5424pcu in Link 84.5,84.6and 84.7 EIRR Link (84.1)-9%, Link (84.2)-16%, Link (84.3)-26%,Link (84.4)-21%,Link (84.5)-18%,Link (84.6)-19%,Link (84.7)- 16%, NPV/FIC ratio Link (84.1)--.3, Link (84.2)-0.6, Link (843)-3.0, Link (84.4)-2.1,Link (84.5)-1.3%,Link (84.6)-1.5%,Link (84.7)- 0.7%, Surface condition 'Poor' to 'Fair' ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 3 Topography 1Widelyvarying topography varying from gentlyto steeping sloping terrain and lagoons. High land, Mid land or Coastal Highland region. * region Geology Rock types of Khondalites, Granites and Chamockites Annual Rainfall 3076.25 mm (average) Flood potential Floods during monsoon. Rivers /Streams /IIrrigationcanals / , Achancoil river, Pampa nver, Manimala river, lakes /backwaters /ponds /clhira Thodupuzha river, Kuravanthavalam river, Chit river, Ambanad river, Nandu river, Kallar river, Chitttar river and * many streamscross the road. Soils Red loam, Lateritic soil and Brown hydromorphic soil. Erosion Vigorous erosion during monsoon Mineral Resources Deposits of clay, Bauxite, Ilminite, Graphite, Lime shell, Mica present in PIA districts. Industrial Development The PIA districts are not industrially developed. Land Use Built up areas, plantations and forest. Agriculture Paddy field, rubber, coconut, banana, tapioca, coffee Vegetation (Private / Public) Plantations, forest and house gardens. Parks, Sanctuaries No parks or sanctuaries Forest Land Piravanthur RF, Chethalvatti RF, Kadakaman RF, Neramala RF, Karikulam RF (team plantation), Karikkattur RF, I1 Kuriankunnu RF and many other reserved forests mainly in the eastern side. Endangered species None identified. 3 CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and Seven temples, 30 churches, two mosques and 100 shrines - ~~~Temples Sensitive Noise Receptors 30 schools and 21 hospitals Human Health and Road Safety 10 accidents per year at Konni, 7 at , 6 at Manimala and 5 each at Pathanapuram, Kurinji, Kavala, Aycombu, Pala town, Poika, and Kopprakkulam. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Realignments considered Realignments to be recommended based on site conditions. 3 Data Sources SOI map No: 58 C/16, 58 C115, 58 C/I1, 58 C/14, 58 Cll/, 58 C/9, and 58 C/13. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other Government agencies.

1BII/SheladICES/1CI 3 Kerala StateTransport Project Sectoral -nivironmentalAssessment - August 2001

LINK 68: PILATHARA - PAPPINISSERY: ROAD CODE: NK3 PHYSICAL DETAILS Location District Cities / Towns /Municipalities Pilathara, Cheruthayam, Kunnupuram, Pappinissery Length 21Km Corridor Width 13.05 m (average) l TrafficLoads AADTof 3010 pcu EIRR 36% NPV/ FIC ratio 2.0 Surface condition Generally good ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Topography Nearly level to very gently sloping High land, Mid land or Coastal Lowland and Midland region Geology Soil alluvium. AnnualRainfall 2923 mm (average) _ Floodpotential Flooding dunng monsoon. Rivers/Streams /Irrigaton canals/ river, Kuppam river, Ramapuram river, lakes / backwaters / ponds /chira Pazhayangatti river Soils Coastal alluvium and lateritic soil Erosion Erosion during monsoon. Salinity Not a problem. MineralResources Illuminate, Clay and Bauxite IndustrialDevelopment The PIA district is not industrially developed. No industry CowastalRegulation ZoneRoad identified on the project corridor. * ~~~LandUse Predominantly agricultural areas followed by built up areas. Agriculture Paddy fields and coconut plantations :Vegetation (Private IPoblic) Plantations and -house gardens. No continuous avenue wplantation. Parks,Sanctularies _No parks or sanctuaries. Forest R sand No forest land

CoastalC L Regadlaion U A _ EZone O R E _Road _ in_ the_ coastal_ _Segulation _ _ zone_ for_ about_ _ three_ km_ north_ _ m of Chirutunnu (CRZ I) and located close to the sea parallel X______Tnanerpedspeishri ,ndnedspcesthe Kappawithin Low land.identified o rjc ordr CULTURAL RESOURCES | ~~~Historic,Religious Sites and Five temples, one church, seven mosques and two yemples shrines identified on project corridor. SensitiveNoise Receptors 12 schools and seven hospitails Restivals andProcessions Many festivals. Some are held on fixed dates. Others are spontaneous Tourism Important tourist locations such as Mahe, ,

- ~~MITIGATIONMEASURES CONSIDERED BRypassconsidered |No By-pass a ~~~Realignmentsconsidered Realign-ments to be considered depending on site conditions. Data Sources SOI map No: 49 MJ5, 48 P/8 and 48 P/4. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other l Governmentagencies.

LB31,'SheladiajCES./ICI Kerala State TransportProject SectoralEnvironrilenital Assessment - August 2001

LINK 69: KASARGOD - KANHANGAD: ROAD CODE: NSH18 PHYSICAL DETAILS Location Kasargod District Cities / Towns liMunicipalities Kasargod, Pallikara, Manikoth, Kanhangad Length 24 Km Corridor Width 22.46 m (Average) Traffic Loads Average annual daily traffic is 3587 pcu EIRR 16% NPV/FIC ratio 0.6 Surface condition Good ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Topography Nearly level to very gently sloping plane and steep to very ______steep hill ranges. * High land, Mid land or Coastal Midland region. region Geology Chamockites Annual Rainfall 3593 mm (average) Flood potential Floods during monsoon Rivers /Streams /Irrigation canals/ The project road crosses Chittari hole, Bekal hole and lakes /backwaters / ponds / chira . Soils Coastal alluvium Erosion Vigorous erosion durinn monsoon Salinity Salinity intrusion in ground and surface waters. Mineral Resources Deposits of Bauxite in PIA district. Illuminate and iron ore * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~depositsare also present. a Industrial Development PIA district is industrially undeveloped. No industry identified on project corridor. Land Use Built up and agricultural area I Agriculture Coconutplantations and paddy fields. Vegetation (Private/ Public) Plantations and house gardens. No continuous avenue plantation. Parks, Sanctuaries No parks or sanctuaries identified. Forest Land No forestland identified. Endangered species None identified. Road Stretch within Coastal Within 500 m of the high tide line for about 5 km between Regulation Zone Bekal and Kikana. But it is situated beyond the railway line for about 1.5 km. Bakel fort, situated very close to the road CULTURAL RESOURCES is categorized as CRZ- 1.

w ~CULTURALRESOURCES ______Historic, Religious Sites and 12 temples, 19 mosques and one shrine identified on project Temples corridor. Sensitive Noise Receptors Seven schools and one hospital Tourism Important tourist locations such as Bakel fort, Ezhimala, Mahe are situated near the project road. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered No bypasses. Realignments considered Realignments to be decided based on site conditions. Data Sources SOI map No 48 P/3. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other Government agencies.

I LBH3Sheladia'CFSACT Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral En.ironmental Assessment- August 2001

LINK 74: THALASSERY - VALAVUPARA: ROAD CODE: SH36 PHYSICAL DETAILS Location Cities / Towns IMunicipalities Thalassery, Kuthuparambu, Matttannoor, , Valavupara I Length 55 Km Corridor Width 14.65 m (average) Traffic Loads AADT of 3697, 2032, 2132, 3697 pcu EIRR 22,11,11,6 % NPV/FIC ratio 2, -0.1, -0.1, -0.8 Surface condition Fair ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Topography Nearly level to very gently sloping plain and moderately to steeply sloping ridges. I High land, Mid land or Coastal The Project road passes through high land, mid land and region coastal regions. Geology Soil alluvium, Chamockites, Dharwar (metavolcanic, meta sediments) and cordierite gneiss, Homblende Biotitic gneiss and other unclassified crystalline. Annual Rainfall 2923 mm (average) Flood potential Floods during monsoon Rivers /Streams/Irrigation canals / nver, Anjarakandi river. and a lakes /backwaters/ponds /chira number of other streams cross the road. Charal River parallel to the road for the last eight km. Soils Coastal alluvium, Red loam, Lateritic soil and Forest loam. *Erosion Vigorous erosion during monsoon Mineral Resources Deposits of Illuminate and clay in the PIA district. IndustrialDevelopment f The PIA district is moderately developed industrially. Only four industrial units were identified on project corridor. Land Use Predominantly built up interspersed with agricultural areas Agriculture Paddy fields, Coconut, Arecanut, Banana, Peppcr, Coco. Cashew, Teak, Rubber, Tapioca Vegetation (Private /Public) Plantations and agricultural fields. No continuous avenue plantations. Parks, Sanctuaries Sanctuary located beyond seven km ForestLand No forestland identified. Endangered species None identified Coastal Zone Regulation The first 200 m of the road is in Thalasserry town, which U ______falls in CRZ II area. CULTURAL RESOURCES Historic, Religious Sites and Five Temples, Four Churches, 30 Mosques and 10 Shrines Temples identified on project corridor. Sensitive Noise Receptors 22 schools, one college and 11 hospitals. Tourism Important tourist locations such as Mahe, Iritti, Thalasserry

______located around the road. MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Bypass considered No bypasses Realignments| considered 23 realignments are considered. Data Sources SOI map No: 49 M/10, 49 M/9 and 48 P/12. Field reconnaissance maps, published sources and other I Governmentagencies.

L1BII/Shetadia/CFS/1C1 I I

I I

Environmental Strip Maps I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 3 Kerala State Transport Proiect Sectoral Environmental Assessment-Auzust2001 APPENDIX A- 4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAPS

DESCRIPTION

The following pages present the Environmental Strip Maps for all roads included in the Phase U I and Phase II on a kilometre - by kilometre basis. Features indicated on the Strip Maps are identified as shown in the legend in the first two pages.

I Although the environmental features are indicated diagrammatically, their locations relative to the available corridor (not legal ROW) are indicative but are made as accurate as possible with respect to

(a) The centre line of the existing road. The centre line is shown as a dotted line in the strip maps. This indicates whether the identified features along the road are on the left or right side of the road.

(b) Chainage is indicated on a kilometre basis and the relative position of the identified feature is within a kilometre along the road.

(c) The scale of map. The scale of the map is self explanatory as revealed by the strip map. All environmental features within a 60-m corridor are indicated.

The hatched portion of the strip map indicates the available corridor (not the legal right of way) ROW.

The symbols are not indicative of the dimension of the environmental feature (e.g.: Water bodies like ponds, lakes etc of varying sizes are shown by the same symbol). There are sheets with each sheet covering environmental features of five kilometre lengths maximum.

The realignment option based on the roadside features and curve improvements are also indicated.

The resettlement and rehabilitation issues are marked using a resettlement symbol indicated in the first two pages (titled symbols used in the strip plan) of the strip plan . This indicates | that any widening at this chainage may trigger land acquisition procedures, resulting compensation and or resettlement depending upon the extent of the widening. l l l l

LBIII Sheladil CESlICT 3 Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment- Au°ust 2001

APPENDIX A.4.3 I ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAPS

| The Following Pages Provide The Environmental Strip Maps Of The High Prionrty Project Roads In The Same Order As Shown Below;

SL. NO. LINK CODE ROAD NAF PAGE | ~~~~~~PHASE-1PRIORITY ROADS 1. 1 SH-1 Taikkod- Kottarakkara 10 2. 2 SH-1 Kottarakkara-Adur 5 3. 3 SH- 1 Adur-Chengannur 6 4. 72 Link Road SH-1 - NE-47 3 5. 73 SH- 11 Changanasscry-Alapuzh a 5 6. 26 NSH-4 Idukki-Puliyanmala 7 7. 70 SH-8 Muvattupuzha-Thodupuzha 4 8. 6 SH- I Muvattupuzha-Angamali 7 9. 50.1 NP-301 Palakkad-Shomur 10 10. 40 SH-30 Thrissur- 8

______PHASE-LI PRIORITY ROADS I1. 4 SH-1 Changannur-Ettumanoor 10 12. 5 SH- I Ettumanoor-Muvattupuzha 9 13. 84 SH-8 Punalur-Thodupuzha 20 14. 68 NK-3 Pilathara-Pappinissery S 15. 69 NSH- 18 Kasargode-Kanhangad 5 16. 74 SH-36 I Thalassery-Valavupara 11 ! I I I

3 Il Strip map is providedin the reverse order

LBIflSheladiaiCES,ICT SYMBOLS USED IN ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN

Accident Black Spot Drain

Agricultural Land, Field Entering N H 45 #I 4S

Air Quality Station mi1 Eucalyptus

Archaeologicalstructures Fire Station

Areaca nut Forest

Banana Hilly

BoatJetty Hospital

Bridges Industry

Building Intersection

Bus stand / Bus Stop /Bus Jeep / Auto Stand

Canal Library

Car Parking Mangrove Forest

Cardomom ? Market

Church Mile Stone

Coconut Plantation Mixed Crops -. 001

Coffee, Cocoa, Tapioca Mosque

Consultation Oil Mill

Court Open Area

Cross Drainage _ PaddyField

Cutting Pepper Petrol Pump ^ Substation _L

PineApple Traffic Lights

Plantation Tap & PipeLine

Play Ground Taxi Stand

PoliceStation Temple

Pond Temporaryhuts

Post Office Terrace

Quarry - Theatre

Railwaycrossing Tower

Resettlementissues R Tree removalIssue

River / Stream Trees

Rubber Trucks

School& College Valley / Low Lying Land

Shops WaterQuality Station WQt

Shrine& Sacredgroove Waterbody

Soil QualityStation sWell' BoreWell/ TubeX Well Solid Waste A*.Wild Life ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYSPROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKRA(Link 1) Chainage: 25 to 30km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy PAD DY RMUPO lields/accident black Area under mixed crop O NG PARIN PADDY PADDY spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road No tree removal Tree removal Tree Removal Paddy field area Paddy field area safty,rereova, ossof Loss of Paddy field area Roadsafety Roadsafety to acquire to acquire safety,Tree removal, loss of Land Acquistion Land Acquistion Land Acquistion Paddy field

s11 .______*t......

LOCATION; Urban area! Rural area /Semi Urban / Taikkod MarketArea Market Area Keezhaikonam Builtup area/ Catte Rural Venjaramoodu Venjaramoodu Rural Area Crossing / Fair/ Market Semi urban Semi urban

MlIATIGAriONIENtIANCENIlN'I'S; Parking RealignmentRightside Tempo Parking Jeep Parking Realignment Realignment facilities/Alternatives/By Start and End Taxi Parking Left side start Left side End pass/ Realignment/ Service Raised foot path Bus shelter and Bus Stop Roads/Amenities etc nearschool

1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKRA (Link 1) Chainage: 30 to 35km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. PARIO.G zForest /paddy PAN spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree removal Tree remr * Land acquisition Congested Tree Removal safety,Tree removal, loss of Land acquisition Land Ac Paddy field

.-...... ---...... c :. c _ ......

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban I Ambalamukku Vamanapuram Semiurban Karette Builtup area/ Catte Semiurban Semiurban Built up area Semiurban Semiurban Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATIONIENHANCEMENTS;P arking Bus waiting Shelter facilities/Alternatives/By for School Realignment- Left side Taxi Parking Two realignments pass / Realignment/ Service Raised foot path near start and end Left side start and end Roads/Amenities etc School

1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKRA (Link 1) Chain ge: 35 to 40km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s . (e.g. Forest /paddy (e.. fields/accident black PARKING spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road sTHERISSeES;Rmoa,los Tree Removal Road safety Tree removal Land acquisition Land acquisition safety,Tree removal, loss of Land Acquisition Paddy field

- + S ~~~~......

LOCATION; Urban area / Porunthamon Erattachira Kunnummel Kilimanur Pappala Rural area /Semi Urban / Rural Rural Semiurban Urban area Urban Builtup area/ Catte Built up area Built up area Crossing / Fair/ Market MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking Bus Shelter & Stop Realignment facilities/Alternatives/By Bus shelter New alignment Auto Parking Left Side End pass / Realignment/ Service Bus stop right Realignment left Roads/Amenities etc

1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKRA (Link 1) Chain ge: 40 to 45km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. cut section cut section cut section cut section Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road Road safety Road safety Road safety Road safety Accident Black Spot safety,Tree removal, loss of Land Acquistion Land Acquistion Road safety Paddty,e rlemoa,loso Flood Section Paddy field Land Acquistion

~~~~~~~~~~~......

LOCATION; Urban area I Rural area /Semi Urban / Kuranvankuzhi Manlethupacha Thattathumoola Kannankode Builtup area/ Catte Crossing Rural Rural Rural Rural Nilamel I Fair/ Market MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS;P arking Realignment Realignment left Raised foot path near school Realignment Realignment facilities/Alternatives/By Bus Stop Leff Side Start Left Side End pass / Realignment! Service Bus shelter Roads/Amenities etc

1.4 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKRA (Link 1) Chainage: 45 to 50km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g.

Forest /paddy ______fields/accident black rANN spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree Removal Formation level low Accident Black Spot Accident Black Spot Road safety safety,Tree removal, loss of Road safety Road safety Congested area Paddy field Flood Flood

LOCATION; Urban area! Rural area /Semi Urban / Puthusseri Murukkumon Built up area Kuriyode Natathara Builtup area/ Catte Rural Rural Semi urban Built up area Built up area Crossing / Fair/ Market semi urban Semi urban

MITI[GATION/EN IiANCEM ENTS; Parking Jeep Parking Realignment Bus stop facilities/Alternatives/By Bus shelter pass / Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

1-5 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKR (Link 1) Chain ge: 50 to 55km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident F1oodirIC black spots/flooding sections R o d n etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road Accident Black Spot safety,Tree removal, loss of Parking on all Road safety Formation level to raise Congestion avilable space Land Acquistion Land Acquistion Paddy field Congested area Land Acquistion

.4...... _ . 9.E...... 1. ______.

LOCATION; Urban area! Rural area /Semi IJrbain / Chadayamangalam KSRTC Bus Station Elavankode Semiurban Builtup area! Catte Crossing Rural Built up area Built up area / Fair/ Market Semi urban

Mll'TI(ArION/ENIIANC'EMENTS;P arking Realignment- left Parking space Realignment left Realignmentright Realignment facilities/Alternatives/By Taxi parking Bus Stand pass / Realignment/ Service Bus slhelter Roads/Amenities etc

1.6 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKRA(Link 1) Chainage: 55 to 60km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental issue/s (e.g. -d t'1d'l¶ Forest /paddy hooding Plooodinig )PlOodlim fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Formation level to raise Formation level to raise Tree removal Formation level to raise Formation level to raise Paddy field

*,A*

=ii7 :EA* C

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Agamon Vayakkal Builtup area Polikode Builtup area/ Catte Crossing Semi Urban Rural Semi Urban Semi urban Rural / Fair/ Market Raised foot path

NITICATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking Realignment Right Realignment right facilities/Alternatives/By To raise 0.6 m To raise 1.0m To raise 1.0 m To raise 1.0 m pass / Realignnment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

1.7 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKRA (Link 1) Chaina ge: 60 to 65 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental issue/s (e.g. R Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTIIER ISSUES; Road Accident Black Spot removal, loss of Formation level Roadsafety Land Acquistion Formation level low Road safety sadety lree Land Acquistion Parking Tree Removal Tree Removal Land Acquistion Paddy fileld

n~~~~~~

._ . . .

LOCATION; Urban area/ Rural area /Semi Urban / Valokam Panveli Builtup area/ Catte Semiurban Rural Rural Scmiurban Crossing / Fair/ Market Built up area

NfUTICATION/ENHANCEMENIS; Realignment - right Parking Realignmentleft Raising of Formation level Realignment left Parking To raise formation level by 0.6 to 1.0 meter facilities/Alternatives/By by 0.6 to 1.0 meter pass / Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

1.8 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKRA (Link 1) Chainage: 65 to 70km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmenital Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy plcodinlg Parking sloodjnS rields/accident black spots/flnoding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, Tree removal Road safety Tree Removal Formation level less loss of Paddy field Land Acquision

UraLOCATION; I Bumtu Urban,_ ara uork area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Kakkad Semi urban Karikkom Melila Catte Crossing / Fair/ Market __. MITIGATION/ENHANCEME NTS;Parking facilitics/Alternativcs/B Kakkad Realignment - Right y pass / Realignment/ Semi urban Parking Raising of formation Service level by one meter Roads/Amenitics etc

1.9 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: TAIKKOD-KOTTRAKKRA (Link 1) Chainage: 70 to 71.3km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Flooding Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road Congested Formation level to raise safety,Tree removal, loss of Road safety Paddy field

=~~~~~~~-7 L ...... -,..u

LOCATION; Urban area! Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup areal Catte Crossing / Fair! Market Kottarakkara Kottrakkara Urban Urban Urban MITIGATION/ENIIANCEMENTS;P arking Raising of Formation facilities/AlternativeslBy Level by one meter pass / Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

1.10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: KOTTARAKARA- ADUR Chainage: 72.4 to 75 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections _ | etc ACclDETBLACK SIPOT

. .liid Acqu1isitiou I ree Removal 'I'ree Reiiis val OTHER ISSUES; Road 7 - Drinking Water Source safety,Tree remioval,loss of - C W4 A (Borewell) Drinkiiig Water Source (Bor-ewell) I'addy field Solid Wasc D)ispo

72.4 START CIAINAGE ______~~~~~~~~I1r.,ru~~~~~~~~~~nor,M5 _____ dllhItlllhlJliV1JJJ1IIIIi1111111111111111111111111111 START CIIAINAGE

LOCATION;Urban area / Kottarakara ylam Nlnttampalani Rural area /Seni lUrban / Urhaii SemiliUi-bao Sciii Urban Builtup area/ Cattle Crossing /x Fair/ Market -1 I

,N I I I G A IN/EN0 :il IAN ( E'NiNS;Rainmnigt Parking facilities / Alternatives lRcaligiiiiwiiitRigit Side edeRculigililieiit Right Side / Bv pass / Realignment / Start Drinking Water Source Service Roads / Amenities etc (Borewell) D)riiking WaterSource (Boressell)

2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: KOTTARAKARA - ADUR Chainage: 75 to 80 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc ACMENTBLACK SPOT

OTl HER ISSUES; Road I'ree lRemoval 'I'reeReimiuval 'Iree Reiimoval Lauid Acquisition 'I'reeRemnoval safety,Tree removal, loss of Land Acquiisition Lauid Acquisition Laid Actlitsitioni Drinkinig Water Source (Well) Loss of Pladdy Field Paddy field Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field Road Safety

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Mullamukku EengankadtI Vallakadti Kalayaprurani Kalayapurai Builtup area/ Cattle Crossing Semi urban Semi Urbans Sensi [Jrhani Semi Urban SensiiLirban / Fair/ Market

M1ITICATiON/ENHANCEMENTS; Realignnmenton Realignment oli Parkinigfacilities /Realigunment on Right Side Start Right Side Eisd Right Side 13iusSlop arid Waitinig Sbed Rcaligililislet ori Left Side Shlort Alternatives / By pass / D)rinkling Watcrsource (Well) Realignment / Service Roads / Bus Stlp ;11n1hWaltlir SlifI ulis Slois alid WaltiligShed Atiho.Jeep, Miliilorry. Iarkiig, llus Stolp rid Waltiig Shed(12 ioS) Amenities etc (2 nos) (2 nios) Taxi Stand

2.2 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Naame of Road: KOTTARAKARA - ADUR Chainage: 80 to 85 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc ACCDETBLACK SPOT ACCMEWBLACK SPOT

OTlIIER ISSUES; Road 1TreeRemioival 'I'ree Rteimioval 'I'ree Removal Loss of Paddy Field TIree Reimioval safety,Tree removal, loss of Lossof Paddy Field Land Acquisition Land Acquiisitioni Road safety Loss of Paddy Fiel(d Paddy tield Drinkinig Water Source (Public 'lap) Road safety ILanldscapilng of Oxbow liiid .Land Acquisition

....._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ....

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area ISemi Utrban / Builtufi)area/ PuthoormuIkku Kulakadu Enathu Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Semi ULrban Seiiti Utrban Sciii Urban Rural Sciiji IUrban

ITIGATI)N/ENHAN(CEMENTS: I'arking facilities / Altertiatives RRealignmecnt on Lelt End Realigiiniiiet oni Left By pass / Realigitimlenit / Service Two Realignients oniItight [tils Stolp Ittis Stolp with Waitinig Sied Rltalligiiziielit oil Rtigit Start Roads I Amenities etc BusStop witih Wiaiting Slied (2 Nos), left

2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: KOTTARAKKARA - ADUR Chainage : 85 to 90 km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g.

Forest /paddy fields/accident ____ black spots/flooding sections etc _&CMEWN' BLACKSPOT

OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree Removal Loss of Paddy Field Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal sa.t e rLoss of Paddy Field Land Acquisition Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field Drinking Water Source Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Paddy field (Public Tap) Oxbow land Improvement Road safety

.~~~~~~P _

__ ee- -

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban I Enathu Kathamukku Kilivayal Vadakapathu kavu Vadakapathu kavu Builtup area/ Cattle Crossing / Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Fair! Market

MITIGATI)ON/EN IIANCEMENTS; Bus Stop Realignment on Right P'arking facilities / Alternatives Realignment on Right End Realignment on Right End Drinking Water Source Drinking Water Source / By pass / Realignment / Realignment on Right (Public Tap) (Public Tap) Service Roads / Amenities etc Start Ox bow land Improvements Bus stop with waiting shed

2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: KOTTARAKARA - ADUR Chainage: 90 to 93.6 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy rields/accideitt black spots/floodingsections etc ACCIDENTBLACK SPOT

OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Acquisition Land Acquisition Road Safety safety,Tree removal,saftyTreremova, losslossofPLand of Paddy Solid Waste Disposal Road Safety field

______. __ _ _ _ ...... ( C. . ( _ W - _ ...... __ _

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /ScmniUrban / Builtup area/ Adur Adur Adur Adur Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Urban area Urban area Urban area Urban area

NIITIGATION/ENIIANCEMENTS; Parking facilities / Alternatives / By Auto Stand (2 nos) Taxi Stand pass/ Realignmenit / Service Roads Taxi Stand Jeep Stand Bus Stop with Waiting shed Amenities etc Bus Bay _.______Bus Stand

2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: ADUR - CHENGANOOR(Link 3) Length: 93.6 TO 95 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident II black spots/flooding sections etc

Loss of Paddyfield Loss of Paddyffield OTHER ISSUES; Road Land Acquisition Tree Removal safety,Tree removal, loss of Land Acquisition Paddy field

START CHAINAGE 93.6 t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ulUp)¢*

START CHAINAGE 93.6_it

LOCATION; Urban area I Rural Adur Adur area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Semi Urban Semi Urban Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass I Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

31 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH I Name of Road: ADUR - CHENGANOOR (Link 3) Length: 95 TO 100 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. R Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections kCCidt Blak spof tand AcnuisjtiOf Brcid.. S lnc isLti 0 ° etc Lad ACLsfioll-i "enAuaekSPO

Tree Removal Land Acquisition Tree Removal Land Acquisition Land Acquisition OTHERISSUES; Road Loss of Paddyfield Tree Removal safety,Tree removal, loss of Land Acqulsition Loss of Paddyfleld Canal Across Road Paddy field Public WaterTap RoadSafety

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.7- -

LOCATION;Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Paranthal Paranthal Kurampala Cattle Crossing I Fair/ Market Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban

Drinking Water Source Bus Stop with Waiting Shed Auto Stand Two Bus Stops MITIGATION/EN HAN CEME NTS ; (Public Tap) Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass / Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: ADUR - CHENGANOOR (Link 3) Length: 100 TO 105 MOSTSIGNIFICANT EnvironmentalIssue/s (e.g. IiI~~ Forest/paddy fields/accident At black spots/flooding sections black spots/flooding sections LanldAcquisitiOIl ACcidentBlack Spo1 (-and Acquisitioll Land Acquisitil

Tree Removal Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition OTHER ISSUES; Road Land Acquisition Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal safety,Tree removal, loss of RoadSafety PaddyField RoadSafety Paddy field

j i ...... _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Kurampala Pandalam Pandalam Pandalam Kulanada Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Semi Urban Semi Urban Urban area Urban area Semi Urban

Foot Path and Noise Bus Stop Bus Stop Footpath and Possible Noise Bus Stop MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Barrier near School Noise Barrier near Hospital Auto Stand Barrier near College Possible Noise Barrier near Parking facilities / Alternatives / Footpathand Possible Noise College By pass I Realignment f Service Barrier near School Roads / Amenities etc and Colleges

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH I NameofRoad: ADUR-CHENGANOOR (Link3) Length: 105 TO 110 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT EnvironmentalIssuels (e.g. Forest /paddyfields/accident t black spots/flooding sections etc Land Acquisition Loss of Paddy Field Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal safety,Treeremoval, loss of LossWaterBody Land Acquisition Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field saddtyTe riemoalloso Loss of Paddy Field Flooding Dan aa Paddy field lt

. i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F

...... I...... , -,,,,,,w...... ,,,,,,,,,w.. ;. ...

LOCATION;fUranaeatRua

LOCATION;Urban area I Rural Manthuka Manthuka Karakkad Karakkad Parackal area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Rural Rural area Rural Rural area Rural area Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Footpath Near School Autostand Parking Possible Noise Barrier Footpath and Possible Noise Near School Barrier near Schools facilities/Alternatives/By pass I' Realignment Left Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: ADUR - CHENGANOOR (Link 3) Length: 110 TO 115 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT Environmental Issuels (e.g. R Forest /paddy fields/accident XR 4V X black spots/flooding sections etc LandAcquisition LandAcquisItion LandAcquisition LandAcquisition LandAcquisition OTHER ISSUES; Road TreeRemoval TreeRemoval TreeRemoval TreeRemoval TreeRemoval safey,Trereoval los of Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field Drinking water source safey,Trereoval los of PampaIrrigation Canal (Well) Paddy field Lossof Paddy PaddyFlold FleldiLosseof o (L d ld

LOCATION; Urban area I Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Parakkal Mulakkuzha Mulakkuzha AngadickalSouth Chengannur CatleaCerosiUana / Buirltp arkea Rural Rural Rural SemiUrban Area SemiUrban Cattle Crossing I Fair) MarketRua

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking BusStop Bus Stop Bus Stop facilities/Alternatives/By pass/ PossibleNoise Barrier Auto Stand Servie.Near Hospital DrinkingWater Source RealignmenV Service (Well) Roads/Amenities etc 3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH I Name of Road: ADUR - CHENGANOOR (Link 3) Length: 115 TO 117 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road Land Acquisition Land Acquisition safety,Treeremoval, loss of RoadSafety Paddy field 1

LOCATION;Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Chenganur Chenganur Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Urban Semi Urban

Auto Stand (2 Nos) MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Taxi Stand Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Foot Path Near School pass / Realignment/ Service Possible Noise Barrier Near Roads/Amenitiesetc School

3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: Link Road Name of Road: NH - SH LINK ROAD Chainage: 0 to 5 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT EnvironEnemtal Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy J1lR rields/accident black spots/flooding HP sections etc

Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Loss of Drinking water source Drinking Water Sources Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal OTIIER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree (Well) (Well, 3 Public Taps) Drinking Water Sources Side Drain Drinking Water Sources removal, loss of Paddy field Side Drain (3 Wells, 2 Public Taps) Drinking Water Sources (6 Wells, Public Tap)

MITIGATION/ ENhANCEMENTS, (Well) Wt e (6 Wells)

p < A t ~~~~~~~~A - -

LOCATION; Urban area /Rural area Thycadu Koliyakkode Koliyakkode Poolenthara Rural l Semi Urbain / Btiiltuip area/ Cattle Rural Rural Rural Crossing / Fair/ Market

Source Drinking Water Sources l ITICXTION/ENIIANCMENTS- Loss of Drinking Water Source Bus Stop (41slumbers,lw ith Drinking Water Source Drinking Water MITIGATION/ ENIIANCEMENTS (Well) Waiting shed) (3 Wells, 2 Public Taps) (6 Wells) (6 Wells, Public Tap) Parking tacilities/Alternatives/By pass / Realignment - Right Drinking Water Sources Footpath and Noise Barrier Footpath and Noise Barrier Realignment - Right Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities (Well, 3 Public Taps) near School near School etc Auto, Taxi Stands Realignment - Right .. _____.______Realignment--RealignmentLeft, Right

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: Link Road Name of Road: NH - SH LINK ROAD Chainage: 5 to 10 km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy I 11X( fields/accident black spots/flooding A At sections etc

Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree Drinking Water Source Drinking Water Source Stream Drinking Water Source Drinking Water Source removal, loss of Paddy ield (Well) (Well) Drinking Water Sources (Borewell) (Well) (2 Wells, Bore Well)

4.2

LOCATIOIS; Urban area /Rural area Pothencode Kattaikonam Narikkal Chanthavila /Semi Urban /Builtup area/ Cattle Semi-Urban Semi-Urban Rural Rural Crossing / Fair/ Market

_ ~~DrinkingWater Source Drinking Water Source Bus Stop Drinking Water Source Footpath and Noise MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENTS; (Well) (Well) Noise barrier near School (Borewell) barrier near Scliool Parking facilitics/Alternatives/By pass Realighment - Right Realignrnent - Left (End) and Hospital 2 Bus Stops / Realignment/ Service Realighment - Left (Start) Realignment - Left (Start) Drinking Water Sources Noise barrier near Hospital Roads/Amenities etc Taxi, Auto Stands (2 Wells, Bore Well) Realignment - left (End)

4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code : Link Road Nameof Road: NH -SH LINK ROAD Chainage: 10 to 12.5 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental _i Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc j '

Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Drinking Water Sources Drinking Water Source Stream OTHE'IR ISStJES; Road safety,Tree (4 Wells, Bore Well) (Well) removal, loss of l'addy field

A~~ 1

...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... --.--...... 1......

LOCA'I'ION; Urban area / Rural area Chanthavila Amballoor Kazhakootam /Serni tJrban / Builtup area/ Cattle Rural Rural Semi Urban Crossing / Fair/ Market

2 Bus Stops Bus Stop Realignment Left MITIGATION / ENIIANCEMENTS; Drinking Water Sources Drinking Water Source Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass / (4 Wells, Bore Well) (Well) Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities Noise Barrier and Footpath near School etc Realignment Left

4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 11 Name of Road: CHANGANASSERY- ALAPPUZHA Chainage: 0 TO 5 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental l l t Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/floodinig sections etc koadSafet IsOU

OTIIER ISStJES; Road safety,Tree Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal removal, loss of Paddy field Road safety DrinkingWater Source Drinking Water Source Drinking WaterSourse Drinking Water Sourse Drinking Water Sourse (Public Tap) (6 Public Taps) (4 Public Taps) (Wells 3 Nos.) (2 Public Taps) Canal Canal Canal Canal Water body

A TSLI ______T

I OCATION, Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area! Cattle Changanassery Payippad ParakkaKalunku Veliyanadu /SemiUrban Builtup areal Cattle Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Crossing / Fair/ Market Service Road ( R)

Bus lay by Bus Stop(2 Nos.) Bus Stop Bus Stop Bus Stop and Waiting Shed MI'I'IGA l ION / ENIIANCEMNENTS; Drinking WaterSourse Drinking WaterSourse Drinking Water Sourses Drinking Water Sources ( 2 Nos.) Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass/ (2 Public Taps) (Public Tap) (6 Public Taps) (4 Public Taps) Drinking Water Source Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities ( Public Tap etc

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 11 Name of Road: CHANGANASSERY -ALAPPUZHA Chainage: 5 TO 10 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc sections etc \ s tccident~~~~~heiblack k0oad Safeq IOsl 4 koadSafeV ISsOl

Loss of Paddy Field Road safety Road safety Road safety Tree Removal OTIIER ISSUES; Road safety,Tl'ree Land Acquisition Drinking Water source Drinking Water source Market Road safety removal, loss of Paddy field Drinking Water source (Public Tap 2 Nos.) (Public Tap 4 Nos. ) Hospital Autojaxi Stands Canal ( Public Tap) Auto Stand Canal Canal Water Tank

N

A

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Cattle Kidangara Ramankari Ramankari Mithrakara Mithrakara Crossiiigair/ MarketSemi / Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Urban area Semi Urban Crossing / Fair! Market

Bus Bay Bus Stop with Drinking Water sourse 2 Bus Bays Bus Stop with Waiting Waiting Shed Public Tap 4 Nos.) 2 Auto Stands MITIGATION / ENHIANCEMENTS; Shed (2 Nos. ) Drinking Water sourse Bus Stop (2 Nos.) Noise Barrier near Taxi Stands Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass Boat Jetty ( 2 Nos.) (Public Tap 2 Nos.) Hospital Noise Barriers near / Realignment/ Service Drinking Water source Auto Stand Hospitals Roads/Amenities etc ( Public Tap) Noise Barrier near Foot path and Noise Hospital Barrier near School

5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 11 Name of Road: CHANGANASSERY- ALAPPUZHA Chaina ge: 10 TO 15 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental .. Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accidentblack spots/floodingIsU sections etc oadSafety LI FJ .~~~~~~~ e. Drinking WaterSource Drinking WaterSource Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field Tree Removal OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree (Public Tap) (Public Tap 4 Nos.,) Canal Drinking Water Source Loss of Paddy Field removal, loss of Paddy field Canal Marshy Land ( Public Tap) Drinking Water Source Canal Marshy Land ( Public Tap 3 Nos.,) Canal Marshy Land

LOCATION, Ltrban area!/ Rural area LOcATiON;Urba/Bul area/ Rratlarea Sasthankovil Chambakkulam Chambakkulam Chambakkulam Pulinkunnu /Semi Urban Builtup/area/ Cattle Semi Urban Rural area Rural area Rural area Semi Urban Crossing / Fair/ Market

DrinkingWater Source Drinking WaterSource Bus Stop Drinking Water Source Drinking Water Source NIITIGATION / ENHANCEMENTS; ( Public Tap) (Public Tap 4 Nos.,) (Public Tap) (Public Tap 3 Nos) Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass Bus Stop Bus Stop( 2 Nos. ) Auto Stand / Realigniment/ Service Boat Parking Boat Shed( 2 Nos. ) Bus Stop Ruads/Ainenities etc

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 11 Name of Road: CHANGANASSERY- ALAPPUZHA Chainage: 15 TO 20 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etcfi blc

Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field Water Body Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Canal OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree Marshy Land Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field Marshy Land removal, loss of Paddy field Road safety Drinking Water Source Drinking Water Source Drinking Water Source ( Public Tap) (Public Tap 3 Nos.) (Public Tap 2 Nos.) ,______

A M C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~anal

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area LOCATiON;Urba/Bul area/ Rratlarea Poopalli Gurumandiram Gurumandiram Gurumandiram /Serni Urban / Builtup area/ Cattle Rural area Semi Urban Rural Area Rural area Rural area Crossing / Fair/ Market

Bus Stop Drinking Water Source Bus Stop Bus Stop (2 Nos.) Bus Stop with Waiting MITIGAlI'ION / ENHANCEMENTS; Bus Stop with Waiting (Public Tap) Drinking Water Source Drinking Water Source Shed Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass / Shed ( Public Tap 3 Nos.) ( Public Tap 2 Nos.) Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 11 Name of Road: CHANGANASSERY- ALAPPUZHA Length: 20 TO 24.14 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding A I. sections etc I s ccident blackSI)) Cc1identblacksP0 kcc4identblacks

Road Safety Road Safety OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree Loss of Paddy Field Tree Removal Tree Removal Land Acquisition removal, loss of Paddy field Canal Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy Field Drinking Water Source Canal (public Tap 3 Nos.)

AEAIf. I

R

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban ; Builtup area/ Cattle Kainakarl Kainakari Alappuzha Alappuzha Alappuzha Crossing / Fair/ Market Rural Area Rural Area Semi Urban Urban Urban

Bus Stop with Bus Stop with MITIGATION / ENIIANCEMENTS;1 Waiting Shed Waiting Shed (3 Nos.) Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass Drinking Water Source Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities ( public Tap 3 Nos.) etc

5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ST'RIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: NSH 4 Name of Road: Idukki - Puliyanmala ( Link 26) Length: 60 to 65 km

MIOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. III Forest /paddy fields/accide.it black spots/flooding sections etc

Tree Removal Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition OTlIER ISSUES; Road Land Acquisition Forest Land Tree Removal Forest Land Tree Removal safety,Tree removal, loss of Drinking Water Source Rock Blasting Drinking Water Source Tree Removal Road Safety Paddyfield(BoreWell) Drinking Water Source (Well) Micro Hydroelectric Project Hair Pin Curves Paddy field (Spring) ldukki Arch Dam (750 m away) Rock Blasting Needed Drinking Water Source . _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(Borewell)

Ft ~~~~~~~

L.OCATION; Url)an arca I uLO arcaT/Scmi Urban area/ Nayarupara ldukki Idukkl Dam Top Ruiral area /SCmi Urbain / Semi Urban Semi Urban SemtiUrban Rural Rural Builtup area/ Cattle Cr-ossinig/ Fair! Market

MITIGATION Bus Stop Bus Stop Bus Stop Bus Stop ( 2 Nos.) ENHANCEMENTS; Parking Jeep I Auto Stand Bus Stand Behind Row of Shops Drinking Water Source facilities/Alternatives/By pass / Drinking Water Source Drinking Water Source ( Borewell) Realignment! Service (Bore Well) (Well) Roads/Amenities etc

61 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: NSH4 Name of Road: Idukki - Puliyanmala ( Link 26) Length: 65 to 70 km

I\IOST SIGNIFICANT I Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Tree Removal Tree Removal Forest Land Forest Land Land Acquisition OTHER ISSUES; Road Rock Blasting Needed Rock Blasting Needed Rock Blasting Needed Rock Blasting Needed Tree Removal safety,Tree removal, loss of Drinking Water Source Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Road Safety Paddy tield ( Borewell) Forest Land Tree Removal (Borewell

LOCATION; Urban area/ Ru, al area /Scmi Urban / Narakakkanam Narakakkanam Narakakkanam Double Cutting Double Cutting Builtup area/ Cattle Crossing / Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Fair/ Market

MITIGATION /Bus Stop (2 Nos.) Bus Stop ( 2 Nos.) Bus Stop Bus Stop ( 2 Nos.) Realignment - Right End ENHANCEMENTS; Parking Drinking Water Source Drinking Water Source Realignment - Right Realignmnent - Right facilities/Alternatives/By pass I Borewell )( Borewell ) Realignment - Right Start Rtealignment! Service Realignment - Right Rloads/Ameniities etc

6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NSH4 Name of Road: Idukki - Pullyanmala ( Link 26) Length: 70 to 75 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. R R Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Land Acquisition Tree Removal Tree Removal Troo Removal Tree Removal OTFHERISSUES; Road Rock Blasting Needed Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition safety,Tree remioval, loss of Forest Land Road Safety Rock BlasUng Needed PaddyPaddY rieldfield Drinking(Bore Water Well) Source ForestDrinking Land, Water Rock Source Blasting (Water Hose)

= -_ , _ - _- w~~~~~~~F

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi [Jrban / Calvarimount Calvarimount 9th Mile Calvarimount 8th Mile Calvarimount 8th Mile Vazhavara Builtup area/ Cattle Crossing Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural / Fair/ Market

Bus Stop (2 Nos.) Bus Stop Bus Stop MIlICA'I ION / Drinking Water Source Realignment - Right Realignment - Right ( 2 Nos.) ENHANCEMENTS; Parking (Bore Well) facilities/Alternatives/By pass / Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NSH4 Nameof Road: Idukki - Puliyanmala ( Link 26) Length: 75 to 80 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Eiivironmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest "paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Land Acquisition Tree Removal Land Acquisition Tree Removal Tree Removal OTIIER ISSUES; Road Tree Removal Land Acquisition Tree Removal Land Acquisition Land Acquisition safety,Trce removal, loss . Road Safety Soil and Water Conservation Road Safety Road Safety ( Sharp Curves) Road Safety (Sharp Curves) Paddty,] fielremoval,dloss o/ Project Vazhavara Soil and Water Conservation Drinking Water Source Paddy field , Project, Mulakaramedu (Water Hose)

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural LOcaTIOemi Urban/aBuiltupuarea/ Vazhavara Vazhavara Nirrala City Mulakaramedu Mulakaramedu arca ISemi Urban / Builtup area! Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION / Bus Stop Realignment - Right Bus Stop With Shelter Bus Stop ENIHANCEMENTS; Parking Realignment - Left Realignment - Right Realignment - Right facilities/Alternatives/By pass / (2 Nos.) Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: NSH 4 Name of Road: Idukki - Puliyanmala ( Link 26) Length: 80 to 85 km

MOST SIGNIFICANTR R Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident I black spots/flooding sections etc

Tree Removal Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition OTHER ISSUES; Road Land Acquisition Loss of Paddyfield Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree Removal safety,TFreeremoval, loss of Road Safety Tree Removal Road Safety saddty,Tree riemoval, loss ofDrinking Water Source Paddy field

LOCATION; Urban area! Rural area /Semi Urban / AKG Padi Vellayamkudi Vellayamkudi Vellayamkudi liiiltul) area/ Cattle Crossing Rural Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Urban Fair/ Market Market

MITIGATION / Bus Stop With Shelter Footpath Near School Parking Area for Trucks and Footpath Near School ENHANCEMENTS; Parking Bus Stop Kattappana Bypass - Start other Vehicles 2 Bus Stops facilities/Alternatives/By pass / Drinking Water Source Realignment/ Service (Well) Roads/Amenities etc Realignment - Right

6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: NSH 4 Name of Road: Idukki - Puiiyanmala ( Link 26) Length: 85 to 90 km

MIOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Tree Removal Land Acquisition OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree Removal Water Pollution due to Rock Blasting Needed Land Acquisition Tree Removal saEetyNTreereinoval lossr oaWappangofpassl Drinking Water Source R

Poaddyfield c etc5 HAIR PIN CURVES

6.6, ..

Paddy ries!ldena esBypss/(Well)

L.OCATION; Urban area /RLural Kattappana Parackadavu Ganghinagar Hill Top Hill Top area /SenmiUrbani I Builtup area/ Semi Urban Rural Rural Rural Rural Cattle CIrossiiig F1air/ Market

ENHANCFMENTS; Pakn Bus Stop Bus Stop Bus Stop With Shelter Realignrnent - Right Realignment - Right ENHANCEMENTS;Parking Kattappana Bypass - End Drinking Water Source facilitics/Alternatives/By pass t(Well) Realignment/ Service Roads/Amelliities etc.

6,6 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE 'I'RANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: NSH 4 Name of Road: Idukki - Puliyanmala ( Link 26) Length: 90 to 90.7 km

IOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. R R Forest /paddy fields/accident _ black spots/flooding sections etc

Land Acquisition OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

- __

L.OCATION; Urban area I Itural area /Semi Urbaii / Pullyanmala Builtup area/ Cattle Crossing! Semi Urban Fair/ Market

MITIGATION / ENIIANCEIENTS; I'arking facilities/Alternatives/By pass / Realignment/ Service ltoads/Amenities etc

6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-8 Name of Road: Muvattupuzha-Thodupuzha (Link 70) Length: 2 to 7 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident III R R black spots/flooding sections 1 6CIIM 4 LACKSPOT etc~ ~ ~ ~~~~~fJENTBIACKSPOT PARKIN cIETBAKPO &DDYFWILD

OTHER ISSUES; Road Road safety safety,Tree removal, loss of Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Road safety Paddy field Tree removal Tree removal Tree removal Tree removal Roadsafety Parking area Parking area Loss of Paddy field

_ _ _ _ _* _~~. L I 5~ A~~ . __.I1 AA

=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..._-.._.. .

LOCATION; Urban area Rural Muvattupuzha town Muvattupuzha town Muvattupuzha town Anikkad area /Semi Urbang Builtup area/ Urban area Urban area Urban area semi urban area semi urban area Cattle Crossing I Fair/ Market Major Bridge Private Bus Station ._._ .

MITIGATIONIENHANCEMENTS; Realaignment(L) Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Muncipal Bus Stand Raised Foot Path Auto riksha Parking Car Parking area required pass / Realignment/ Service Bus lay-by (Near School) Bus lay-by Roads/Amenities etc Pedestrian facilities Pedestrian facilities Pedestrian facilities Pedestrian facilities

7.1 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYSPROJECT Road Code: SH-8 Name of Road: Muvattupuzha-Thodupuzha(Link 70) Length: 7 to 12 km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections AfUS BUSSTON TYTAI etc B'AW4lLALKSPOrUM MW4J~~BLACKJ SPOT W STO ONRA

OTHER ISSUES; Road Road safety Road safety safety,Tree removal, loss of Tree removal Tree removal Tree removal Parking area Road safety(two schools) Paddy field Congested

.. M . . w

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural Avoli Perumkuzha Narukara Road Vazhakkulam Vazhakkulam area /Seri Urban I Builtup area/ Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural area Semi Urban Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

Realignment(L) MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Realignment(L) Bus Lay-by Raised foot path Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Realignment(R) Realignment(L) Realignment(L) Auto Parking Bus lay by (out side) pass / RealignmentV Service Car Parking Roads/Amenities etc

7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-8 Name of Road: Muvattupuzha-Thodupuzha (Link 70) Length: 12 to 17 km MOSTSIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident blackspots/flooding sections

etc _____ACCIENTBW SPOT CID BLACKSPOT PADDYFIELDS A CIENTBLACK SPOT_

Road safety Roadsafety OTHERISSUES; Road Road safety Tree removal Tree removal Parking area Tree removal safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field Loss of Paddy field area Loss of Paddy field area Loss of Paddy area

~~ .r . ______

Vengachuvad Kadalikkadu Maniyandrum Madakathanam Malinkumb LOCATION;Urban area / Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban area/Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking Bus lay-by Auto Parking facilities/AlternativeslBy pass i' (FOR SCHOOL) Realignment(R) Roads/Amenities etc Realignment(R) Realignment(R) Realignment(L) Realignment(R)

7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-8 Name of Road: Muvattupuzha-Thodupuzha (Link 70) Length: 17 to 22 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Land Acquisition removal, loss of Paddy field

L

' I -- ' ------r C

F-~ ~___1 N

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban I Builtup area/ Cattle Vengallur Vengallur Thodupuzha town Thodupuzha town Crossing / Fairf Market Semi urban area Urban area Urban area Urban area

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Realignment(L) Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Realignment(L) Realignment(L) Realignment(R) pass I Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH -1 Name of Road: MUVATTUPUZHA - ANGAMALY (Link 6) Length: 206.4 TO 210 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT EnvironmentalIssue/s (e.g. Forest /paddyflelds/accident black E SO spotsifloodingsections etc EN BLAC A.R.

OTIIER ISSUES;Road safety,Trec Road safety Tree removal Tree removal renioval,loss of Paddyfield R and R Issues Parking Parking space Parking Roadsafety R&R Issues

206.4

_pp-______~STARTCHAIN AG I_ _ __ _

START CAINAE______

LOCATION;Urban area I Rural MUVATTUPUZHA Muvattupuzha Muvattupuzha Veloorkunnam Pulianchodu Kavala area /Semi Urban I Builtup area/ Urban area Urban Sam! Urban semi Urban Catte Crossing / Fair! Market

MITIGATIONIENHANCEMENTS; Bus lay by and Bus shelter Taxi Stand Parking Foot path for Pdestrians Auto Stand Auto Stand Bus lay by & Shelter facilitieslAlternatives/By pass F Bus lay by& Shelter Bus lay by& Shelter Realignment! Service Roads/Amenities etc

8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH -1 Name of Road: MUVATTUPUZHA - ANGAMALY (Link 6) Length: 210 to 215 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s(e.g. Forest 4. /paddyfields/accident black spots/floodingsections etc ACCoJMBLACI SPOT & BA SPOI

Road safety Road Safety OTIIER ISSUES;Road safety,Tlree Land Acquisition Tree removal Tree removal removal, loss of Paddyfield Loss of Paddy field Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Drinking water Source(KWA)

LOCATION; Urban area I Rural e area /Semi Urban Builtupa area/ Pezhakapally Thrikalathoor Thrikalathoor Kheezhillam Catte Crossing / Fair/ Market Semi urban Semiurban Semi urban

MITIGATIONIENHANCEMENTS; Bus lay by & Waiting shed Bus lay by & Waiting shed Parking facilitieslAlternatives/By Raised foot path Drinking water source-Pond pass / Realignment/ Service Near school Roads/Amenities etc

8.2 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYSPROJECT Road Code: SH - 1 Name of Road: MUVATTUPUZHA- ANGAMALY (Link 6) Length: 215 to 220 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree Tree removal Tree removal Tree removal Tree removal Tree removal removal, lossof Paddy field Loss of Paddy Field Loss of Paddy field

LOCATION;Urban area I Rural Kheezhillam Manoor Rayamangalam Rayamangalam area ISemi Urban / Builtup area/ Rural Rural Rural Rural area Rural Catte Crossing / Fair/ Market Embankment 6m height

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Bus lay by & Shelter Bus lay by & Shelter pass / Realignment! Service Raised foot path Roads/Amenities etc Near school

8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 1 Name of Road: Muv ttupuzha-Angamaly (L nk 6) Length: 220 to 225 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT /1 -1~ Enviroiinierital Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddyfields/accident black spots/floodingsections etc BLACACCIKSPOT&CK SPOI

Road safety Congested area OTIIER ISSUES; Road Tree removal Land Acquisition Tree removal Land Acquisition Tree removal field Loss of Paddy field Tree removal Tree removal Road safety Road safety

.v...... 4 .. Fl o svI~ --- -. *.

LOCATION;Urban area / Rural Rayamangalam Rayanagalam Thayakra chira Pulluvazhi Pulluvazhi area /Semi Urban I Builtup Rural Semi Urban Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban area/ Catte Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Bypass Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass I 1 Realignment! Service Bus lay by & Shed Roads/Amenities etc

8.4 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYSPROJECT

Road Code: SH -1 Name of Road: MUVATTUPUZHA- ANGAMALY (Link 6) Length: 225 to 230 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/floodingsections etc t, fB1AcKSPO ENTBLACKSPOI 4AJ

Congested area Congested area Road asfety Road safety OTIIER ISSUES; Roadsafety,Tree Road safety Car Parking area Tree removal Tree removal Land Acquisition removal, loss of Paddy field Land Acquisition Loss of Paddy field

__ _ _ _ ° l__'- E KWA Drinking Water Plant (Fllteratlon Unit)

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Perumbavoor Perumbavoor Kanjirangadu Kanjiram kadu Catte Crossing I Fair/ Market Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; _ Perumbavoor Bypass P Parking Auto riksha parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass ITruck bay on left and right Taxi/Car parking Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

8.5 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: SH - 1 NameofRoad: MUVATTUPUZHA-ANGAMALY(Link6) Length: 230 to 235 km

M4OSTSIGNIFICANT Environmental Issuc/s (e.g. Forest /paddy R fields/accident black spots/flooding sectiolis etc .CMF B _

Road safety OtHllER ISSUES; lRoad sayety,1ree Land Acquisition Accident Prone area Road safety No Tree removal Land Acquisition remtioval,loss of Paddy field Land Acquisition Parking area Loss of Paddy field

E :: AyW .. .' # =i :: ... , f . _ ...... g p ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

LM_ I

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area Chelamattom /Semi Urban I Builtup area/ Catte Koovapady Okkal Junction Chelamattom Kalady Mattur Crossing / Fair/ Market Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Cemetery on both sides

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Space available for Municipal Auto riksha parking area Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Raised foot path busstand Raised foot path pass / Realignment/ Service Near school Raised foot path Auto Riksha parking area Near school Roads/Amenities etc Near school Jeep parking area

8.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: SH - I Name of Road: MUVATTUPUZHA -ANGAMALY (Link 6) Length: 235 to 240 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest III /paddy fields/accident black _3 -_ spots/flooding sections etc SPOTSPNTOBLACK A . VIT

Road safety Land acquisition Tree removal Road safety OTHER ISSUES;Road safety,Tree Parking area Loss of Paddy field Tree removal Loss of Paddy field Land Acquisition removal, loss of Paddy field No tree removal

.______X m w d a Lz z _ ~ +

LOCATION, Urban area i Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Mattor Mattor Angamaly Angamaly Angamaly Town Catte Crossing I Fair/ Market Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Urban

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; facilitiesAlternativeslBy pass Auto riksha parking Raised foot path Auto riksha parking area Realignment/ Service Nearschool RoadsfAmenities etc

8.7 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD - SHORNUR Chainage: 0 TO 5 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT - EnvironmentalIssue/s (e.g. Ii(L) ) j J f Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc LandAcquisition Land Acquisition Land acquisition Land acquisition Tree removal OTHER ISSUES; Road RailwayOverbridge Tree Removal Tree removal Tree removal Land acquisition safety,Tree removal, loss of Side drain Side drain Drinking water source Drinking water source tap) Paddy field Paddyfiel,d(Public Bus station Drinking waterwater sourcetap) (PublicSidedrain tap) Paddy(Publicfield

F F ffi i) u ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bil| Builtup | 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B,uIPetM Bit

LOCATION; Urban area I Rural Palakkad Mercy CollegeJn Melammuri Meparambil Kallakkad area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Urban Urban Urban Semi Urban Rural Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Bus stop Bus stop Bus stop, Taxi stand Bus stop Bus stop MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Auto stand Footpath and possible Possible noise barriers Drinking water source Drinking water source Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Footpathand possible noise barrier near neart schools and (4 Public taps) (Public tap) pass / Realignment/ Service noise barrier near schools hospital and schools hospital Footpath and possible Footpath and possible Roads/Amenities etc Drinking watersource noise barrier near schools noise barrier near school (Public water tap)

9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD - SHORNUR Chainage: 5 TO 10 km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections __ (tad SafeyIss etc * Tree Removal Tree removal Tree removal Roqad safety Issue Tree removal OTHER ISSUES; Road Drinking water source Canal Canal Vacant Land Side drain safety,Tree removal, loss of (Public tap) Drinking water source Side drain Solid waste disposal (Public tap) Paddy field Paddy field Paddy field

- EBuilt @| uup -to -- l

______t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Builtup u F r< ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

LOCATIO;Urba area RuralKallekkad Kailokkad Kallekkad Edathara Ancham Mile LOCATION; Urban area / Rural Rural Rural Rural Ruthral Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

Bus stop Bus stop Footpath and possible Auto Stand Bus Stop MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Drinking water source Drinking water source noise barrier near school Parking facilities/Alternatives/By (Public tap) (Public tap) pass / Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD - SHORNUR Chainage: 10 TO 15 km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. I Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections ACi 1 ulc spn1C A bl spO' etc '&,,1efienblack0P vk Uide blac Road Safety Road Safety Paddy field Tree removal Tree removal OTHERISSUES; Road Tree Removal Drinking water source Kalpathi River Land acquisition Land acquisition safety,Tree removal, loss of Drinking water source (Public tap) Railwayoverbridge Drinking water source Drinking water source Paddy field ~~~~(Publictap) (Public tap) (Well, Public tap) Paddy field Paddytfield Water body Stream______

I ______t__ _ _ _ ~I i ~ RI s ~ Built up=__ Builtuu

______= H ______+ + i SAL-i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ uptu upuilt ------E_

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~BllupF,,[t,tl

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural Edathara Parali Parali Parali Thenur area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; 2 Bus Stops Drinking WaterSource Environmental 2 Bus stops Bus stop Parking Auto Stand (Public Tap) enhancementof Drinking water source Drinking water source facilities/Alternatives/Bypass / Drinking Water Source Auto, Taxi stands existing Oxbow land (Public tap) (Well, Public tap) Realignment/ Service (Public tap) Possible noise barrier Reall9nmenvService ~~~~~~~~~~nearhospital Roads/Amenitiesetc near_hospital

9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD - SHORNUR Chainage: 15 TO 20 km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issuels(e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc Paddy Field Tree removal Tree Removal Tree Removal Tree removal OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree Removal Paddy Field Paddy Field Land Acquisition Land acquisition safety,Treeremoval, loss of Drinking water source Canal Side Drain Side Drain Canal Patddy fTeldr (Public tap) Canal Drinking water source Paddy field ~~~Pond (Public tap)

Built up -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B~~uilup

______I_= - I TF?______Built up / X

______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Builtup

LOCATION; Urban area I Rural Thenur Mankurissi Mankurissi Kannamperiyam Mankara area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Rural Rural Rural Rural Semi - urban Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

Drinking water source Taxi stand Foot path and possible Auto stand MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; (Public tap) noise barrier near school Bus stop Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Drinking water source pass / Realignment! Service (Public tap) Roads/Amenities etc

9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD - SHORNUR Chainage: 20 TO 25 km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g.RR Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections ad Safetylss etc ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~koadSafetyIsSU6J koad Safety isSUe koadSft sU

Land acquisition Tree removal Road safety Houses away from Side drain OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree removal Canal, Stream Tree removal the road safety,Tree removal, loss of Side drain Paddy field Drinking water source safety,Treeremoval, loss of Drinkingwater source (3 Public taps) Paddy field (Public tap)

L W-- ; ^ 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bilup n 1Builtup'''v

[~~~~~~~~~~~~_____t Bulup1it

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural Mankara Chandanapuram Pathiripala PazhayaLakkidi area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Rural Rural Rural Rural Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATIONIENHANCEMENTS; Drinkingwater sources Bus stop Parking Drinking water source (3 Public taps) Footpath and possible facilities/Alternatives/By pass / (Public tap) Auto, Tempostands noise barrier near school RealignmenV Service Realignment- Left Bus stop Roads/Amenities etc Foot path and possible noise barrier near school

9.5 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD - SHORNUR Chainage: 25 TO 30 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT Environmental Issuels(e.g. FLAJ Forest/paddy fields/accident koadSafety ISSKJ Sfet black spots/flooding sections etc t'oadSafet I SafetI toadd Safet ISSyO Canal across road Land acquisition Road safety Road safety Road safety OTHER ISSUES; Road Drinking water source Paddy field Land acquisition Play ground Drinking water sources safety,Tree removal, loss of (Public tap) Drinking water sources Drinking water sources Side drain (2 Public taps) Paddy field (2 Public taps) (Public tap)

_ _j~~~~~~~TltPRi PM ~ iIBit up ruP- tup -____t .- t =~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i__. 9u .... 9-4Xt-u -F6O*iM4E: .s .~ It

LOCATION;Urban area / Rural area /Serni Urban / Builtup area/ Lakkidi Mangalam Kootupatha Kootupatha Palapuram Cattle Crossing / BaituMarket Rural Semi urban Semi urban Rural Semi urban

Drinking water source Drinking water sources Bus stop Bus stop Bus stop MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; (Public tap) (2 Public taps) Auto stand Auto, taxi stands Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Foot path and possible Realignment - Left Drinking water sources Drinking water sources pass I Realignment/ Service noise barrier near school (Public tap) (2 Public taps) Roads/Amenities etc Possible noise barrier near hospital ._

9.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD - SHORNUR Chainage: 30 TO 35 km MOSTSIGNIFICANT Environmental lssuels (e.g. - Forest /paddy fields/accident k iRX black spots/flooding sections etc Tree Removal Solid waste disposal Land acquisition Land acquisition Land acquisition OTHER ISSUES;Road Solid waste disposal Drinking water sources Drinking water sources Tree removal safety,Tree removal, loss of (2 Public taps) (3 Public taps) Drinking water sources Canal Side drain (2 Public taps) Paddy field Side drain Solid waste disposal

______~~~~~~Side_drain

Built up t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

______Built up~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bu[tu : = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a . M^e ._ rup Burl___,_|t up_E

LOCATION;Urban area / Rural /OCATSemiUrban / Builtup area/ Palapuram Palapuram East Ottappalam Ottappalam Kannlyampuram area Urban / Buir/ aret Semi urban Rural Semi urban Rural Semi urban Cattle Crossing I Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Foot path and possible Drinking water sources Auto, taxi, jeep stands Drinking water sources Parking noise barrier near school (2 Public taps) Drinking water sources (2 Public taps) facilities/Alternatives/By pass / (3 Public taps) Possible noise barrier Realignment/Service Possible noise barrier near hospital Realignment/ Service near hospital Roads/Amenities etc

9.7 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD - SHORNUR Chainage: 35 TO 40 km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g.. Forest /paddyfields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc Tree Removal Tree removal Tree removal Land acquisition Land acquisition OTHER ISSUES;Road Drinking water sources Solid waste disposal Tree removal Tree removal safety,Tree removal, loss of (2 Public taps) Drinking water sources Drinking water sources Paddyfield Solid waste disposal (6 Public taps) (4 Public taps) Paddy field Solid waste disposal Solidwastedaisposal

t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~u i,~~ Sid drains'

ilt up~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ul i

LOCATION;Urban ar ea / Rural LOCareaI/SUrban areaButupareal Kanniyampuram Kanniyampuram Manissery VaniyamkulamAngadi Vanlyamkulam area/Semi Urban / Builtup area! Semi urban Cattle Crossing / Fair! Market Rural Rural Semi urban Semi urban

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS,Foot path and possible Realignment - Left Auto, jeep satands Drinking water sources Auto, jeep, tempo stands Parking noise barrier near school Noise barrier - Hospital (6 Public taps) Possible noise barrier facilities/Alternatives/By pass / Drinking water sources Possiblenoise barrier near hospital, schools Realignment/ Service (2 Public taps) near hospital Drinking water sources Roads/Amenities etc Auto, taxi stands (4 Public taps) Noise barrier - Hospital

98 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD- SHORNUR Chainage: 40 TO 45 km MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc Tree Removal Tree removal Tree removal Land acquisition Tree removal OTHER ISSUES; Road Paddy field Paddy field Land acquisition Drinking water sources Drinking water source safety,Tree removal, loss of Drinking water source (2 Public taps) (Public tap) (Borewell) Paddy field Paddy field

K - -I Siup

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Koonathara Koonathara Koonathara Kulappulli Kulappulli Cattle Crossing I Fair/ Market Rural Rural Rural Semi urban Semi urban

Realignment - Right Foot path and possible Bus stop Drinking water sources Drinking water sources MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; noise barrier near school Foot path and possible (6 Public taps) (Public tap) Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Noise barrier - school Auto stand pass / Realignment/ Service Drinkingwater source Foot path and possible Roads/Amenities etc (Borewell) noise barrier, School

9.9 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: NP 301 Name of Road: PALAKKAD - SHORNUR Chainage: 45 TO 45.2km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc adSafe Issue

Road safety OTHER ISSUES;Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

. U. =______

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban I Builtup area/ Semi urban Cattle Crossing I Fair/ Market

Auto, taxi, tempo, lorry MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; stands Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass / Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

9.10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: SH 30 Name of Road: THRISSUR- KUTTIPPURAM Chainage: 19.6 TO 20 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT _ * Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddyfields/accident ACcie ackSPOl black spots/flooding sectionsAcietBakS° etc

Roadsafety issue OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree removal safety,Tree removal, loss of Landacquisition Paddy field Drinking water sources (Public tap, Public well) S H START CHAINAGE 19.6

START CHAINAGE 19.6

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural Choondal area /Semi Urban I Builtup area/ Semi Urban Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; 2 Bus stops Parking Parking ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DrinkingTaxiwater stand source facilities/Alternatives/By pass / Dric tap, Purce Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

10.1 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORTPROJECT

Road Code: SH 30 Name of Road: THRISSUR - KUTTIPPURAM Chainage: 20 TO 25 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT Environmentalissue/s (e.g. R R I r;) Forest/paddy fields/accident A. black spots/flooding sections -ACCident BlackSpo &CCit BlackSSt etc

Land acquisition Road safety issue Road safety Issue Land acquisition Land acquisition OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree removal Land acquisition Land acquisitlon Tree removal Side drain safety,Tree removal, loss of Drinking water source Drinking water source Tree removal Bus stand Paddy field (Public tap) (Bore well) Drinking water source (Well)

T~~~~~~~~L

- _ _ . ,. , Builts 0 3 b F-e

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Kanipayyur Kanipayyur Kunnamkulam Kunnamkulam Ottappalam Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Semi urban Semi urban Semi urban Urban Semi urban Market

Possible noise barrier Drinking water source Jeep, auto,taxi stands Bus stop MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; near hospital (Well) Bus stop Possible noise barrier Parking facilities/Alternatives/By Possible noise barrier Foot path and possible near hospital pass / RealignmenV Service near hospital noise barrier near school Roads/Amenitiesetc Foot path and possible noise barrier - Schools

10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 30 Name of Road: THRISSUR - KUTTIPPURAM Chainage: 25 TO 30 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT EnvironmentalIssue/s (e.g. Forest/paddy fields/accident JJ WY,• blackspotscflooding sections AccidentBlack SpO ACcidentBlack SpOi Accident Black Spot

Land acquisition Land acquisition Road safety Issue Road safety issue Road safety Issue OTHERISSUES; Road Tree removal Loss of paddy field Land acquisition Land acquisition safety,Treeremoval, loss of Drinking water source Drinking water source Paddy field Paddyfield (Public tap) (Public tap, 2wells)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _

LOCATION;Urban area/ Rural area/Semi Urban/ Builtup area/ Parempadam Parempadam Parempadam Akkikavu Perumpilavu Cattle Crossing/ Fair/ Market Semi urban Semi urban Rural Semi urban Semi urban Cattle Market

Bus stop Bus stop Bus stop Bus stop MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Footpath and possible Parking Drinking water sources noise barrier near school facilities/Alternatives/By pass / (Publictap, 2 wells) Realignment/Service Roads/Amenitiesetc

10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: SH 30 Name of Road: THRISSUR - KUTTIPPURAM Chainage: 30 TO 35 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT EnvironmentalIssue/s (e.g. ii Forest /paddy fields/accident 11i. po.k black spots/flooding sections CldentBlack ApO ad Safety Issue13 etc

OTHERISSUES; Road Land acquisition Road safety issue Tree removal Road safety issue Loss of paddy field safety,Tree removal, loss of Tree removal Tree removal Drinking water source Drinking water source Paddy field Existing Oxbow land (2 Public taps) (2 Public taps) Drinking water source (Public tap)

T -W Y - ,,1U - < I BlltuPBuilt

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Korattikkara Korattikkara Kallumpuram Kadavaloor Kolikara Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Rural Rural Rural Semi urban Rural

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking 2 Bus stops 2 Bus stops Bus stop 2 Bus stops Bus stop facilitiestAlterna tivesrBy pass Possible noise barrier Drinking water source Drinking water sources Drinking water sources acilitiesnAVternatives/By pass / near hospitals (Public tap) (2 Public taps) (2 Public taps) Realignment Service Footpath and possible noise Roads/Amenities etc barrier near school

10.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: SH 30 Name of Road: THRISSUR- KUTTIPPURAM Chainage: 35 TO 40 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT EnvironmentalIssue/s (e.g. Forest/paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Tree removal Tree removal Loss of paddy field Tree removal Tree removal OTHERISSUES; Road Cut section Cut sections Tree removal Loss of paddy field Land acquisition safety,Treeremoval, loss of Pond Loss of paddy field Paddyfield

Bult .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ W-I Built_.. t7.__

______e_L______Built up

LOCATION;Urban area I Rural area ISemi Urban I Builtup area/ Pavittapuram Valayankulam Valayankulam Chankaramkulam Manthadam Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Rural Rural Rural Rural Semi urban

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Busstop Footpathand possible Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass I Footpath and possible noise barrier near school Realignment/ Service noise barrier near school Roads/Amenitiesetc

10.5 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 30 Name of Road: THRISSUR- KUTTIPPURAM Chainage: 40 TO 45 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fieldslaccident 9 i black spots/flooding sections R etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road Tree removal Tree removal Tree removal Land acquisition Land acquisition safety,Tree removal, loss of Land acquisition Loss of paddy field Loss of paddy field Tree removal Tree removal Paddy field Drinking water source Land acquisition Land acquisition Drinking water sources Fish market (3 Public taps) Drinking water sources (Borewell) * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~(2Public taps)

______BuiltupBuilt(upBuuilt upBitupW% [W

LOCATION;Urban area Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Panthavoor Palam Panthavoor Kalachal Nadavattom Edappal Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Semi urban Semi urban Rural Semi urban Semi urban

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking Drinking water source Auto stand Bus stop Bus stop Possible noise barrier facilitieslAlternatives/By pass / (3 public taps) Drinking water Source Taxi, Auto stand near school RealignmenV Service Foot paths and noise (2 Public taps) Drinking water source Roads/Amenities etc barrier near school (Bore well)

10.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT Road Code: SH 30 Name of Road: THRISSUR- KUTTIPPURAM Chainage: 45 TO 50 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issuels (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident iI Xr• black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road Land acquisition Land acquisition Land acquisition Land acquisition Treo removal safety,Tree removal, loss of Tree removal Tree removal Drinking water sources Drinking water sources Land acquisition Drinking water source (Bore well, Public tap, Well) (3 Public taps) Drinking water sources Paddy field (Public tap) Side drain, Cut section (4 Public taps)

_ l 1 - ,s, - i |~~~~~~~~~~ Builtup BuilZtup 1*r

LOCATION; Urban area I Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Edappal Annakkampad Pulliampadi Kandanakam Mannoor Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Urban Semi urban Semi urban Rural Rural

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking Jeep, Auto, Taxi stand Drinking water source Drinking water sources Drinking water sources Drinking water sources facilities/Alternatives/By pass / (Public tap) (Bore well, Public tap, Well) (3 Public taps) (4 Public taps) Realignment/ Service Bus stop Footpath and noise barrier Roads/Amenities etc Realignment - Left near schools

10.7 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

Road Code: SH 30 Name of Road: THRISSUR - KUTTIPPURAM Chainage: 50 TO 52.6 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. I R Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Landacquisition Landacquisition Landacquisition OTHER ISSUES; Road Treeremoval Treeremoval safety,Tree removal, loss of Cutsection Paddy fieldPaddy Field ~~~~~Drinking(2waterTaps) source

Built uit ep up* 7

X, TERMINATES AT CHAINAGE 52.6

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban I Builtup area/ Mannoor Thrikkannapuram Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Rural Semi urban

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking Drinking water source Bus stop facilities/Alternatives/By pass / (2Taps) Footpathand noisebarrier Realignment! Service Realignment- Left nearschool Roads/Amenities etc RealignmentRight

10.8 [.NVN RONNI IN' lIS. ,S'I'ITI I PLAP N FOIR KICRAIA STlATII II I(.1I-A8'.S PR().111( "1

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: Chengannur - Ettumanoor Lenc th: 0 to 5 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Coconut Coconut fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

...... -- . .-- ......

2 Link Roads 2 Link Roads One link road Semi Urban/ Rural areat Semi Urban Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural Market area Available Corridor width 15.8 m Available Corridor width 16.6 m Available Corridor width 19.5 m Available Corridor width 16.6 in Available Corridor width 14.8 m

Other Sensitive Environmental issues

1/.1 INK1RN\II N\F NTAl STRI P PLIAN FO)R IKFA[LA STATE: IlI;IIVAYS PROJ [,CT'

Road Code: SH I Name of Road: Chengannur - Ettumanoor Length: 5 to 10 km Sig nificanit Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Paddy Field Paddy Field fields/accidenit black Mosque spots/flooding sections Shrine Shrine Shrine 2 Shrines etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Bridge Bridge Water Body Canals, River, Estuaries, Bridges & Culverts

Q 0~~~~~~C Q0

Linkarea Roads1 I Urban ~~2Link Roads 2 Link Roads One link road LeinRed/ Urbanfua area f Semi Urban Semi Urban SemniUrban Rural Rural SaremiUrban/ua ae Avaiiable Corridor width 14.3 m Avaiiabie Corridor width 15.6 m Available Corridor width 17.3 m Available Corridor width 12.9 m Available Corridor width 10.5 m

2 Schools School School Other Senisitive Enivironmnentalissues

1 i.2 L;rNNA\RONAMILNIALI S'I'I I' PL.AN F(R KLARAI-A STATIFI11IG IIWAY'S PROJ EX'

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: Chengannur - Ettumanoor Length: 10 to 15 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Paddy Field fields/accident black spots/flooding sections 2 Shrines Shrine Shrine etc______

Water Resources-Ponds, Bridge Bridge Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

AL ~ AA

.~~ ~~ ...... L

One Link Road 2 Link Roads 3 Link Roads Semi Urban! Rural area I Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban MaremitUrbanlRuraarea / Available Corridor width 13.2 m Available Corridor width 13.8 m Available Corridor width 13.9 m Available Corridor width 14 m Available Corridor width 14.8 m Market area

School School Hospital Other Sensitive Environmental issues

11.3 ENVI RONLXiElFAIL SlI'IZI P PLAN FOR KFRAALA STATI' InI 1GiNAYSI(, PRO. IFIA l

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: Chengannur - Ettumanoor Len th: 15to 20 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Paddy Field fieldslaccident black Temple spots/flooding sections Mosque Mosque Church Church etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Bridge Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

Ak~ ~

-...... ------...... -...... X ...... - E (N 'T~~~~~~~~~~~

______.______

Link Roads Link Roads I Urban area I 2 Link Roads 2 Semi Urbani Rural area I Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural Rural Rural Market area Available Corridor width 14.8 m Available Corridor width 14 7 m Available Corridor width 15 m Available Corridor width 15.4 m Available Corridor width 14.3 m

School School 2 Schools School School Other Sensitive Hospital Environmental issues

11/4 IKNVI RONINIKFNAL S'IRIlIl' IPLJAN 1FO KE1RAL,A SIAlTF 111(H IWAYS ROMJF'1[

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: Chengannur - Ettumanoor Length: 20 to 25 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy fields/accident black Church Temple spots/flooding sections 4 Shrines 2 Shrines Church etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridge Bridges & Culverts

~~~~~~~~~~...... i.,,,,..a.

Ifl,6E;&;= A

Link Roads / Urban area / One Link Road One Link Road One Link Road 4 Link Roads Semi Urban/ Rural area / Rural Rural Rural Rural Semi Urban Market area Available Corridor width 13.3 m Available Corridor width 15.8 m Available Corridor width 16.8 m Available Corridor width 15.2 m Available Corridor width 13.2 m

School Other Sensitive Environmental issues

1 (.5 KNAIIRtONN I1:.N'A 1A, S'I'RI I) P1 A'L,N 10 I: RA I -A STIill I1lG I I AYS PRIO [V(A'I1

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: Chengannur - Ettumanoor Length: 25 to 30 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections 2 Shrines Shrine etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

CD 'Y~~~~~CD0

Link Roads I Urban area I One Link Road 2 Link Roads Semi Urban/ Rural area / Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Market area Available Corridor width 12.6 m Available Corridor width 13.6 m Available Corridor width 12.2 m Available Corridor width 11.8 m Available Corridor width 12.5 m

School Other Sensitive Environmental issues

1/.6 IKNV'IRON[IIFNIAL. STRIP PLAN F'OR)1lKFAIZA\LA\ STATEK 111II( VAWX'I'S1140,1FC''I1

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: Chen annur - Ettumanoor Length: 30 to 35 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Shrine fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Bridge Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

< KOTTAYAM URBAN AREA

A@A== A A A+ ";t

Link Roads / Urban area I/ SeinRodI Urban/ua area Rural Semi Urban Urban Urban Urban SemrliUrban/ Rural area / Available Corridor width 21.7 m Available Corridor width 24.3 m Available Corridor width 16.3 m Available Corridor width 15.b m Available Corridor width 16.1 m Market area

School Other Sensitive Environmental isswes

1 .7 EN VI RONMI NI III PL A1'N FOR IKERALA S'lAT[ 111GINVAH'A PiO [(1T

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: Chengannur - Ettumanoor Length: 35 to 40 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Coconut, Rubber fields/accident black spots/flooding sections Shrine etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridge Bridges & Culverts Waterbody

KOTTAYAM URBAN AREA -

AL <~A

t _ s X 11 x = _ _ _ _ _ l + = 11 w <-11 = > < W < S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9-

Link Roads I Urban area ,~ 2 Link Roads 2 Link Roads One Link Road SeminkRoad/Urban/ l area /Urban Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural Semi Urbant Rural area / Market area Available Corridor width 15.3 m Available Corridor width 13.3 m Available Corridor width 13.8 m Available Corridor width 13.7 m Available Corridor width 12.6 m

Other Sensitive Environmental issues

1,;.8 1ENV RONIKIFATA ,SN II Iil PLAN F01Z KERALA STATll 1GIII 1ANW'S P'RJ()A1'

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: Chengannur - Ettumanoor Length: 40 to 45 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Coconut, Rubber Coconut, Rubber Rubber Rubber fieldslaccident black spotstflooding sections Church Church

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... E...... vGw...vXW1b -

4 Link Roads LnmkLinkRoads I Urban area I Semi Urban 2 LinkRural Roads Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural em Urban/ Rura area Available Corridor width 13.4 m Available Corridor width 13.4 m Available Corridor width 12.9 m Available Corridor width 11.7 m Available Corridor width 11.7 m

Other Sensitive Environmental issues

1,.9 INVI RO)NM\EATA S'I'II' P PLAN FA1i 1KFA IAA STATE 1i11iAI\A\N'S l'VI J,lC'T1

Road Code: SH 1 Name of Road: Chengannur - Ettumanoor Length: 45 to 47 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Temple fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

______A~_

AL .

Link Roads / Urban area / 2 Link Roads Semi Urban! Rural area I Semi Urban Semi Urban Market area ~AvailableCorridor width 11.5 m Available Corridor width 11.7 m

School Other Sensitive Environmental issues

11.10 ENVIRONMlENTAL STRIIP PLAN FOR KERALA STA'rE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH-1 Name of Road: Ettumanoor - Muvattupuzha (Link 5) Length: 0 to 5 km Significant EnvironmentalIssues Church (e.g. Forest/paddy Coconut Plantation Rubber & Teak Plantations Two Shrines Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accidentblack Shrine Rubber Plantation Coconut Plantation Temple spots/flooding sections etc ______

WaterResources-Ponds, Canals,River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >

>1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' ° m

Link RoadsI Urban area/ Semi Urbanl Rural area/ Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area SeMiaUrbanletareaural I Buildup & Market area Builtup area Market area Market area Available Corridorwidth 11.5m Available Corridorwidth 14.5m Available Corridorwidth 14.5m Available Corrdiorwidth 16.2m Available Corridorwidth 16 9m

Other Sensitive Two Schools School Environmental issues

12.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH -1 Name of Road: Ettumanoor - Muvattupuzha (Link 5) Length: 5 to 10 km

Significant Environmental Issues Paddy field Paddy field Paddy field Paddy field Shrine (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation , Coconut Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fieldslaccident hot Shrine Teak Plantation Temple Church spots/flooding sections Temple & Shrine Shrine etc

Water Resources- Ponds, Canals, River, Bridge Two Culverts One Culvert Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

F 11 - 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1* 1

Link Roads I Urban area Semi urban area Rural area Rural area Rural area Semi Urbanarea i Semi Urban/ Rural area Market I Market area Ava iable Corridor width 12.1 m Avaiable Corridor width 12.1 m Avaiable Corridor width 12m Available Corridor width 14.2m Available Corridor width 13.2m

Other Sensitive School School & College Environmental issues Open Space at the beginning of the stretch

12.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - I Name of Road: Ettumanoor - Muvattupuzha (Link 5) Length: 10 to 15 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Temple Paddy field Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Teak Plantation Church & shrine spots/flooding sections Church etc

WaterResources-Ponds, Culvert Stream on the side of road Two Bridges Stream on the side of road Canals,River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

T -+.=11= 1ns , w +wM- i

SemieminRodI Urban/Urban/ Ruralua areaarea/ TwoUrban Linkarea Roads SemiMarketUrban area area Ruralarea Ruralarea Ruralarea Marketarea Market area Available Corridor Width 11.6m Available Corridor width 9.55m Available Corridor width 10.6m Available Corridor width 14.2m Available Corridor width 13m

Other Sensitive Environmental issues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: SH - 1 Name of Road Ettumanoor - Muvattupuzha (Link 5) Length: 15 to 20 km Significant Environmental Issues Rubber Plantation Paddy field Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation (e.g. Forest/paddy TekPlantation fiead Plantation Planatio fields/accident black Teak Plantation Teak Plantation Church spots/flooding sections etc Church Two shrines Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Bridge Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Cuiverts Stream on the side Streamon the of the road side of the road

t I 1NW~~> "a1w +i- E ...... E1 CN V 1~~~~~~~~~~~7-- PIr

Link Roads/ Urban area / Semi Urban/ Rural area/ Rural area Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural area Rural area Market area Market Market AverageCorridor Width10.5m Average CorridorWidth 11m Average CorridorWidth 12.4m AverageCorridorwidth 13.1m AverageCorridor width 13m

Other Sensitive School School School School Environmentalissues Hospital Openspace on side of the road ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 1 Name of Road: Ettumanoor - Muvattupuzha (Link 5) Length: 20 to 25 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Row of trees on Agriculture Church Cocoa Cultivation Shrine spots/flooding sections etc side of the road Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Bridge River. Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

Link Roads / Urban area / Semi Rural area Rural area Rural area Semi Urban Rural area Urban/ Rural area / Market area Market

Average Corridor width 12.75m Average Corridor width 14.4m Average Corridor width 16.5m Average Corridor width 14.7m Average Corridor width 12.8m

Other Sensitive Environmental Open Space School issues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 1 Name of Road: Ettumanoor - Muvattupuzha (Link 5) Length: 25 to 30 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Two Shrines Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Teak Plantation Shrine spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Culvert River, Estuaries; Bridges & Bridge Culverts

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Link Roads / Urban area / Semi Rural area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Urban/ Rural area / Market area Market area Market

Average Corridor width 15.3m Average Corridor width 12 9m Average Corridor width 13m Average Corridor width 13.1m Average Corridor width 14.5m

Other Sensitive Environmental Hospital issues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 1 Name of Road: Ettumanoor - Muvattupuzha (Link 5) Length: 30 to 35 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Church spots/flooding sections etc Two shrines

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Stream on side of the Bridge River, Estuaries; Bridges & C on teide Culverts roado the d of the road

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Link Roads / Urban area t Semi Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Rural area Rural area Rural area Urban/ Rural area / Market area

Average Corridor width 12.Om Average Corridor width 11 .5m Average Corridor width 11 .7m Average Corridor width 7m Average Corridor width 11 .5m

Other Sensitive Environmental issues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - I Name of Road: Ettumanoor - Muvattupuzha (Link 5) Length: 35 to 40 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Teak Plantation Coconut Plantation Shrine Church spots/flooding sections etc Two shrines Mosque Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Aquaduct Bridge River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

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Link Roads I Urban area / Semi Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban Rural area Rural ara Urbanl Rural area i Market area One Link Road Market

Average Corridor width 13.7m Average Corridor width 1 2m Average Corridor width 10.6m Average Corridor width 13.4m Average Corridor width 1 3.4m

Other Sensitive Environmental School iss ues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - I Name of Road: Ettumanoor - Muvattupuzha (Link 5) Length: 40 to 43 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Paddy field fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

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Link Roads I Urban area / Semi Rural area Semi Urban area Semi Urban Urban/ Rural area / Market area Market

Average Corridor width 16m Average Corridor width 11.5m Average Corridor width 11 m

Other Sensitive Environmental Bus Stand issues NVIRO()NME,NTAI. SrRII'v i,,PN F OR KERALA STATEH IGHWAYS PROJECTr Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punaloor - Thodupuzha Len th: O to 5 km Significant Environmental Issues Paddy field Paddy field (e.g. Forest/paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Paddy field Rubber Plantation fieldslaccident black Coconut, Banana, Tapioca Shrine Rubber Plantation Coconut, Banana, Tapioca spotsiflooding sections Cultivation Banana Cultivation Cultivation etc Two chruches & shrine Shrine shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Culvert Bridge Three Cuiverts Two Culverts Canals, River, Estuaries; River on left side of the road River on left side of the road Bridges & Culverts

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LinkRoads Urban area I One Link Road One Link Road Two Link Roads Four Link Roads Two Link Roads Link Roads (Urban area / Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Rural area SaremiUrbe, uara Marketarea Market area Available Corridor width 13.45m Available Corridor width 15.15m Available Corridor width 14.75m Available Corrdior width 12.6m Available Corridor width 12.35m

Other Sensitive Environmental issues

13.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 5 to 10 km Significant Forest EnvirgonmentalISSeS Paddy field Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Paddy field Paddy field (e.g. Forest /paddy Coconut, Banana, Aracanut Cultivation Coconut, Banana Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fieldsaccident hot Aracanut Cultivation Shrine and Pepper Cultivation Aracanut, Pepper Cultivation Coconut Plantation spots/flooding sections etc Church Church and Shrine

Water Resources- Ponds, Canals, River, Five Culverts One Culvert Four Culverts Three Culverts Bridge Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

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Link RoadsI Urban area Three Link Roads Two Link Roads One Link Road Two Link Roads SemiUrhan/ Rural area Rural area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Rural area Rural area / Market area AvaiableCorridor width 13.85m AvaiableCorridor width 13.65m AvaiableCorridor width 13.80m AvailableCorridor width 14.60m AvailableCorridor width 12.55m

Other Sensitive School Environmental issues

13.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road : Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 10 to 15 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest Ipaddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Paddy field Two Shrines Paddy field fieldslaccident black Church Church Rubber Plantation spotsiflooding sections etc Shrine Mosque Pepper Cultivation ______S______hrine

Water Resources-Ponids, Culvert Three Culverts Bridge Two Culverts Canats, River, Estuaries; River on right side of the road Bridges & Culverts

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Link Roads! Urban area / Urban area Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban/Rural area/ Rural area Semi Urban area One Link Road Three Link Roads One Link road Market area One Link road Three Link Roads Market Market Market area AvailableCorridor Width 12.7m AvailableCorridor width 13m AvailableCorridor width 14.2m AvailableCorridor width 15.6m AvailableCorridor width 14m

Other Sensitive Two Hospitals School Environmental issues

13.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 15 to 20 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest Ipaddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Coconut, Rubber, Tapioca Banana Cultivation fields/accident black Church Temple Banana Cultivation Three shrines spots/flooding sections etc Two shrines Church Two shrines

Water Resources-Ponds, Four Culverts Two Culverts Two Culverts One Culvert Two Culverts Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts Aquaduct

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Link Roads / Urban area I Five Link Roads One Link Roads Six Link Roads Five Link Roads Semi Urban/ Rural area I Semi Urban area Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Market area

Average Corridor Width 13.3m Average Corridor Width 15.8m Average Corridor Width 14.9m Average Corridor width 12m Average Corridor width 13.3m

Other Sensitive Play ground School Environmental issues

13.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 20 to 25 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Paddy field Rubber, Tapioca Paddy field Paddy fleld Rubber Plantation fieldslaccident black Rubber, Coconut, Tapioca Banana Cultivation Banana Cultivation Rubber, Banana, Temple spots/flooding sections etc Cultivation Shrine Shrine Tapioca Cultivation Three Shrines Shrine Mosque & Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Three Culverts Five Culverts Two Culverts Five culverts Two Culverts Culverts Drain on left side of the road Drain on left side of the road Drain on right side of the road

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Link Roads I Urban area / Semi Two Link Roads Three Link Roads Two Link Roads One Link Roads Two Link Roads Urbani Rural area / Market area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Rural area Rural area Semi Urban area

Average Corridor width 13.6m Average Corridor width 13.8m Average Corridor width 12.9m Average Corridor width 10.1m Average Corridor width 10.9m

Other Sensitive Environmental School School issues

13.5 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 25 to 30 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e-g Forest Ipaddy Rubber & Banana Rubber, Banana, Rubber, Banana Banana, Aracanut, Pepper Shrine fields/accident black Cultivation Tapioca cultivation Tapioca Cultivation Coffee Cultivation spots/flooding sections etc Two shrines Three shrines Three Shrines Three Shrines

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Four Culverts Two Culverts Five Culverts Two Culverts Two Culverts Culverts Canal on right side of the road

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Link Roads I Urban area / Semi One Link Road Five Link Roads Five Link Roads Three Link Roads Five Link Roads Urbari/ Rural area I Market area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Urban area Urban area Market Average Corridor width 12.9m Average Corridorwidth 13.8m Average Corridorwidth 13.9m Average Corridorwidth 12.5m Average Corridor width 10.9m

Other Sensitive Environmental School School Bus Stand issues

13.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH -8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 30 to 35 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber, Tapioca Rubber Plantations Paddy field Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Cultivation Tapioca, Aracanut Rubber Plantations Tapioca Cultivation Teak Plantation spotsiflooding sections etc Shrine Cultivation Banana, Tapioca Cultivation Two Churches Shrine Two shrines Three Shrines

Water Resources-Ponds, CanalsF River. Estuaries; Bridges & Four Culverts Four Culverts One CUlVert Three Culvert Three Culvert Culverts

Link Roads / Urban area / Semi Urban area Urban area Semi Urban Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Urbanl Rural area / Market area Five Link Roads Six Link Roads Three Link Roads Nine Link Roads Seven Link Roads

Average Corridor width 11.7m Average Corridor width 12.3m Average Corridor width 10.8m Average Corridor width 1Om Average Corridor width 1Om

Other Sensitive Environimental School School issues

13.7 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 35 to 40 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Two shrines Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Shrine Church Tapioca Cultivation spots/flooding sections etc Shrine Church .______TwoShrines

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Four Culverts One Culvert Four Culverts Five Culverts Four Culverts Culverts

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Link Roads I Urban area i Semi Semi Urban area Urban area Urban Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Urban/ Rural area I Market area Four Link Roads Three Link Roads Three Link Roads Five Link Roads Two Link Roads Market area Average Corridor width 10.7m Average Corridor width 14m Average Corridor width 13m Average Corridor width 1Om Average Corridor width 9.9m

Other Sensitive Environmnental School School Hospital issues

13.8 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road Punalur Thodupuzha Length: 40 to 45 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest {paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Shrine spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, estuares;Prdgs, , Four Culverts Three Culverts Three Culverts One Culvert Two Culverts River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

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Link Roads / Urban area / Semi Two Link Roads One Link Roads Three Link Roads One Link Road Urban! Rural area / Market area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Rural area Rural area

Average Corridor width 9.8m Avera e Corridor width 9.6m Average Corridor width 11 .8m Average Corridor width 13.1 m Average Corridor width 11.1 m

Other Sensitive Environmental Hospital issues

13.9 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road Punalur - Thodupuzha . Length: 45 to 50 km

Significant Environmental Issues Paddyfield Paddy field Paddy field Paddy field (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber & Aracanut Rubber & Aracanut Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Cultivation Cultivation spots/flooding sections etc Church Church

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Four Culverts Five Culverts Four Culverts Eight Culvert Six Culverts River, Estuaries; Bridges &Cnlars h odSxClet Culverts Canal across the road Water Body olo...... ,,,,,,,,,.v,,,,,ww0q-S;E2mz-W;0e1WReiuF0iE9...... , ,, , , , ...... ,..

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Link Roads I Urban area / Semi Four Link Roads One Link Road One Link Roads Two Link Road Urban/ Rural area / Market area Rural area Rural area Rural area Rural area Semi Urban

Average Corridor width 11 .3m Average Corridor width 11 .5m Average Corridor width 11 .3m Average Corridor width 12m Average Corridor width 11,7m

Other Sensitive Environmental School Hospital School issues

13.10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 50 to 55 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Church Temple Two Shrines Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Shrine Shrine Shrine Tapioca Cultivation spotsiflooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Six Culverts Five Culverts Bridge Two Culverts Two Culverts Culverts

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Link Roads / Urban area I Semi Three Link Roads Five Link Road Three Link Roads Seven Link Roads Four Link Road Urban/ Rural area I Market area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Urban area Urban area Semi Urban

Average Corridor width 10.8m Average Corridor width 11.5m Average Corridor widlh 12.2m Average Corridor width 11.9m Average Corridor width 10.6m

Other Sensitive Environmental School Bus Stand Bus Stand School isssues Two Hospitals

13,11 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 55 to 60 km

Significant Environmental Issues Paddy field Paddy field (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubbor, Coconut, Banana, Paddy field Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber, Banana, Cocoa fields/accident black Cocoa,Taploca Cultivation Rubber Plantation Cocoa, Aracanut Banana & Cocoa Cultivation Cultivation spots/flooding sections etc Banana & Tapioca Cultivation Plantation Two shrines Teak Plantation Church

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Bridge Five Culverts Three Culverts Three Culverts Five Culverts Rlver, Estuares; Bridges & Canal on right side of the Drain on right side of Road Road

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Link Roads / Urban area / Semi Four Link Roads Two Link Road Three Link Roads Three Link Roads Six Link Road Urban/ Rural area I Market area Rural area Rural area Rural area Semi Urban area Rural area

Average Corridor width 9.7m Average Corridor width 9.7m Average Corridor width 10O.6m Average Corridor width I 2m Average Corridor width 11.7m

Other Sensitive Environmental Hospital Grave yard issues

13.12 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 60 to 65 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black shrine Teak & Banana Cultivation Forest Forest Cocoa Cultivation spots/flooding sections etc Shrine Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Three Culverts Four Culverts Five Culverts Three Culverts Three Culverts River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

Link Roads / Urban area / Semi Four Link Roads Three Link Road Three Link Roads Three Link Road Urbanl Rural area I Market area Semi Urban area Rural area Rural area

Average Corridor width 9.3m Average Corridor width 8.6m Average Corridor width 9.4m Average Corridor width 9.3m Average Corridor width 9.5m

Other Sensitive Environmental Hospital issues School

13.13 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 65 to 70 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest Ipaddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fieldslaccident black Teak Plantation Cocoa, Coffee, Tapioca Shrine Cocoa, Aracanut Shrine spots/flooding sections etc Cocoa, Coconut Cultivation Cultivation Cultivation Temple

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Two Culverts Two Culverts Two Culverts Two Culverts Four Culverts River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts Bridge

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Link Roads / Urban area / Semi Three Link Roads Three Link Road Three Link Roads Three Link Roads Urban/ Rural area / Market area Rural area Rural area Rural area Semi Urban area Rural area

Average Corridor width 9.6m Average Corridor width 12.3m Average Corridor width 13.1m Average Corridor width 12m Average Corridor width 11.9m

Other Sensitive Environmental Hospital issues School

13.14 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 70 to 75 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Shrine Cocoa Plantation Teak Plantation spotstflooding sections etc Church Temple

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Three Culverts Five Culverts One Culverts Water,Rver, Estuaries;REsuares-Pndgs, Bridges & , FourBig Culverts Culverts Bridge

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Link Roads / Urban area / Semi One Link Roads Two Link Roads One Link Road Four Link Roads Urban/ Rural area I Market area Rural area Rural area Rural area Seml Urban area Rural area

Average Corridor width 9.6m Average Corridor width 8.7m Average Corridor width 1 1 m Average Corridor width 1 2.4m Average Corridor width 8.9m

Other Sensitive Environmental issLIes School

13.15 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Len th: 75 to 80 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest Ipaddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Teak Plantation Temple Shrine Church spots/flooding sections etc Shrine Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Two Culverts Six Culverts One Culvert - Three Culverts One Culvert Culverts

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Link Roads I Urban area / Semi Two Link Roads Two Link Roads Two Link Roads Two Link Road Four Link Roads Urban/ Rural area / Market area Rural area Rural area Rural area Semi Urban Semi Urban

Average Corridor width 10.8m Average Corridor width 10.4m Average Corridor width 11nm Average Corridor width 10.4m Average Corridor width 10.7m

Other Sensitive Environmental School School issues Hospital

13.16 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 80 to 85 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Shrine Cocoa Plantation Church spots/flooding sections etc Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Wiver Esouarces;Pndgs, Ca, Four Culverts Six Culverts Two Culverts One Culvert One Culvert Culverts Bridge One Open well One well

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Link Roads / Urban area I Semi Three Link Roads Three Link Roads Four Link Roads Four Link Road Six Link Roads Urban/ Rural area ) Market area Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Urban

Average Corridor width 11.9m Average Corridor width 11.5m Average Corridor width 9.9m Average Corridor width 9.9m Average Corridor width 11 3m

Other Sensitive Environmental Hospital School issues

13.17 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 85 to 90 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fieldsfaccident black Coconut, Banana Cultivation Cocoa Cultivation Pepper Cultivation Church spotsfflooding sections etc Two Shrines Two Shrines Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Two Culverts One Culvert River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

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Link Roads / Urban area / Semi Five Link Roads Two Link Roads Four Link Roads Three Link Road Five Link Roads Urban/ Rural area / Market area Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural

Average Corridor width 14m Average Corridor width 15.6m Average Corridor width 14.3m Average Corridor width 12.8m Average Corridor width 12.5m

Other Sensitive Environmental Hospital Two School Issues Hospital

13.18 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 90 to 95 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Teak & Tapioca Cultivation Teak Plantation Shrine Shrine spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Three Culverts Three Culvert Four Culverts Bridge Two Culverts Culverts One Culvert Canal on side of road

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Link Roads I Urban area i Semi Two Link Roads Five Link Roads Two Link Roads Three Link Road Three Link Roads Urban/ Rural area / Market area Rural Rural Rural Semi Urban Rural

Average Corridor width 11.6m Average Corridor width 11m Average Corridor width 12m Average Corridor width 12.1m Average Corridor width 11 Arm

Other Sensitive Environmental School issues

13.19 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 95 to 100 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Banana Cultivation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Paddy field fields/accident black Church Banana, Aracanut Cultivation Church Rubber Plantation spots/flooding sections etc Shrine Three Shrines Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Two Culverts Three Culverts Four Culverts Three Culverts Three Culverts Culverts

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Link Roads I Urban area / Semi Three Link Roads Seven Link Roads Five Link Roads Three Link Road Three Link Roads Urbani Rural area I Market area Urban area Urban area Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Market Market

Average Corridor width 12.8m Average Corridor width 14.9m Average Corridor width 13.7m Average Corridor width 12.8m Average Corridor width 11 .9m

School Other Sensitive Environmental Play ground Hospitals School issues Two Hospitals

13.20 FNXRONMIENTA LI STI'RIIP PLAN FOR KE RALA SIATE. III(ICIWVAYS PROnurCT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 100 to 105 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Paddy field Rubber Plantations Rubber Plantations Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Rubber Plantation Banana,Cocoa cultivation Church spots/flooding sections Pineapple Cultivation Shrine Two Shrines etc Two Shrines

WaterResources- Ponds, Canals, River, Three Culverts Three Culverts Two Cuiverts Three Culverts One Culvert Estuaries; Bridges & Canal on left side of road Canal on left side of road Canalon left side of road Canal on left side of road Bridge Culverts

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Link Roadsi Urban Five Link Roads One Link Road Three Link Roads Five Link Roads areaI Semi Urban/ Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Urban & Market area Rural area / Market area Available Corridorwidth 10.3m AvailableCorridor width 11.6m AvailableCorridor width 12.3m AvailableCorrdior width I 1.8m Available Corridorwidth 14.5m

School Other Sensitive Environmental issues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 105 to 110 km Significant Environmental Issues Paddy field Teak, Tapioca, Banana Rubber Plantation (e.g. Forest /paddy Church Coconut & Cocoa Plantation Cultivation Aracanut, Banana cultivation Rubber Plantation fieldslaccident hot Church Church Church spotsiflooding sections Temple & Shrine Shrine Shrine

Water Resources- Ponds, Canals, River, Bridge Three Culverts Two Culverts Four Culverts Estuaries; Bridges & One Open well One Open well Two Culvert Cu Iverts

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Link Roads Urban Nine Link Roads Six Link Roads Seven Link Roads One Link Road Three Link Roads area I Semi Urban/ Urban & Market Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural Rural area / Market area Avaiable Corridorwidth 14.8m Avaiable Corridorwidth 12.2m Avaiable Corridorwidth 11.3m Available Corridor width 11.4m Available Corridorwidth 13m

Other Sensitive Hospital School Environmental issues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 110to 115 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest Ipaddy Paddy field Rubber Plantation Paddy field Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fieldstaccident black Rubber, Aracanut Tapioca Plantation Rubber Plantation Cocoa Cultivation Church spots/flooding sections Coconut Cultivation Coconut,Banana cultivation One Shrine Shrine etc Two Shrines Temple & Two Shrines

Water Resources-Ponds, One Culvert Two Culvert Three Culverts Three Culverts Four Culverts Canals, River, Estuaries: Water body Bridge Bridge One Open well Bridges & Culverts One Open well

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Mi road/ Rurba area I Seven Link Roads Three Link Roads Three Link Roads Three Link Roads Two Link Roads Saremitbn areaua ~ Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban

. Available Corridor Width 14.8m Available Corridorwidth 14.3m Available Corridorwidth 14.6m Available Corridor width 13.7m Available Corridor width 12.2m

Other Sensitive Hospital Hospital School Environmental issues Play ground ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: SH -8 Name of Road: Punalur -Thodupuzha Length: 115 to 120 km Significant Environmental Issues Paddy field Paddy field Rubber Plantation Paddy field Paddy field (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fields/accident black Coconut, Banana Cocoa, AracanutCultivation Church spots/flooding sections etc Cultivation Church

Water Resources-Ponds, Six Culverts Four Culverts Two Culverts Four Culverts Three Culverts Canals, River, Estuaries; One Open well Bridges & Culverts OepnwolBridge One open well One Open well

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Link Roads / Urban area I Two Link Roads One Link Road One Link Road Four Link Roads One Link Road Semi Urban/ Rural areaI Semi Urban Rural Rural Semi Urban Rural area Market area Average CorridorWidth 14.3m Average CorridorWidth 14.6m AverageCorridor Width 13.7m Average Corridor width 13.9m Average Corridor width 13.4m

Other Sensitive School Environmental issues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 120 to 125 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Paddy field Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Paddy field fields/accident black Rubber Plantation Teak Plantation Rubber Plantation spots/flooding sections etc Cocoa, Pepper Cultivation Shrine Tapioca Cultivation

Water Resources-Ponds,Canals, Water, Esources-Pondsas s Three Culverts Two Culverts One Culverts One Culvert Three Culverts River, Estuaries, Bridges & Culverts

- | ~ ..E ....---- ...... N ,,, , ,N ...... L

.. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

Link Roads I Urban area / Semi Two Link Roads One Link Road One Link Road One Link Road Two Link Road Urban/ Rural area / Market area Rural Rural Rural Semi Urban Rural

Average Corridor width 13.7m Average Corridor width 13.2m Average Corridor width 11 .4m Average Corridor width 11.3m Average Corridor width 12.7m

Other Sensitive Environmental issues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 125 to 130 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Paddy field Paddy field Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fieldslaccident black Rubber Plantation Teak & Banana Plantation spotslflooding sections etc Shrine Shrine Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River Estuaries- Brioges & Two Culverts Three Culverts Two Culverts Two Culverts Four Culverts Culverts Canal on right side of road

...£.,,,,e....r... ___ ...... ,....T, I<-Ezzi: gcoe 1 '= 1

One Link Road Five Link Roads Two Link Roads Six Link Roads Two Link Roads Link Roads / Urban area I Semi Urban Urban Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Semi Urban area Urban/ Rural area I Market area Market area

Average Corridor width 13.7m Average Corridor width 13.3m Average Corridor width 12.6m Average Corridor width 13.4m Average Corridor width 12.9m

Other Sensitive Environmental Hospital issues ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: SH - 8 Name of Road: Punalur - Thodupuzha Length: 130 to 134 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation Rubber Plantation fieldslaccident black Two Shrines Two Shrines spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, Three Culverts One Culvert Two Culvorts Bridge River, Estuaries; Bridges & Bridge Culverts Big

T j < > t dw tSx11 <~~~~~t111 or o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ...... E.roq , , ., t...... B...... e ...... ,...... E n, ,,,,,...... ,.,., .. F 'l 't:1l t1 1w =11X

Link Roads / Urban area / Semi One Link Road Four Link roads Five Link Roads Six Link Roads Urban/ Rural area / Market area Semi Urban Urban Urban Market Average Corridor width 10.3m Average Corridor width 10.6m Average Corridor width 16.9m Average Corridor width 18.1m

Other Sensitive Environmental School School issues ENVIRO()NMIEN'AAI,STRI) PLAN FOR KERALA STATF. nIIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: NK - 3 Name of Road: Pilathara - Pa ppinisseri LLencth: 0 to 5 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Paddy field fields/accident black Temple Coconut Plantation Coconut Plantation Temple spots/flooding sections Mosque etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Water body Bridges & Culverts

A

Link Roads/ Urh~~~~~~~an araI

Link Roads IUrban area t Link Roads SemiUrbaW Rural area I One Link Road One Link Road One Link Road Three Market area Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural Semi Urban Available Corridor width 12m Available Corridor width 14.7m Available Corridor width 15.2m Available Corrdior width 13m Available Corridor width 18m

School Other Sensitive School Hospital Environmental issues

14.1 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: NK - 3 Name of Road: Pilathara - Length: 5 to 10 km

Significant Environmental Issues Mosque Mosque Paddy field Paddy field Paddy field (e.g.Forest /paddy Coconut Plantation Coconut Plantation Coconut Plantation fields/accident hot Church spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridge Bridges & Culverts

L.

...... ~~~oi...... E S.E. _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11......

Link Roads IUrban area Four Link Roads One Link Road Two Link Roads One Link Road / Semi Urban/ Rural area Urban & Market Urban & Market IRural Rural Rural IMoarketarea Avaiable Corridor width 19.5m Avaiable Corridor width l14.3m Avaiable Corridor width 12.3m kAvailable Corridor width 12m Availa ble Corridor width 106

Other Sensitive School Railway levelcross School School EnvironmentalissLies _Hospital Hospital

14.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: NK - 3 Name of Road: Pilathara - Pa ppinisseri Length: 10 to 15 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Paddy field Coconut Plantation Coconut Plantation Coconut Plantation Coconut Plantations fields/accident black Coconut Plantations Temple spots/flooding sections etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Bridge Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/ * API~ ~ ~ .

_ _ _ .. . . ,. i ~ , ______,

LRod In /1Urban are I i1 *b-n = @ =1

Link Roads / Urban area I Two Link Roads Three Link Roads One Link Road One Link Road Three Link Roads Semi Urban/ Rural area I Rural Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Market area: Available Corridor Width 1 1m Available Corridor width 12.3m Available Corridor width 10.3m Available Corridor width 10.5m Available Corridor width 11.3m

Other Sensitive School School Environmental issues Hospital

14.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: NK-3 Name of Road: Pilathara -Pappinisseri Length: 15 to 20km Significant Environmental Issues Issues ~~~~~~~~~~~~Paddyfield CoconutPlantation CoconutPlantation (e.g. Forest /paddy Coconut Plantation Coconut Plantation Shrine Temples fields/accident black Mosque spots/flooding sections etc Shrine

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l) co...... M...... I 7[6(7+< ' >---115 < >____1___^7 1 _.-1

Link Roads / Urban area I One Link Road Two Link Roads One Link Road One Link Road Semi Urban/ Rural area / Semi Urban & Market Semi Urban Rural Rural Urban Market area

Average Corridor Width 12.5m Average Corridor Width 13.9m Average Corridor Width 12.2m Average Corridor width 13.8m Average Corridor width 14.1 m

Other Sensitive School Hospital School School Environmiental issues Hospital Railway level cross

14.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: NK .3 Name of Road: Pilathara - Pappinisseri Length: 20 to 21 km

Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest /paddy Coconut Plantation fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc Two Mosques

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

_ nt

Link Roads / Urban area / Semi One Link Road Urban/ Rural area / Market area Urban & Market

Average Corridor width 11 6m .

Other Sensitive Environmental Two Schools issues Hospital

14.5 [NVIRN()N'IVNTFA[ SAI'RII I'l,AN (ORl KERALA ST1AT1EHIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: NSH - 18 Name of Road: Kasargode - Kanhangad Len th: 0 to 5 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Paddy field Paddy field fieldslaccident black Coconut plantaion Coconut plantaion spots/flooding sections One temple One Mosque etc

Water Resources-Ponds, One Bridge Bridge Canals, River, Estuaries, Bridges & Culverts

.....-...... -- .. .-......

4/4

Link Roads / Urban area / Semi Urban/ Rural area I Five Link Roads Three Link Road Three Link roads SeMiaUrban/et areaural Semi Urban Rural Rural Rural Semi Urban Available Corridor width 14.5 m Available Corridor width 15 m Available Corridor width 11 m Available Corrdior width 24.5 m Available Corridor width 35.1 m

Hills Other Sensitive Environmental issues ENVIRONMENTI'AL Sl TRi' I'LAN FOR KERAIA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: NSH - 18 Name of Road: Kasargode - Kanhan gad Len th: 5 to 10 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy fields/accident black Coconut plantalon Coconut plantaion Coconut plantalon Coconut plantaion Coconut plantaion spots/flooding sections One Mosque One Mosque One Mosque One Mosque etc

Water Resources-Ponds, Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts 1< t - llil91s i>s i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~< tn E _ e _ _ _ _ X -4C --- E e^ v -

Three Link roads Link Roads Urban area/ One Link Roads One Link Road Two Link roads Three Link roads M rkbtarea Semi Urban Rural Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Available Corridor width 28.9 m Marketarea Available Corridor width 20.9 m Available Corridor width 23.8 m Available Corrdior width 22.9 m Available Corrdior width 14.9 m

Railway Railway Railway Other Sensitive Railway Overbridge 2 Schools Environmental issues ENVIRONNMENFAL 1STIZIPP1LAN F'OR KERALA S'T'ATE1 1-HIGHWAAY'S PROJECT

Road Code: NSH - 18 Name of Road: Kasargode - anhangad Leng h: 10 to 15 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Coconut plantaion Coconut plantaion Coconut plantaion fields/accident black One Temple 2 Temples 5 Temples One Temple One Temple spots/flooding sections One Mosque One Mosque One Mosque etc

Water Resources-Ponds, One Bridge Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

AL

1 t I= ____

Link Roads / Urban area I Three Link Roads Two Link Road One Link road 4 Link roads Three Link roads Semi Urban/ Rural area I Semi Urban Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Market area Available Corridor width 28 m Available Corridor width 20.5 m Available Corrdior width 25.3 m Available Corrdior width 31.8 m Available Corridor width 32.8 m

One School One School Level Cross Other Sensitive Environmental issues

.- ~~~~~~ ENVI RON)NI "N lAL SRI PI IPLAN F1OI KEIRALA STlATI E HIGH WAYS PROJ ECT

Road Code: NSH -18 Name of Road: Kasargode - Kanhangad Length: 15 to 20 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Coconut plantaion Coconut plantaion Coconut plantalon Coconut plantaion Coconut plantaion fieldslaccident black spots/flooding sections 2 Mosques One Mosque One Mosque One Mosque etc

Water Resources-Ponds, One Bridge Canals, River, Estuaries; Bridges & Culverts

__ 711_____ ~H~7 1111 e illII 11 III 1111_l_il _ ------EI~~~~~~~~.----E-...... w...... X

______V .~I I

Link Roads / Urban area / Three Link Roads Three Link Road Three Link road 2 Link roads One Link roads Semi Urban/ Rural area / Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Market area Available Corridor width 32.3 m Available Corridor width 32.5 m Available Corrdior width 19.8 m Available Corrdior width 10.8 m Available Corridor width 15.2 m

One School One School Barren land Barren land Other Sensitive Environmental issues ENVIRONMENTAL SR'IPIZIIPLAN FR01ZKIRALA STIATI E IIIGIHNWAYSPROJECT

Road Code: NSH - 18 Name of Road: Kasarg ode - Kanhangad Length: 20 to 24 km Significant Environmental Issues (e.g. Forest/paddy Coconut plantaion fieldslaccident black One Templa spots/flooding sections 3 Mosques One Shrine 2 Mosques One Mosque etc ______.

Water Resources-Ponds, Open Well Canals, River, Estuaries: Bridges & Culverts

AL ~~ ~ ~ ~

_ __ _ a

_ _M@1!1 ______= _ _ _ _

Linh Roads I Urban area, 4_IkRod. inod Semi Urbanl Rural area I4LikRas3inrod Market area ~SemiUrban Semi Urban Market Urban Market Urban Marketarea ~~~~AvailableCorridor width 19.5 m Available Corridor width 16.5 m Available Corrdior width 18.7 m Available Corrdior width 23.8 m

One School Other Sensitive One Hospital Environmental issues ._ ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 0 to 5 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT I I Environmental Issue/s (e.g. ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

a /. i U a- : Ba: ...... a ...... a raW e

LcATO;Ura are I RuralE

LOCATION; Urban area /Rural Nrnaua onHl ucinCiakr rnoiPnymWs area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ rural Semi urban Semi urban Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION pass I Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

16.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road: Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 5 to 10 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Forest /paddy fieldslaccident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

E; _ . _ - . _ c _ _ _ _ _X _ ^.In E!<- . -~~ .

LOCATION; Urban area I Rural area iSemi Urban / Builtup area/ Semiurban SemiUrban Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass / ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

16.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road: Thalassery - Valavupara (Link-74) Length: 10 to 15 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT I I Environmental Issue/s (e.g. ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

iT. E _ u g .u*4- - w

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Rural area Rural area Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Kottayampoyil Pookodu Kuthuparambu Naravoor

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass / ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

16.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road; Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 15 to 20 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

...... 1, ...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

LOCATION, Urban area / Rural LOCareaI/S Urban araBuitupareal Rural SemiUrban Rural Rural Rural area /Seml Urban / Builtup area/ ThokkilangadiMonmPeiaervpl Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Moonam Peedika Meruvampai

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION pass I Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

16.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road: Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 20 to 25 km MOST SIGNIFICANT i I Environmental Issue/s (e.g. ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

~~~~...... '"'''''..... '' ...... ''',,,.-. ,,.,, a.

LOCATION, Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ SemiUrban Rural Rural SemiUrban Rural Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Neerveli Karetta Uruvachal Nellunni

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION pass I Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc

16.5 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road: Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 25 to 30 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

v~

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area ISemi Urban / Builtup area/ Rural Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban SemiUrban Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Mattannur Palottupalli Kalaroad

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION pass / Realignment/ Service RoadslAmenities etc

______16.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road: Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 30 to 35 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

~~ _ ___...... tB....

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Kasimukku Chouvassery Kooram mukku Narempara

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION pass / Realignment! Service Roads/Amenities etc

167 ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road: Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 35 to 40 km

MOSTSIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTALSTRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURINGEIA PREPARATION EnvironmentalIssue/s (e.g. Forest/paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHERISSUES; Road safety,Treeremoval, loss of Paddyfield

...... -_

LOCATION;Urban area/ Rural LOarea I/Se Urban/aBuiltupRarea/ SemiUrban SemiUrban SemiUrban Rural SemiUrban area /Serni Urban I Builtup area/ Ullyil Punnad KeezhakunnuKez Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION pass/ Realignment/Service Roads/Amenities etc

16.8 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road: Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 40 to 45 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

____ 2C ______

E R

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural LOCareaI/S Urban areaButupareal Semi Urban Semi Urban Semi Urban Rural Semi Urban area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Iritty Payam Madathil Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By pass / ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Realignment/ Service .Roads/Amenitiesetc

16.9 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road: Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 45 to 50 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT Environmental Issue/s (e.g. ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d i4 .' ______. __ a _ _ _aaE1-*@

=== , ,,,, ,,,, , ...... -.--''-JMSS'----* QF _5...

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural area /Semi Urban I Builtup area/ Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market Kunnoth Vallithode

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilities/Alternatives/By ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION pass / Realignment/ Service Roads/Amenities etc _

16.10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP PLAN FOR KERALA STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT Road Code: SH - 36 Name of Road: Thalassery - Valavupara (Link 74) Length: 50 to 54 km

MOST SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION Environmental Issue/s (e.g. Forest /paddy fields/accident black spots/flooding sections etc

OTHER ISSUES; Road safety,Tree removal, loss of Paddy field

, i~~~~~~~~~f

.~~~~~~~~~~~~- _.-

......

LOCATION; Urban area / Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural area /Semi Urban / Builtup area/ Valavupara Kootupuzha Cattle Crossing / Fair/ Market

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENTS; Parking facilitieslAlternatives/By ENVIRONMENTAL STRIP MAP ANALYSIS DURING EIA PREPARATION pass I RealignmenV Service E Roads/Amenities etc

16.11 Appendix A. 5.1

CRZ- 1 Areas of Importance According to GOI Regulation KeralaState Transport Project SectoralEnvironmental Assessment -August2001

APPENDIX 5.1: CRZ-1 AREAS OF IMPORTANCE AS PER GOI REGULATIONS

SG.Place Name District Remarks

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty 1 PuvarSouth Thiruvananthapuram Widebeach, backwater 2 Pulinkudi- Kovalam Thiruvananthapuram Rockycliff, extensive stable beach 3Sankumugham Thiruvananthapuram Beach,archaeological sites, palace, park 4 Veli Thiruvananthapuram Tourist village, backwater, beach tourism, park 5 Papanasam- Varkala Thiruvananthapuram Cliff & beach, articiansprings, temple 6 Kollam Barrierbeach & backwaterat closeproximity, coconutgroves 7 Kappil Kollam Barrierbeach, extensive backwater, coastal road .iPozhikkara Kollam Pozhi(pennanently connected to sea)with canal, 8 Pozhikkara Kollam temple,coconut groves 9 (Jonnapuram) Kollam Park, extensivestable beach 10Thirumullavaram Kollam Bay,beaches, coconut groves, temple, pond 11Palliyamturuth Kollam Uninhabitedisland (islet)with beautifulbackwater surroundings Extensivestable beach, park, pier suitablefor 12 Alappuzha Alappuzha recerationalreeato. fishir.gfisi r 13 Emakulam Widebeach backed by backwater Extensivebeach with sea and backwaterfrontage, 14 Emnakulam park Fort on high cliff, widebeaches around backwater 15 Bekal Kasargode at the vicinity 16 Kottikulam Kasargode Promontoryand pocketbeaches around List of Heritage Areas along the Kerala Coast I Sankumugham Thiruvananthapuram Temple 2 Vettukad Thiruvananthapuram Church 3 Papanasam- Varkala Thiruvananthapuram Church 4 Pozhikkara- Paravur Kollam Church 5 Kollam Church 6 Arthungal Alappuzha Church List of Historical Areas (Source: Department of Archaeology) I Thiruvananthapuram VizhinjamBhagavathy temple 2 Sankumugham |Thiruvananthapuram Palace,mandapam 3 AnjengoFort Thiruvananthapuram Fort 4 Thangasseri Kollam Fort & lighthouse 5 Karunagapally Kollam Budhaimage 6 Ambalapuzha Alappuzha Budhaimage, Karumadi 7 Kottayam Templewith fine panelsof muralpaintings 8 Mattancheri Ernakulam St. Francischurch 9 Chennamangalam Emakulam Granitestone, Hebrewinscriptons 10 Chennamangalam Emakulam Pallipuramfort 11 Chennamangalam Emakulam Manjapratemple 12 Chennamangalam Emakulam KottayamKovilakam palace site of Rajaof Villaravattath 13 Chennamangalam Emakulam VaipikkotaSeminary built by Portugesein 18th century 14 Parur Emakulam Stoneinscription 15 IChemanchery- Quilandy Kappadpillar monument of the arrivalof Vasco de gama 16 Bekal Kasargode Bekalfort

LBIlSheladiaICES/ICT Appendix A. 5.2

Ambient Air, Waterand Noise Quality Monitoring - Stations,and Period of Monitoring Phone & Fax :0471 - 330737i Kerala State Public Works Dept. NoXPWDfPIUi 29 '99 Project ImplementationUnit I TC. 15,1642.Minchin Road. Thiruvananthapuram- 14. Dated:31-05-00

From The ProjectDirector

I To: MemberSecretary Kerala State Pollution Control Board Thiruvananthapuram.

Dear Sir:

Sub: Kerala State Highways Project with Inland WN'aterTransport Pilot Project

Please refer your letter PCB/?WD/GENi'-l/2000dated 25" lMayv2000 regarding the rates for various Environmental-monitoring requirements of the project. My representatives also held detailed discussions with Mr Vijay Bhas regarding the number of stations I required and its locations. Accordingly for phase I roads (Attachment 1). we have prepared a separatelist of stations for Air, Water and Noise qualitv monitorino.

The various stations thus identified are listed in Attachment 2 and marked in a separate map as Attachment-3 with each station represented by a number. The numbering of stations is from south to north with each station identified. The estimate is based on your letter and is summarized as indicated in Attachment -4.

Please also note that with one set of mobile air qualitv monitonng equipment the duration I of the Ambient air monitoring period should be reduced to one wveek\vith two days monitoring, as this is a time bound project. This change is necessarv to reduce the total numberof davsrequired to conmpletethe entirework.

Please inform us of your work program and confirm that a 25 %0/mobilisation advance would be acceptable. This will enable a team member to be present for anv field assistance and to help identify the exact sampling locations. I

Yours faithfullv. IP | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ProjecDirector lI I

cc: Prof. M. Javakumar, Director. Science TechnoloNvand Environment. Government of Kerala U Ms~~~~~~~~~~~iS'iKiia e__ ir. David Wood, Project Manager. PCC

Attachment -1

PHASE 1 PRIORITY ROADS

Link i Road Name I Length Upgrading | | iNo. M ____-km jI__ Thiruvananthapuram-Kottarakkara 46.30 Widening to 2-lane - slow lane 2 | Kottarakkara- Adur 21.20 | Widening to 2-lane - slow lane 3 Adur- Chengannur 23. 10 Widening to 2-lane 6 MIuvatnupuzha- Angamali 34. 10 | Widening to 2-lane - slow lane |26 LIdukki-Pulivanmala 3.3 0 Widening to 2-lane 35i36 - Kotharnanualam 32.° ! Widening to 2-lane ana Widening to 2-lane - slow lane 73 Alapauzba-ChanganasserN- 22.00 No EIA Required *__| __ (Widening to 2-lane) ,__ |74_ ! Thalasserv -Valavupara (TC Road)) 55.00 Widenin2 to 2-lane 63 I Kuttiadi -Kellur 35.00 Widening to 2-lane 58A I Kozhikode-MIavoorHospital 10.00 Widening to 2-lane

____|_ (&Medical College Road) _ _ _ _! 59 Quilandv -Thamarasserv 29.3 0 Widening to 2-lane 60 Narukara - State Border 52.09 Widening to 2-lane - slow lane ____| (-Nilarnbur Road) | _ 70 Nluvattupuzha -Thodupuzha 118.40 i Widening to 2-lane 72 SHI to NH47 north of 14.00 Widening to 2-lane Thliruvananthapuram I : (SHI-NH47 Link Road Via I ______Pothenkode) j l | Total for Phase I 423.379 J- I I I I I I Page I of 4

Attachment 2(Four pages) 1 ANIBIENT AIR QUALITY STATIONS

STATION | PROJECTROAD I DETAILS OF | TYPE OF LOCATION NO. | STATION I Kazhakootam-Taikkod Near Sainik school at N\H Urban ______|Junction 2 Thiruvananthapuram- Avoor rural ResidentiaL Rural Kottarakkara f 3n I Kottarakkara- Adur I Kottarakkara Urban 14 !Idukki-Pulian mala I Near Idukki sannctuar;-: t5 Adur - Chenganur Chenannnur 216 MDvluvarnupuzha- Thodupuzha I______!Thodupuzha j Muvattupuzha - Muvattupuzha ______| Anuarnali _ 8S ! Aluva- Perumbavoor Perumbavoor __ 9 Aluva- Perumbavoor Aluva Industinal 10 1iNarukara- State border Rural 11 Narukara- State border Nilluin Biosphere

______I re se rve 12 1Kozhikkod -Mavoor MNedical colle2e j Major Hospital l3n IQuilandv Thamarasseri Thamarasseryv 14 Quilandy Thamarasserin Quilandv j t 1| Kuttiadv-Kellur Forest near Kellur at Forest/Sensitivearea ______|W avanad ! * 16 Thalasseri- Valavupara Thalasserv _ 17 Thalasseni-Valavupara Iritty near to Aralamnii I ._ . I ~~~sancthtarv__ ,...

For the purpose of preparation of EIA' s ambient air qualitv will be monitored at streei level using mobile air quality equipment. The parameters and sampling will be as follows: I I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I Page 2 of 4

PARA;METER NUMIBER OF FREQUENCY NO. OF I DAYS/NEEKI SAMPLES PER

DAY____ _ SPM Two per week S-hour 3

_RPM Two per week 8-hour 3 SO2 Two per week I 4-hour l6 NO, i Two per week 4-hour 6

HC i Grab sample 24-hour2 _ _1 CO Grab sample I 24-hour | 1 Pb Grab sample 24-hour 1

Sampling will take place over a one-week period against the two-week period 5 indicated in the IOU. II AM\IBIENTNOISE QUALITY STATIONS

STATION I PROJECT ROAD DETAILS OF TYPE OF LOCATION NO. __I STATION I I Kazhakootam-Taikkod Near Sainik school at NI-H Urban Junction _ _ _ _ 2 | Thiruvananthapuram- I Avoor rural Residentiali Rural

Kottarakkara - 3 Kottarakkara- Adur Kottarakkara Urban 4 Idukki-Pulianmala Near Iduklkisanctuarv [ Silence Zone a ! Adur - Cheneannur Chen2anmur'industrial I i 6 NMuvattupuzha- Thodupuzha

______hodupuzha______7 Mluvartupuzha - I Muvattupuzha 3 l Angamnali ______Aris_amal *8 l Aluva- Perumbavoor Penimbavoor 9 Aluva- Perumbavoor Aluva | Industrial 10 Narukara- State border Edavanna Rural 11 I Narukara- State border I Nilambur Nilgiri Biosphere reserve | 12 Kozhikkod -Mavoor I Medical college Silence Zone 13 Quilandv Thamarassenr Thamarasserv 14 Quilandv Thamnarasseri Quilandy 15 Kuttiadv-Kellur Forest near Kellur at Forest/Sensitive area Wavanad _ 16 Thalasseri- Valaviipara Thalassery ! 17 Thalasseri-Valavupara Iritty near to Aralam| ______Wsan ctu arv l I

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Page 3 of 4

In addition to this an equal number of silence zone such as Hospital (urban area) Hospital (rural) School Urban. School Rural, Court (Municipal, iMla-istrate,District etc) have been identified.

These silence zones can be conveniently taken by the PCB in such a way that no project road should have more then two monitoring locations unless other wise jointly decided by PWD,and KPCB and Consultantsin specialcircumstances.

Total Noise monitoring stations will be 34 (Thirty four). For the purpose of preparation of EIA s, noise monitoring using an inteorated noise level meter will be used over a 24- hour period at each monitoring location aiving the following readings of L-q: hourl. 06:00 to 21:00 hours, 21:00 to 06:00 hours and 24-hour in dB (A).

This will enable vou to Tabulate L eq. L10, L50. L90. L max. L min in DB (A) 3 III MBIENT *WATERQUALITY MIONITORING

The following water quality parameters will be monitored and tested cnce at each location: I -pH -Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in m'Il -Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in mnwI -Suspended solids in mdl

The locations of monitoring points will be jointlv determined between the ?VWDProject Coordinatina Consultants and KSPCB.

| Our approachis to take two stationsperProject Road.

The stations shall be either River /StreamlPond/ canal/ Reservoir./bac-ater I1ak-e immediatelv adjacent to the Road.

There would be altogether tventv-ei2ht stations (14 Road segments)

For Alappuzha - Changanassery no EIA will be prepared.

3 The followvinustations area identified for water quality monitoring. All the remaining water bodies to be identified should be closely located to the project road. In the case of rivers and streams it should be flowing parallel either immediately adjacent to the Project road with a common boundarv or shall be crossino the project road. Page 4 of 4

_ AMBIENT WATER MONITORING * STATION I TYPE OF WATER BODY (LOCATION) I__ Taikkod Water bodv' Kottarakkara Pond I Water bodv Avur River - Muvattupuzha River Kaladi I River 3 Aluva I Canal Quilandv River Edavanna I River Calicut i Canal j Idukki iReservoir Kuttiadv I Stream

I I

I I -~~~~~ ~

<~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~±I~~~~~~~~~%:) z~~~~~~~~~~F Appendix A. 5.3

IUCN Document on Sensitive Ecological Areas Name Shenduruny Sanctuary 3 IUCN Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar )

Geographical Location Situated in Reserve Forest of the , Pathanapuram Taluk, Quilon District. Easily accessible by road from Quilon to the west and Trivandrum | to the south. 8052'-8°56'N, 77 0 02'-77°15'E

Date and History of Establishment Established on 25 August 1984 (G.O.(P) 258/84/AD and SRO 1084/84 dated 4 August 1983).

Area 10,032ha 3 Land Tenure State government Altitude Ranges from about 100m - 1,750m. I Physical Features The sanctuary lies in the Shenduruny Valley and encompasses the catchment area of the Kallada Irrigation Project. No details of the project, including its exact location, are available. Climate The temperature generally ranges from about 20°C to 320C. The south-west monsoon lasts from May/June to August, and the north-east monsoon from September/October to November. Annual rainfall is 2800mm. I Vegetation No information Fauna species include bonnet macaque Macaca radiata, I slender lion-tailed loris Loris tardigradus, tiger Panthera tigris (E), P. pardus (V), Melursus ursinus (I), Elaphus maximus (E), Bos gaurus (V) and wild boar Sus scrofa. The highly endangered and endemic lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus (E) is believed to occur. This is possible, as the sanctuary lies within the species' southernmost range, but doubtful (see Green and Minkowski, 1977).

Cultural Heritage Based on discoveries in 1987, the area may be the site of an ancient civilization believed to be older than I that of the Indus Valley. Local Human Population No information I Visitors and Visitor Facilities Visitors number about 1,000 per year. I Scientific Research and Facilities Research to date has been limited to investigations by the Archaeological Survey of India. 3 Conservation Value No information Conservation Management A major objective is the protection of | the catchment area of the Kallada Project. Management Constraints Habitat destruction and lack of adequately trained staff are major problems.

Staff The sanctuary is managed by an assistant wildlife warden (under the authority of the Wildlife Warden, Sanctuary, Trivandrum) with a token staff.

Budget Rs 832,000.00 (1987-1988)

Local Addresses

Assistant Wildlife Warden, Shenduruny Sanctuary, Thenmala, Quilon District

References Unless otherwise stated, information has been supplied by the Wildlife Wing, Kerala Forest Department (23 September 1987).

Green, S. and Minkowski, K. (1977). The lion-tailed monkey and its South Indian rainforest habitat. In H.R.H. Rainier III and G.H. Bourne (Eds), Conservation. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 289-337

Date February 1988

1535V I Name Periyar Sanctuary

IUCN Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest) 3 Geographical Location Situated in the Cardamom Hill Ranges, Idukki District, in the south of the Western Ghats. Kottayam, the nearest major town, is some 115km to the west. The boundary is defined by the Kerala- interstate boundary from on the northern boundary along the entire eastern boundary, by and Kakki Reserved Forests to the south and by the Kottayam Division forests to the west. 9015'-90401N, 760251-77055'E

Date and History of Establishment Declared a sanctuary, at that time named Nellikkampatty, in 1934 at the instigation of the Maharajah of (Seshadri, 1986). Renotified as Periyar and enlarged from 60,000ha to its present size in 1950. Originally declared a reserved forest (under the then Government of Travancore) in 1899 in order to protect the catchment area of the Periyar River. This was dammed in 1895, submerging 2,600ha of evergreen forest. The resulting lake/reservoir was leased to the then Government of Madras for 999 years. Periyar became Kerala's only tiger reserve in 1978. The first notification to make the core area (30,500ha) a 1 national park was issued in 1982 (GOP 310/82/AD and SRO No. 1407/82). Final notification awaits completion of formalities involving the eviction of four cardomom estates (G. Mukundan, pers. comm., 1986).

Area 77,700ha I Land Tenure State government Altitude The terrain is undulating with high peaks ranging from 1,200m to over 1,800m.

Physical Features The central feature of the park is the reservoir with a waterspread area of 2,600ha, ranging in depth * from 32m to 46m (J. Karoor, pers. comm. 1986)- There are a few islands, with vegetation. The area is drained by the Periyar and river systems. The former originates from deep within m the evergreen core area, some 50km south of the Sanctuary headquarters at Thekkady, and meets the latter at Mullakudy where the lake begins.

* Climate Annual temperatures generally vary between 150C and 310C. April and May are the hottest months. Mean annual rainfall is 2030mm. The south-west monsoon lasts from June to * August/September, with maximum precipitation occurring in July-August. Minimum precipitation occurs in January (Vijayan et al., 1979). High rainfall also occurs during the north-east monsoon in September-November.

Vegetation Comprises chiefly tropical evergreen forest (30,500ha) and semi-evergreen forest (27,500ha). Moist deciduous forest and grasslands predominate in the central part of the l

sanctuary, particularly around the reservoir, and cover 9,800ha and 1,200ha, respectively; and reed brakes located in evergreen I and semi-evergreen forests cover 1, 00Oha (Chandrasekhran (1973). According to Vijayan et al. (1979), grassland cover has been underestimated. There are also c. 5,000ha of Eucalyptus grandis plantations in the buffer zone to the west. A general vegetation map prepared by Chandrasekhran (1973) is included in the management plan (, 1978). Some details of species composition of the different vegetation types are provided by Jain and Sastry (1983), Nair (1978), Nair et al. (1985) and Vijayan et al. (1979).

Fauna Threatened mammal species include the highly endangered and endemic lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus (E), Nivlgiri langur Presbytis johnii (V), tiger Panthera tigris (E), leopard P. pardus (V), wild dog Cuon alpinus (V), elephant Elephas maximus (E) and gaur Bos gaurus (V). Small numbers of Hemitragus hylocrius (V) have been sighted on a few occasions, but the species is probably now locally extinct (A.J. * Thomas, pers. comm., 1986). Other carnivores include sloth bear Melursus ursinus (I), Felis chaus, palm civet Paradoxurus hemaphroditus, jackal Canis aureus, otter Lutra I lutra. Sambar Cervus unicolor is the most common of the ungulates. Others include Muntiacus muntjak and Indian spotted chevrotain Tragulus meminna. Wild boar Sus scrofa is relatively abundant. Other include giant Indian squirrel Ratufa indica, various smaller squirrel species, and mongoose, porcupine Hystrix indica and black-naped hare Lepus nigricollis (J. Karoor, pers. comm., 1986). There are an I estimated 44 tiger (1985), 24 leopard (1984), 932 elephant (1983) and 281 gaur (1983), based on censuses by the Forest Department. Data for elephant are believed to be too high (J. Karoor, pers. comm., 1986).

Some 181 bird species have been recorded, many of which are residents (Vijayan et al., 1979). Anseriformes are notably absent, possibly due to the lack of shallow water at the edge of the reservoir (J. Karoor, pers. comm., 1986). Psittaciformes, Circuliformes, Coraiiciformes and Passeriformes are well-represented. The spectacular great Indian hornbill Buceros bicornis is found in relative abundance (Vijayan et al., 1979; J. Karoor, pers. comm., 1987). Virtually nothing is known about the amphibian, reptilian or fish fauna. A faunal checklist is provided by Azarah (1985).

Cultural Heritage There are several tribal groups living in and * around the sanctuary (J. Karoor, pers. comm., 1986, 1987). The Manans, who formerly lived within the sanctuary, were relocated to Kumily in the 1950s. They were deprived of the land given in compensation by the villagers and left destitute. The community numbers just over 1,000 but its culture is being slowly eroded. Some 50 Malampandaram inhabit Pamba Valley along the southern boundary of the park near the Ranni Division forests; and over * 1,500 Uralis and 700 Malaiarayans live in different parts of Vallakadava Range. Some of these maintain small-scale cultivations. Sabarimalai temple, located in the south-western part of the l sanctuary in the buffer zone, is an important Hindu pilgrimage site and receives millions of visitors annually. Thousands of 3 pilgrims arrive daily during the main pilgrimage season from November to January. The ruins of another ancient temple are found at Mangladevi, some 14km to the north-east of Thekkady and bordering Tamil Nadu. Access to Mangaladevi is restricted and requires special permission (J. Karoor, pers. comm., 1987; Vijayan et al., 1979)..

Local Human Population Periyar is remarkable for the lack of much human habitation along its boundaries, more than 90- of its boundaries being free from settlement (S.C. Nair, pers. comm., 1986). Kumily, the nearest village, 4km by road from Thekkady but immediately on the northern boundary, has a population of several thousand. There is some habitation along the * north-western and eastern boundaries, largely in connection with tea and cardomom estates (J. Karoor, pers. comm., 1986; S.C. Nair, 1986).

Visitors and Visitor Facilities Periyar is one of India's most visited protected areas (G. Mukundam, pers. comm., 1986). Visitors totalled over 180, 000 in 1986 (KFD, pers. comm., 1987). This figure may be inflated as it is based on sale of tickets for entry and for recreational activities. Kerala Tourism Development Corporation (KTDC) hotels within the park offer a range of accommodation, from dormitories to luxury suites. In addition, there are four Forest Department resthouses, although only two are in regular use. There are also a number of hotels outside the entry checkpost and in Kumily. The main recreational facility is boat tours. Short treks, and elephant rides around Thekkady (but not into the forest) are also available. There is a small information centre near the boat landing. Literature on 3 the sanctuary is scarce (S. Bashir, pers. comm., 1987). Scientific Research and Facilities There are no facilities, 3 on-going research programmes or systematic monitoring of wildlife. Although there are no research staff, the two wildlife assistants are expected to conduct wildlife surveys in addition to running the information centre. Periyar has often been I included in status surveys of specific species, such as lion-tailed macaque (Green and Minkowski, 1977; Kurup, 1979) and Nilgiri langur (Kurup, 1975) or in more general surveys (Krishnan, 1975). More extensive research includes a study of status-, distribution and habitat preferences of the larger mammals (Vijayan et al., 1979); Vijaykumaran Nair et al., 1985). Birds have been studied by , Brian Bertram and Lalitha I Vijayan (cited in Neelakantan, 1985). Chacko (1948) identified 35 fish species in the reservoir. A nature school, the first of its kind in India and situated between Thekkady and Kumily, is | under construction with funds from Project Tiger and World Wide Fund for Nature. It is intended to provide training for primary school teachers, high school and college students, policy and decision makers (G. Mukundan, pers. comm., 1986). It may also provide some research facilities (J. Karoor, pers. comm., 1986). 3 Conservation Value No information Conservation Management Management is based on a 'least-possible l interference' policy. Habitat manipulation is limited to the construction of firelines, supplying of salt licks, and provision of waterholes in times of drought. No further eucalyptus plantations have been established, but there is periodic extraction from the old ones. Some 35 Manan families have been issued fishing permits. Collection of fallen fuelwood and I elephant grass is permitted with passes. There is a 300ha grazing ground for villagers' cattle. The eviction of four cardomom estates in 1982-83, previously located in the core area, I has reduced the level of disturbance. The zonation system comprises a core area of 35,Oooha and a buffer zone of 42,700ha, which includes a 5,000ha tourism zone (Vijayan et al., 1979). The 1978 management plan was undergoing revision in January 1988. Changes include transferring the field director's office from Kottayam to Thekkady and the creation of two additional ranges for protection/management purposes (G. Mukundan, pers. comm., 1986; K.G.M. Pillai, pers. comm., 1988).

Management Constraints Elephant poaching dates back more than thirty years (Bassett, 1959), but is thought to have declinee due to the shortage of tuskers (S. Bashir, pers. comm., 1987). Vijaykumaran et al. (1985) observed only nine adult tuskers * between 1977 and 1982 and estimated a highly skewed adult sex ratio: one male to 57 adult females. Timber is felled illegally: rosewood Dalbergia latifolia and teak Tectona grandis are now largely restricted to the area around Thekkady. In January 1986, I forest guards discovered that 5-lOha of teak and rosewood forest had been clear-felled near Medaganom (Menon, 1986). Less valuable species such as Terminalia sp. are now being removed. I Verification of the extent and condition of different vegetation types is required. For example, Green and Minkowski (1977) state that the Cardamom Hills (including the sanctuary) contain fewer than 7,500ha of evergreen forest, although the official figure I for Periyar alone is 30,500ha. There is also exploitation of other forest products such as cinnamon bark Cinnamomum zeylanicum, cardomom Ellettaria cardamomum, reeds, honey, wax | etc. Sambar, gaur, wild boar and other animals are hunted for meat. The flesh of the Nilgiri langur and lion-tailed macaque is also reputed for its medicinal/aphrodisiacal properties (Ramachandran et al., 1987; Vijayan et al., 1979). Poaching is difficult to control, particularly because organised parties often originate from Tamil Nadu (M. Balakrishnan, pers. comm., 1986). The 90km interstate boundary across mountainous terrain is extremely difficult to patrol.

The entire fuelwood requirements of Kumily and Thekkady, including the hotels, are met by the sanctuary's resources: collection greatly exceeds stipulated amounts (Vijayan et al., 1979). Villagers are also wholly dependent on the sanctuary for fodder. Cattle grazing is limited to some 150 head (Ramachandran et al., 1987) but it is considered a problem (Vijayan et al., 1979). Cattle grazing promotes the growth of unpalatable weed species, such as Lantana camera and Eupatorium sp.. Livestock may transmit diseases to wild herbivores: the gaur population is still recovering from a rinderpest outbreak in 1974 (Vijayan et al., 1979). Annual fires constitute another serious problem. I Pilgrims and tourists cause much disturbance. The area around Sabarimalai is severely degraded (Manoharan, 1985; Vijayan et al., 1979), and wild animals move away during the peak tourist season. Religious groups are campaigning to restore Mangladevi as a pilgrimage shrine and link it by road to Sabarimalai (T. I Somanathan, pers. comm., 1987). Tourists often leave litter and behave noisily, but this is largely confined to Thekkady and the tourism zone. Management suffers from inadequate numbers of 3 staff, weapons and equipment (S. Bashir, pers. comm., 1987). Staff includes one field director, one assistant field director, one wildlife preservation officer, five range officers, two wildlife assistants, two deputy range officers, about 30 guards (January, 1987) and several foresters.

Budget Rs 5,600,000 (1987-88), with 50- funding from Central Government. 3 Local Addresses Wildlife Preservation Officer, Periyar Tiger Reserve, Thekkady, 3 Idukki District, Kerala References

Azariah, M. (Ed.) (1985). Golden jubilee celebration. Commemoration souvenir. Wildlife Preservation Society. 74 pp. * Bassett, T.H. (1959). A visit to some Indian wildlife sanctuaries. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 56: 323-328.

Berry, J., Ovington, J.D., Swift, L. (1969). Periyar wildlife sanctuary. Report of Commission on Ecology. IUCN, Morges, | ~~Switzerland.

Chacko, P.I. (1948). Development of fisheries of the Periyar Lake. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 48: 191-192.

Chandrasekhran, C. (1973). Forest resources of Kerala - a cquantitive assessment. Kerala Forest Department, Trivandrum. (Unseen). Daniel, J.C. and Kannan, P. (1967). The status of the Nilgiri langur and liontailed macaque in S. India. A mimeographed report of the Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. Unpublished report. 9 pp. I Green, S. and Minkowski, K. (1977). The lion-tailed macaque and its south Indian rain forest habitat. In HRH Rainier III, and Bourne, G.H. (Eds) Primate Conservation. Pp. 289-337. Academic Press, New York.

Jain, S.K. and Sastry, A.R.K. (1983). Botany of some tiger habitats in India. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah.

Kurup, G.U. (1971). A preliminary ecological survey of the * Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala State. Cheetal 13(2): 5-18. Kurup, G.U. (1975). Status of the Nilgiri langur Presbytis johnii in the Anamalai, Cardamom and Nilgiri Hills of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72: 21-29.

Kurup, G.U. (1979). Distribution, habitat and status survey of the liontailed macaque, Macaca silenus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75: 321-340.

Manoharan, T.M. (1985). Periyar tiger reserve. In Sivarajan, M., Nair, P.N., Mukundan, G. and Nair, C.S. (Eds). Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Golden Jubilee Celebration Commemoration Souvenir. Kerala Forest Department, Trivandrum. 43 pp. I Menon, V. (1986). Project Tiger, decline and fall. The Illustrated Weekly of India, August. 3 Nair, M.S. (1978).Management plan for the Periyar tiger reserve. Kerala Forest Department, Trivandrum. Unpublished.

Neelakantan, K.K. (1985). Glimpses of the birds of Periyar. In Manoharan, T.M. (1985). Periyar tiger reserve. In Sivarajan, M., Nair, P.N., Mukundan, G. and Nair, C.S. (Eds). Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Golden Jubilee Celebration Commemoration Souvenir Kerala Forest Department, Trivandrum. 43 pp.

Ramachandran, K.K., Easa, P.S., Vijaykumaran Nair, P. (1987). Management of Periyar Tiger Reserve - problems and perspectives. Tigerpaper 14(1): 25-33.

Thekkady Development Authority (1985). Development plan for Thekkady. Thekkady Development Authority, Trivandrum. 30 pp. Vijaykumaran Nair and Balasubramanyan, K. (1985). Long term environmental and ecological impacts of multipurpose river valley projects. Wildlife studies in Idukki, Periyar and Silent Valley. Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report No. 26. 75 pp.

3 Vijayakumaran Nair, P., Ramachandran, K.K., Vijayan, V.S., Easa, P.S. and Balakrishnan, P.V. (1985). An ecological study in Periyar Tiger Reserve with special reference to wildlife. Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report No. 24. 159 pp.

Vijan, V.S., Balakrishnan, M. and Easa, P.S. (1979). Periyar Tiger Reserve - a reconnaissance report. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi.

Vijayan, V.S. (1980). Status of in Periyar Tiger Reserve. In: in the . IUCN/SSC report. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. (Unseen). I Date March 1988 * 0214V

l Name Idukki Sanctuary 3 IUCN Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest) I Geographical Location Situated in the Western Ghats between two arms of the Idukki Reservoir in Idukki District. It is 164km to the east of Cochin and some 20km to the north-west of Kottayam. 9015'-9040'N, 760 55'-77°25'E

Date and History of Establishment Created a sanctuary on 9 February 1976 (SRO 171/76; Identification No. 7898/FM3/76AD).

Area 7,700ha

* Land Tenure State government 3 Altitude Ranges from about 900m to 1,400m. Physical Features Includes the catchment area of the Idukki Arch Dam.

Climate Annual temperatures range maximally from 160C to 350C (Kerala Forest Department, pers. comm., 1987), but generally from 250C to 310C, with a mean of 26CC (Vijayakumaran and Balasubramanyan, 1985) . March, April, May are the hottest months. Annual rainfall is 2500mm (Kerala Forest Department, pers. comm. 1987), most of which occurs from June to September * during the south-west monsoon. There is also considerable rainfall from October to mid-December during the north-east monsoon. Relative humidity is high throughout the year (Vijayakumaran and Balasubramanyan, 1985).

Vegetation Comprises chiefly moist deciduous forest and grasslands, with patches of tropical wet evergreen and I semi-evergreen forest. Eucalyptus grandis plantations are being raised in some localities by the Kerala Forest Development Corporation, under a grassland afforestation scheme. I Vijayakumaran and Balasubramanyan (1985) provide a more detailed description of the main vegetation types.

| Fauna Some 75 elephants Elephas maximus (E) occur in the,area (Vijayakumaran and Balasubramanyan, 1985), but most of these occur outside the sanctuary, beyond its north-west borders. Elephants within the sanctuary are concentrated on reservoir E banks along the north-western border. There are also very small populations of wild dog Cuon alpinus (V), jackal Canis aureus, sambar Cervus unicolor, Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak and I Indian spotted chevrotain Tragulus meminna. Wild boar Sus scrofa is relatively abundant. Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata is only found on the borders (Vijayakumaran and Balasubramanyan, 1985). I Cultural Heritage No information Local Human Population Few details are available on the hill a tribe communities in the area. They have traditionally practised shifting cultivation and some have been displaced into forest areas. township, to the north of the sanctuary, began to develop as a result of the Idukki Hydroelectric Project but it is now the district headquarters and continues to expand (Vijayakumaran and Balasubramanyan, 1985).

Visitors and Visitor Facilities Visitors number about 1,500 annually. Many more people visit the dam, Kerala's only arch dam. Accommodation is available at Kulamavu and Vazhathope in the Kerala State Electricity Board Inspection bungalows.

Scientific Research and Facilities The Zoological Survey of India has studied the avifauna but no systematic research has been conducted. No facilities are available.

Conservation Value No information

Conservation Management Objectives include protection of the dam's catchment area. A management plan incorporating a zonation system is in preparation (Kerala Forest Department, pers. comm., 1987). The area between the Kulamavu-Idukki and Idukki-Kattapara roads has been recommended for inclusion in the sanctuary (Vijayakumaran and Balasubramanyan, 1985). Management Constraints The sanctuary lies within an ecosystem that has been subjected to heavy disturbance since the 1950s. The Idukki Hydroelectric Project started in the 1960s and involved the construction of three dams, namely Idukki, Chemthony and Kulamavu. As a result of the increased access to the area, tiger Panthera tigris (E), gaur Bos gaurus (V), and sloth bear Melursus ursinus (I) became locally extinct by the early 1970s. Many of the dam workers settled in the area and encroach on the forests. The proposed construction of additional dams at Prattayar and Kallar is likely to further add to the disturbance. Poaching of wildlife has been a serious problem. In the case of elephant, it has resulted in a skewed population with disproportionately small numbers of sub-adults, juveniles and calves and high numbers of adult females (Vijayakumaran and Balasubramanyan, 1985). Other problems include encroachment, cattle grazing, fuelwood collection and annual burning (resulting in grasslands dominated by unpalatable fire-hardy species such as Themeda sp. and Cymbopogon sp.). Wild dogs lift cattle, due to shortage of prey, and wild boar and bonnet macaque raid crops. The little protection afforded to the sanctuary (Vijayakumaran and Balasubramanyan, 1985) largely reflects the lack of adequately trained staff (Kerala Forest Department, pers. comm., 1987). A more detailed description of earlier anthropogenic pressures is given by Karunakaran (1975).

Staff No information

Budget Rs 700,000 (1987-88) Local Addresses

Wildlife Warden, Idukki Sanctuary, Painavu P.O., Idukki References Karunakaran, C.K. (1975). Second working plan for the Kottayam Forest Division. Kerala Forest Department, Trivandrum.

Vijaykumaran Nair and Balasubramanyan, K. (1985). Long term environmental and ecological impacts of multipurpose river valley projects. Wildlife studies in Idukki, Periyar and Silent Valley. Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report No. 26. 75pp

Date March 1988

1551V l

I I I I I

I Name

IUCN Management Category II (National Park)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest) I Geographical Location Lies along the crest of the Western Ghats (High Range) in the Munnar Forest Division, Idukki District. The park boundary generally coincides with the broken cliffs and I steep slopes that border the central plateau but is clearly delimited only where it coincides with the Kerala-Tamil Nadu interstate boundary to the north and north-west, and with the old Produce Corporation village boundary. A more detailed boundary description is given in Anon. (1984). The nearest town, Munnar, is approximately 20km by road from the park's headquarters at Rajamalai; the park is also accessible I by road from Tamil Nadu, via Udumulpet. 90 40'-100 45'N, 760251-77 020'E

Date and History of Establishment The Rajamalai area (1,000ha) was previously declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1936 (Seshadri, 1986). The present sanctuary was established in 1975 and upgraded to a national park on 31 March 1978 (Kerala Government letter no. 92368/FM3/78/31-1-78). Most of the Eravikulam-Rajamalai area, once known as Hamilton's Plateau, was formerly owned by the North Travancore Land Planting Society I (established in 1879). It later came under the control of the Kannan Devan Hills Produce Corporation to be managed as a private hunting preserve, having proved to be unsuitable for plantation work.

Area 9,700ha is the most commonly quoted figure (Anon., 1985). Other estimates are 10,000ha (Rice, 1984) and 10,500ha (Anon., 1984). The park is contiguous to Anamalai Sanctuary (95,800ha) to the north in Tamil Nadu.

Land Tenure State government

Altitude Varies from about 1,400m on the valley floor to Anaimudi at 2,695m, the highest peak in India south of the Himalaya.

Physical Features The main body of the park comprises a high rolling grass plateau (at about 2,000m) which is frequently bordered by broken granite cliffs and steep slopes. Hills generally rise up to 500m above the plateau. The plateau is roughly divided in half by the north-west/south-east oriented Turner's Valley.

| Climate Weather conditions are predominantly influenced by the south-west monsoon. Annual temperatures range between 80C and 230C, with the hottest weather occurring in April-May (Seshadri, 1986). Mean annual rainfall is 4050mm, three quarters of which I falls during the monsoon months of June, July and August. Strong westerly winds up to gale force are common during this period. The north-east monsoon lasts from September to December during which rainfall is greatly reduced, with a monthly mean of 250mm, and winds are moderate to variable. Mists commonly shroud the l I hills during the . There is little rainfall in January and February: skies are generally clear, and winds are moderate I to light and mostly from the east. March to May is the premonsoon period: thunderstorms increase in frequency and moderate easterly winds prevail (Rice, 1986).

Vegetation The principal vegetation types are grassland, shrubland and forest. Terrain over 2,000m is covered mainly by grassland as is characteristic of the Western Ghats. Numerous I small patches of forests, known locally as , occur in hollows and gullies. The deeper valleys are extensively forested, and shrublands, interspersed by rocky slabs, predominate along the cliff bases (Rice, 1986). More than 90O of the park is covered by perennial grasses. Predominant species include Eulalia phaeothrix, Ischaemum indicum, Arundinella fuscata, Tripogon bromoides, Tripogon ananthaswamianus and Sehima nervosum. Sedges form 1. and forbs 1-3t of the cover. There is thick cover of the shrub Strobilanthes kunthianus in some areas. Taller shrubs and grasses such as Chrysopogon I zelanica, Strobilanthes kunthianus, and Eupatorium glandulosum often occur on the slopes and cliff bases. An unusual feature is the exceptionally high diversity of the Balmacea family (Rice, I 1984). Shetty and Vivekananthan (1971) list seven plant species endemic to the park. A key to the grasses is given in Rice (1984).

Fauna A viable population of Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus hylocrius (v) is present. This may have increased from an estimated 500 individuals in 1969 to between 550 and 780 animals (Anon., 1984; | Rice, 1986). This species is threatened, as its distribution is restricted to the crest of the Western Ghats of and its total population is only some 2,200 animals (Rice, 1984). Tahr usually occur in large groups of up to 150 animals and generally inhabit the fringes of the grassy plateau, making use of the bordering cliffs, rocky slabs and slopes for refuge and parturition. They tend to avoid entering the sholas, but may * forage in their periphery (Rice, 1986). Other threatened mammals include gaur Bos gaurus (V), with an estimated population of 70 individuals (Rice, 1984), Nilgiri langur Presbytis johni (V), and X very small populations of tiger Panthera tigris (E) and leopard Panthera pardus (V). Leopard occurs in both the spotted and black phases. Wild dog Cuon alpinus (V) may be seen at certain times of year but is not resident. Other mammals present include f. Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak, 60-100 sambar Cervus unicolor (Anon., 1984), jackal Canis aureus, jungle cat Felis chaus, stripe-necked mongoose Herpestes vitticollis, yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula, and Indian porcupine Hystrix indica. Elephants Elephas maximus (E) are not resident but occasionally pass through the park, usually at night (Anon., 1984; Rice 1984, I 1986). A list of three lizards, four snakes and five amphibians collected in the park is given by Rice (1984).

Cultural Heritage No information

Local Human Population There are dense human settlements along the southern and eastern boundaries (Rice, 1986), tribal settlements at Edamalakudy, Parrappayar and , and also tribal populations on the Tamil Nadu side of the border (Anon., l 1984). Tea estates are contiguous to the park (Rice, 1984, 1986).

Visitors and Visitor Facilities There were 2,000 visitors in 1983-84 (Singh and Variava, 1985). There are no accommodation facilities for visitors in or around the park (Anon., 1985). There are also no roads within the park beyond the Rajamalai checkpost (Rice, 1984).

Scientific Research and Facilities The Nilgiri tahr at Eravikulam has been the subject of various general studies and surveys, which are referred to in Anon. (1984). Rice (1984, 1986) studied the behavior and ecology of the species between 1979 and 1981 and also made observations on predator-prey interactions. Shetty and Vivekananthan (1971) have conducted floristic studies in the Anaimudi area.

Conservation Value No information

Conservation Management Eravikulam has been afforded some protection since the formation of the High Range Game Preservation Association and the High Range Angling Association in 1928 and 1933, respectively (Anon., 1984). The sanctuary was originally created to conserve the largest known wild population of Nilgiri tahr. The habitat has been extremely well preserved and, as increasingly more grassland is annually converted to wattle and eucalyptus plantations, it may become the last relatively intact representative of the plateau grassland ecosystem of the Western Ghats. A rotational system of controlled annual burning to provide fresh grass for the Nilgiri tahr seems to be beneficial. Rice (1984) recommends a staggered burning programme, which takes into account tahr home ranges, and additional burning in October to provide fresh vegetation for female tahr in late gestation or early lactation. Rice (1984) and Anon. (1984) make a number of other management recommendations.

Management Constraints The boundary needs to be carefully surveyed as the distinction between the park, Malayattur Reserve Forest and tea plantations is unclear (Rice, 1984). Endemic and rare species need to be identified (Rice, 1984). Poaching, mainly for meat, is known to occur and may be responsible for the low populations of Nilgiri tahr and sambar in the Pu Ar area (Anon., 1984). Sambar and gaur are usually hunted with firearms whilst tahr is also hunted with the aid of domestic dogs or, especially near human settlements, wire snares. Minor forest produce is illegally collected. In particular, cane is collected from the lower forested valleys for handicrafts and furniture, and Drosera peltata, a small insectivorous plant credited with medicinal properties, is gathered from the grasslands in October. Invalid permits for the collection of these plants have been issued in the past. Fires, inadvertently started by trespassers, occur in more remote parts of the park (Rice, 1984). The present number of guards is insufficient; moreover, staff are inadequately equipped for combatting poaching and implementing management strategies (Anon., 1984; Rice, 1984). There has been some slight damage to the habitat from past efforts to introduce new grass species palatable to the tahr, but this is restricted l U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

to small patches (A. Robertson, pers. comm., 1987). There is also some concern about the effects of uncontrolled tourism, and the influx of people envisaged in the vicinity in connection with the Hydroelectric Project (Anon., 1984). 3 Staff One assistant wildlife preservation officer, one forester, three guards and one guide.

Budget Rs 400,000 (1987-88), with Central Government and State Government each providing 50t of the budget

3 Local Addresses Assistant Wildlife Warden, Eravikulam National Park, Talliar PO, Munnar, Idukki District

References

Anon. (1984). Statistical survey of wildlife at Eravikulam National Park. Census of Nilgiri tahr. Department of Mathematics, Union Christian College, Alwaye. Project Report. 32 pp.

| Anon. (1985). Kerala - wildlife reserves. Forest Department and Department of Tourism. Kerala Government. Unpublished report. 22 I pp- Davidar, E. R. C. (1971). A note on the status of Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) on the grasshills of the Anaimalais. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 68: 347-354. (Unseen)

| Rice, C. G. (in press). Nilgiri tahr, Eravikulam National Park, and conservation. In Conservation in developing countries. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.

Rice, C. G. (1984). The behavior and ecology of Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius Ogilby, 1938). Ph.D. thesis, Texas A & M University, U.S.A. 254 pp. (unseen)

Rice, C. G. (1986). Observations on predators and prey at Eravikulam National Park, Kerala. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 83: 283-305.

Seshadri, B. (1986). India's wildlife and wildlfe reserves. 3 Sterling publishers. New Delhi. Pp. 188-93. Shetty, B. V. and Vivekananthan, K. (1971). Studies on the vascular flora of the Anaimudi and the surrounding regions, Kottayam District, Kerala. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 13: 16-42. (unseen) 3 Singh, S. and Variava, D. (1985). Directory of national parks and sanctuaries in India. Directorate of wildlife preservation. , New Delhi. P. 228.

* Subramanyam, K. and Nayar, M. P. (1974). Vegetation and phytogeography of the Himalaya. In, Mani, M. S. (Ed.), Ecology l l I and biogeography in India. W. Junk, The Hague. Pp. 247-280. (Unseen)

I Date July 1987, revised March 1988

0212V

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Name Chinnar Sanctuary

IIUCNManagement Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest)

Geographical Location Situated in the Western Ghats, in Taluk, Idukki District. The sanctuary is accessible by road from Munnar to the south-west in Kerala and Udumelpet to the north-east in Tamil Nadu. 10015'-10022'N, 77005'-77015'E Date and History of Establishment Created a sanctuary on 4 August 1984 (G.O.(P) 229/84/AD and SRO 1054/84).

Area 9,044.2ha

Land Tenure State government

Altitude Ranges from about 500m to 2,372m.

Physical Features The terrain is undulating with pockets of forest interspersed with grasslands.

Climate There are no meteorological data, but temperatures reportedly fluctuate between extremes. The north-east monsoon lasts from October to November, and rainfall is scanty.

Vegetation Includes tropical dry deciduous forest, thorny forest and scrub jungle. Fauna Mammal species include tiger Panthera tigris (E), leopard P. pardus (V), elephant Elephas maximus (E), gaur Bos gaurus (V), spotted deer Cervus axis and Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica. Cultural Heritage No information

Local Human Population No information

Visitors and Visitor Facilities There are very few visitors.

Scientific Research and Facilities None

Conservation Value No information

Conservation Management The sanctuary's importance is enhanced by its proximity to Eravikulam National Park (Kerala) and Annamalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu), thereby serving as a corridor for the migration or dispersal of wild animals between these areas. A system of zonation is envisaged in the management plan currently being prepared.

Management Constraints Poaching and fire have been problems in the past, but are now under control. Staff The sanctuary is managed by a skeletal staff under a forest ranger, who is under the authority of the Wildlife Warden at Idukki. Budget Rs 384,000.00 (1987-88)

Local Addresses

Range Officer (Wildlife), Chinnar Sanctuary, Marayoor, Idukki District

References

This account is based on information supplied by the Wildlife Wing, Kerala Forest Department (23 September 1987).

Date February 1988

1537V

l Name Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary

IUCN Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest) 3 Geographical Location Situated in Malayattur Forest Division in , Idukki District. It is approximately 20km by road north of Kothamangalam. 9047'-10017'N, 76016'-76057'E

* Date and History of Establishment Declared a sanctuary on 27 August 1983 (SRO 1209/83 dated 27 August 1983). I Area 2,500ha Land Tenure State government

Altitude Ranges from about 200m to 1,000m.

Physical Features The sanctuary lies between two branches of the Periyar River (Anon., 1985), and includes part of the catchment area of the Periyar Valley irrigation project to the east (Sugathan, 1981).

Climate Temperatures generally range from 170C to 350C. Annual rainfall is 1250mm. The south-west monsoon lasts from May/June to August and the north-east monsoon from September to October/November. Vegetation Forests largely comprise teak plantations. Remaining * patches of natural forest are either moist deciduous or evergreen, with a high density of Terminalia and Lagerstroemia species (Anon., 1985). The area was once famous for its Bambusa sp. and cane forests (Sugathan, 1981).

Fauna Large mammal species include elephant Elephas maximus (E) and sloth bear Melursus ursinus (I). The avifauna includes both indigenous breeding species and migratory waterfowl. Rare birds such as Ceylon frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger and broad-billed roller Eurystomus orientalis laetior have been *recorded. Bourdillon's great-eared nightjar Eurostopodus macrotis bourdilloni was recorded here for the first time by Sugathan et al. (1985). The main river is shallow most of the year and harbours a large number of fish species (Anon., 1985). Cultural Heritage No information

* Local Human Population No information

Visitors and Visitor Facilities The sanctuary receives U approximately 1,500 visitors annually. Scientific Research and Facilities A two-month general survey was conducted by Sugathan et al. (1985) in connection with the bird ringing project at , Tamil Nadu. Data on flora and other fauna has been collected. Conservation Value No information l I Conservation Management The area contained some of the best virgin evergreen forest in Kerala in the early 1950s, but very * little undisturbed forest now remains, partly due to agricultural encroachments (Sugathan, 7981). There is no zonation system.

Maznagement Constraints Fire and poaching have been major I problems, but are now almost under control. Staff The sanctuary is managed by a skeleton staff under the authority of the Wildlife Warden at Idukki Sanctuary.

Budget Rs 380,000.00 (1987-88) I Local Addresses The Divisional Forest Officer, Kodanad Post,

References Unless otherwise indicated, information has been supplied by the Wildlife Wing, Kerala Forest Department (23 September 1987).

Anon. (1985). Kerala - wildlife reserves. Forest Department and I Department of Tourism, Kerala Government, Trivandrum. 22 pp. Sugathan, R. (1981). A survey of the Ceylon frogmouth | (Batrachostomus moniliger) habitat in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 78: 309-316.

Sugathan, R., Mohapatra, K.K., Algar Rajan, S., Natarajan, V., Balasubramanian, P., Ayyadurai, M. and Marimuthu, P. (1985). Annual Report August 1984-July 1985. Bombay Natural History 3 Society, Bombay. 67 pp. Date February 1988

1534V

l I l I l U Name Parambikulam Sanctuary IUCN Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest)

Geographical Location Located in the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats, south of the Palghat Gap, Chittur Taluk, Palghat District. A detailed boundary description is given in Easa and Balakrishnan (1983) and in the draft management plan. Pollachi, I the nearest town, is in Tamil Nadu and about 48km by road from Thunacadavu, the sanctuary headquarters. 10020'-10026'N, 760351-76 0 50'E

Date and History of Establishment The Sungam Range of Forest Division was declared a sanctuary in 1962 and later expanded through the addition of Parambikulam Range of the Teak Forest Division (Kerala Government letter no. G.O.P. 39/73/AD 12-2-73) (Easa and Balakrishanan, 1983).

Area 28,500ha, having been enlarged from 6,980ha in 1973. The sanctuary is adjacent to Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary (95,800ha) in Tamil Nadu, Nelliampathy Reserve Forest of Nemmara Forest I Division to the north-west, and the Vazhachel and Sholayar ranges to the south-west and south, respectively (Vijayan, 1979).

Land Tenure State government

Altitude Ranges between approximately 450m and 1,440m. The * highest peak, Karimalagopuram (1,440m) lies on the ridge separating Parambikulam from Sholayar Range.

Physical Features The main geoloaical formations in the area are | horneblende-biotite gneissus, garnetiferous biotite gneissus, charnockites with granite ortho-gyneissus and plagiodase porphyry dykes. There are no valuable mineral deposits (Geological Survey of India 1963-64, cited in Anon-, n.d.). Soil on the slopes 3 consists of sandy loam, rich in organic matter. Valley soil is clayey due to poor drainage. There are a few marshes with clayey-loamy soil. Hill tops are characterised by exposed sheet rock, although some possess a thin crust of soil and consequently have some grass covering. There are many boulders and rocky blanks on the slopes. The more eastern parts of the sanctuary have lateritic soils, possibly due to lower rainfall. The area is drained by several rivers, some perennial, and include the Thekkedy, Parambikulam and Sholayar, which flow westwards to converge at Orukombankutty and flow into the main I River. The crystalline rocks of the area are poor aquifers and water is mainly confined to the 'joint plaines' in the rocks. Water level in the valley generally extends to a depth of 5.8m (Anon., n.d.). Climate Conditions are predominantly influenced by the south-west monsoon. Weather conditions are more stable in the valleys. However, the higher slopes become fairly cool during the monsoons. The milder north-east monsoon is received in October-November. Mean annual rainfall is 2590mm, with a range of 1200-5000mm. Western and southern parts of the sanctuary I receive higher precipitation than eastern parts. The dry season lasts for several months, from December to May. The slopes with I evergreen or moist deciduous forest cover have higher relative humidity than the teak plantations in the valleys. All meteorological data are from the Parambikukum Aliyar Project 3 records (cited in Anon., n.d.). Vegetation Comprises a variety of natural and man-made habitats. The former includes patches of evergreen and semi-evergreen I forest (5,500ha and 2,000ha in total, respectively), occurring mainly in valleys and the wetter western and southern regions; secondary moist deciduous forest (6,500ha), which is more widely distributed; and grasslands and marshes (200ha). The western and southern areas once had extensive evergreen forest cover; similarly, the original moist deciduous vegetation in eastern parts has been almost entirely replaced by teak plantations (Anon., 1982). The marshes, or 'vayals , with their dense grass cover, are the result of poor drainage and the accumulation of I clayey loam over a long period of time. Bamboo stands (Bambusa sp.) and reeds (Ochlandra sp.) occur in the natural forests. The best natural teak Tectona grandis in Kerala was once found in this region but is now rare due to over-exploitation. Man-made I habitats comprise 9,300ha and consist mainly of semi-mature teak (8,780ha) and, to a lesser extent, eucalyptus plantations, which were established in 1966 and 1962, respectively, after clear-felling of the natural forest (Easa and Balakrishnan, 1983). Major species occurring in the evergreen and moist deciduous forests are listed in Balakrishnan and Easa (1986) and Vijayan (1979). There is thick growth of Lantana camera in I clearings, and of Eupatorium sp. in teak plantations, particularly where the plantation has failed. Further details of the vegetation, including lists of species composition of the main vegetation types, are provided in Anon., (n.d.). Fauna Notable carnivores include tiger Panthera tigris (E), I leopard Panthera pardus (V), sloth bear Melursus ursinus (I) and wild dog Cuon alpinus (V). All four Cercopithecidae species found in Kerala are present, namely: lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus (E),bonnet macaque M. radiata, Nilgiri langur Presbytis I johnii (V), and common langur P. entellus. There is an isolated troop of 17 Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus hylocrius (V) on Vengoli Peak (Balakrishnan and Easa, 1986). The teak plantations constitute an ideal habitat for gaur Bos gaurus (V) and the largest population in any protected area in Kerala is found here (I.R. Grimwood, pers. comm., 1983). Other mammal species include Elephas maximus (E), spotted deer Cervus axis, * sambar C. unicolor, Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak, Indian spotted chevrotain Tragulus meminna, wild boar Sus scrofa, smooth-coated otter Lutra perspicillata, small Indian civet I Viverricula indica, common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica, Indian porcupine Hystrix indica, jungle cat Felis chaus, yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula, Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata and ruddy mongoose Herpestes smithi (Balakrishnan and Easa, 1986; I.R. Grimwood, pers. comm., 1983; Vijayan, 1979). Population estimates of the larger mammal species are found in Easa and Balakrishnan (1983) and Vijayan (1979). Vijayan (1979) lists 133 bird species, which include the great Indian hornbill Buceros bicornis, and Ceylon frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger, last recorded in Kerala in 1937. 148 bird species are listed in Anon. (n.d.), along with species of common snake and fish. The reservoirs contain modest numbers of 3 mugger Crocodylus palustris (V), as well as large stocks of carp, mahseer, tilapia and large indigenous species of murrel (Anon., 1985; I.R. Grimwood, pers. comm., 1983).

| Cultural Heritage Three main tribal communities live in five different settlements within the sanctuary, namely: Kadas in the Parambikulam (100+), Earthen Dam (90+) and Kuriyarkutty (230+) colonies; Muduvas (130+) in the south-eastern corner of the sanctuary; and Malai-malsars (200+) in the Sungam colony. The Kadas formerly relied on minor forest produce, but are now,mainly forest labourers, as forest produce is no longer available on the * same scale. Tending operations in plantations do not provide employment throughout the year and the community is very poor. The Muduvas are mainly agriculturalists, growing rice, corn and I ragi etc., but they also collect some minor forest produce. The Malai-malsars are employed as forest labourers, mahoots and guides. They are permitted to fish and cultivate mainly tapioca on a small scale (Anon., n.d.). Land near Kachithodu and at Sungam, in areas of relative wildlife abundance, are under cultivation (Vijayan, 1979). Further details of the tribal communities are found in Anon., (n.d.) and Vijayan (1979).

Local Human Population Villages which sprang up in the vicinity when the dams were constructed have persisted and expanded. I Villagers are dependent on the forests within and around the sanctuary for fuelwood. About 200 cattle owned by Parambikulam Aliyar Project Colony residents, Thunacadavu inhabitants and taungya cultivators graze in the interior of the sanctuary.

Visitors and Visitor Facilities There are some 10,000 visitors annually. There are forest resthouses at Thunacadavu, Thellikal and Elathode as well as a hotel run by the Parambikulam Aliyar Project of Tamil Nadu (Anon., 1985). Accommodation may also be found in the Topslip area, a 30-minute drive from Thunacadavu (Vijayan, 1979). Boat trips and motor transport for viewing wildlife can be arranged (Anon., 1985).

Scientific Research and Facilities Sebastine and Ramamurthy (1966) have studied the flora of the Parambikulam and Aliyar submergible areas. The avifauna of the area was surveyed by Ali (1969). Vijayan (1979) conducted a general survey with special I reference to habitat, wildlife and management problems. Suga than (1981) made some observations on mammals while conducting a survey of frogmouths in the Parambikulam-Sholayar forests. Easa and Balakrishnan (1983) studied the population status of the larger mammals and Balakrishnan and Easa (1986) studied the habitat preferences of large and medium-sized mammals between July 1981 and June 1983.

Conservation Value No information 3 Conservation Management Bamboo extraction, minor forest produce collection and taungya cultivation (tapioca or other suitable l l

crops in the teak plantations) are permitted under licence. Bamboo is extracted on a large scale for pulp production by the Gwalior Rayons factory in Mavoor, Calicut; forest produce collection rights valid for one to two years are auctioned to private parties; and teak plantations are leased for tapioca cultivation (Easa and Balakrishnan, 1983; Vijayan, 1979). The I teak plantations are to be harvested in 20 years, which may cause great disturbance (I.R. Grimwood, pers. comm., 1983). Tribal people are permitted to collect minor forest produce, fuelwood I and graze their cattle (Anon., n.d.). Other management includes attempts to vaccinate local cattle against rinderpest and the provision of 16 salt licks between 1974 and 1976 (Vijayan, 1979). There is a draft management plan (Anon., n.d.) which includes a num,ber of recommendations.

Management Constraints Under the Kuriyarkutty-Karapara * Multipurpose Project, jointly proposed by the Kerala State Electricity Board and Irrigation Department, three dams will be constructed, of which the Kuriyarkutty will entail the submersion I of tracts of moist deciduous forest and teak plantations in the sanctuary. The other two dams will also have an impact on the sanctuary's wildlife due to their proximity. For example, significant amounts of evergreen forest will be submerged, possibly adversely affecting the lion-tailed macaque, an obligate evergreen forest dweller. Also, the migration route commonly * used by animals from Annamalai Wildlife Sanctuary during the dry season, will be submerged (Easa and Balakrishnan, 1983). Collection of bamboo and other forest products and taungya | cultivation, although authorised, are often not conducted in accordance with prescribed scientific guidelines or exceed stipulated amounts. These activities involve the movement of * large numbers of workers and lorries through the sanctuary, causing disturbance to wildlife and damage to habitat, and also a certain amount of settlement which adds to the disturbance (Easa and Balakrishnan, 1983). A number of ecological problems I are associated with taungya cultivation, including soil erosion and nutrient depletion of the soil (Easa and Balakrishnan, 1983; Vijayan, 1979). Poaching is a major problem (Balakrishnan and Easa, 1986; Easa and Balakrishnan, 1983; Vijayan, 1979). Taungya cultivators use firearms, obtained on the pretext of needing to protect their crops, and wire snares to trap small game. Tribal people also take small game. There have been numerous reports I of poaching in Thekkady and Orukombankutty. Tribal settlements in and around the sanctuary are another source of disturbance. Other problems include: cattle grazing, stray dogs which chase wild animals and may transmit rabies, and man-made fires. Burning occurs annually in January-April and mainly in the plantations and grasslands, but there has also been serious 3 idamageto the fringes of evergreen forests. Marshes are being invaded by weeds such as Eupatorium sp., Cassia tora, Lantana camera and even hardy shrubs, and also drying out during the summer. Staffing levels are inadequate (Anon., n.d.).

Staff Includes one divisional forest officer, one assistant wildlife preservation officer, three foresters, four guards, I three watchmen and two wildlife guides (Vijayan, 1979).

l l *

Budget Rs. 2,600,000

Local Addresses

Wildlife Warden, Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Thunacadavu PO, (via) Pollachi, Palghat District

References

Ali, S. (1969). Birds of Kerala. Oxford University Press, Madras. 444 pp.

Anon. (n.d.). Draft management plan for Parambikulam Sanctuary.

Anon. (1982). Ecological aspects of the Silent Valley. Report of the Joint Committee. Department of Environment, Government of India. 44 pp.

Anon. (1985). Kerala - wildlife reserves. Forest Department and Department of Tourism, Kerala Government. 22 pp.

Balakrishnan, M. and Easa, P.S. (1986). Habitat preferences of the larger mammals in the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Biological Conservation 37: 191-200.

Easa, P.S. and Balakrishnan, M. (1983). Population ecology and management problems in the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. In Conservation in Developing Countries. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. 31 pp.

Sebastine, K.M. and Ramamurthy, K. (1966). Studies on the flora of Paramnbikulam and Aliyar submergible areas. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 8: 169-182.

Sugathan, R. (1981). A survey of Ceylon frogmouth (Batrachostomus moniliger) habitat in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 78: 309-315.

Vijayan, V.S. (1979). Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary and its adjacent areas. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75: 888-900.

Date March 1988

0216V l l l Name Peechi-Vazhani Sanctuary IUCN Management Category IV (ManagedNature Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest)

Geographical Location Situated in the Western Ghats in Trichur District, about 15km to the east of Trichur. 10°20'-10°56'N, 760051-76045'E

Date and History of Establishment Declared a sanctuary on 6 August 1958 (G.O. (MS) No. 871/58) Area 12,500ha. Contiguous to Chimmoni Sanctuary (10,500ha).

Land Tenure State government

Altitude Ranges from 50m to 928m. Physical Features The terrain is hilly and includes the catchment areas of the Peechi and Vazhani reservoirs. No further details are available and it is not clear whether or not both reservoirs lie within the sanctuary. Climate Annual temperatures generally range between 180C and 350C. Annual rainfall is 3260mm. The south-west monsoon lasts from June to August and the north-east monsoon from September to October. Vegetation Includes some degraded moist deciduous forest.

Fauna The sanctuary harbours few mammal species due to severe environmental degradation and disturbance. However, a number of ground-dwelling bird species are present, including peacock Pavo cristatus and grey jungle fowl Gallus sonneratii.

Cultural Heritage No information

Local Human Population There are densely-populated villages in the vicinity. No further details are available.

Visitors and Visitor Facilities Visitors number approximately 1,000 annually. The Peechi Gardens are the chief attraction and few people visit the sanctuary. (It is not clear whether the gardens are part of the sanctuary.)

Scientific Research and Facilities The Kerala Forest Research Institute has conducted some studies, but no details are available.

Conservation Value No information

Conservation Management There is no management plan. However, objectives include increasing mammal populations and protecting the catchment areas of the two dams. There is no system of zonation.

Management Constraints The sanctuary is highly degraded and I subject to heavy disturbance from the neighbouring villages. There is sometimes a shortage of water for wild animals.

Staff Staffing is inadequate.

Budget Rs 400,000.00 (1987-88)

Local Addresses

Divisional Forest Office, Collectorate Buildings, Ayyanthode, Tri chur

References

Based on information supplied by the Wildlife Wing, Kerala Forest Department (23 September 1987).

Date February 1988

0211V Name Silent Valley National Park ITJCNManagement Category II (National Park)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest)

| Geographical Location Situated in the Kundali Hills of the Western Ghats, at the south-western corner of the Nilgiri Hills in Palghat District. Mannarghat, the nearest town and location | of park headquarters, is 40km by road to the south. The park is bounded by Reserved Forest to the east, and the vested forests of Palghat Division and Nilambur Division to the south and the west, respectively. The northern boundary is largely contiguous to the Nilgiri Forests. 11004'-11013'N, 76024'-76°29'E

| Date and History of Establishment Originally declared a national park on 26 December 1980 (Notification No. 96731/FSB/80/AD) , but this excluded the site of a proposed hydro-electric project that I was subsequently dropped. The area to be submerged was included later within the national park on 30 March 1984 (Notification No. 5462/FS-AS/82/AD), and the entire Silent Valley area was renotified as a national park on 15 November 1984 (Notification No. 5462/FSA3/82/AD). The same area was originally constituted reserved land under Section 26 of the Forest Act in 1888 and subsequently notified as reserved forest by the Government of I Madras on 18 May 1914 (Notification No. 291) . The park is included as a core area within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve declared as per Letter No. J.22010/6/86/CSC of 1 September 1986 from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi. This biosphere reserve, has yet to be officially accepted by Unesco. I The Silent Valley Forests, locally known as 'SairandhrivanamI and considered by many to be one of the last representative tracts of virgin tropical evergreen forest in India, became the focus of India's perhaps fiercest and most widely-publicised environmental debate in the late 1970s, when the Kerala State Electricity Board decided to go ahead with a hydro-electric project in the valley (Anon., 1982; Agarwal et al., 1985). The project would generate 240MW of electricity and irrigate some 100,000ha of land in the relatively underdeveloped Palghat and Malappuram districts. It entailed the submergence of 830ha, including 500ha of prime tropical evergreen forest (Anon., 1982). I A task force of the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination, under Dr M S Swaminathan, the then Secretary of Agriculture of the Government of India, and several I non-governmental conservation organisations, including the Bombay Natural History Society, Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (Kerala Science and Literature Society) and the Indian Science Congress, urged the Government of Kerala to abandon the scheme but to no avail (Anon., 1982). The dispute became highly politicised and innumerable state and national organisations, as well as international organisations such as IUCN and WWF, became involved I in the 'Save Silent Valley' campaign (Variava, 1983; IUCN, 1986). In a bid to placate conservationists, the Government of Kerala created a national park in December 1980 which excluded the proposed project site from the area. In November 1983 the hydro-electric project was finally shelved and the present national park declared a year later, in deference to the weight of public opinion and the sentiments of the then Prime Minister, I Mrs Indira Gandhi. The Government of Kerala, however, refused to endorse the Joint Committee's findings (Agarwal et al., 1985). Further details about the park's establishment are summarised by | Unnikrishnan (1990).

Area 8,951.65ha. The park is contiguous to the proposed National Park (22,500ha) in the north and to (Nilgiri Tahr) Sanctuary (7,846ha) to the north-east in Tamil Nadu. 3 Land Tenure State Government of Kerala Altitude Ranges from 658m to 2,383m (Balakrishnan, 1984). Most of the park lies between 880m and 1,200m (Anon., n.d.). High peaks such as Anginda (2,383m), (2,206m) and Kozhipara (1,904m) occur in the northern part of the park. 3 Physical Features Silent Valley is a rectangular tableland enclosed by a high contiguous ridge along its northern and eastern borders and by a lower, irregular ridge along its western I and southern borders. It is flanked by steep escarpments to the south and west, which descend some 1,000m to the plains of Kerala, and by sheer cliffs to the north and east which rise a further 1,000m to the Upper Nilgiri Plateau. Kuntipuzha River * flows southwards through the entire 15km length of the park, dividing it into a narrow western sector of less than 2km and a wider eastern sector of 5km. The valley is drained by five main I tributaries of the Kuntipuzha which originate near the eastern border and flow westwards. Only a few minor streams drain into the Kuntipuzha from the western sector. The river is uniformly shallow, with no flood plains or meanders. Its bed falls from 1,861m to 900m over a distance of 12km, the last 8km being particularly level with a fall of only 60m. Kuntipuzha is one of the less torrential rivers of the Western Ghats, with a J pesticide-free catchment area. Soils are blackish and slightly acidic in evergreen forests where there is good accumulation of organic matter. The underlying rock in the area is granite with J schists and gneiss, which give rise to the loamy laterite soils on slopes (Anon., n.d., 1981, 1982; Unnikrishnan, 1989).

Climate Conditions vary greatly, becoming progressively wetter with increasing altitude and diminishing from west to east due to rainshadow effects. Prevailing winds are from the west and south-west in April-September and from the east in October-March. I Most rain (80%) falls during the south-west monsoon from June to September, and least in December and January. Rainfall is significant during the north-east monsoon, from October to November. Mean annual rainfall based on data for 1965-1973 is 3180mm, with a range of 2800-3450mm (Balakrishnan, 1984). This is considerably less than that of 5750mm, based on data for I b1958-1963 (Anon., 1981). Hills in the west of the park receive about 4550mm annually, and those in the east about 3200mm (Unnikrishnan, 1989). Mean annual temperature is 20.20C. Conditions are hottest in April and May, with a monthly mean of I up to 23.50C, and coolest in January and February with a monthly mean of about 180C. Relative humidity is consistently high from June to December, often about 95i (KFD, 1990). 3 Vegetation Four main types of vegetation can be recognised: tropical evergreen forest, which forms extensive dense stands along hills and valleys between 900m and 1300mm; sub-tropical hill forest between 1,500m and 2,000m; temperate forest, popularly referred to as 'sholas' and characterised by unrelated evergreen species with a dense closed canopy; and grasslands, which are restricted to the narrow sector west of the Kunthipuzha * and to the higher slopes and hill tops in the eastern sector. Associations characterised by predominant tree species are exceptional for tropical rain forests, but they are an unusual U feature of the forests of Silent Valley. Seven associations can be recognised: Palaquium ellipticum-Cullenia exarillata, Palaquium ellipticum-Mesua ferrea, Pallaquium ellipticum-Poeciloneuron indicum, Mesua-Calophyllum elatum, Mesua-Cullenia, Ochlandra- Calophyllum, and Ochlandra-Poeciloneuron (KFD, 1990; Unnikrishnan, 1989). Further details of the vegetation are given elsewhere (Singh, et al., 1984; Unnikrishnan, 1989).

The angiosperm flora comprises 966 species belonging to 134 families and 559 genera. Dicotydedons total 701 species, distributed among 113 families and 420 genera, and monocotyledons 265 species within 21 families and 139 genera. Families best represented are the Orchidaceae (with 108 species), Poaceae (56), I Fabaceae (55), Rubiaceae (49) and Asteraceae (45) (Manilal, 1988). Seven new plant species have been recorded from Silent Valley (Manilal, 1988), as well as many rare, endemic and economically valuable species, such as cardamom Ellettaria cardamomum, pepper Piper nigrum, yams Dioscorea spp., beans Phaseolus sp., a pest-resistant strain of rice (species unknown), I and 110 plant species of importance in Ayurvedic medicine (Nair et al., 1980). I Fauna Faunal diversity is very high and includes a number of endemic and threatened species. Many new species were recorded by the Zoological Survey of India during its expedition in 1980 (Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 1986) . These include 15 species of invertebrates, two (Holaloptera pillae and Garra menini) and two amphibians (the primitive caecilian Ichthyophis longicephalus and Malabar tree toad Nectophryne tuberculosa) Some 26 species of mammals, excluding bats, rodents and I insectivores, have been recorded (Balakrishnan, 1984). Notable species include Nilgiri leaf monkey Trachypithecus johnii (E), lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus (E), tiger Panthera tigris (E), leopard Panthera pardus (T), Jerdon's palm civet Paradoxurus I jerdoni (E), wild dog Cuon alpinus (V), Martes gwatkinsi (I), Asian elephant Elephas maximus (E), gaur Bos gaurus (V), and Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus hylocrius (V), some of which are endemic to the western Ghats. Estimates of large mammals populations are provided by Balakrishnan (1984). Six species of bats have been recorded, of which Peshwa's bat Myotis peshwa and hairy-winged bat Harpiocephalus harpia lasyurus are considered to be rare. l Kerala's avifauna is well represented within the park. Some 120 species of birds have been recorded (Jayson, 1990), a number of I which are endemic to the Western Ghats including the Nilgiri woodpigeon Columba elphinistonii (V).

Amphibians total 19 species, lizards 9 species and snakes 11 I species (KFD, 1990). Lepidoptera comprise about 100 species of butterflies and about 400 of moths, of which 13 are endemic to South India and now have very restricted distributions, mostly | within the western Ghats (Mathew, 1990).

Cultural Heritage Although the area is believed never to have been settled, even by hunter-gatherers (Anon., 1982; Variava, 1983), the Mudakar tribals are indigenous to the area (R. Whitaker, cited in Rahmani, 1980).

| Local Human Population There is no official record of any settlement in the area (Anon., 1982). Tribals live in the adjacent valley of Attappady Reserved Forest. The nearest habitation is a 200ha cardamom and coffee plantation in Panthanthodu Valley, 2km to the south-east of the park boundary. Five kilometres to the south-west are some settlements and rubber * estates, and there are more settlements to the north, including Kunhali Colony in the vested forests of Nilambur (Unnikrishnan, 1989). Visitors and Visitor Facilities Visitors are relatively few and number about 1,000 per year. Visitors may walk from Mukkali to the park, where there are about 80km of bridlepaths, but cannot stay there overnight. There are no visitor facilities at Mukkali, although an Inspection Bungalow is available for visiting officials. There are plans to establish an interpretation centre and dormitory accommodation at Mukkali (Unnikkrishnan, 1989). Scientific Research and Facilities A considerable amount of 3 research has been conducted in Silent Valley, including several environmental impact assessments which have been generated by the controversy over the hydro-electric project (Vijayan and Balakrishnan, 1977; Anon., 1981; Ramakrishnan and Singh, 1981; I Nair and Balasubramanyan, 1984). Vegetation studies include those of Singh et al. (1984), Chand Basha (1987) and Manilal et al., 1988). The flora has been examined by the Botanical Survey of India (Nair et al., 1980; Vohra et al., 1982) and Manilal (1988), and the fauna by the Zoological Survey of India (various papers in ZSI, 1986) . The ecology of the lion-tailed macaque has | been studied by Kumar (1987) and Anitha (1989), and a number of other ecological studies have been undertaken as part of a research programme carried out by the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI, 1990) . There-is a building at Sairandhri which is used by the Kerala Forest Research Institute for research purposes.

Conservation Value Silent Valley comprises one of the least disturbed extensive patches of tropical rain forest remaining in the Western Ghats. Tree diversity is high and comparable to the rain forests of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Ramakrishnan and Singh, 1981), but the presence of several distinct tree associations is an unusual feature, reflecting local differences in edaphic and other factors (Unnikrishnan, 1989). Together with 1* the adjacent Nilgiri Plateau and Karimpuzha forest block to the north, this constitutes some of the finest forested habitat for wildlife in India (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988) . A considerable number of rare, threatened or economically important plants or animals are found in Silent Valley, some of which are endemic to the Western Ghats and others new to science (Anon., 1982; Unnikrishnan, 1989; KFD, 1990). The Kuntipuzha is one of only I two rivers in the southern Western Ghats having extensive riparian vegetation and, with no record of permanent human settlement or interference in the form of plantations, is an I undisturbed, pesticide-free catchment area (Anon., 1982; Variava, 1983). Silent Valley is an ,integral part of the Nilgiri ecosystem, forming part of a 39,000ha forest tract in conjunction with Attappady (12,000ha), Kundas (10,000ha) and New Amurambalam (8,000ha) reserved forests (Anon., 1982; Variava, 1983). It is also one of the core areas of the 552,000ha Nilgiri Biosphere * Reserve.

Conservation Management The history of past management practices in Silent Valley is summarised by Unnikrishnan (1989) . Ownership X of Silent Valley has been at the disposal of the government since 1847, when 400ha of land in the upper reaches (i.e. Walakkad) were leased to private planters. This practice ceased in 1873 X and the Walakkad Estate was taken over by the government in 1889. Logging commenced in 1901-1902. Initially worked for selected species, such as Dysoxylum malabaricum, the selection felling 1 system was subsequently introduced in 1928 and regeneration encouraged by planting seeds of native species. Prescriptions for harvesting timber, as well as for conserving the area (though neglected), were detailed in working plans from 1933 onwards (e.g. Aiyar, 1935) . Due to the rugged terrain and limited accessibility, many forests of Silent Valley remained intact.

A Forest Division was constituted in 1985-1986 exclusively for i the management of the park. The park is managed according to prescriptions outlined in its first management plan (Unnikrishnan, 1989) . In view of its relatively small size, the I entire park is treated as a core zone, as well as a core of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, within which human influence is kept to a minimum. To this end, tourists are only allowed into peripheral areas of the park (KFD, 1990). It has been proposed in the management plan that the core should be extended to include New Amarambalam Reserved Forest, following the recommendations of the Wildlife Institute of India that Karimpuzha Valley (22,500ha) to the north be established as a protected area. Given that this valley is inhabited by forest-dependent tribes, sanctuary rather than national park status is more appropriate in the short-term (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988). Such proposals have already been submitted to the Kerala Government. I All land surrounding the park, except that to the south, falls within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and is managed as a buffer zone. The risk of fire during the dry season (January-monsoon) 3 is high on all but the eastern boundary of the park. Fire prevention measures include maintaining about 12okm of fire l

breaks, mostly inside and parallel to the park's western boundary, and stationing fire fighting squads in strategic positions. Other management initiatives include protection of soil from erosion along steep water courses and improvement of pastures for wild herbivores (Unnikrishnan, 1989). I Management Constraints Forest fires are a major hazard and account for 20% of the park having been degraded over the last few years. Preventative measures in recent years have helped to I reduce the incidence of fire outbreaks (Unnikrishnan, 1989). Some 500ha of forest has been cleared of its larger trees following the intial decision to implement the now abandoned hydro-electric project. Poaching continues to be a problem and minor forest products are collected by local people, both within the park and the adjacent forest estate (Unnikrishnan, 1989). I There is a significant amount of agricultural encroachment by relatively affluent persons in the headwaters of the park, a vital corridor linking up with Mukurthi (Nilgiri Tahr) Sanctuary to the north-east. Here, forest is habitually cleared and J cultivated for rubber, cardamom, pepper and other crops (A. Robertson, pers. comm., 1986). 3 Staff Wildlife warden and assistant wildlife warden, with a sanctioned protection staff comprising one deputy ranger, four foresters, eight forest guards and 27 reserve watchers. However, 19 reserve watchers have been diverted elsewhere since 1986 (Unnikrishnan, 1989). Budget Rs 5,600,000 (1987-1988)

Local Addresses

* Assistant Wildlife Warden, Silent Valley National Park, Camp Mukkali, via Mannarghat, Palghat District, Kerala (Tel: Kalkandi 25)

References

A comprehensive bibliography is given in the World Heritaae nomination dossier (KFD, 1990)

Agarwal, A. and Narain, S. (Eds) (1985) . The State of India's Environment 1984-1985. The Second Citizen's Report. Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. 393 pp.

| Aiyar, T.V.V. (1935). A working plan for the forests of the Palghat Division, 1933-34 to 1942-43. (Unseen)

| Anitha, S. (1989). Behavioural ecology of lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) in Silent Valley. M.S. thesis. Pondicherry University. 68 pp. (Unseen) I Anon. (n.d.). Report of the Task Force for the ecological planning of the Western Ghats. National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination. Government of India, New I Delhi. 20 pp.

l l I. Anon. (1981)- Flora and fauna of Silent Valley, Attappadi and Sabarigiri forests. Report of the Study Team appointed by the Government of Kerala. Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum. 108 pp.

Anon. (1982). Ecological aspects of the Silent Valley. Report of the Joint Committee. Department of the Environment, Government of India, New Delhi. 44 pp.

Balakrishnan, M. (1984). The larger mammals and their endangered habitats in the Silent Valley forests of South India. Biological Conservation 29: 277-286.

Chand Basha, S. (1987). Studies on the ecology of evergreen forests of Kerala with special reference to Silent Valley and Attappady (South India) . Ph.D. thesis, , Trivandrum. 232 pp.

IUCN (1986). A new development paradigm. IUCN Bulletin 17: 123.

Jayson, E.A. (1990). Community ecology of birds in Silent Valley. In: Ecological studies and long-term monitoring of biological processes in Silent Valley National Park. Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report. Pp. 55-107.

KFD (1990). Silent Valley National Park. Nomination dossier for World Heritage List. Kerala Forest Department, Trivandrum. 66 pp.

KFRI (1990). Ecological studies and long-term monitoring of biological processes in Silent Valley National Park. Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report.

Kumar, A. (1987). The ecology and population dynamics of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) in South India. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 174 pp.

Manilal, K.S. (1988) . Flora of Silent Valley tropical of India. The Mathrubhumi (MM) Press, Calicut. 398 pp.

Manilal, K.S., Kandya, A.K. and Sabu, T. (1988). Phytosociological studies on the Silent Valley Forests, Kerala. Journal of Tropical Forests 4: 362-379.

Mathew, G. (1990). Studies on the lepidopteran fauna of Silent Valley. In: Ecological studies and long-term monitoring of biological processes in Silent Valley National Park. Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report. Pp. 13-53. Nair, P.V. and Balasubramanyan, K. (1984). Long-term environmental and ecological impacts of multipurpose river valley projects. Wildlife studies in Idukki, Periyar and Silent Valley. Kerala Forest Research Institute Report No. 26. 75 pp.

Nair, V.C., Vajravelu, E., Bhargavan, P. (1980). Preliminary report on the botany of Silent Valley (Palghat District, Kerala) Botanical Survey of India, . (Unseen) Wildlife Warden, Aralam Sanctuary, Sultan's Battery, Wynad * ~~District,cr Divisional Forest Officer, Tellicherry, Cannanore I District

References

This account is based on information supplied by the Wildlife Wing, Kerala Forest Department (23 September 1987).

* Date February 1988

1538V I l l 3 l l l I l Rahmani, A.R. (1980). Silent Valley: India's last tropical rainforest. Tigerpaper 7(1): 17-19.

Ramakrishnan, P.S. and Singh, J.S. (1981). The Silent Valley forest ecosystem and possible impact of proposed hydroelectric project. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Saxena, A.K. and Rawat, Y.S. (1984). 3 The forest vegetation of Silent Valley, India. In: Chadwick, A.C. and Sutton, S.L. (Eds), Tropical rain-forest. The Leeds Symposium. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds. Pp. 25-52.

Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Saxena, A.K. and Rawat, Y.S. (1984). India's Silent Valley and its threatened rain forest ecosystems. Environmental Conservation 11: 223-233. (Unseen)

Unnikrishnan, P.N. (1989). Silent Valley National Park Management Plan 1990.91-99.2000. Silent Valley National Park Division, Mannarghat. 83 pp.

Variava, D. (1983). Silent Valley: a case study in environmental education. Paper presented at Bombay Natural Histcry Society Centenary Symposium, Powai, Bombay. 12 pp.

Vijayan, V.S. and Balakrishnan, M. (1977). Impact of hydroelectric project on wildlife. Report of the first phase of study. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. 111 pp. I Vohra, J.N., Roychowdhury, K.N., Ghosh, R.K., Kar, B.D. and Singh, K.P. (1982). Observations on the cryptogamic flora of Silent Valley. In: Botanical Studies on Silent Valley. Part 1. I Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. Pp. 1-40. ZSI (1986). Records of the Zoological Survey of India 84(1-4). I Date March 1988, reviewed March 1991 l

I Name Aralam Sanctuary IUCN Management Category IV (ManagedNature Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest) Geographical Location Situated in Odanthodu, Malavaram and reserve forests of the Western Ghats in Tellicherry Taluk, Cannanore District. It is easily accessible by road from Cannanore, some 30km to the south-west. 120?-12007'N, 75037'-75043'E

Date and History of Establishment Declared a sanctuary on 15 Oqtober 1984 (G.O.(P) 300/84/AD and SRO 1376/84). Area 5,500ha

Land Tenure State government

Altitude Ranges from about 100m to 400m.

Physical Features No information

Climate Annual temperatures range from 21°C to 380C. The south-west monsoon generally lasts from May/June to August, and the north-east monsoon from September to November. Arnual rainfall ranges from 3700mm to 3900mm.

Vegetation Tropical wet evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forest types are represented.

Fauna Mammal species include elephant Elephas maximus (B), leopard Panthera pardus (V), sarnbar Cervus unicolor, Indian spotted chevrotain Tragulus meminna and wild boar Sus scrofa. There is diverse bird and reptile fauna.

Cultural Heritage No information

Local Human Population No information

Visitors and Visitor Facilities Visitors generally number less than 300 per year. No information is available on facilities.

Scientific Research and Facilities None

Conservation Value No information

Conservation Management There is no management plan.

Management Constraints Fire and human disturbance are problems in certain areas.

Staff Staffing is totally inadequate.

Budget Rs 800,000.00 (1987-88), which includes central government financing Local Addresses I

with shallow hard soil, flat floor and low rainfall; and tropical moist mixed deciduous forest in the western part.

Scrub is characterised by stunted tree growth in areas of shallow hard soil with almost no humus. Shorea talura, sandal Santalum I album, Terminalia chebula, Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Acacia leucophloea, A. catechu, Stereospermum chelonoides, Zizyphus spp., Diospyros melanoxylon and Diospyros montana are predominant.

Tropical dry deciduous forest comprises a top canopy of Anogreissus latifolia, Tectona grandis, Terminalia tomentosa, * T. belerica, T. chebula, T. paniculata, Pterocarpus marsupium, Dalbergia latifolia, D. paniculata, Grewia tillaefolia, Salmalia malabarica, Gmelina arborea, Albizzia odoratissima, Coreya I arborea, Schleichera trijuga, Odina wodier, Stereospernum chelonoides, S. xylocarpum, Schrebera swietenoides, Butea rmonosperma, Emblica officinalis, Lagerstroemia parviflora and I Gardenia spp., and a lower canopy of Vangueria spinosa, Randia dumetorum, R. uliginosa, Wrightia tinctoria, Zizyphus jujuba, Z. xylocarpus, Santalum album, Kydia calycina, Bridelia retusa, Shorea talura and Cassia fistula. Undergrowth is mainly grasses and Lantana sp.

Tropical moist mixed deciduous forest, the most valuable forest I of the state, used to feature extensive stands of bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea and Dendrocalamus strictus), much of which died off after flowering. Top canopy species include: Tectona grandis, Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Terminalia tomentosa, T. belerica, U Dalbergia latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Salmolia malabarica, Adina cardifolia, Grewas tilaefolia, Anogeissus latifolia, Stereospermum zylocarpum, Schleichera oleora, Albizzia docrotissima, Odina wodier, infectoria and other species of Ficus. The lower canopy consists of Ermbilica officinalis, Mallotus philippinensis, Kydia calycina, Butea monosperma, Zizyphus xylocarpus, Vangueria spinosa, Grewia tiliaefolia, Gmelina arborea, Bridelia retusa, Bauhinia racemosa, Cassia fistula, Cordia myxa and Randia dumetonum. The undergrowt-h 1 comprises Kydia calycina young growth, Solanum ferox, S. indicum, Helicteris isora, Hemidesmus indicus, Holarrhena antidysentrica, Lantana camara, Eupatorium dermodium sp., Fleminga sp., Veronia sp., and Grewia hirsuta (Neginhal, 1974).

Fauna The park is very rich in wildlife. Two species of primate are present: common langur Presbytis entellus and bonnet 1 macaque Macaca radiata. Among the larger carnivores are tiger Panthera tigris (E), leopard Panthera pardus (T), wild dog Cuon alpinus (V), jungle cat Felis chaus and sloth bear Melursus ursinus (I). Less common are striped hyena Hyaena hyaena and jackal Canis aureus. Large herbivores include Indian elephant Elephas maximus (E), of which there are approximately 700-800 animals (Salim et al., 1985), mouse deer Tragulus meminnia, Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak, spotted deer Cervus axis, sambar C. unicolor, four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis, gaur Dos gaurus (V), and wild boar Sus scrofa. Indian porcupine Hystrix indica and Indian hare Lepus nigricollis are present. Reptiles include mugger crocodile Crocodylus palustris (V) in the Nugu River and python Python molurus (V). Name IUCN Management Category II (National Park)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest) | Geographical Location Situated 80km from City in Mysore District, on the border with Kerala to the south and Tamil Nadu to the west. The national park lies at the heart of an extensive | forest at the confluence of the Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills. 11°20'-11°40'N, 76°20'-76°32'E

Date and History of Establishment Created a national park in 1974. Originally established as a sanctuary in the early 1930s with an area of 6,000ha. The sanctuary was elevated in status and enlarged to 80,300ha in 1941 and renamed Venugopal Wildlife Park after a temple. The national park is included in the proposed Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (Basappanarar, 1983, 1985; Rodgers and Panwar, 1988; Sestiadti, 1986).

Area 87,400ha, comprising a wilderness zone of 33,500ha, buffer zone of 43,400ha, tourism zone of 10,500ha and an administration zone of lOOha. Initially in 1974, the tiger reserve comprised 69,000ha of the national park; the remaining 18,400ha of the park came under Project Tiger in 1984. The park Is contiguous to (57,200ha), Mudumalai Sanctuary (32,100ha) and Wynad Sanctuary (34,400ha) (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988; Neginhal, 1974).

Land Tenure State

Altitude Ranges from 780m to 1,455m, at the top of Copalswamy Betta (Basappanavar, 1985).

Physical Features The terrain is undulating and broken by chains of hills, flat-topped hillocks and water-courses. The reserve I is drained by the Kubini, Nugu and Moyar rivers and by the Bavali, Moolehole, Kekkanalla, and Marandi streams. The River Moyar has cut a picturesque gorge, known as Mysore Ditch, which is 260m deep (Neginhal, 1974) . Underlying rocks are mainly metamorphic: gneiss, quartzite, mica, and hornblende schists are generally widespread. Igneous intrusions of granite and * charnokite appear as out crops at high levels and in the beds of water courses (Neginhal, 1974). The soil is usually a mixture of red laterites and black cotton soil, but the latter does not show a higher concentration of salt. In some places sandstones, semi-quartzites and shales are present (Jain and Sastry, 1983).

Climate Cold, dry and wet seasons are distinguished. The cold season lasts from November to mid-February, and is followed by I a dry season lasting until June. The wet season starts mid-June, though heavy pre-monsoon showers fall in April and May. Temperatures range between 18-24 0 C in November and 21-331C in June (Sestiadti, 1986; Neginhal, 1973).

Vegetation Three main types of vegetation are evident: scrub, | in the eastern most portion; tropical dry deciduous forest, which occurs in the central portion, in areas of poor site quality, l innoculated against rinderpest, similar preventitative measures have not been taken against foot and mouth disease. Poaching and I fires are continual problems. Staff Field director, deputy director, assistant conservator of forests, six park rangers, 17 foresters, 86 park guards and seven park watchers. In addition six anti-poaching and two anti-smuggling squads (eight to ten men per squad).

| Budget No information.

Local Addresses

Field Director, Bandipur Tiger Reserve, Government House Complex, Mysore

References

Basappanavar, C.H. (1983). Bandipur National Park. A paradise regained in tiger country. Paper presented at Bombay Natural History Society Centenary Symposium, Bombay. 19 pp.

Basappanavar, C.H. (1985) . Twelve years of Project Tiger in Bandipur National Park. Unpublished report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. 12 pp.

Gadgil, M. (1974). Wildlife Ecology Research Project, Bandipur National Park. Report for the period May-November, 1974. Centre for Theoretical Studies, India Institute of Science, .

Jain, S.K., and Sastry, A.R.K. (1983). Botany of some tiger habitats in India. Botanical Survey c India, Howrah. 71 pp.

Johnsingh, A.J.T. (1983). Large mammalian prey-predators in Bandipur. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 80: 1-57.

Johnsingh, A.J.T. (1984). : dog of the Indian jungle. Sanctuary 4: 234-243.

Nair, S.S.C., Nair, P.V., Sharatchandra,H.C., and Gadgil, M. (1977). An ecological recconaisance of the proposed Jawahar National Park. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 74: 401-435 .

Neginhal, S.G. (1974) . Project Tiger. Management plan of the * Bandipur Tiger Reserve. State. 142 pp.

Rodgers, W.A., and Panwar, H.S. (1988). Planning a wildlife I protected area network in India. Volumes I and II. Department of the Environment. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. 341 pp and 267 pp. I Salim, A., Daniel, J.C., Sivangenesan, N., and Desai, A.A. (1985). Study of ecology of certain endangered species of wildlife and their habitats. The Asian Elephant. Annual report 1984-B5. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. I

Over 180 bird species have been recorded, including peafowl Pavo cristatus and grey jungle-fowl Gallus sonneratii. These are listed in Neginhal (1974). Other details are given by Sharatchandra (1975), and Johnsingh (1983, 1984).

Cultural Heritage The national park features many of the water tanks characteristic of this region, and also derelict temples and villages. There is an old fort and a famous ancient temple on Gopalswamy Betta, suggesting large-scale cultivation and occupation in the past.

Local Human Population Details of villages in and around the park, including size and ethnic origins are given by Neginhal (1974). There are 27 villages within 3km of the national park, all of which have a detrimental effect, another two villages were moved out of the park in 1976. The more common tribes are Kurubas, Solagas and Pariwars. The main source of livelihood is agriculture. Crops raised are rice paddy, sugarcane, jowar, ragi, kuvali, bengalam, groundnut, til and turdal. Kurumbas, shifting cultivators, have been relocated by the Government. Six cattlecamps were removed from within the park in 1976 (Basappanavar, 1976), however, cattle from the villages graze upto the border of the park (Neginhal, 1974). Visitors and Visitor Facilities The national park received some 30,000 visitors per year in the early 1980s, about one third of which were foreigners. Some 84 beds in various cottages and dormitories are available for tourists. In addition there are 9 forest lodges for use by inspecting officers. There is an information centre at Bandipur camp, with a children's library, and a guide service is available (Basappanavar, 1985).

Scientific Research and Facilities Much work on the wildlife of the park been done by the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, Dr Gadgil (1974) and A.J.T. Johnsingh (1983), who completed a long-term study of wild dog (1984). An ecological reconnaissance by Nair et al., (1978) refered to the formation of the Jawahar National Park, especially in context to elephant habitat, and also research under the project tiger scheme, 'Operation Census' of elephants was carried out in the park on the 30th April, 1983 (Basappanavar, 1983). ConservationValue No information

Conservation Management The national park contains the entire area of the tiger reserve and will be split into; core, manipulation tourism and restoration zones, on formation of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The management plan provides for a wilderness or core zone, which is protected, buffer zones, in which wildlife-oriented forestry practices are permitted, tourist zone for the development of wildlife tourism, and an administration zone for park offices and visitor accommodation. An immediate objective detailed in the plan is to stop grazing (Neginhal, 1974). Management Constraints Cattle belonging to people relocated under the Kabini Reservoir scheme are damaging forests adjoining the national park. Although cattle from nearby villages are I Il

Name Mudumalai Sanctuary

IUCN Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest)

| Geographical Location The sanctuary lies on the northern and north-western side of the Nilgiri (Blue Mountains), about 80km north-west of Coimbatore in the extreme north-western corner of Tamil Nadu, on the interstate boundaries with Karnataka and Kerala. The northern boundary follows the state border (Sharma et al., 1978). 11°32'-11 043'N, 76 0 22'-76 0 45'E

I Date and History of Establishment Created in 1940 to become the first sanctuary in southern India (Sestiadti, 1986). Proposals have been made to designate part of the sanctuary as a national I park, enlarge it and create a migratory corridor linking the sanctuary with Sigur and Anaikatti reserve forests (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988). The site is included in the proposed Nilgiri I Biosphere Reserve (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986).

Area 32,100ha. Originally 6,OOGha, the sanctuary wa- enlarged to 29,500ha in 1956 and subsequently to its present size. * Proposals exist and designate 2G,000ha as a national park, to extend the sanctuary by 5,000ha and to create a 20,000ha migratory corridor. The area is contiguous with Eandipur National Park (87,400ha), Wynad Sanctuary (34,400ha), Sigur and Singara reserve forests (Rodgers and Panwar, 198X).

Land Tenure State

Altitude Ranges from 350m to 1266m at Markundarai Betta (Sharma et al., 1978).

Physical Features The terrain of this tract of the Nilgiri is extremely varied, with hills, valleys, ravines, flats, water I courses and swamps. Many streams drain the area, the pr-ncipal ones being: Moyar, which flows along the borders of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka; Benne Hole, draining the western part of the sanctuary; and Siden Halla, which flows into the Moyar. The Moyar is the most importance source of water in the sanctuary, since most of the other streams dry up in early June. Rocks are typical archaean biotite and hornblende gneiss, with intensive I bands of charnokite and much younger biotite-granite, pegm~atite and basic doleric dykes. Two kinds of soil, namely black sandy loam and red heavy loam, can be distinguished. The red soil is I confined to the southern part of the sanctuary (Sharma et al., 1978).

Climate Conditions are warmer than elsewhere in Nilgiri District. April, May and June are the hottest months, and December and January the coldest. Mean annual rainfall is about 1420mm. The western side receives more rainfall than the eastern during the south-west monsoon (June-September). In the eastern side, most of the rain falls during the north-east monsoon (October-December) (Sharma et al., 1978).

Vegetation There are three main types of forest: tropical moist l Sestiadti, B. (1986). Indian wildlife and wildlife reserves. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.

Sharatchandra, H.C., and Gadgil, M., (1975). A year of Bandipur. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72: 623-646. Date November 1988 0556V l

l l a l l l l l l Cultural Heritage There are several Kurumba and Irula tribal settlements and some Chetty cultivations of wyals (swamp) in forested tracts of Nilgiri Wynad (MAP, 1980).

Local Human Population In 1985 there were 12 villages within the sanctuary, occupying a total of 260ha of patta land and surrounded by moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forest (Salim et al., 1985). Much of the sanctuary is exploited for forest produce. There are 10,000-20,000 cattle in Masinagudi and Moyar areas (Salim et al., 1985). Visitors and Visitor Facilities Accommodation includes a forest rest house and guest houses at Masinagudi, and guest houses at Kargudi, Abhayaranyam and Theppakkadu. The nearest airport is at Coimbatore (84km) and the closest railhead at Udhagamandalam (64km) (Sestiadti, 1986).

Scientific Research and Facilities The earliest plant collections were made by Beddome et al. (1956) for the Botanical Survey of India. More recent ecological studies were carried out between 1970 and 1973 by Sharma et al. (1978). Resarch on bonnet rmacaqnuewas carried out from 1981 to 1982 by Sahi (1985).

Conservation Value No information

Conservation Management Mudumalai is an important part of the Nagarhole-Bandipur-Mudumulai complex, which is rich in wildlife and forms part of the proposed Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Salim et al. (1985) suggested that steps should be taken to reduce the numbers of cattle in the sanctuary and to relocate residents elsewhere. The sanctuary is split into a wilderness zone, sanctum sanctorum, optimum forestry or integrated zone, intensive I development or tourism zone, administrative zone, buffer zone and experimental zone (Joseph, n.d.).

Management Constraints Some areas, especially Masinagudi and Moyar, are highly degraded from human impact and overgrazing by cattle. Cattle also disturb elephants, compete with wildlife for pasture and introduce diseases, such as rinderpest, which reduced the gaur population in 1968 (Nair et al., 1978; Salim et al., 1985; Indian Wildlife, 1987). Timber extraction includes both selective and clear felling, the latter damaging forests (Jami 3 et al., 1983). Staff Wildlife warden, forest veternary officer, five range 3 officers, nine foresters, 21 forest guards and 28 reserve | ~~watchers

Budget No information Local Addresses

Wildlife Warden, Mudumalai Sanctuary, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu References

Israel, S. and Sinclair, T. (Eds) (1987). Indian Wildlife, , Nepal. APA Productions, Hong Kong. 363 pp. l l deciduous, tropical dry deciduous and southern tropical thorn. In certain places mixed vegetation types are present. Tropical I moist deciduous forest occurs in the western Benne Block, where rainfall is higher than in the other blocks. Bambusa arundinacea is a characteristic associate. Prominent tree speces are: Terminalia tomentosa, T. bellerica, Schleichera oleosa, Butea monosperma, Linociera malabarica, Scherbera swietenoides and Pterocarpus marsupium. Evergreen shrubs include Toona ciliata, Euodia lunuankenda, Glochidion velutinum and Viburnum punctatum. I The undergrowth consists of Antidesma diandrum, Clerodendrum servatum, C. viscosum, Desmodium pulchellum, Flemingia strobilifera, F. wightiana and Callicarpa tomentosa. Tropical dry deciduous forest is confined to the eastern side but merges into thorn forest, where rainfall is lowest. Common tree species include Anogeissus latifolia, Buchanania lanzan, Tectona grandis, Diospyros montana, Semecarpus anacardium, Givotia rottleriformis, Lannea coromandeliana, Dalbergia latifolia, Bombax ceiba, Madhuca indica, Gmelina arborea, Mitragyna parvifolia and Wrightia tinctoria. Southern tropical thorn I forest, also known as scrub jungle, occurs in parts of Avarihalla, Moyar and Bokkapuram blocks. Thorny and fleshy species, both of which are xerophytic adaptations, are I charteristic of this vegetation type. Acacia chundra and A. leucophloca are dominant; associates include Albizzia amara, Canthium parviflorum, Xeromphis spinsosa, Zizyphus oenoplia, Capparis grandiflora, C. sepiaria, Barleria buxifolia, J B. mysorensis and B. prionitis. Narrow belts of riverine vegetation occur along stream banks, notably the Moyar. Prominent species are Linociera malabarica, Salix tetrasperma, I Bischofia javanica, Terminalia arjuna, Vitex altissima, Diospyros peregrina, D. assimilis, Drypetes roxiburghii, Memecylon edule and Mallotus muricatus (Sharma et al., 1978; Jaim et al., 1983). There are teak plantations, particularly in Benne Block, and a eucalyptus plantation in the Masinagudi area. Bamboo plantations, for rayon mills in Kerala, have also gained in importance (Jain et al., 1983).

Fauna are langur Presbytis entellus and bonnet macaque Macaca radiata. Tiger Panthera tiaris (E) is widespread, whereas I leopard P. pardus (T) is most often seen in the Kargudi area. Other carnivores include wild dog Cuon alpinus (V), which is common, especially in Masinagudi and Theppakkadu blocks, striped * hyena Hyaena hyaena, jackal Canis aureus and sloth bear Melursus ursinus (I). The elephant Elephas maximus (E) population totals 300-400 animals (Salim et al., 1985). Ungulates include small numbers of gaur Bos gaurus (V), sambar Cervus unicolor, spotted I deer C. axis, Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak, mouse deer Tragulus meminna, which is ubiquitous, and wild boar Sus scrofa. Rodents include giant squirrel Ratufa indica maxima and flying squirrel Petaurista petaurista.

Bird life is rich. Regional endemics include Malabar trogon Harpactes fasciatus and Tockus griseus. I Predatory birds include crested hawk-eagle Spizaetus cirrhatus and crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela. Of the reptiles, monitor lizard Varanus bengalensis is the most regularly observed species (Nair, 1978; Israel and Sinclair, 1987).

l pce l

Jain, S.K. and Sastry, A.R.K. (1983). Botany of some tiger habitats in India. Botanical survey of India, Department of Environment, Government of India. 71 pp.

Joseph, S. John. (n.d.). Management plan for Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary.

MA1 (1980). The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. 15 pp.

Nair, S.S.C., Nair P.V., Skaratchandra, H.C. and Gadgil, M. (1978). An ecological reconnaissance of the proposed Jawakar National Park. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 74: 401-435.

Rodgers, W.A. and Panwar, H.S. (1988). Planning a wildlife protected area network in India. Volumes I and II. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. 341 pp. and 267 pp.

Sahi, D.N., (1985). Eco-ethological studies on Macaca radiata at Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, South India. Tigerpaper 12(4): 29-32.

Salim, A., Daniel, J.C., Sivanganesan, B. and Desai, A.A. (1985). Study of ecology of certain endangered species of wildlife and their habitats. The Asian Elephant. Annual Report 1984-85. Bornbay Natural History Society, Bonbay. 65 pp

Sestiadti, B. (1986). Mudumalai Sanctuary. India's wildlife and wildlife reserves. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.

Sharma, B.D., Shetty, B.V., Virekananthan, K. and Rathakrishnan, N.C. (1978). Flora of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75: 13-42. Date October 1981, reviewed November 1988 0196V

l l l l l

Name Anaimallai Wildlife Sanctuary

IUCN Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.1.1 (Malabar Rainforest)

X Geographical Location Tamil Nadu

10°N LONGITUDE 76 0E

Date and History of Establishment January 1972

Area 95,860ha

Land Tenure Government

I Altitude No information

Physical Features Valleys and hills ranging in altitude from 200-2,000m. These hills form the catchment of many streams. Includes Mavadappu Plateau (2, O0Oha at an elevation of 500-700m).

Climate No information

Vegetation The forests are noted for their valuable timber trees including teak and rosewood. Sleepers are made for the railways * from Hopea parviflora, Mesua ferrea, Calophyllum tomentosum, Vateria indica, Cullenia excelsa and Mangif era indica. Softwoods include Machilus macrantha, Alstonia scholaris, Evodia I meliaefolia, Ailanthus and Malabaricum. Wood for making pulp is procured from Eucalyptus hybrid and Eucalyptus grandis. Minor forest produce is collected from , reeds, soapnuts, canes, gums, lemon grass, wild cardamom, honey and amla. In addition to the economically useful plants listed, some rare orchids are found and the sanctuary is the only home of the South Indian species of conifer, Podocarpus wallichianus.

Fauna Elephant Elephas maxi-nus, sloth bear Melursus ursinus, wild dog Cuon alpinus, bison Bos gaurus, Axis axis, I chevrotain Tragulus meminna, Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus hylocrius, Nilgiri langur Presbytis johni and lionitailed macacque Macaca silenus. Marsh crocodile Crocodylus palustris (V) are also found in the sanctuary. There is rich birdlife including the Malabar pied hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus and imperial pigeon Ducula badia.

| Cultural Heritage No information

Local Human Population No information

Visitors and Visitor Facilities No information

Scientific Research and Facilities Acts as a field laboratory for research projects of the Zoological Survey of India. During 1977 a Japanese research scholar studied the chevrotain. Dr H.R. Bustard has selected the area for a study of the marsh crodile. I It is also a study camp for the Indian Forest College, Southern Forest Rangers' College and Tamil Nadu Forestry Training School. l Conservation Value No information

Conservation Management Under Wildlife Protection Act of 1972

Management Constraints The main conservation problem is the creation of the various hydel projects and agricultural irrigation schemes.

Staff Senior Deputy Conservator of Forests appointed as Wildlife Warden. The Wildlife Warden is assisted by five territorial rangers and two wildlife rangers for supervising development * works.

Budget During 1978-79 an expenditure of Rs. 553,622 was incurred for construction of buildings, metalling and black topping roads.

* Local Addresses 3 Managed by the Deputy Conservator of Forests and eight foresters and range officers. 3 References None listed

| Date No information

I l I l I l 1 Name Proposed Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

IUCN Management Category Proposed as a biosphere reserve, many I individual protected areas Biogeographical Province 4.01.01. (Malabar Rainforest)

Geographical Location Lies in the Nilgiri Hills and adjoining Western Ghats of Peninsular India, at the junction of the I Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu borders. It streches from Coorg Wynad Plateau just east of , south. to the Attapadi-Siruvani hills at the northern edge of the Palghat Gap, and eastward to the Talamalai-Hasanur Plateau of the Eastern Ghats. Mysore is about 50km from the north-western limb of the reserve, Coimbatore lOkm from the northern extremity and Calicut 50km from the western boundary (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986) 10°45'-12°215'N, 76°0'-77°15E

Date and History of Establishment The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is in the process of being established although it has not yet been officially designated as such under the Unesco MAB programme. The proposed biosphere reserve consists of a number of protected areas: Bandipur National Park (1974), Nagarhole National Park (1974), Silent Valley National Park (1980), Mudumalai Sanctuary (1940), Nilgiri Tahr Sanctuary (?), Wynad Sanctuary (1973).

Much of the area has a long history of protection, with large tracts remaining relatively intact due to the inaccessibility of I the forested mountains and administered as hunting reserves for Indian Royalty. Work pertainina to the proposed reserve was prepared in 1980 by the Indian Institute of Science, in consultation with the concerned government authorities. This was followed by a workshop on Conservation of Biological Diversity in March 1982 at the Indian Institute of Science. The reserve w as proposed in August 1984, and its establishment was agreed at 3Ia meeting of the three state governments. In order to demarcate the boundaries of the proposed biosphere reserve, a committee was constituted with representatives from the governing states, Indian Institute of Science, Kerala Forest Research Institute and Centre for Wildlife Studies. Research work has already begun (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986).

List of forest reserves within the area of the proposed Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, a number of which occur in existing protected areas (Anon., 1983): Ainurmagudi, Arakeri, Attapadi Valley, Avarhalla, Bandipur, Beerambadi, Begur, Benne, Bolampatti, Chelnayar, Edakode, Hotgot, Jakkanare, Kachuvanhalli, Kakankote, Kaniyanpura, Kattikulam, Kumbarkolli, Kunda, Kundrekode, Kurchiyat, Maranhalaa, Melkunda, Metkuppe, Moyar, Murkurti, Muthikulam, Nalkeri, New Amarambalam, Nilambur Vested Forest, Nilgiri East Slopes, Nilgiri Peak, Nulpuzha, Porthmund, Rampur, Sigur, Taishola, Talamalai, Tittimati.

Area 552,000ha, comprising a core zone of 124,000ha, manipulation forest zone of 323,900ha, tourist zone of 33,500ha and restoration zone of 70,000ha (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986; Sukumar, 1987). Sizes of individual protected areas within the l proposed biosphere reserve are: Bandipur National Park (87,400ha), Nagarhole National Park (57,200ha), Silent Valley National Park (8,951ha), Mudumalai Sanctuary (32,100ha), Nilgiri Tahr Sanctuary (7,864ha), Wynad Sanctuary (34,400ha). 5 Land Tenure Land is state-owned within existing protected areas. Altitude Ranges from 250m in the Coimbatore and Calicut to 2,545m in the Upper Nilgiris, but the highest peak (2,636m) is outside the biosphere reserve.

Physical Features The topography is extremely varied. To the north of the Upper Nilgiris are the Wynad, Mysore, Sigur and Talamalai plateaux with associated hills at a general altitude of 700m to 1,000m. On the west, the slopes constituting the Nilambur, New Amarabalam and Silent Valley descend to 250m in the I Calicut Plains. To the south the Attapadi Plateau, Siruvani and Bolampatti hills show their own diverse topography from 1800m down to 250m in the Coimbatore Plain. Geologically the entire I region is made up of metamorphic Archean (pre-Cambrian) rocks, mainly gneisses, charnokites and schists. The region is drained both to the west and east. On the west, relatively short, swiftly flowing streams drain into the , Kunthipuzha and Kariyar rivers. The eastern portion is drained by the tributaries of the Kabbinim Mayar and Bharani rivers, which ultimately flow into Cauvery River (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986).

Climate There are three main climatic regimes: (1) warm and wet tropical, below 1400m, in the lower Coonoor-Ghat, south-eastern I slopes, Malabar Plains, and western parts of the Mysore Plateau; (2) warm and dry tropical, below 1400m, in the Coimbatore Plains and eastern Mysore Plateau; (3) cold and wet tropica-, above 1400m, in the upper Coonoor Ghat, Kundak Range and Doddabetta Range. The region is subject to the influence of both south-west and north-east monsoons. On the western exposed porticns of the Upper Nilgiris mean annual rainfall exceeds 5000mm. A maximum of 6330 mm has been recorded on Murkurti Ridge at 2,545m, while in the sheltered Moyar Valley, only 40km away, it is less than 500mm. Mean monthly daily temperatures reach a minimum of 2 0 C (February) at Karakundral and 37.1cC (July) at Bhavanisagar. Absolute minimum and maximum temperatures are -6.7 0 C and 41.1 0C, respectively, for both these stations (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986; Anon., 1986).

Vegetation Vegetation types range from wet evergreen forest to dry thorn forest. (1) Tropical wet evergreen forest occurs up I to an altitude of 1500m along western slopes where annual rainfall exceeds 2000mm. This is characteristic of Nilambur Kovilakam, New Amarambalam, Silent Valley and parts of Attapadi. Among dominant trees the common association is the Dipterocarpus-Mesua-Palaquim series. Common trees include D. indicus, M. Ferrea, P. ellipticum, Artocarpus hirsuta, Bischofia javanica, Garcinia indica, Hopea parviflora, * H. Wightiana, Kingiodendron pinnatum, Michelia nilagirica, Pterospermum reticulatum, Sysygium gardneri, Diospyros spp. and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Due to the closed canopy the ground is usually devoid of grass. (2) Tropical montane evergreen -grassland vegetation occurs above 1,500m over the greater l l part of the Upper Nilgiri Plateau and the higher reaches of the Siruvani Hills. Shola forests are restricted to the valleys or folds in the hills, while surrounding hill slopes are covered with grass. Principal trees in the forest include Cinnamomum wighti, Elaeocarpus spp., Gordonia obtusa, Meliorma spp., Liquortrum voxburghii, Litroea spp., Schefflera spp., Symplocos U spp. and Syzygium arnottianum. Undergrowth contains members of Rubiaceae and Acanthaceae, especially Strobilanthes. Grassland contains species from the genera Cymbopogon, Themeda, Eragrostis, I Bothriochloa and Tripogon. (3) Tropical semi-evergreen forest, transition between evergreen and moist deciduous types, is found both along lower western slopes and below the montane shola vegetation of northern slopes. Vitex altissima, Persea macrantha, Holigarna arnottiana, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Pombax ceiba, Trewia nudiflora, and Caryota urens are present as well as an element of the evergreen forest. Common deciduous trees I include Lagerstroemia lanceolata and xylia xylocarpa. (4) Tropical moist deciduous forest is best represented in the Wynad Plateau. Principal trees are Lagerstroemia lanceolata, I Terminolia tomentosa, Dalbergia latifolia, Schleichera aleosa, Xylia xylocarpa, Kydia calycina and Tectona grandis. The lower storey may contain clumps of Bambusa arundinacea with tall 3 grasses (Themeda spp. and Cymbopogon spp.) at ground level. (5) Tropical dry deciduous forest dominates the Mysore Plateau, Talamalai Plateau and a large portion of the Nilgiri rainshadow slopes. Anogeissus latifolia is usually dominant due to frequent I fires. Other trees include Tectona grandis, Terminalia tomentosa, T. chebula, Albizzia odoratissima, Grewia tiliaefolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Chloroxylon swietenia and Adina I cordifolia. Dendrocalamus strictus is the common bamboo of dry forests. The ground layer is dominated by species of the grasses Themeda, Cymbogon, Imperata and Heteropogon. In many areas a modified scrub thicket of Acacia spp. and Lantana spp. is I present, with only short grasses. (6) Tropical dry thorn forest is best seen in Moyar Valley. Acacia leucophloea, A. chundra, A. latronum, Albizzia amora, Hardwickia binata, Zizyphus I xylopyrus, Gyrocarpus jacquinii, Dicrostachys cinerea, Xeromphis spinosa, Erythroxglan monogynum and Capparis sepiaria are the common species, with short grasses constituting the ground layer. 3 This type of vegetation was characteristic of the Deccan Plateau and it is important that remaining areas are protected (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986). I Fauna More than 100 species of mammals, 550 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles and amphibians have been recorded in the area (Anon., 1983). Primates include Hanuman langur Presbytis I entellus, Nilgiri langur Presbytis johnsi, Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata and the rare lion-tailed macaque Macaca silensus (E), which is restricted to Silent Valley National Park. Predators include tiger Panthera tigris (E), of which there are an estimated 19 animals in Bandipur National Park (1978), leopard Panthera pardus (T), which is most frequent in over-grazed degraded forest, wild dog Cuon alpinus (V), which is widespread, jackale Canis aureus, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis and sloth bear Melursus u-rsinus (I).

There are approximately 1,500 elephants Elephas maximus (E) in Mudumalai, Bandipur and Nagarhole; this population migrates from l l

the wetter to the drier forests during the summer monsoon (Nair et al., 1978). Most important among the ungulates is Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus hylocrius (V) of which there are an estimated 400-450 in the biosphere reserve (Davidar, 1978; Rice, 1984). Also present is gaur Bos gaurus (V), whose population crashed in 1968 due to a rinderpest epedemic. Other ungulates include sambar Cervus unicolor, spotted deer C. axis, Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak and mouse deer Tragulus meminna, all of which are common, and four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis, which is rarely seen (Nair et al., 1978). Small mammals include black-naped hare Lepus nigricollis and giant squirrel Ratufa indica (Nair et al., 1978).

The diverse habitat accounts for the large number of bird species. Rarities include, Great Indian hornbill Buseros lucornis and Ceylon frogmouth Batrochostomus monligen. Only five Ceylon frogmouth were recorded during a survey of Silent Valley National Park (Nair et al., 1978; Anon., 1983).

Among reptiles, mugger crocodile Crocodylus palustris (V) has become rare due to poaching and loss of habitat.

Cultural Heritage Remains of temples, villages and water tanks provide evidence of a previous culture, which developed a system of irrigation. The khedda method of elephant capture was traditionally used in the north of the reserve. In addition to Kanadigas, Tamils and Malyalis, there are 20 ethnic groups within the area, notably the Cholanaiks, who are the only genuine hunter-gatherers of the Indian peninsula (Nair et al., 1978; I Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986) . List of tribes inhabiting the proposed Nilgiri Biosphrere Reserve (Anon., 1983): Adujans, Alars, Aranadans, Cholanaiks, Irula, Kalanaiks, Kunduradigans, I Kurchiyans, Kurumans, Kurumba, Malmuthans, Mullukurbeans, Pahinaikas, Paniyans, Pariyans, Pulayans, Tackanadmuppans, Todas, Uralikurulians, Wynad Kaders. Local Human Population There is a large number of villages and townships in the area (Anon., 1983) . Livelihood varies according to ethnic origins: for example Cholanaiks are hunter-gatherers while Todas are mainly pastoralists. Other sources of livelihood include forest plantations and tea estates. Millet is cultivated in drier tracts of Talamalai and Sigur, while rice paddy is grown in the moister Wynad belt (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986; Anon., 1983; Nair et al., 1978; Larson, 1987).

Visitors and Visitor Facilities No facilities are yet provided specifically for the biosphere reserve but many of the protected areas within its boundaries, notably Bandipar National Park, offer a range of facilities. Visitor numbers at Bandipur, the most frequented protected area in the region, are approximately 30,000 per year.

Scientific Research and Facilities The first reconnaissances were made by Portugese priests who twice visited the area in 1600. It was not until 1812 that the area was officially visited I by a British civil servant. This was followed by a major expedition in 1818-1819, to reconnoitre the area for prospective settlement (Larsen, 1987). General ecological surveys of the area were completed by Nair et al (1978) during 1974 and 1975. I Beginning in 1980, a scientific prcgramme, including a zonation plan, was drawn up by the Indian Institute of Science. Research on mammals includes studies on elephant (Salim, et al, 1985), Nilgiri tahr (Davidar, 1963, 1976 and 1978; Rice, 1984) , and lion-tailed macaque (Kumar, 1987). Avifaunal studies include those of Gray (1974), Khan (1974-76) and Sugathan (1981). Butterflies were first collected by Sir George Hampson (cited in I Larson, 1987), later by Wynterblyth (1944-46) and more recently they were studied by Larson (1987) . Planned work includes topographic, geological, geomorphological and vegetation surveys, | inventories of fauna and flora and long-term monitoring of meteorological conditions (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986).

Conservation Value No information

Conservation Management Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve has been identified as the first Indian biosphere reserve due to its great I diversity of habitats and species, including populations of several threatened and endemic taxa. A system of zonation is planned, with a core zone containing the whole range of I biological diversity, a manipulation cr buffer zone, a restoration zone ard an as yet undefined zone cf co-operaticn. Use of the core zone would be restricted tc scienti-fic research. The manipulation zone would accommodate on-going forestrv, I agriculture, animal husbandry and ocher practices. The restoration zone is intended for research into ways of restoring productivity and diversity of degraded ecosystems (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986).

Management of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve will be a collaborative effort involving scientists, administrators and the local population. Recommendations include sorenatheninq existing organizations to take on the task of research, provision of extra staff by government organizations and development of a central, computerised data centre for more efficient flow cf information (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986). I Management Constraints Main threats are fires and the conflicting interests of forestry operations, water resource development, cultivation and grazing. I Staff No information Budget No information

Local Addresses

No information

References

Anon. (1983). Biosphere reserves, Indian approach. Paper presented at the First International Biosphere Reserve Congress at Minsk (USSR), September 26 - October 2, 1983. MAE Indian I National Committee. Department of the Environment, Government of India. 15 pp. I Anon. (1986) . Biosphere reserves. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi. 250 pp.

Davidar, E.R.C. (1963) . Census of the Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus 3 hylocrisus (Ogilby) in the Nilgiris. Journal of the Bombay *Natural History Society 60: 251-252.

Davidar, E.R.C. (1976) . Census of the Nilgiri tahr in the I Nilgiris Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 73: 142-148.

Davidar, E.R.C. (1978) . Distribution and status of the Ni_giri Tahr Hemitragus hylocrius. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75: 815-844. I Gadgil, M. and Sukumar, R. (1986). Scientific programme for the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: report of a workshop, Bangalore. ENIJIS Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 48 pp.

Gray, L. (1974). The avifauna of introduced eucalyptus plantations in Maharaszra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 71: 76-80.

Khan, M.A.R. (1978) . A comparative account of the avifauna of the Sholas and the neighbouring plantations in the Nilgiris. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75: 1028-1035.

Kumar, A. (1987) . The ecology and population dynamics of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) in South India . Ph-D Thesis. University of Cambridge, Cambridge.

Larson, T.B. (1987). The butterflies of the of Southern India. (Lepidoptera: Rhopalccera). Jcurnal of the Sombay Natural History Society 84: 26-51.

Nair, S.S.C., Nair, P.V., Sharatchandra, H.C., and Gadgil, M. (1978). An ecological reccnnaissance of the proposed Jawahar National Park. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 74: 401-435.

Pythian-Adams, E.G. (1939). The Nilgiri Game Assolcia,ion 1879-1939. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 41: 384-386.

Rice, C. (1984) . The behaviour and ecolcgy of nilgiri .ahr I (Hemitragus hylocrius Ogilby, 1838) . Ph.D Thesis. Texas A&M University, U.S.A. 254 pp.

Rodgers, W.A. and Panwar, H:S. (1988) . Planning a wildlife protected area network in India. Volumes I and II. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. 341 pp and 267 pp.

| Salim, A, Daniel, J.C., Swangeran, N. and Desai, A.A. (1985). Study of ecology of certain endangered species of wildlife and their habitats. The Asian Elephant. Annual Report 1984-1985. I Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay. l Sugathan, R. (1981). A survey of the ceylon frogmouth (Batrachostomus Moriligen) habitat in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 78: 309-316.

Sukumar, R. (1987). Conserving the Nilgiri. Frontline, Indian National Magazine July 25 - August 7: 76-79.

Date November 1988.

1037V l I l I

l l l l l l Name Nagarhole National Park

| IUCN Management Category Core zone II (National Park) Other zones IV (Managed Nature Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.01.01 (Malabar Rainforest)

Geographical Location Situated within the south-eastern parts of Koodogu (Coorg) and south-western parts of Mysore District. It borders on Kerala State and Mysore Town is about 50km to the north-east. The southern border is contiguous with the reservoir I of the dammed . The south-eastern boundary follows the state border and the western border running along the main Mysore- road. The northern boundary extends along this road to just south of Hunsur and the eastern boundary runs from this point south to the Kabini Reservoir. The Brahmagiri Mountains are to the west of the park (Karanth, 1983; Israel and Sinclair, 1987). 110 55'-12 020'N, 76010'-76 020'E

Date and History of Establishment Created a national park in 1974. Originally designated a 28,700ha game sanctuary in 1955, I centred on Nagarhole settlement. Enlarged to its present size in 1974 by combining Mysore forests and Nagarhole Sanctuary. Proposed extensions to the national park total 14,400ha and include the River forests to the north and the remaining part of the Kakankote Reserve Forest (Rodgers and Panwar, 1980; Karanth, 1987). The national park is included in the proposed Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (Gadgil and Sukumar, 1986).

Area 57,200ha. The national park is contiguous with Bandipur National Park (87,400ha) and Kakankote Reserve Forest (7,500ha) I to the south. Land Tenure State I Altitude Ranges from 600m to 900m (Sestiadti, 1986) with a mean altitude of 700m.

Physical Features The landscape is generally one of gentle slopes and shallow valleys. The largest river draining the area in the south is the Kabini, which was dammed in 1974. Other 3 important rivers include Lakshmana, Teentha and Nagarhole. There are several perennial and seasonal streams and tanks, all of which drain into the four major rivers. Swamps (hadlus) are 3 numerous in the Coorg Wynad due to the high rainfall (Sestiadti, 1980; Israel and Sinclair, 1981; Karanth, 1983).

Climate Three seasons are usually recognised: a wet season or monsoon, lasting from June to September; followed by a cool season that lasts up to January; and then a hot season from February to May. Seasonal variations in temperature are moderate, ranging from between 150C and 280C. Rainfall is usually about 1500mm per year (Israel and Sinclair, 1987). Vegetation There are two main types of vegetation: moist * deciduous forest which is found in northern and western parts where rainfall is usually above 1200mm; and dry deciduous forest I l

in the south-eastern part.

Moist deciduous forests are tall and dense with a two-storey canopy. The upper canopy, at approximately 30m, is dominated by mathi Terminalia tomentosa, nandi Lagerstroemia lanceolata, honne Pterocarpus marsupium, tadasalu Grewia tilaefolia, rosewood i Dalbergia latifolia and teak Tectona grandis. The lower canopy has the prolific fruit yielders: nelli Phyllanthus emblica, kooli Gonclina arborea, kadutega Dillenia pentagyna and Randia spp. U The shrub layer is usually very dense and varied in composition. A unique feature of these forests is the open grassy swamps, locally called hadlus, where the grass is lush year-round. In the dry deciduous forests, the canopy is lower and trees are more widely spaced. A second canopy is barely discernable. Many moist forest trees are present: dindalu Anogeissus latifolia is usually the commonest; kakhe Cassia fistula, flame-of-the-forest a Butea monosperia and bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus are all common. Patches of open grassland are present (Karanth, 1983; Israel and Sinclair, 1987). Bamboo flowered and died off in 1965, an event which occurs every 40-50 years (Sestiadti, 1986). Much of the park is covered by planations of teak and species of eucalyptus (Nair et al., 1978). I Fauna The fauna is very diverse. Primates include langur Presbytis entellus, bonnet macaque Macaca radiata and slender loris Loris tardigradus. Notable carnivores are tiger Panthera _ tigris (E), which is present in larger numbers than in Bandipur National Park, leopard Panthera pardus (T), leopard cat Felis bengalencis, jungle cat F. chaus, jackal Canis aureus, wild dog i Cuon alpinus (V), sloth bear Melursus ursinus (I) and rarely hyena Hyaena hyaena (Salim et al., 1985). Herbivores include elephant Elephas maximus (E), with a population of approximately 300 animals, spotted deer Cervus axis, sambar C. unicolor, Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak, four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis, mouse-deer Tragulus meminna, gaur Bos gaurus (V) and wild boar Sus scrofa. Small mammals include: civet U Vivernicula indica, common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, mongooses Herpestes fuscus and H. vitticollis, common otter Lutra lutra (V), hare Lepus nigricollis, pangolin Manis crassicaudata, giant flying squirrel Petaurista petaurista, giant squirrel Ratufa indica maxima and porcupine Hystrix indica (Nair et al., 1978; Salim et al., 1985). I Over 250 species of birds are present, including the endemics malabar trogon Harpactes faciatus and malabar pied-hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus, and birds of prey such as crested I hawk-eagle Spizaetus cirrhatus and crested serpent-eagle Spilornis cheela.

Among reptiles, mugger Crocodylus palustris (V), monitor lizard Varanus bengalensis, and rock python Python molurus (V) are present (Nair et al., 1978; Karanth, 1983; Salim et al., 1985; Israel and Sinclair, 1987). Cultural Heritage The ruins of towns, villages and an extensive network of irrigation channels and tanks are still evident (Sestiadti, 1986) . When the Kabini recedes the remains of a khedda (stockade), used to catch elephants during the 19th Century, can be seen (Israel and Sinclair, 1987). I Local Human Population The towns of Nagarhole and Murkal lie in the reserve, while Mastigudi is to the south. Local people are allowed to cultivate swamps, collect minor forest products and graze livestock in areas outside the core zone (Karanth, 1983).

Visitors and Visitor Facilities There are forest rest houses at Nagarhole, Kalhalla, Murkal and Trithimathi. Organised trips to view wildlife are available. Observation towers may be used with 3 permission from the park staff (Sestiadti, 1986). Scientific Research and Facilities Research includes censuses of the elephant population (Sharatchandra and Gadgil, 1976; Nair et al., 1978). An ecological suvey of the proposed Jawahar National Park was carried out by the Indian Institute of Science (Nair et al., 1978). Conservation Value No information I Conservation Management The area contains the habitat of several rare and endangered species, notably tiger. Much of it has been protected from development because the Indian royalty used the area as a hunting park. Nagarhole is part of the protected areas I complex, including Bandipar National Park, Wynad Sanctuary and Mudumalai Sanctuary, that is proposed as the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. As part of the biosphere reserve, the national park will be divided into core, manipulation forestry, manipulation tourism and restoration zones (Sestiadti, 1986). I Management Constraints The main threats are from clear-felling and the presence of a saw-mill within the national park, tribal cultivations, pig rearing, and goat breeding (Karanth, 1983). *| Staff No information

Budget No information I Local Addresses No information

References

Gadgil, M. and Sukumar, R. (1986). Scientific programme for the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: report of a workshop, Bangalore. ENVIS Centre, Indian Institute of Science. 48 pp. I Israel, S. and Sinclair, T. (1987). Indian Wildlife, Sri Lanka, Nepal. APA Productions, Hong Kong. 363 pp. 3 Karanth, U. (1983). Nagarhole Sanctuary, Asia 3: 140-153. Nair, S.C., Nair, P.V., Sharatchandra, H.C. and Gadgil, M. (1978). An ecological reconnaissance of the proposed Jawahar National Park. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 74: 401-435. Rodgers, W.A. and Panwar, H.S. (1988). Planning a wildlife protected area network in India. Volumes I & II. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. 341 pp. and 267 pp. Salim, A., Daniel, J.C., Sivanganesan, N. and Desai, A.A. (1985). Study of ecology of certain endangered species of wildlife and their habitats. The Asian Elephant. Annual Report 1984-85. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. 65 pp. I Sestiadti, B. (1986). India's wildlife and wildlife reserves. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.

Date November 1988

0557V l I I I I I

l I I I

1 Appendix A.6.1 I I Environmental Enhancement Design Drawings I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Kerala StateTransport Projecl Sectoral Environmental Assessment-August 2001

APPENDIX 6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN DRAWINGS

The Environmentaldesign drawingsattached are typical designdrawings prepared for specific cases.These drawingsclearly provide the conceptfor the preparationof other designdrawings. There are as many as 65 oxbow lands and hence 65 differentsituations. In the case of Oxbow lands (Original alignmentof Realignmentsections) these drawings are to be approvedby the PIU and Task force of the Environmentaland Social ManagementUnit (ESMU). The Task force should review the improvementplans, case-to-casebased on the Local, Regional and | State interests. The attached design drawings are for parking areas, tree planting, rest areas, comfortstations,etc. All of these are locatedin the oxbow lands as there is hardly any space for tree planting along the highways. More than this, the project will not encourageplanting of X trees along the narrow corridors to improve of road safety and to reduce the severity of accidents. These drawingsalso includethe concept of Typical Noise barriers developedby the projectfor considerationat the identifiedSilence zones. The detailsof these drawingsare given below.

Si Drawing Locationif any Detailsof the drawing Remarks il ~No Number I OXBOW3i10 Dimensionsof the proposed Retaining walls are Village parkingarea and comfort providedfor maximum 1 (Chainage41.000) station, spacingof trees and utilisationof land. shrubs to be planted and lighting and seating arrangements are shown to a --scaleof 1:1000. 2 OXBOW 4/10 Edamulakkal Village Same as above Openings are provided (Chainage 55.100) in front of buildings I ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~foraccessibility. 3 OXBOW 5/10 Valakam Village Same as above Retaining wall is (Chainage 58.70) provided for maximun utilisation of land 4 NOISE 1/2 This is not location Typical design of noise The barrier is inside specific barrier in front of a school the school compound. consisting of a stonewall It is also advised that U and green barrier. Scale of the school gate be kept drawing is 1:200. Details of away from the main the stonewall is shown to a road. scale of 1:25. 5 NOISE 2/2 This is not location Same as above. The gate is kept in a specif-ic corner of the wall. Space outside the school compound is also utilised for green barrier.

The concept of Noise barrier design: The design drawing is an ideal condition, which rarely meets in its perfection in the location. The authorities should

l) The design provided is an ideal situation especially with regard to the location of school gate, assembly area, and tree planting area (three rows of trees completely sealing the I entry of directnoise

B I ~~~~LBlllSheladia,'CES'ICT Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment- \ueust 2001

2) The school activity area (ground for daily assembly, prayer meetin;,s ctc) should be U planned away from the main road

3) The Schools gate should be away from the main traffic road. If the situation dose not permits the gate should be in any corner in such a way that the noise effect from the 3 main road is minimum.

4) The planting within the ROW is not shown in the design layout. If situation permits this will add to the noise barrier and in fact the noise attenuation effect increase to many fold because of noise waves (energy waves) first striking the trees within the ROW and then the Wall and later sound waves reach the tree barrier. In the whole situation noise has to pass through a column of air also. The effect of noise will be like that shown in the sketch below from the road towards the building.

5) The species recomrnmendedfor the tree planting is Jamun or Mango. However depending on the situation any trees with numerous relatively small leaves could be ideal.

||Road---~>trees--->wall under atmosphere---> three rows of trees--->atmosphere---> Building --

I l

II

| ~~~~LE3II'SheladiaiCESiIC T I TYPICAL DESIGN DRAWING 6.Om WIDTH SIDE ROAD

300 17700 T 4000 01700

SCHOOLGATE (TO BE KEPT AWAY FROM MAIN ROADCORRIDOR IF SITLATION PERMITS) I0!,

40mm EXPANSION - - . GAP 0 25m c/c o

SCHOOL BUILDING 01E F 3 =:=: HD Di BUnDi\ G |22000.6000z L4.

I0sv> °L V 11 11o. 1"' 11

ISCHOOLN SCHOOL IGROUNDLVL. S3UILDING ASSEMBLY GROUND ii (T I 8000xlDO' I 1MA 2.5m . l O.Om .25m 1 I 600 "FOOT CARRIAGEWAY "FOOTE 2. C PATH PATH1 01 rI 0 0 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

40mm EXPANSION-| t 1 SCHOOL BUILDING I 1200 KSTPPROJCT OAD + ,3 722000x6000 o1100 PCCLEVELING CORERS

t| 0| AI/ES|l . , ._, , , , , -. |J_ _ ~~~~~DETAIL-'X'

PROPOSED=-_ _ - 40000_ __ _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SCALE:- I :25 STONEWALL . 0 4003, PLAN

/ , (/ zI. t. . . . . ALLDMENSION IN MM. 2. NUMBER OF ROWSIN THE GREENBARRIER |,X Ir < NVARES2.WTH 1 THESTANCE1X11S1D S BETWEENWALL AND SCHOOL BUILDING.

aORAIN SECTION A-A NOISEBARRIER IN FRONT OF A SCHOOL N liITY DUCT (TIPICAL DRAWING)-1/3 | NOISE

LOUIS BERGER INTERNATIONAL In. I 16.07.2001 APPOO _S KERA STATE N P 1/2

SHELADIA ASSOCIATES L ZIFZi T|1GK . INTERCONTINENTALCONSULTANTS & TECHNOCRATSPOt. Ltd. - PUBLICARAORKS.0.MENT1R200 CONSULTINGENGIEEIG ERIES() td t- K RAWAT/TOMAY .kUAOGOVERNMENT OF KAL.INDIA 36 2000

SCHOOLGATE (IN A ORNER F IT NOTBE KEPT AWAY ROM M IN ROAD) I -1 P\ I i

I G\S II f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~300 SCHOOL BUILDING 22000x6000

L. X I/u . ,, ,, ... ' 1. z 1-'I I

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w v u SCHOOL L SCHOOL I BUILDING ASSEMBLY GROUND I |4/ 1~~~~0 1 8000X1000G/ KSTP PROJECT ROA I_

150 T |GROUND LVL.

2.5m 1=. 26002m 0 -0 . FOOT CARRIAGEWAY FOOT ii i | . PATH PATI VARIESi SCHOOL BUILDING us L 900 0 ROPOSED '22000x6000 1 i

PROPOSED- ,--'12 t|| STONE WALL 35400 0 1200

PLAN.100 .PPCC LEVELINGCORERS DETAIL -'X' SCALE;- 1 25 TYPICAL DESIGN DRAWING

/'],- <§ (ALL }1. DIMENSION IN MM. 7 -KF1J 0 i | * t rFT g 1n/ i | 2. NUMBER OF ROWS IN THE GREENBARRIER 1.IXSc=ED l!\ 1 1 1 1 1 1 I | VARIES NTH THE DISTANCE BETWEEN WALL AND SCHOOLBUILDING.

U- DRAIN 5000 r SECTION A-A NOISE BARRIER IN FRONT OF A SCHOOL DRAWINGNO. TOLITYDUCT (TYPICAL DRAWING) NOISE LOUIS BERGERINTERNATIONAL 1n. I 16I07-2001 IT E IAN PJ2/2 ICONSULTINGWIRH SERV!CES(I)UI 1 200 KERALASTATE TRANSPORT PROJECT 2/2 SHELADIAASSOCIATES SUNDARAAJAN . C. KOCH INTERCONTINENTALCONSULTANTS & TECHNOCRATSPI. LULCtdS.EARMNTRB NAWAT/TTMY ~~~~~~~~~~~GOVERNMNTOF KERALA, INDIA TAIKKOD 7,

L TYPICAL DESIGN DRAWING

\XXk&% X/ A'

VETTIKAVALAVILLAGE. LZL

f\t;D Aso 2, 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~00

< < } \ SoO~~~~~~~ RUBBER ,< Z/r \

LIGHT (15.00m c/c)

\ ~~LL-L=L JL -

PROPOSED SHURBS 0 m c/c

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~POOETRES ,, pbl \ W9

0 4 0 . 0 BUS ~~~~~~~~~STOP\ \ . SbC&//P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ROPOSD CONCRETE BENCHES I (10mxfta) \ 0 4/ (2.0m x O.5m) < '\ \ t

\ // ~~~PROPOSEIiCOMFO2RaTSTATION\ \ /// ~~~~~~~CASHEWTREES t

BUILDING COMMERCIALUSE E- (C) TEMPLE TREE TELEPHONEPOLE T CONCRETEBENCH NOTES:-

BUILDING RESIDENTIALUSE R CHuRCH GSATHRUBS Z ELECTRICITYPOLE 7 DESIGN CENTER UNE - - - A D S BARBED WRE BOUNDARY *- X XMOSQUE 6 HOSPITAL E LIGHT CORRIDOROF IMPACT DMSIO BOUNDARYWALL PONDO KM. STONE * SIGNPOST EXISTINGROAD EDGES

LOUIS BERGER INTERNATIONALInc. DRonIninn: |n C.KOCT U WOVERKMENTOKi IN KerHla State T Lno Proec |iN In A-onintion nth:' Sh.lodl (USA)Inc. 31.T72T 1ICPUT UCGOVRNKSN OFDEPRALAMENTI IranRpOrL-i-'raN Cor,nutinN Engineerlng Servlce Ltd. (Indic) ENGEONRTTMEsEanLST APCTTT> nenne DRAFT DESIGN FORKELDSCAPINA of LNK NO. 1 (SH-I) OTBOW 5/10 IntrcontinentcI Connsltont. cnd Technocrcts Pvt. Ltd. (Indi) SUNDARARAJAN.C.V S. ETBAR TTMY OXBOWLAND AT CIB:M.2 TAIKKOD- KOTTARAKARA TAIKKOD KOTTARAKARA

TYPICAL DESIGN DRAWING

VALLEY (MIXED CROPS)

SIGN POST EDAMULAKKALVILLAGE.

VALLEY

= ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GOVT LAND(PURAMOKKU) LLaL /

L~~~~~~~L L-LLLLL-a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LL2LLL L-Ll/

IPILL (-MXED)CROp LLw L= i-t- L= E* SIGN POST . 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S°PQr~ , ° k- -

L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

8pHI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 45.° \,- P~posedshrubs *.30I O PS)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1a/ c5 *c

1220

PROPOSED COMFORT STATION

BUILDING COMMERCIALUSE (C) TEMPLE 4 TREE (X TELEPHONEPOLE T CONCRETEBENCH NOTES:-

BUILDING RESIDENTIAL USE 7 (R) CHURCH SHUATE ELECTRICITYPOLE TF DESIGN CENTER LINE ALL DIMENSIONS IN METRE BARBED WIRE BOUNDARY X*- MOSQUE GHOSPITAL LIGHT CORRIDOROF IMPACT A BOUNDARY WALL POND KM. STONE * SIGN POST EXISTINGROAD EDGES

LOUISBERGER INTERNATIONAL Inc. Rsios: 07.2001 . PUL OERNSENTOF KERALA INDIA Kerala State Transport Project | In As.-octi. with: Shelodia (USA) Inc. CCO1GVRET EA. ID I Cr.nrtltn Engin... ing S-rI.es Ltd.(Indl.) rvorrA Xclu pROrrJv DRSAFTD155GN FOR 1.0MSCAPING OFI LINK NO. I (SH-)|OBW41 Inetrcontin-ntaL Cons..t.et -nd T-chnor-ots Pvt. Ltd. (Ind:o) _ _SUNARAJAN Cv S. KUMAAR TOIY OXBOWLAND AT CHrss.l1 TAIKKOD- KOTTARAKARA - TAIKKOD KOTTARAKARA TYPICAL DESIGN DRAWING

PAZHAYAKUNNUMELVILLAGE. (RURAL AREA

L L-

SIGN POST--

Rrposedc/c WALLbs0 I.OOmo. RETAINING WLTALL

PROPOSEDOSB~F75 / TRE PROPOSEDCONCRETE BENCHES ~

Zi:. PROPOSEDRESTAURANT AND COMFORTSTAllON

BUILDINGCOMMERCIAL USE (C) TEMPLE TREE TELEPHONEPOLE T CONCRETEBENCH - NOTES:- BUILDINGRESIDENTIAL USE a (R)a CHURCH 1 % TSHRUBS ELECTRICITYPOLE ? DESIGNCENTER UNE A D-LLI__ BARBEDtYRE BOUNDARY ) MOSQUE GHOSPITAL LIGHT 3 CORRIDOROF IMPACT ALDMNISIN ET

BOUNDARYWALL POND m KM. STONE * SIGNPOST EXISTINGROAD EDGES

LOUIS BERGER INTERNATIONAL Inc. 'nlionA I GIEOE IELP~UBU',IC WORKSEPAERTUE7,11&RT BR ,nn YSae In Associat.in ith: Sh,.di. (UJSA)no. 31.07.2001 COOCH 1 1000 GOVERNMENTOF KERA.A, ROtA |Kerala State Transport Project CoosIlting EngIneeling Se-rices Ltd. (Indie) 5rEC.UST AROVEh DPAWN: DRA01ALDBAFT DESIGN FOR LANDSCAPING OF LINK NO. 1 (SH-1) OXBOW 3/10 IntereontinentolCon-oltonts end Technocrets POt. Ltd. (Indie) SINDARARAJAN.c.v D. KUMAR TOMY OXBOW LAND AT CH::41.00 TAIKKOD - KOTTARAKARA Appendix A.6.2

Kerala Specific Policy For Roadside Tree Plantation Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

APPENDIX 6.2 LANDSCAPING TREE PLANTING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENTPLAN FOR KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

(KERALASPECIFIC POLICY FOR ROADSIDE TREEPLANTING)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The pedestrian movements along the highways are very high in Kerala but usually confined to village/ town locations and their movement is mostly from the house to the local market, schools, offices and back. Now the priority of Kerala should be to have wider safer roads with more attention paid to road safety.

The unique nature of Kerala The clear absence of distinct boundaries separating village /semi-urban and urban areas is of prime importance in this regard. This is due to the fact that the ribbon development along roads of Kerala is more or less complete. Actually this is different from the normal ribbon development because the development is not only along the roadsides (linear/ribbon) but also everywhere in the low land (coastal) and midland areas. In the highland this is not observed because of the forest reserves and plantations. The urban character of the entire State was described at the last census of 1991.

Public owned trees- unlike north Indian roads, very few trees exist on Kerala Roads. However along old roads, the numbers of large specimen trees is higher. These trees have been protected wherever possible with suitable changes in the design. Wherever such changes cannot be effected it may be necessary to remove them.

Private owned trees- The number of private owned trees to be acquired outside the right of way will be high compared to the public trees within the right of way. The private trees that will be affected during widening and improvement will be subjected to compensation at the appropriate market rates. In addition to this the project will plant two trees for every tree removed as a compensatory tree planting measure ilTespective of the size, species etc.

2.0 ADVERSE EFFECT OF AVENUE PLANTING IN KERALA

With 3000 mm average rainfall spread over 120-130 days of the year, trees along the roadside result in

1. The pavement being wet for longer periods due to reduced rate of evaporation by sunlight. 2. The droppings from trees (leaves, flowers etc) which are seldom cleared from the surface of the roads will increase the damage to the wearing surface besides making the riding surface more slippery, especially when these materials decay. 3. The growth of the tree roots will also damage the pavement. 4. Trees obstruct sight distances as well as the view of the natural landscape (Scenic beauty) like valley areas with lush green paddy fields bordered by back waters /lakes /ponds/ or green denuded hills particularly at dawn and dusk. The trees planted on roadsides may in fact seriously obstruct views of the beautiful landscape. This has more relevance when tourism potential of the State is considered. The lush green paddy field areas are in fact rapidly decreasing in area.

LBliSheladia/CES!ICT 3 Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - Aueust 2001

3.0 TREE REMOVAL FROM THE AVAILABLE CORRIDOR OF THE ROAD

The road widening under the Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP) will necessitate removal of large number of trees from the roadsides. The details of the tree removal from each link are I as described in the following Table 1.0. The details of the tree removal is described in the EIA documents as well as in the Environmental Management Plans available for each corridor.

4.0 ROADSIDE AVENUE PLANTATION

| In the KSTP project corridors, there is no continuous avenue plantation. The trees within the available corridors are surveyed and tabulated in the respective management plans (as provided in the Appendix 13.0 of EMP and summarised below in Table 1.0 for Phase I roads. * The G- I in this table corresponds to a girth size of 0.5 to I m and G-2 corresponds to I to 2 m, similarly G-4 stands for girth size of 3 to 4 m and above. The G-4 category mainly constitutes Banyan trees. Other trees, which are most commonly found along the roadsides, are

* Tamarind, * Jamuin * tree * Vaka * Mangoes and * Mahagani

TABLE 1.0 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REMOVAL ALONG THE CORRIDOR * LINK GIRTH SIZE G1 (I m) G2 (2 m) G3 (3 m) G4 (4 m) 1 14 54 45 3 2| 89 38 17 0 3 ~~~27 4 6 0 6 17 29 10 0 40 52 50 3 0 50.1 37 71 50 19 70 12 30 15 2 72 39 8 0 4 73 149 8 1 0 3 } Total - 436 292 147 28

The expected total number of trees to be removed from the Phase -1 road corridor is 1 estimated as 903 numbers from a route length of 257.11 km in Phase-i. Out of these, only 150 numbers belongs to the category of giant size of three to four metre girth sizes. The tree removal is largely based on the road safety issues and partly due to the difficulties in the land 1 acquisition process in Kerala.

5.0 ANALYSIS OF BENEFITS OF AVENUE PLANTING ALONG ROAD SIDES

The following is an analysis to develop a Kerala specific tree planting policy

| One of the objectives of planting trees on the roadsides is to produce a softer greener landscape, which is not relevant for Kerala. This is mainly because; just outside the right

LIIL'Sheladia/CESWT LBII:Sheladta/CE5/ICT KeraiaState TranspontProject SectoralEnvironmental Assessment - August2001

of way (ROW) the same type of thick vegetation exists on private property, almost I continuously along the roadsides.

The Second objective is to give shade to travellers. Thick vegetation already exists on X private property and this need will be met to some extent, otherwise there shall be a determined effort to raise trees on the land-bordering the roadsides.

The Third objective can be to absorb excessive noise. This is also not applicable in general as there is thick lush green vegetation all over Kerala along almost all roadsides. The Fourth objective is to raise social forestry; this is redundant in Kerala, as Kerala is * covered by thick lush green vegetation. This coverage of trees has increased rapidly in the last 10 years, as the paddy cultivating lands turn evergreen (coconut, plantain, arecanut, mango, guava etc) instead of seasonal green (Paddy cultivation). When the Paddy fields are converted a small percentage of the total area is actually converted to buildings but the remaining areas mostly support plantain, coconut, arecanut etc. Most important is to protect the remaining actual natural forest areas and also to aggressively plant trees in any barren areas within the forest areas and also adjacent to forest areas.

* The Fifth objective is to act as a natural filter to the traffic emissions. The roadside trees already exist outside of the right of way (ROW) and will act as the natural filter, hence this argument also not valid for Kerala.

Tree planting control soil erosion and provide increased slope stability. This is true in the case of elevated areas of Kerala. This can be achieved by other engineering techniques such as retaining walls, gabions, grass sods etc. The fact that most of the existing roads are already stabilised after years of monsoons is also not very much in favour of planting trees.

As a Kerala Specific strategy it is not generally advisable to plant new trees along the High priority roads. The policy is necessary due to the very limited widths of the ROW and the likely effects of planting trees in close proximity to the roadsides. Kerala suffers from the third highest accident rate among the States of India and every effort must be made to try to reduce the incidence and severity of Road Traffic Accidents.

* 6.0 COMPENSATORY TREE PLANTING

The compensatory tree planting strategy is based on the survival rate. The survival rate in I Kerala is very high due to the favourable climatic conditions as evidenced by the existing biomass of the State.

| Public trees The project will plant at least twice the number of trees that will be removed from the Phase-I Road corridor. The compensatory planting for Maintenance of project * roads will also be considered.

The total numbers of plants that are necessary to be planted against the loss of 903(say 1000 Nos) are about 2000 trees.

The project however targets much higher planting rates along the numerous Oxbow lands available as a result of the road realignments.

LB II Sheladia'CES/ICT l Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

As an environmental enhancement measure the project will also aim to plant shrubs in I and around the identified parking areas and Puramboke land.

Private owned trees- There are approximately 300 Nos of private owned trees that will have to be cut and removed as shown in table 2.0. All these trees occupy the land to be acquired outside the right of way. Due to the limited widening, the number of trees affected is very I small compared to the total number of public trees affected. The private trees that will be affected during widening and improvement will be the subjected to compensation at the appropriate market rates. In addition to this the project will plant two trees for every tree removed as a compensatory tree planting measure irrespective of the size, species etc. Accordingly 600 trees of varying species will be planted. Majority of the private trees that will be lost will be Coconut trees. A number of coconut, Jackfruit trees and flowering trees will also be lost.

TABLE 2.0 I PRIVATE TREES THAT WILL BE REMOVED LINKNO. TREES 1 119 2' 25

-) ~~~~~7 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~6 1 40 23 50.1 18 70 11 72 87

73 ______Total 293

Trees along Maintenance corridors This includes trees that will be removed on account of road safety. The total number of such trees will be very less. The exact number of trees that I will have to be removed is not known at this stage. An estimated total number of 200 trees have been taken in to account for necessary compensation according to the project Tree planting strategy. This will necessitate planting of 400 trees.

Thus the total number of trees that will be removed will be approximately 2000. This will necessitate the planting of 4000 trees along the various corridors selected.

6.1 SELECTION OF TREE SPECIES FOR PLANTING I This aspect is a bit contentious with regard to the roadside plantations especially the planting of fruit bearing trees along the roadsides. In the case of the Kerala State Transport Project, the tree planting area is mainly away from the actual road corridor along oxbow lands and hence planting of fruit bearing trees may not create any problem for the road traffic. The table 3.0 and 4.0 are the common trees recommended and that can be planted | along the sides of the roads.

The distance and the space available is also a problem in Kerala. Further, the two species of XBanyan trees i.e. the Ficus religosa and Ficus bengalansis are generally not recommended due to its irregular uncontrolled growth and the also because of its religious association. Actually religious association is an environmental friendly positive aspect against tree cutting. Over a

LBII/Shieladia/CES ICT Kerala State Transport Proiect Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

period of time if the road authority wanted to widen the road it may be difficult to remove * religious trees. The situation is better in Kerala, as the attitude of the people is different.

The fruit bearing trees are usually attracted by children and hence could lead to accidents.

The other side is that with the development going faster the fruits and nuts available for the birds and animals like squirrel are very less. * The roadside fruit bearing trees normally helps the birds, animals, and lead to a nesting of birds etc. | For this to be effective there shall not be any harvesting in certain declared areas. In these areas the Indigenous species,are always preferred against the exotic species. The recommended species are the same as that of the occurring species except the Peepal and banyan trees. The indigenous species recommended are shown in table 3.0 and 4.0.

TABLE 3.0 THE COMMON AVENUE TREES TO BE PLANTED WITHIN THE PURAMBOKE LAND AND 'OXBOW LANDS' SL NO MAIN SPECIES SCIENTIFICNAME 3 1 Arayal or the Peepul Ficus religosa 2 Plavu or Jackfruit tree A.integrifolia 2 Anjili or Ayani Artocarpus hirsuta 3 4 Naval or Jamun SyzigiumJambolana 5 Peral or Almaram F.bengalensis 6 Pulimaram or Tamarind Tamarindus indica 7 Chilanthi or Puvarasu Thespesia populina 8 Vaka Albizzea lebeck 9 Maruthu Lagerstroemia indica 3 10 OrakkamThungi Maram or The Rair tree Enterolobiumsaman I11 Veppu Azadarichta indica 12 Konna Cassia Fistula 13 Gulmohar Delomix regia 14 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Nelli Emblica officinalis 15 Mahagoni Swietenia macrofilla 16 Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolic 17 Spathodea Spathodea Companulate (Source: (1) Gazetteerof India, Kottavam District Kerala. 1975 (2) Kerala Forest Development Corporation.)

7.0 TREE PLANTING ALONG OXBOW LANDS 3 In rural areas, it is an accepted fact that the improvement of roads will result in the formation of numerous 'oxbow lands' all along the mid lands and in the highlands. The Oxbow lands are the existing roads where the road realignments is proposed. This is similar to the I OXBOW LAKES formed during the evolution of rivers hence the name for easier identification for environmental management. This is in general not true in the case of the coastal area. The coastal Kerala is generally plain and hence all roads evolved in this area are generally straight.

LB1iSheladia/CES/ICT Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

TABLE 4.0 SHRUBS TO BE PLANTEDWITHIN THE PURAMBOKE LAND AND 'OXBOW LANDS' SL NO SCIENTIFIC NAME OF SHRUBS I Aervajavanica 2 Aerva pseudotomentosa 3 Cassia auriculata 4 Clerodendron phloemoides 5 Crotolaniaburhia l | 6 Capparis aphylla 7 Calotropis procera 8 Calligonum polygonoides l 9 Euphoria bivula 10 Grewia tenex I I Indigifera argentina 12 Laptadenia pyrotechniea 13 Ziziphus spp. 14 Cazzia Amriculata 15 Medicinal Plants (Source: Kerala Forest Development Corporation. Consultants)

I The importance of the proper management of these oxbow lands is there for an unavoidable outcome of the project. There were many alternatives available for the highway authority. Tree planting all along these oxbow lands could be very useful for the environmental enhancement of the region. This will help positively for tourism industry. The cost estimates for this many not be very high and hence it is not appropriate to exclude it from the project.

The Oxbow lands along the corridors are available as described in the Environmental Management Plan for individual corridors and described briefly in the Table 5.0 and in detail in Table 1.0 of the EMP report. The total number of oxbow lands is 64 amounting to a to a total length of 16.483 km for Phase I. However this is subjected to change depending on the final alignment for development.

The plants indicated in table 3.0 and 4.0 are the most acceptable local trees and shrubs. In all oxbow land both shrubs and trees are required. Design drawings of Oxbow lands as parking | area as parking area is shown in Appendix 20. The project has prepared a number of design drawings (Refer Appendix 20) specifying the species to be planted and the distance between the trees etc. 3 TABLE 5.0 REALIGNMENTS ALONG PHASE 1 CORRIDORs SL NAME OF THE LINK TOTAL NUMBER OF E-XISTING TOTAL NO LINK NO IEOT REALIGNMENTS REALIGNME LENGTH (Kin) NTS (Nos) (M)

I Taikkod - 1 46.3 24 - 5860 3 Kottarakkara 1876

2 Kottarakkara - Adur 2 21.2 8 2 (1516 + 360)

3 Adur- Chengannur 3 23.1 - 220 4 Thrissur - 40 3 3 910 ____ laKuttipuram (390±520)

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SL NAME OF THE LINK TOTAL NUMBER OF EXISTING TOTAL NO LINK NO LENGTH REALIGNMENTS REALICME TOTAL ______(Kmn) NTS (Nos) (M)

5 Palakkad - Shomur 50.1 45 - I 500

6 Muvattupuzha- 70 18.4 17 - 4035 Thodupuzha

7 Taikkod- 72 - 1832 -- Kazhakkootam

8 Alappuzha - 73 22 0 I 250 Chenganassery * 223 58 6 16483 (Source: Link Specific Environmental Management Plans)

8.0 OXBOW LANDS AS THE REST AREAS FOR TRAVELLORS

The project together with tree and shrub planting also aim at providing eating-places and parking areas as shown in the design drawings attached (All design drawings are shown in | Appendix 20) In urban areas the oxbow lands will serve as local service roads for the local vehicles. This also requires tree-planting depending on the length of the urban area and the length of the oxbow land.

8.1 Social accessibility of Oxbow Lands

8.1.1 Rural and semi urban areas

The proper planning, considering the road safety aspects as well as the accessibility of the I society especially Woman deserves extreme importance. For example if Bar attached restaurant is located in an oxbow land- restaurant it is most unlikely that in Kerala any woman ever venture in to it. Further, in the night time this is still impossible. The social I accessibility is some thing, which really count in the Kerala context. However there need to be a well-balanced decision with regard to tourism versus domestic needs.

It is always better to lease the land to private entrepreneurs.

The social accessibility camnot be possible without proper social security. The real social I security factors, which will ultimately, helps in the social accessibility are

. Physical security * Proper lighting * Proper pricing * Insurance coverage if a yearly membership is taken * Involvement of a woman NGO (Preferably headed by a popular woman of Kerala).

| * Land if leased to woman entrepreneurs * Leased to a Family based entrepreneurs as an income generating activity

3 All theses factors are expensive if considered the long terms requirements. These arrangements are not possible for all oxbow lands. The best way could be to classify the oxbow lands to various categories.

Type A, The Family Type - Theses are the best managed category. These are only meant for family especially when accompanied by children. Other individuals and groups of small size

LBillSheladiwCESICT KeralaState TranspoTtProject SectoralEnvironmental Assessment- August2001

are also allowed after disclosing the proper identity of each individual. The members of the I group in such cases will be treated as an individual. The identity could be the election card, the passport, the photo credit card, driving license etc. This will work in the night up to 12.00 PM. In the morning, it should reopen at 7.00 AM. This facility should be at least one per Link or one per every 50 kms. The estimated cost for the amenities is RsI0, 000,00/- (Rupees ten lakhs only). The facilities include restaurants, comfort stations, parking facilities, lighting and sitting arrangements. The cost for tree and shrub planting is estimated as Rs 80/- per m length of the oxbow land. This estimate is based on the typical designs made for project specific locations along Link I Taikkod-Kottarakkara. The tree and shrub-planting estimate is made 3 from the actual rates received from the Kerala State Forest Development Corporation.

Type B- The popular type -Other than the hygienic conditions and the availability of potable piped water and mineral water there will not be any major restrictions on the entry of vehicles in to it. This facility should be at least one per 50 kms or one per link. The Type B and A should not be on one side as there will be only one for every link. The cost and facilities | wouldbe the same except the safety and security factor.

The estimated cost for the amenities is RsIO, 000,00/- (Rupees ten lakhs only). The facilities include restaurants, comfort stations, parking facilities, lighting and sitting arrangements. The cost for tree and shrub planting is estimated as Rs 80/- per m length of the oxbow land. This estimate is based on the typical designs made for project specific locations along Link I 3 Taikkod-Kottarakkara. The tree and shrub-planting estimate is made from the actual rates received from the Kerala State Forest Development Corporation.

Type C- The open or free type- this is absolutely open to all categories. It is up to the Contractor to open the restaurant more than 10 hours depending on the business. The cost of the facilities would be Rs 2 Lakhs (Rupees two lakhs only) and Rs 95/- per m length of the I oxbow land. The facilities include parking, sitting arrangements, garden, shrub and tree planting and solid waste collection and disposal facility (dust bins and ear marked incineration area).

8.1.1 Oxbow land in urban areas

In urban areas the oxbow lands generally function as a service road. The service road will immensely benefit the urban community. If properly managed the service road without * through traffic will increase road safety and reduce accidents in the urban areas.

Type C budget will be necessary to develop the facilities along service roads. The service roads should have solid waste collecting and disposal systems. Some areas should be I developed with retaining walls for incineration of the waste collected with numerous dustbins. Alternatively, especially if the quantities are extremely unmanageable, the wastes can be disposed of in some remote areas identified by the local bodies. The local municipal or I Panchayat authorities will be responsible during the operational stage. There will be tree and shrub planting, waste disposal areas, and parking areas. If the situation allows sitting and resting facilitiescan also be provided. l

LBII'liehladiaICES,'ICT l Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

| 9.0 PLANTATION SPECIFICATIONS

9.1 Details of Nurseries

Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KFDC) has facilities for raising nurseries at various places as shown in Table 6.0. Depending on necessity, nurseries can be raised in nearby private lands taken on short-tern lease by KFDC.

TABLE 6.0 LOCATION OF NURSERIES SL NO. DISTRICT LOCATION 1 Kollam Arippa 1 2 Kollatu Kandanchira 3 Kottayam Nagambadam 4 Thrissur Payyannur 5 Palakkad Silent Valley 6 Palakkad Malampuzha l 7 Wayanad Kambamala

Address of Contact Person 1 1. DivisionalManager, KFDC Ltd., Thycaud.P. O., Thiruvananthapuram.Phone: 320604 2. DivisionalManager, KFDC Ltd., .P. O.. Punalur, Phone:222316, 222317

3. Divisional Manager, KFDC Ltd., 1/702, Chintha, Kannimangalam.P. O., Thrissur, Phone: 0487- 427433,443189

4. Divisional Manager, KFDC Ltd.. Rethi Mandiram, Chemmenthodu, Pothundi. P. O., Nemmara.Phone: 0492 - 344332.

5. DivisionalManager, KFDC Ltd., Munnar- 685612.Phone:0486 30332

6. Divisional Manager,KFDC Ltd., HouseNo: Vlll/408. A, 'Love Dale', Padma Prabha Road, ,Wayanad - 673121. Phone:0493 - 605821

* 9.2 Cost of tree planting plan

It is preferable to use tall seedlings for avenue planting. It is suggested that one-year-old | nursery seedlings raised in poly bags be used for the purpose. The approximate cost of a seedling is Rs. 15/-. The total cost will be about 4000 x 15 = Rs 60,000/-

* 9.3 Cost of transportation

An average amount of Rs. 5/- per plant may be provided for loading, transportation, unloading etc. This will be about 4000 X 5 = Rs 20,000/-

9.4 Cost Of Labour Charges And Materials

This includes, site clearance, pitting, providing compost in the pit, filling the pit and making planting holes, planting the seedlings, providing tree guards, weeding as and when required,

ILBll/SheladiaiCES/lCI Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

replacing the causalities, application of bio fertilizer and bio pesticides and ward during the I first year. An amount of Rs. 350/- per plant is required for the above purpose during the first year. This will be about 4000 X 350 = Rs 1,40,00,00/- 1 9.5 Cost Of Maintenance For The Second And Third Year The operations involve replacing the causalities, weeding as and when required, application of bio fertilizer and bio pesticides, repair of tree guards, watch and ward and other plant protection measures. These operations may require Rs. 75/- per plant during 2nd and 3rd year.

| 9.6 Fruit bearing plants

Fruit bearing plants are recommended for planting as planting such trees result in social | involvement in protecting them. Local people shall have full access to the use of fruits from these plants. The fruit trees also serve the birds and arboreal animals in the locality and serve to enhance bio diversity of the area. Some of the fruit trees like Njaval and emblica are I medicinal in nature and some others like Jack and Anjili provide valuable timber also along with fruits. As there is no traffic in the oxbow lands the perceived danger to vehicles due to * falling / plucking of trees does not exist.

9.7 Monitoring formats I Monitoring may be done on a bimonthly basis using the format given in Table 7.0. TABLE 7.0

______MONITORING FORMAT Location Species Planted No. Of Plants No. Of Plants Average Height Remark on Planted Surviving and General Health ______Percentage of Plants

9.8 Bio manure

Bio manures like compost, neem cake, Azatobactor are recommendcd instead of chemical fertilizers to make the scheme more eco friendly. About 10 gm Azatobactor together with 250 gram of neem cake or compost shall be used at the time of planting and as part of 2nd and 3rd year maintenance. Neem cake will also function as bio pesticide. Compost can be made from green leaves, coconut husk or urban waste materials. Normally the tree species suggested do not suffer from attack of pests and application of neem cake can be very effective prophylactic treatment.

9.9 Mulching and Pruning

Mulching at the end of monsoon shall be done with coconut husk, grass or green leaves after under taking a soil working around the plant in order to conserve moisture. Frequent watering of trees shall also be carried out to protect them from severe summer. Pruning of branches during 2ndand 3rd year shall be carried out to ensure proper stem formation and to ensure that the branches will not obstruct the traffic on the road. l | ~~~~LBII/Sheladia'CE5.ICT Kerala State Transporl Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment- August 2001

9.10 Payment schedule & Work order

The major portion of the expenditure is at the pre planting and planting stages. The recommended payment schedule is as given below.

First Year

315t [email protected]/- per plant as advance 31It [email protected]/- per plant

Second Year

31 t [email protected]/- per plant

Third Year

3 It May(Rs. 75/- per plant

The planting works may award on a turnkey basis. The agency under taking planting shall hand over 90% of the plants to the PWD at the end of third year. The initial payment is in the nature of an advance. Subsequent payments shall be on the basis of a joint inspection by the division level officers of the PWD and the agency under taking the planting works.

Work order: As the raising of nurseries requires at least one Year, the Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KSFDC) should receive the work order immediately within one month of the start of construction work with necessary funds for raising the nurseries.

9.11 Puramboke Land

In order to protect trees in Puramboke land, it is necessary to provide barbed wire fencing with 4 strands. The cost of planting decreases with size of land available. The cost of planting trees and shrubs and maintenance is approximately as follows.

IStyearRs. 60,000/- per ha. Including fencing

2 ild yearRs. 15,000/- per ha. 3rd yearRs. 10,000/- per ha.

For making an estimate a maximum of one hectare of Puramboke land is considered per Link. The necessary budget for this is Rs 85,000/- (Rupees eighty five Thousand) per link.

10.0 NOISE BARRIER

Although dissipation of complete noise is expensive and difficult to implement, some cost effective methods can be employed to reduce the noise level considerably. In order to create a healthy noise barrier the following considerations would help

1. The species selection should be very careful. The selected species should have small but presence of innumerable green leaves each small leaf acting as noise attenuator.

LBII/SheladiaJCES'ICI Kerala State TransportProject Sectoral Environmental Assessment - Aunust 2001

The space available between the school or silence zone and the road corridor could be I the deciding factor. 2. The number of rows required creates an effective noise shield for the given circumstances. This actually depend on the space available between the road corridor and the building 3. The design provided is an ideal situation especially with regard to the location of school gate, assembly area, and tree planting area (three rows of trees completely sealing the entry of direct noise 4. The school activity area (ground for daily assembly, prayer meetings etc) should be planned away from the main high traffic road. This is applicable as guideline to new schools. 5. The School gate should be away from the main traffic road. If the situation dose not permits the gate should be in any corner in such a way that the noise effect from the main road is minimum. 6. The planting within the ROW is not shown in the design layout. If situation permits I this will add to the noise barrier and in fact effect increase to many fold because of noise first striking the trees (ROW) and Wall) and then before sound waves reach the tree barrier it has to pass through an open air area. The noise effect will be like that I shown in the design from the road towards the building. 7. The species recommended for the tree planting is Jamun or dwarf variety of Mango. However depending on the situation any trees with numerous relatively small leaves | will be ideal.

The detailed design for the noise barrier is provided in the design drawings. Refer Appendix 20.

Formation of a thick hedge of cassurina etc. at close escapement of 0.5mX 0.5m (3 rows) I may also be considered as an alternate option (economical also) against constructing a wall. 600 seedlings can be planted per 100 running metre at a cost of Rs. 10/- per plant over three years. Voluntary service of school children may also be utilized to reduce expenditure.

The cost of noise barrier is estimated as Rs. 1500/- per m length of barrier. 1 11.0 LINK SPECIFIC ACTION PLAN FOR TREE PLANTING

11.1 Tree Planting Awareness Campaign

An Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU) that is being established within the Public Works Department (PWD) at Thiruvananthapuram will take up this activity coordinating with local I Engineers of each affected district for Panchayat level awareness meetings. The Environmental Officer will be solely responsible for the various activities. The EO needs to identify and invite the local people to participate in the programme.

The parties to be invited include

1) Representatives of parents, Students and teachers of the Schools and other educational institutions bordering the Project road 2) Forest officials - They will supply seedlings of the appropriate varieties to the local people and to the schools for planting. 3) PIU members

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4) PWD local Staff 5) NGOs in the region as listed (total 50 NGOs are short listed and approved by PWD) in the Project documents. If the local NGOs are not suited, the EO can select the most appropriate NGOs as the credibility of all NGOs can only be evaluated by their past * activities. 6) Private Nursery owners 7) Panchayat representatives

Nurseries The forest nurseries of the Social forestry wing of the Department of Forests and Wild Life and also Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KFDC) will provide the seedlings on a continuous basis.

| Frequency of meetings There should be at least four meetings at local Panchayat levels per year to evaluate the programme after planting of the trees. The meeting shall be attended by representative of school children's and teachers at all levels of education in addition to Panchayat Authorities. The PWD at State level should organize television and radio programmes in the local language.

Sources of Funding The part of the cost for the project can be met from the Environmental - Monitoring budget per link included in the BOQ General Bill No 11 titled 'Environmental mitigation works'. The project has included almost complete budge required for the 3 compensatory planting for the project including planting for Noise barriers. The rest has to be raised locally. In Kerala the panchayath authorities can provide local funding for organizing these meetings and action plans. The project provision for noise barriers also provides funding for schools and hospitals. The funds should be properly utilized.

11.2 THE IDENTIFIED TREE PLANTING AREAS ALONG KSTP

1. Puramboke land: the Puramboke lands need to be identified after the construction is complete. It is estimated that considerable area will be available along the road ROW 3 without creating any road safety issues. This will be available in patches only. The EO will be responsible for this work. This cannot be identified at this juncture because of the 3 o Non availability of legal Right of Way and o The Contractors final choice of alignment based on the practical difficulties in running the equipment and machineries

The area could be useful for tree planting as well as parking areas and servicing areas. For making an estimate a maximum of one hectare of Puramboke land is considered per Link. The total budget under this segment alone will be Rs 85,000 per link, amounting to Rs 765,000 (Rs 7.65 Lakhs)

2. Oxbow land The Phase I Oxbow lands are identified in the Table 4.0 as well as the strip plan where realignment takes place. There will be 71 Oxbow land areas as indicated in the table. The lengths vary from 40m to 330 m. The width of the oxbow land is mostly less than 6 to 12m. The length is approximately 21 kms.

3. Private land bordering the road This is necessary as the Road ROW is too narrow to plant trees.

LBiLJSheladia'CES/ICT Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

The cost estimates for tree planting along Oxbow lands within this corridor is provided in Table 8.0. The table provides details of exact location, length of planting area, species selected and number of trees and shrubs.

12.0 CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

12.1 Conclusions

Along high priority roads, roadside planting should not be encouraged because of the narrow and winding nature of corridors coupled with other vegetation and climatic factors.

In general, considering the special condition of Sate roads, the roadside trees will increase the accident rates and their severity. Not only the vehicles but also the pedestrians are at an unacceptably high risk in Kerala.

The policy is not applicable to National Highways of the State as the Standards are better with very high safety standards. More over the roads are built very wide and straight. The main highways are located in the coastal plains of Kerala.

The project is committed to plant a minimum of 4000 trees as against the removal of 2000 trees from the high priority as well as maintenance corridors including the removal of private trees while widening. The scope of the planned Phase 1 planting will be many times higher than the minimum requirement. The entire budget although included in the BOQ will be sub contracted separately with an agreement with Kerala Forest Development Corporation.

12.2 Recommendations:

After the construction of the road, there should be a determined effort to persuade the landowners on both sides to plant shade trees along safe sections and to discourage at unsafe sections. This activity shall be at micro level i.e. at the Panchayat or village level with people's involvemcnt. Thc household should know why these activities arc required. There should be a determined effort by local schools, hospitals, Panchayat Municipal and Police authorities towards this. The ESMU will take up this activity for further follow up with a definitive action plan.

The strategy discussed is a general approach, depending upon the local situation: there can be variations.

Tree planting however should be considered in all 'Puramboke land' outside the required corridor so as not to interfere with the smooth and safe flow of traffic.

In the case of Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP) the main areas for tree planting are the so called 'oxbow lands' as the Puramboke land will be mostly utilized during the proposed improvement works. The oxbow lands shall be leased to NGOs preferably woman NGOs or to families in the immediate vicinity as an income generating activity involving BPL families.

PWD will have to develop a monitoring mechanism for the oxbow lands during operational stage to have an excellent control on the land and resources.

LBII/Sheladia'CES ICT Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment- Aueust 2001

3 PWD should consider the employment of local people for planting.

Notes

1. This recommendation does not affect the existing trees. Wherever possible, the existing trees have been protected by making necessary design changes.

APPENDIX-1 3 TREE REMOVAL FROM THE ROAD RIGHTOF WAY

TABLE 8.0 3 LINK 1.0 THE DETAILSOF LIKELYTREE REMOVALALONG THE CORRIDOR CHAINAGE GI G2 G3 G4 { Tree of girth Tree of girth size Tree of girth Tree of girth size (0.5-1m) 1-2 m) size (2-3 m) size(3-4 m)

______1 R L R L R I. R 25-26 I . I l l 26-27 4______27-28 4 1 29-30 = l___

I ~~~~~~3132 2 11 ___ 3~~33-334 22 34-35 18 35-36 1 3 36-37 1 I 37-38 2 39-40 1_

41-42 _ _ __4 _ _ _ : ~~~~~~43-44 4 6 -- 4 L 44-45 I______* 45-46 5 1 I 47-48 4 2 48-49 - ______1 49-50 2 ___ 1 2

1 55-56 4 3 ___ I ~ ~~~~57-581 58-59 2

60-61 ______62--63 1 1 63-64 2 l 65-66 3 3 66-67 8 67-68 [3 1 68-69 2 l Total | 11 3 32] 21 37 8 2 1

LBII/Sheladia/CES,ICT 3 KeralaState TransportProject SectoralEnvironmental Assessment - August2001

TABLE 9.0 LINK 2.0 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REMOVAL ALONG THE CORRIDOR GI G2 G3 G4 Chainage Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Chainage Size (0.5 - 1 m) Size ( -2 m) Size (2-3 m) Size 3-4 m) *_____ L R L R L R L R L 1 73-74 2 3 6 74-75 1 6 75-761 77-78 1 1 5 . 78-79 4 1 79-80 5 80-81 2 1 1 81-82 2 82-83 4 4 2 _

85-86 18 8 1 86-87 30 7 87-88 __= 5 _ ___=__ =_

88-89 _ _ _ _1_ _ _ _

89-901 ______

90-91 3 _ _ __ 91-92 ______4

92-93 ______1

93-94 I __ _ _ 3 _ _ _

94-95 -1 ___

Total 60 29 14 24 8 9 _ _

TABLE 10.0 | LINK 3.0 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REMOVAL ALONG THE CORRIDOR GI G2 G3 G4 Chainage Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Size Tree of Girth Size Chainages Size (0.5 - I m) Size (1-2 m) (2-3 m) (3-4 m) 95-96 L R L R L R L R 5 ~~~~~~~95-968 3 ____ 96-97 2 97-98 7 4 3 ~~~~~~~98-99 1 100-101 5 102-103 1 2 _ _ 113-114 1

Total 23 4 3 3 3 0 0

LBitISheladia/CESJtCT 3 CKeralaState Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

I TABLE 11.0 LINK 6.0 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REMOVAL ALONG THE CORRIDOR CHAINAGE GI G2 G3 G4 Tree of girth Tree of girth Tree of girth size Tree of girth size size (0.5-1 m) size (1-2 m) (2-3 m) (3-4 m) L R L R L R L R

211-212 2 212-213 2 215-216 2 3 | 1 ~~~~216-217 1 1 1 217-218 I . 3 218-219 2 2 2 219-220 2 1 3 220-221 2 221-222 2 2

222-223 . _ 3 5

223-224 _ 1

224-225 1 3 31 226-227 1 227-228 1 1 228-229 5 31 Total 9 8 14 15 3 7 0° 0

TABLE 12.0 LINK 26 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REMOVAL ALONG THE CORRIDOR CHAINAGE GI G2 G3 G4 I Tree of girth Tree of girth Tree of girth size Tree of girth size size (0.5-1 m) size (1-2 m) (2-3 m) (3-4 m) L R L R L R L R 60-1 I 23 I ~~~~~61-62I 6 - -62 2 3 1 63-664 9 64-65 4 4

65 -66 3 7 ___ 3 66 - 67 10 6869 __ 1 69-70 5

70 -71 3I1 71-72 23 1

72 -73 ______2

73 -74 ___ 23 74 -75 1 .. 4__

76-75 7 2 3 ______77- 78 4 1 78-79 2 9 4 79 80 6 16 3 80-81 - _ 3 II ______

LBII/SheladiaXCESiWCT I 3 Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

TABLE 13.0 I LINK 26 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REMOVAL ALONG THE CORRIDOR (CONTINUED) Chainage GI G2 G3 G4 Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Size Tree of Girth Size Size (0.5 - I m) Size (1-2 m) (2-3 m) (3-4 m) L| R L R L R L R 81-82 1 1 1 82 - 83 10 5 83 - 84 1 4 6 6

84- 85 3 ____ 85-86 I 87 - 88 2 1 I 88 - 89 7 4 89- 90 1 1 2 Total in each 32 95 50 45 1 size category _ _I

3 TABLE 14.0 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REMOVAL ALONG 'THE CORRIDOR GI G2 G3 G4 Chainiage Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Size Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Size Size (0.5 -1 m) (1-2 m) Size (2-3 m) (3-4 m)

_____ L R L R L R tL R * ~~~~~~~19-20 3 I__20-21 3 1 3 3 4 _ 2_-23 _ _ 2 2-23 _ _ 1~_ _ t______~ _ _ _ ±______U ______30_3 11 ______3 32-33 1 2 . 35-36 1 = _= 2 1 _ 36-37 3

37-38 5 3 _ _ _ _ 38-39 8 7 3 _ _

39-40 ______2 _ _ _

40-41 2 1 3 I__1_ __ _ _ >41-42 3 3 _ 42-43 3 1 43-44 3 3 44-45 2___ 45-46 2

46-47 8 ______49-50 6 4= 50-51 1 5152 5 52-52.6 I__- Total 29 23 15 35 3

3 LBII/SheladiaiCESICT I Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment -August 2001

TABLE 15.0 LINK 50 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REMOVAL ALONG THE CORRIDOR GI G2 G3 G4 Chainage Tree of Girth Size Tree of Girth Size Tree of Girth Tree of Girth (0.5-1 m) (1-2 m) Size (2-3 m) Size (3-4 m) L R L R L R L R 1-2 2 1 2-34 3-4 __.__ 4-5 3. _ 3

6-7 1 1 1 17-8 1 2 4 2

9-10 __ _ _ _ 13-14 2 2 ;~~~~~~~~~- 14-15 32.D 2 4 4 2_ 1 = 1-- 15-16 1 3 16-17 1 2 5 17-18 5 3 3 3 1 I ~~~~~~~18-19 3 12 19-20 4 11 21-22 1

30-31 1 _ _ _ _ 34-35 1

35-36 2 2 3 ____ 36-37 1 229 3 7 2 5 37-38 2 1 4 5 2 _ ____ 38-39 1 39-40 1 314 40-41 4 3 2 8 3 j 2 41-42 1 3 1I _ 42-43 1 ___ __ 2

LBI/Shlada44-45 _ _ 1 2 Total 19 18 35 36 30 20 101T 9

__ _ TABLE 16.0 LINK 70 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REM/OVAL ALONG I ~~~~~~~THECORRIDOR Gl G2 G3 G4 Chainage Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Tree of GijrthSize Chainage ~~Size(0.5 1 m) Size (1-2 m) Size (2-3 m) (3-4 m) L R L R L R L R 2-3 2 14

3-4 6 2 ______4-5 3

5-6 2 3 ______7-8 6 5 1

8-9 2 _ _ _ 9-10 2 Total 18~~~~~~21 5 3 2 2

LBII,She1adia;CES/1CT 3 KeralaState TransportProject SectoralEnvironmental Assessment - August2001

3 TABLE 17.0 LINK 72 THE DETAILS OF LIKELY TREE REMOVAL ALONG THE CORRIDOR CHAINAGE Gl G2 G3 G4 Tree of girth Tree of girth Tree of girth size Tree of girth size size (0.5-1 m) size 1-2 m) (2-3 m) (3-4 m)

______~~L R L R L R L f R 2to3 1 1 4-5 3 1 1 I 5-6 1 1 5 6-7 1 4

7-8 ____14 3 ~~~8-9 1 1 __ _ 9- 10 13-14 1 6 2 m) (3 4 m) 14-15 2 16-17 1 3 12 Tol 2,2104262 13 0 1

l LINK 73 THE DETAILS TABLE 18.0 LIN7 TE DTALSOF LIKELYfTREE REMIOVALALONG ______THECORRIDOR______-- _ 3 ]4GI G2 G3 G4 Chainage Tree of Girth Tree of Girth Size Tree of ,Girth Tree of Girth Size Size (0.5 - 1 m) (1-2 m) - Size (2-3 m) - (3-4 m) L R L R L R L R 0-1 2 1-2 2 5 ______

2-3 _ _ _ _ 15______I ~~~~~3-4 1 22 2 _ _ _ _

9-10 ____ 4

14-15 2 ______

16-17 _ _ __1

17-18 1 __

18-19 2 ~ 5 ______

19-20 ____ 66

21-22 11 _ _ _ 3 ~~~~~22-23 3 71 ______23-24 1 3 _ ____

Total 21 128 5 3 _____ 0 0 0

l l l

LBlliShcladia,CES/IC I KeTala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - A ugust 2001

TABLE 19.0 REALIGNMENTS ALONG LINK 1- TAIKKOD KOTTRAKKARA * ._ _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Proposed StartinEridin Le gth Max Rih/treatment of Realignment Location Staing Ending Length Offset Right! Oxbow land Chainage Chainage (in () Left* ehneettp

Keezhaikonam 28.750 29.060 310 45 Left Type C Pulimath 32.110 32.310 200 20 Right Type C Pulimath 34.570 34.720 150 40 Left Type C Pulimath 34.670 35.890 200 35 Right Type C Kunnummel 37.560 38.190 630 70 Right Type C Kilimanoor 38.440 38.810 370 140 Left Type C Kilimanoor 39.870 40.010 160 45 Right Type C Manlaettupacha 40.860 41.270 410 40 Left Type C Manlaettupacha 41.400 41.560 160 45 Right Type C _ Manlacttupacha 42.020 42.220 200 14 Right Type C Kanankode 44.130 44.560 430 110 Left Type A Kanankode 44.570 44.730 160 80 Left Type B Before Elevenkode 49.610 49.710 100 21 Right Type C Before Elevenkode 50.340 50.470 130 30 Left Type C Elevenkode 52.080 52.320 240 70 Lcft Type C Elevenkode 52.700 52.860 160 25 Right Type C Before Vayakkal 55.010 55.270 260 45 Left Type C Before Vayakkal 56.500 56.710 210 23 Left Type C Before Vayakkal 56.810 56.970 160 19 Left Type C Vayakkal 58.550 58.850 300 45 Right Type C Polikode 60.390 60.790 400 125 Right Type C Mercy hospital 62.400 62.540 140 24 Left Type C Panaveli 66.150 66.440 290 63 Right Type C Before Karikkom 68.160 668.250 90 15 Right Type C TOTAL I D860 I * Relative to movement from south to North and corresponding to west and East of the SH-I alignment, respectively.

TABLE 20. 0 REALIGNMENTS ALONG LINK 2- (KOTTARAKKARA - ADUR) REALIGNMENT START END LENGTH MAX RIGHT Proposed LOCATIONS CHAINAGE CHAINAGE (m) OFFSET / LEFT treatment of Design chain (m) Oxbow land ages are used enhancement

*______type A/B/C Muttampalam | 74.402 74.611 209 29 Right Type C Mullamukku | 76.017 76.300 283 39 Right Type C Mullamukku 76.480 76.600 120 14 Type C - 1 78.880 79.080 200 24 Right Type C Kalayapuram- 2 79.910 80.040 130 18 Left Type C Puthoormukku - I 80.060 80.220 160 15 Right Type C Puthoormukku - 2 80.280 80.400 120 20 Right Type C Puthoornmukku- 3 80.686 80.980 294 33 Right Type A Puthoormukku - 4 81.020 81.180 160 20 Right Type C (Existing) Enathu (Existing) 85.990 _ 86.190 200 55 Right Type C Total Length 1876

LBII SheladiaiCES/ICT 3 CKeralaState Transport Proiect Sectoral Environmental Assessment Auzust 2001

TABLE 21. 0 REALIGNMENTS ALONG LINK 3 - (ADUR- CHENGANNUR) REALIGNMENT START END LENGTH MAX RIGHT Proposed LOCATIONS CHAINAGE CHAINAGE (m) OFFSET / LEFT treatment of Design chain (m) Oxbow land ages are used enhancement ______typeA /B/C 3 | Kulanada 105.380 105.600 220 30 Left 1 Type B

TABLE 22.0 REALIGNMENTS ALONG LINK 40- (THRISSUR-KUTTIPURAM) REALIGNMENT START END LENGTH MAX RIGHT PROPOSED LOCATIONS CHAINAGE CHAINAGE (m) OFFSET I LEFI TREATMENT Design chain (m) OF OXBOW * ages are used LAND ENHANCEMEN'I' *______TYPE AIB/C

Existing Oxbow 31.200 31.380 180 12 Right _ Type A land at Korattikkara _ Existing Oxbow 32.220 32.560 340 38 Left Type B | ~~~~landat Kallumpuram _ Kandanakam 48.205 48.330 125 1 Left Type C

| ~~~~~Manoor 50.120 50.240 120 I 8 Left Type C Thrikanapuram-1 5 1.335 51.480 145 17 Left Type C * Total Length 910

TABLE 23. 0 REALIGNMENTS ALONG LINK 50- (PALAKKAD-SHORNUR) REALIGNMENT START END LENGTH MAX RIGHT PROPOSED LOCATIONS CHAINAGE CHAINAGE (m) OFFSET / LEFT TREATMENT Design chain OF OXBOW * i ages are used LAiND ENHANCEMENT TYPE A/B/C Existing at Parali 12.000 13.500 1500 Left Type C

TABLE 24. 0 REALIGNMENTS ALONG LINK 70- (MUVATTUPUZHA-THODUPUZHA) * Relative to movement from North to South and cor respondine to East and West of the SIH-8alignment, respectively. SL NO REALIGN,MENT START END LENGTH MAX RIGHT/ PROPOSED LOCATION CHAINAGE CHAINAGE Im) OFFSET LEF TREATMENTX OF

l l l l l l | | ~~~~~~~~~~ENHANCEMIENT| * | | l l l l l | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TYPEA/B/C I Ashramkawala 3.10 3.43 330 70 L TypeC 2 Mupparkhad 7.10 7.35 225 42 L Type C 3 Perumguzha Jn 7.35 7.95 600 212 R Type C 4 Near PerumnguzhaJn 8.00 8.20 200 22 L Type C 5 !ViaNarukaraJn 8.95 9.10 150 22 L Type C I l 6 Vazhakulam 10.45 10.70 225 28 L Type A 7 Vengachad 12.60 12.80 200 19 R Type B

LBII/Sheladia/CESllCT Kerala StateTransport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment- August 2001

8 KalidamathJn 13.60 13.86 260 38 R Type C 9 Maniyandrum 15.10 15.425 325 20 R Type C 10 Kappu Jn 15.80 15.95 150 40 L Type C II Near Kappu Jn 15.98 16.20 220 44 R Type C 12 Malinkumb 16.95 17.05 100 36 R Type C 13 JMylabum Jn 17.52 17.65 130 24 L Type C 14 Vengaloor 17.65 17.92 270 80 R Type C 15 Near Vengaloor 17.94 18.05 110 34 L Type C * ~ Colony _ 16 Kollam 18.06 18.30 240 25 R Type C 17 PumalluJn 18.45 18.75 300 80 L Type C

______4035

3 TABLE25.0 REALIGNMENTS ALONG LINK 72- (SH-NH LINK ROAD) REAL[GNMENT START END LENGTH MAX RIGHT PROPOSED *LOCATIONS CHAINAGE CHAINAGE (i) OFFSET / LEFT TREATMENTOF Designchain (m) OXBOWLAND ages are used ENHANCEMENT ______TYPE AIB/C Taikkod 0.000 0.820 820 Head Right Type C section Taikkod 1.805 1.880 75 15 Right Type C [ 3.500 3.690 190 40 Right Type C Kattaikonam 6.990 7.300 310 140 Left Type C | Kazhakootam | 12.140 | 12.577 437 Tail Left Type C Il l | section TOTAL 1832

* TABLE26.0 REALIGNMENTS ALONG LINK 73- (ALAPUZHA - CHANGANASSERY) REALIGNMENT START END LENGTH MAX RIGHT Proposed 1 I LOCATIONS CHAINAGE CHAINAGE (m) OFFSET / LEFT treatment of Designchain (m) Oxbow land agesare used enhancement

______| | htype A(B/C No realignments are proposed along this route. There is an Existing 'Oxbow land' at chainage 1.650 to 1.900. This is largely being used as a service road.

S I

Ll3IlSheladiaiCES'ICT- Appendix A. 8.1

Short listed NGOs for Project Consultation and Participation E NG IN EERS *P LAN NE RS *SC IE NTIS TS * E CONGOMIS TS M-122, First Floor, Muthoot Chambers Greater Kailash, Part- I, L Near Temple, Thycaud New De!hi - 110 048* Thiruvananthapuram 695 014 Tel.: 91 -11- 6281695, 6232945 Tel.: +91 471 334257,320940 Fax: 91 -11- 6232945 Fax.:+91 471 334630

Louis Berger International, Inc. :B- - .'Wl •Mm . RIZ Project Coordinating Consultants for Kerala State Highways Proiect with Inland Water Transqort Pilot Proiect

The ProjectDirector PTIURoads & Bridges PWD- Kerala State Thiruvananthapuram 29fhOctober, 1999 KSH/99/10/30

Dear MvIr.Kumar

Sub: Short-listed NGOs for Public Participation in Kerala State Hi2vhwavand Inland Water Transport Proiect

Please find enclosed a list of NGO's short listed for public participation in Kerala State Hiuhwav and Inland Water Transport Project. This is for your record for ar,y addition or deletion. Out of 50 NGOs listed 49 are those listed in VvWTdirectory of NGOs and one because of their interest in associating with the project.

Yours Sincerely, Louis Berger International Project Coordinating Consultants

David I Wood Team Leader

1819 H Street NW.Suit- 9CO.Washingtcn CC 2O0C6USA Tel.: 202.323 7T75Fasx 202.293.0778E-Mail L-BlWDC@AOL-COM Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

SHORT LISTED NGO'S FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN I KERALA STATE HIGHWAYAND INLANDWATER TRANSPORT PROJECT l SL. Name of the NGO's Address Activities No: Contact Person & Phone no: I Vikasana Sangam P.O. Anakkara Environmental I Mr. K. M. Joseph, Secretary Idukki District awareness, ______Pin-685 512 Soil conversation Association for Welfare action in 'Paroor', Environmental 2 Kerala Environment (AWAKE) Thrikkariyor.P.O, awareness in rural areas, Mr. Paroor Sreedharan, Emakulam Social forestry, Director of Projects. Pin-686 692 Tribal in development activities. l Cadre for Environment Studies IIFloor, Utility- Environment education 3 and Action (CESA) Building Encouraging use of non- Mr. C.G. Stanley, Treasurer Nayarangadi (Nehru- conventional energy, Phone: 0487-29179 Bazar) tree planting Thrissur Pin-680 001 Centre for Industrial Safety & Kottamukku Environment education 4 Environmental Concerns Kollam Working in Attappadi (CISEC) Pin-691 013 For the regeneration of I Mr. V. T. Padmanabhan, Director natural forests. Phone: 0474-72765 Fax: 91-474-740945 Cochin Environmental Protection School of Organizing seminars & 5 Agency (CEPA) Environmental lectures in Envn:, Mr. K. V. Devasia Studies Involvement in I Phone: 0484-37005 Cochin Impact analysis Pin-682 016 Conservation of Nature Trust 13/24Gandhi Nagar Eco-reconstruction of E 6 Mr. R. S. Lal Mohan, Scientist West Hill Lake, Wynad Phone: 0495-52769 Calicut District, Conducting Pin-673 005 seminars on environment-related topics. Environment Forestry Group C/o Peace and Demonstration and * 7 Mr. Ariyancode Rajayyan, Disarmament Society rallies in support of Honorary General Secretary of Kerala (PADS) Environmental issues, Phone: 0471-65972 Perurnkadavila Public meetings and Thiruvananthapuram Orientation camps. ______Pin-695 124

LBI] Sheladia/CES,ICT Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

Environmental Resources Post Box 1230 Environmental impact 8 Research Centre (ERRC) assessment of Indira Mr. P.K.K. Nair, Director Thiruvananthapuram Gandhi National Park, Phone: 0471-435115 Pin-695 005 Afforestation I Fax: 0471-44262 programmes on the banks of Veli Lake. Friends of Periyar Periyar Wildlife Nature Conservation I 9 Mr. Joseph Karoor, President Reserve Programmes & helping Phone: 04869-22169 Thekkady. P.O. the Government to Idukki organize nature camps. I Pin-685 536 Friends of the Trees-Trivandrum B-9 Jawahar Nagar Environment Education 10 Branch (FOT) Thiruvananthapuram Encouraging use of Mr. K. Thomas Paulose Pin-695 041 altemative energy Phone: 0471-320954 Gramin Udyog Yojana Vikas Works Conducting micro-level 11 Mr. Kurian Thomas, President Compound campaigns for Near Petrol Pump environmental awareness; educating Kottayam District the rural masses on the Pin-686 510 Importance of * _ environment care. Gramin Vikas Yojana Mulakandamedu via Conducting programmes 12 Mr. S.T. Thomas, Field Director Kattappana for afforestation, soil Idukki District conservation Pin-685 515 Shri Sri Vidya Nidhi Shri Sri Vidya Nagar Creating Public 3 13 Mrs. Salini Chandran, Headmistress Sree Ramakrishna awareness about Ashramam Road environment, trees and Ponkunnam afforestation 3 Pin-680 002 High Range Wildlife Preservation Estate Deterring poaching in I 14 Association (HRWPA) Tallai. P. 0. the Eravikulam National Chairman Pin-685 614 Park; To undertake * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~wilIdlifesur-veys; I engaged in tribal welfare International Centre for Study Shangrila Hills Environmental 15 and Development Valakom.P. 0. education and training, I Mr. K. C. Mathew, President Kollam District afforestation. Phone: 047570-2075; 2008;2359 Pin-691 532

_LB3lliSheladiaCES/ICT l l l Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001 Jana Kshema Sangham (JAKS) Archbishop's House Environmental 3 16 Rt Rev Dr Lawrence Mar Ephraem, . P. 0. Education, Social President Thiruvananthapuram forestry, Surveys in Phone: 0471-77642; 0471-77643 Pin-695004 rural areas. Kadangode Water Supply Action Chiramanangad. P. 0. Environmental 17 Committee Thrissur District education, water Mr. Kareem Pannithadam, Pin-680 604 management Chairman Phone: 0488-523508 Kerala Gandhi Smarak Nidhi Gandhi Bhavan To prevent Soil erosion, I 18 Mr. K. Janardanam Pillai, Chairmnan Post Box 419 Promoting Bio-dynamic Phone: 0471-63708; 0471-61786 Thycaud. P.O. methods. Thirruvananthapuram I Dist., Pin-695 014 Kerala Natural History Society 13/369, Kammath Silent Valley protection * 19 (Kozhikode Chapter) Lane campaign, Preservation Mr. L. Namassivayan, Secretary Kozhikode of Kadalundy Estuary, Phone: 0495-77076 Pin-673 002 Pathiramand island and * Arippa forest; survey and tracking of ______migratory seals. Kerala Rural Reconstruction Kerra Awareness generating 20 Association Mundancavu programmes for rural Mr. K. C. Kuruvilla, Chairman Chengannur women and Children. Pin-689 121 Soil conservation study Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishat Parishat Bhavan Eco-development; 21 Mr. K. R. Janardhanan, President Guruvayoor Road creating awareness Phone: 0487-24084; 24040 Thrissur about water and energy Pin: 680 004 conservation Gram Vikasana Aycadu Awareness programmes 22 Samithy Kodumon on environment; Rain Mr. Kunjannamma Kunju, Pathanamthitta water harvesting Secretary-cum-director District Phone: 0473-485214 Pin-691 555

3 Minivet Nature Club , Social Forestry; 23 [ELENTHIKARAI discussions, Study tour Mr. V.N. Sarasan, Secretary Pin: 683 512 I Mitraniketan Mitraniketan. P. 0. Forming tree lover's 24 Mr. K. Viwanathan, Director club; tree planting Phone: 0472-82045; Thiruvananthapuram I 82015; Dist., Pin-695 543 0471-451564

3 LB[I/SheladiaiCES/ICT Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

National Association for Tribal Mully Environmental 25 uplift, Athikadavu via education; Eco- Research and Education Coimbatore development (Nature) Attappady Mr. Rajagopal, Director Pin-641102

National Women's Welfare Vanitha Bhavan To develop wastelands; 3 26 Centre Ottasekharamangalamto protectthe Mrs. S. Lilly Genet, Secretary .P.O. environment, to Phone: 0471-255209 Ariyancode Pin: integrated rural 695215 development Pin: 695125 Nature Action Group Kunnackal. P. 0. Organizing I 27 Mr. ShajanThomas, Secretary Muvattupuzha Environmental Emakulam Dist., education camp, Pin-682316 Destruction of forests I One Earth-OneLife Edat. P.O. ArrangingNature 28 Mr. C. Vishalakshan, President Kannoor District education camps, Pin-670 327 Campaigning against the I . BaliapalMissile Project, the Pooyamkutty Hydel Project etc., the study of * ecosystemin various parts of Kerala Peermade Wildlife Preservation Stagbrook Estate Public education and 29 Society Peernade training to members on Mr. Mathew Thomas, Honorary Idukki District wildlife protection and secretary Pin-685531 conservation ______Phone: 04869-32082; 32282 Puma Environmental Movement Via Farook College Environmental 30 Mr. K. Harris, Advisor Azhinhilam. P. 0. education Malappuram Dist. Pin-673632 l QuilonEnvironmental Group JasminNivas Surveyof avifaunain 31 Mr. S. A. Saif, Joint Secretary Ambalathum Bhgom the western Phone: 0474-61 [] Kollam District Ghats[Kerala], Planning 3 Pin-690520 Publicprotest against project Rajiv Gandhi Cultural Study .P. 0. Environmental U 32 Centre Thiruvananthapuram awarenesscampaigns; Mr. P. Y. Anil Kumar, President Dist Eco-development Phone: 0471-481838; 481828 Pin-695523

I BII.SheladiaECES/ICT l Kerala State Transpon Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment- August 2001

Social Action Movement of Puliyanmala. P.O. Environment education 3 33 Idukki (SAMI) Kattappara South and conducting seminars Mr. Babu Thomas. K., President Idukki District D;" -AQ < <1 I 3 Social Work and Research Centre Kambalakad. P. 0. Conducting a survey of 34 (SWRC) the imbalance caused by Mrs. T. K. Omana, Project Director Pin-673121 the destruction of natural fauna; soil and water conservation Society for Action with the Poor House No 126 Ward Environmental I 35 (SAP) No V awareness building at Mr. John Mangalath, Honorary Mangalath, the grass root level to Project Director Pannivizha sensitize the people to I Adoor. P. 0. dangers of unplanned Pathanamthittta development District ______Pin-691 523 Society for Integral Development Koovapally Conservation and use of 36 Action (SIDA) Kottayam District water resources; soil * Mr. George Thomas, General conservation and care. Director Society For the Protection of Binoy Vista Environmental 37 Environment-Kerala (SPEK) Chevayoor education; Survey of the Mr. K. M. Unnikrishnan Calicut sacred groves; Nambeesan Pin-673017 Organised Phone: 356000 demonstractions Solidaritv iMovementof India, Environmental 38 Central Committee Idukki. P. 0. education and Mr. T. K. Thulaseedharan Pillai, Idukki District awareness; Eco- President Pin-685602. development ______Phone: 0486-3541; 69256 The Dale View Punalal. P. 0. Environmental 39 Mr. C. Christu Das, Director Poovachal Via education, survey of 3 Phone: 0472-82063; 82163 Thiruvananthapuram places vulnerable to soil Dist. erosion. Pin-695575 Thekkady Wildlife Society Post Box 9 Afforestion and wildlife 40 Mr. P. A. Joseph, President Kurnily. P. 0. protection; Phone: 04863-2133 (Kumily) Idukki District Environmental 3 Pin-685509 education Development Vandanmedu Environmental 41 Society (VlDS) Idukki District education and training

______Fr. Joy. J. Chittoor, President Pin-685551

5 LBII'Sheladia/CESICT l l

Kerala State Transport Proiect Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

Vembanad Nature Club Sreekovil Conservation of wildlife 3 42 Mr. K. V. Deyal, Adviser . P. 0. in Vembanad Lake area Phone: 047886-2489 Alapuzha District Viswadarsanam Feny land Conducting 43 Mr. Umesh Babu, Director Environment Pathanamthitta Programmes in Schools District 5l______Pin-689513 Women Initiative in Sustainable Agali. P. 0. Environment education; 44 Development and Organic Palakkad District Organic farming I Movement (WISDOM) Pin-678581 Mrs. T. Rajany, President Vrukshabandhu Social Forestry Edakkoly Wasteland development; * 45 Club Chakkampuzha. P. 0. Organic farming Mr. Mathewkutty Theruvapuzha, Kottayam District Secretary Pin-686574 Women's Documentation Ariyancode Environmental 46 Centre, education and awareness Ms Sheeia. Librarian Pin-695125 proQrammes: I World Wide Fund for Nature- 'Rupa', A 10 Tagore Education and training; 47 India Nagar to raise funds for State Director Vazhuthacaud conservation Phone: 0471-65183 Thiruvananthapuram Pin-695014 Wynad Prakrithi Samrakshana C/o Modem Books Workshops on 48 Samiti Sultan's Battery environment education; Mr. Babu Mylambadi, President Wynad District Afforestation Phone: 185 (PP) Pin-673592 Zoological Club College Holding Environmental 49 Prof T. P. Sreedharan, President Edat. P. 0. education camps for 3 Phone: 04989-2121 Cannanore District students; Campaigning Pin-670327 for nature conservation 50 Friends of Trees T.C. 15/1086, Environmental Chairman Cotton Hill, education; Nature P. N. Surendran, IFS (Rtd) Thiruvananthapuram, Conservation etc. Former Principal Chief Conservator Pin-695 014

Mr. C.K.Karunakaran,IFS(Rtd) Secretary U Former Chief Conservator of Forests Phone: 0471-326319

| LBlliSheladia!CES/ICT Appendix A. 8.2

Official Consultations APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

Si,lName & Address I Fax and(Plhonie Date of 1 . i.s| Remarks No &lumlber Consultation Subject discussed [ Mr Abdu SaeinSiad Phone: 442231 (0) Soil Conservation Data and No Published data. No books I KeralaConSeateiand Uspcioal 447830 (0) 10 May 1999 Resource base available at o Sale Kerala State Land Use Board 4717()Ln s or.on Sale Vikas Bhavan 4n Mr. H-aridasP Nair 360982 (R) Systemis Manager, Office: 440624, Remote sensing and GIS 2 (On deputation from ISRO) 447830 & 442231 10 May 1999 facilities available at this No Published data No books Kerala State Remote scnsing and E.Mail:4 0 0. Office on Sale Environnment . ic.4n nlic.in Mr. M. Boominathan Phone 322624, National Transportation Planning 322581, 322681 Various Activities of No in-house Staff for R&R 3 and Research Center (NATPAC), Fax 91-0471- 6 May 1999 NATPAC especially R&R and Environmental Aspects. PRS Road, Thycaud, 329414 and Environmental aspects TVM 695 014 Consulted mainly about Dr M Baba waterways With Mr. Received the Environmental Director in Charge /Land use 442231(0) Consulted Malhotra of PCC. Some Management plan aftcr two Commissioner Fax:441167 informal discussion about the days. Kerala State Land Use Board CRZ Management Plan for Kerala was also discussed. Mr. l'KV Nair, Survey Of India (SOI) Phone:481852(0) 1Api199For Restricted and PIU (PWD) submitted 5 CGO Comle: 16 April 1999 unrestricted sor maps Application and later we Poomkulam (P0) ursrceSOmasreceived the SOL sheets 'I'VMPIN 695522 Mr. KK Thankappan 322618(0) With Mr William Cumming All useful gazetteers 6 KERtA GAZATIERS 340823(R) Consulted of PCC. purchased.

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APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

SL 1 Name & Address Fax and Phone Date of Subject discussed Remarks No number tConsultation Cr ofKorsts Phne:2217 No time for him to devote for Later we submitted our 7 Chief Conservator 36398 ( Consulted this project and asked us to requirements. No reply (Wild Life) 363958 (R) gv ti rtn,frhoig Forest Department Mr. PK Surendranathan Asari, Principal Chief Conservator of Phone:321610 No formal Invited for Scoping Did not attend the scoping 8 Forests 321374(R) consultation Workshop through a formal workshop. (Development and Project) 3 required till date. letter. Forest Delpartment Forest Depu ~ ~ ~~ Indicated that unlike other Mr. K Sasidharan Nair, States here forest Principal Chief Conservator of conservation measures are Directed to the Forest 9 Forests Phone:321798 (i) Consulted very active and successful information office at social (General) 325584 (R) and land taking will have to for-esry divisioIn. Forest Department be strictly adhere to Forest conservation rules of the State and Central Government. Mr. Bhaskaran Census Department PIU (PWD) submitted 10 Deputy Director Operations Phone:481860 Consulted For Restricted and ApWD) submitted CGO Complex unrestricted SOI maps received the a01 sheets Poomkulam (PO) Thiruvananthapuram PIN 695522 Dr. Basak Consulted on advice from Executive Director, On sediment and water Prof. M. Jaya Kumar of State 11 CWRDM Phone:0495355864 Consulted formally testing and Analysis and also Committee on Science (MBR) & 356242 and Informally on Scoping workshop Technology And Kozhikode Pin 679573 Environment. - - - -m------m -r-- - - -

APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

SL Name & Address Fax and Phone Date of Subject discussed Remarks ~Noj number ConsultationSujcdiuseRmak

Prof. M Jayakumar Mainly Waterways project. State Committee of Science & Consulted with Ner Sedimntesting It is highly desirable to have 12 Techinology 8 Environment 54342576(fa) environmental team water qiality testing etc. Mr the State Government Thycaud of the project Kumar recommended clearance on thlis aspect, Thiruvananthapuram sampling and Analysis. Mr Vijaya Bhas Phone: 318153 to Purchased a book titled 13 Environmental Engineer, 55 (3 nos) Consulted Nothing specific has come Environmental Standards Board (KSPCB), Pilamood 55n(rnosFaxNo: from the discussion published by the SP'CB Survey Society Michel Gomas /Shanmugam/KM Soman, Cadastral maps availability RAsurvey maps are also 14 Additional Director, Phone: 325492 Consulted for the project Work. Available. aso reced f ew Director of land Survey and Resurvey work is in Progress. deartment Records ep Opposite to Sri Mulam Club Friends of Trees- Thiruvananthapuram Project Environmentalist had 15 Branch (FOT) Mr Thomas Phone320954 Contacted a consultation with Mr NGO Poulose,B-8 Jawahar Nagar Thomas Paulos as the contact Thiruvananthapuram person of the Organization

16 Er.Sathish Kumar, I'hone: 364659 (R) Consulted No strip Plans are available No reference material for any PWD City Road Section 3, o for Kerala road network. road projects available Public Works Department, PMG

3 ------

APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

|OSL Name & Address Fax and Phone Date of T Subject discussed Remarks No number Consultation Mr. R Radhakrishna, Ex, President, Land Acquisition, Road 17 Kerala Shasthra Sahithy Parishath 525427(0) Consulted on accidents, and Road safety NGO (KSSP),- 752210(R) 30/04/1999 maintenance concern. They Vanjiyoor, Mathrubhoomi road have promised their help. Thiruvananthapuram. Mr Bijoy Alex KN Changappa, Sr Manager, Director Phone:0471- DBioAlx+treTata 'Yea limited, HRW & wwr Kerala State ONfiage 325183 Consulted on Dr Bijoy Alex + three EPA. Mohan Alember, DFO 18 Rupa,A-10 Tagore Nagar 323568 17/09/1999 personnel who sould be Munnar. Mr Jim Sacharia, TC 15/989 Vazhuthakkad (R) 0471-436499 included as resource persons. Research range officer, TVM-6950 14 Periyar. Kerala Periyar. Forest wildlife aspects related Dr Roy George education to KSTP officer, recommended some Dr Roy George Their publications: The other resource persons of the Education Officcr Natural resources of Kerala- state for consultatmon. Prof 19 World Wide Fund For Nature- 325183 Consulted on WWF India, Kerala State Nandakumar (Department oi India 4/06/99 Office. Land use control on Geography, University Thiruvananthapuram Paddy fields College Thiruvananthapuram) Coastal zone Managemenit & Prof.Kunjikrishnan Plan. endationspromised atsome a later recomm- stage. Fricnds of Periyar NGO. Later attended scoping Mr Joseph Karoor Phone:04863- Consulted Their main concerns are the workshop. Pointed out the 20 President Periyar wild Life 22169(R) 04/99 forest and wildlife Protection complication due to the Reserve PO Thekkady, Landslides are also a concern. arrival of settlers in the high Idukki Pin 685 536 _ ranges.

4 m ------APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

SL Name & Address Fax anumber Dati of Subject discussed Remarks No NamebeAddresnFaxladtPhon Contacted: Mr Jalaludheen Data available for eight Indian Meteorological Department centers spread across Kerala. Meteo centre Phone:322471 Consulted on 14 Number of stations in Kerala Data on Temp, Pressure, 21 Thiruvanathapuram 322894 (0) May 1999 & Type of data available. Rainfall, Humidity and wind 695033 data are available on cost basis. Main concems are that no Very shortly he is leaving Mr Nanda Kumar D Phone:474490 good Road maps are India for Higher education 22 Sr Lecturer one. 24/0699 available. Develops the map, (PhD). He is happy that Geography Dept After8 which is now available, and people are actually working University College this is the map given in the on the ground to collect basic CES Resource Atlas. data. KG Mohanan Pillai, Forest and wildlife published Director, Frs n idlf ac, oetadwllf ulse 23 Forest InformnationBureau (FIB) 360965 (0) 17/09/99 Forest and wild lfe sanctuary data. Forestry publications PTP Nagar,, TVM ap.and brochures. Dr Shankar 0487-282064 Offered help on any forestry Scientist band Head EIA group E-Mail- 26/1/00 during studies. Presented a case Indicated about a new 24 Kerala Forest Research Institute libkfri(tmd2vsnlne Scoping Workshop study on Eco-tourism project sanctuary to be created. (KFRI). Thrissur-680 653 t.in in Kerala. Main concern is whether the Pointed out instances where Prof: E. Kunji Krishnan fund will be utilized properly. the gross misutilisation of 25 Department of Zoology Wants a working accounting funds from world Bank and University College 442853 (R) 21/06/99 procedure within the PWD. ADB had taken place. Thiruvananthapuram Who can guarantee a honest account of wlhere the funds are and how properly utilized

5 ------rn- - - - APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

SL Name & Address Fax and Phone Date of S . i.s| Remarks No Name & Address number Consultation Subject discussed Bio-diversity issues, Natural Dr PK1KNair conservation measures, a Director complete EIA is necessary for Planting on both sides with Environmental Resources 0471-432159 Consulted any Road widening Project. trees or bushes especially in Research Center 0471-435115 23/06/99 evelopment o arks along those places where there are PBNol230, Peroorkada 0471-433159(R) Etc. Parking Places especially paddy fields. Thiruvanathapuram 695005 Kerala ths forkthe Sabsrimala India those for the Pilgrim center. Mr Sivakumar They are only working on 27 Warblers and Waders 431300 Consulted Endangered flora and Fauna endangered avifauna. NGO Thiruvanathapuram. 1/3/2000 Environmental Engineer, NGO Thlruvanathapuram_ Project Implementation Unit Ms. Latha .C. A., Road safety committee, Road safety is one of the most 28 District Collector in chargc, 472165 (0) 26/6/2000 Accidenats, Sigin boards, important aspects of this Tl1hiruvalnanthapuram, Kcrala. Organizational structure, project. Working members, and action Details of roadside trces, Numbering of trees is carried Mr. Rajendran, Ownership of trees PWD or ou t hasFot 29 Assistant Conservator of Forests, 328347 (0) 6/6/2000 Forest Department. artmen S I plad Social Forestry Department, An application to Forest any trees on SH I road. All Thiruvananthapuram. Department is necessary for trees rare natural growth. coiiseiit ~~~Departmenthas data only on conasenut trees on National Highways. NATPAC is assisting to decide Mr. N. Gopalakrishnan, About traffic signs that are to on the traffic signs to be erected 30 Asst. Commissioner of Police, 14/7/2000 be used in the city under in the citye. The signs are being Traffic North. Peoples' Plan Campaign. to be in accordaice wita the Motor VehicleAct, 1988. - m - m ------m m - APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

SL 1Name & Address Fax and Phone Date of Subject discussed Remarks No Nae&Adesj number Consultation ue S Road Safety mneetingat Project environmental Concluding session of the one 31 Kanakakkunnu palace at 13/6/2000 specialist and the PIU month road safety program Environmental engineer for the State Government. Thiruvananthapuram. attended the meeting. Rock blasting inside forest is The tree species of banned. According to Kerala Sandalwood, Teak, Preservation of Trees act Rosewood, Irul, Thempavu, (KPT act), permission from Kambakam, Chembakam, Dr. Khandoori, DFO is needed for cutting Chidachi, Chandanavembu Chief Conservator of Forests 328347 (0) Consulted certain species of trees. and Cheeni are included in 32 (Special Afforestation) and Nodal 357005(R) 13/10/2000 According to Supreme court KPT act. If forestland is Officer, direction regarding avenue acquired for any purpose, Thiruvananthapuram trees, no tree can be felled aforestation at a rate of 2500 without a management plan. plants per hectare is to be Book on rates of aforestation done. is available. There is a tunnel of 2 m Location of Idukki sanctuary diameter across the road to

Mr. Abraham -Idukki reservoir and beyond divert water to the reservoir. 33 Wildlife Warden 04862 - 32271 20/10/2000 that. Owners on the sides of No tiger, gaur or sloth bear in Idukki Idukki - Puliyanmala road the sanctuary. A new have no Pattayam. management plan for the

L ______sanctuaryis underpreparation

7 ------r ------rn - rn- APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

| SL Name & Address Fax and Phone Date of Subject discussed Remarks

KFRI is providing only List of flora and fauna for Dr. J.K. Sharma 0487-282064 research data to Forest each district has been 34 Director, E-Mail- 21/10/2000 Department for preparation of prepared under the peoples Kerala Forest Research Institute, libkfri(0)md2vsnlne Sanctuary management plan. plan campaign. Not much Peechi t.in Some publications of KFRI research has been carried out were obtained. on mangroves. Mr. K. Suresh Menon Divisional Manager Felling of roadside trees is to 35 Kerala Forest Development 0481 - 581205 24/10/2000 be done by forest department. KFDC have no role to play Corporation, Kottayam Elephant migration routes are For information on elephant Mr. James Zacharia, intercepted by existing roads. crossing points on the road, Mr. Sivadas, Elephants will not be able to contact Dr. Easa of KFRI. Mr. Kumaran cross cuts and fills. So, in They are interested in 36 Assistant Conservators of Forst 0481 - 565940 24102000 these places easy side slopes attending any workshops to Project Tiger should be provided. For rock be held in future. Permission Nattassery, Kottayam blasting along Idukki - from KSEB will be required Puliyanmala road. since dam is situated very close to the road. Mr. CNS Kaimal Faecal waste from boats is 37 Boat Master, SWTD 411212000 disposed of into the canal BoatgaMaster,r4/12/200 water Changanasserry jetty. _ Changanaserry SWTD office has a pit latrine.

8 ------m - m - - - m - m - - - -

APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

ffSL Faxand Phone Dateof . . Reakl No 1 Name & Address 1 numberd.PConsulationI Subject discussed Remarks No Inumber Consultation

Forest land along Idukki - After Idukki, the land belongs Puliyanmala road. From to Cardamom hill RF. It has Cheruthoni to Idukki both a dual status. It is revenue sides of the road are handed land, but the trees are owned Mr. N. Sasidharan over to Idukki Development by the Forest Department. 38 Divisional Forest Officer, 24/10/2000 Authority (IDA). Land is to The area is encroached by Collectorate, Kottayam be purchased from them. private parties. For cutting Encroachers will have to be trees on roadside, apply to rehabilitated. KPT act is Assistant Conservator (Social applicable to private land Forestry) having jurisdiction only. over the area. Even though there is a project report on development of Mr. D.S. Rao, mangroves of Kumarakom, Chief Conservator of Forests 328347 that project is undertaken by Dohanant ofrCsearhas (Developmcnt), (0) 15/12/2000 Agricultural University Forest conducted research on Thiruvananthapuram Department has undertaken a mangroves. study on mangroves in Kannur. Rock blasting along Idukki - No emission or noise is Mr. P.K. Surendranathan Asari Puliyanmala road is not permitted. For Punalur - 40 nia CifCnerao fpermitted since it is situated Thodupuzha road, forest 40 Principal Chief Conservator of 328347 (0) 15/12/2000 very close to the wild life clearance is not needed. Thiruvananthapuram sanctuary. However, No information on Vembanad concealed blasting can be lake action plan done. ______------m - - m - - APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

l [SL Name & Address Fax and Phone Date of Subject discussed Remarks

Dr. Pushpangadan The study report prepared by Scientist ~~~44881,448895, 111/00the Low cost sanitation wil beublisgahed short AD 41 Centre for Development Studies 445277 11/12/2000 programme in the Vembanad be published shortlyy.will A Thiruvananthapuram lake area. copy will be provided to us.

Suggested concealed blasting Series of small drill holes fill Mr. John Samuel 0471 -447429 using a Chemical called it with the chemical tightly 42 Additional Director 0471- 556939 03/01/2001 ECONAX or AQUANAX. seal it and keep it for 24 Department of Mining and Fax0 0471 - 447429 Controlled blasting near hours. Rock will develop Geology, Government of Kerala sanctuary areas to break hard cracks. and massive rocks. various Mr. MRajendran.RaedaT-amy Thampy, World bank forestry project. activitiesThe project such includes as Pulp wood 43 WChefConservator of Forests, 328347 (0) 5/2/2001 Therc is no separate unit to plantations, teak plantations,

Thiruvananthapuramo carry out the project. natural forest management, Thir_vananthapuram. sectoral management etc. Compensatory aforestation If realignment passes through will require planting and a forest area, oxbow land has maintaining trees for five to be transferred to Forest years. Compensatory Department. In other areas Dr. Khandoori, aforestation, Improvements of oxbow lands can be converted Conservator of Forests (Special 328347 (O) Oxbow land, Selection of to rest areas. Forest 44 Afforestation) and Nodal Officer, 357005 (R) 5/2/2001 avenue trees, Vembanad lake Department can carry out tree Thiruvananthapuram. management plan, planting or nurseries can Endangered flora and fauna. supply seedlings to the Due to some confusion in Environmental Monitoring Government of Kerala, letter Unit of PWD. There are six from MOEF regarding permanent nurseries in Kerala

______Vembanad Lake Management and temporary nurseries can

10 ------m m ------m - - m APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

SL Name &&L AddressAddrs iFax and Phone _ DaeoDate_ of nSubject_ discussedReak No number Consultation S Plan never reached Forest be started if necessary. Department. The project may Fruit bearing trees such as be taken up by either Jackfruit and Anjili if used as University of Kerala or avenue trees, will attract birds Agricultural University (not and animals. It is better to sure). They may have have flowering trees such as prepared some report also. Konna. Neem is also suitable even though it grows in drier areas. Link 26 Idukki - Puliyanmala All road projects, which are requires MOEF and State connected and continuous level clearances. The draft without any break, can be notification on public hearing considered as one single is not made final yet and project. In phase - I Links 1, Mr. Indulal, hence Rs. 2 lakhs will be 2, 3 and 72 are continuous Member Srtar required for public hearing. and can be considered as a 45 Keaa Ste Poutary, 318155 (0) 15/6/2001 IWT project can also be single project. All phase - I Board, Thiruvananthapuram. cleared along with other links except link 26 can be highway projects. Application cleared within a month's time to MOEF can be filed without provided application is minutes of public hearing and submitted for Consent to the minutes can be sent to the establish accompanied by the MOEF immediately on their application fee. Clearance for availability. projects. Mr. Vijaya Kumar, Involvement of any forestland Land on one side of the two Divisional Forest Officer, Forest for the widening of Idukki -m km stretch from Cheruthoni 46 Department, Kottayam. 21/6/2001 Puliyanmala project road. to Idukki belongs to the Mr. Chandra Bhanu Pillai, Forest Forest clearance application Forest Department. But the Range Officer. for forestland acquisition. road requires no widening

11 - - - - - m - m - - - m APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

ISL Nam & drs Fax and Phone Date of Sujc dicuse Remarksl No number Consultation Subject discussed Mr. Nair, Forest Environmental clearance towards this side. The status Range Officer, Painavu. from MOEF based on the 10 of the forest beyond April 1997 MOEF Gazette Kattappana is not 'reserved'. Notification. Since land These are Cardamom hills required by the project is forest leased to individuals revenue land and no for cultivation of cardamom forestland is involved, forest etc. for many years. clearance application for land Permission from forest acquisition is not required. department is required for tree cutting from the sides of the road. 47 Mr. Mammen Mathai, 03/07/2001 Thiruvalla Bypass alignment Only 200 m R&R Problem, MLA and land acquisition heavily built up.

Municipal Chairman, Perumbavoor Bypass Per-umbavoor Bypass dropped 48 Perumbavoor 03/07/2001 Environmental and social frurther considropped consequences agreed to drop 49 Municipal Chairman, 04/07/2001 Traffic congestion encroaches A diversion alignment will be Kunnamkulam bypass feasibility surveyed. Mr. Biren Patel, Century 21 Chemeng, Ph: 022 - 6788704, Dredge and water hyacinth 50 (Indian representatives of Clean 6782916 (Ext: 51). 19/06/2001 disposal plans. Cleaning of insitu digestlon and Flow International Inc.), 27, Raj - Fax: 022 - waterways by oxidation etc. oxida tionetc Hem, #6.V.M.Road, Vile Parla 6788697, 6782455 Employs only natural process oxidation etc. (W), - 400056. Dr. K. N. Panicker, Ph: 325907,338434 Involvement of NGO in RAP The role of the unit was also Executive Director, Socio (Per)Fax: 325914 During implementations. discussed. economic units, E - mail: seufnamid 26/07/2001 Thiruvananthapuram. 2.vsnl.net.in

12 APPENDIX A.8.2 KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT CONSULTATION

S~L Name & Address Fax and Phone f Date ofSujcdiuseRmak ~Noj number ConsultationSujcdiuseRerk Ph:0481 -578311 to 578315 Availability of rubberized Rubber Board in association 52 Managing Director, Fax: 0481 - Several times bitumen, process and cost with CRL Cochin will supply Rubber Board, Kottayam 570303 consulted estimates. Economically the necessary Rubberized E -mail: feasible or not bitumen. rrii(Z,vsnl.com Ph: 582640, Mr. N.V. Trivedi Babu, 58 1205(0) All details required for Alncsaybcgon Managing Director, 5 80593(R) finalisation of tree planting illnform satio babouktegroject 53 Kerala Forest Development Fax: 581338 27/07/2001 strategy. Agreed to take up pnfrov tided. u epojc Corporation Ltd., E - mail:thwokprvd. Ko tayam. kfdcktm(oDmd4vsnl.thwok

13 Appendix A. 8.3

Minutes of Scoping Workshops KeralaState Transpon Project SectoralEnvironmental Assessment - August2001

APPENDIX A.8.3 I KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT ScopingWorkshop - I I Thiruvananthapuram,1 8'hJanuary, 2000 MINUTES I An environmental and social scoping workshop was held on the 18thJanuary in the PWD Rest House at Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram. This was the first of the three that were proposed to help identify priority environmentaland social issues, covering the districts of * Thiruvananthapuram,Kollam, and Parthanamthitta. Mr. Karrappuni,Chief Engineer, Roads and Bridges Department of the PWD opened the workshop with a keynote address. Mr. David Wood, Team Leader of the PCC, made a welcome speech. Mr. DushyanthaKumar, Directorof the ProjectImplementation Unit, was Chairman. Apart from the organizers, the various NGOs and officials who attended the workshop I included: 1. K. Viswanath,Director, Mitraniketan. 2. M.P. Muraleedharan,Geological Survey of India, KeralaUnit, Trivandrum. 3. K.M.Ravindran, Special Officer, Roads and BridgesDevelopment Corporation. 4. Shiju Cherian, Kodumon Grama VikasanaSamithy, Pathanamthitta. 5. C. Christu Das, Director,The Dale View, Punalal P.O., Poovachal(via), Trivandrum. 3 6. Dr. S.P. Thampi, Director,Marine Archeology,Govt. of Kerala,Trivandrum. 7. K. ThomasPaulose, Vice President,Friends of the Trees, Trivandrum. 8. S. ChandraMohan, Asst. Director,Kerala State Land Use Board, Trivandrum. 9. SudheerBabu, S., EnvironmentalEngineer, Kerala State PollutionControl Board. 10. Abdul Samad, Specialist(Soil Conservation),Kerala State Land Use Board. 11. C.K. Karunakaran,Secretary, Friends of Trees, Trivandrum. 3 12. Anil Kumar, P.V., Rajiv GandhiCultural Study Centre,Venganoor, Trivandrum. 13. Edwin George,The SalvationArmy, Kawdiar,Trivandrum. 14. Mr. Sunder,Project Coordinator,Rajiv GandhiCentre, Trivandrum. 15. Tommy Cyriac,Consultant, Finance Department,Govt. of Kerala. 16. JacobMohan George,Asst. Executive Engineer,Trivandrum. 17. Ms SoniaKapoor, EnvironmentalSpecialist, The World Bank, New Delhi. U Mr. Karrappuni mentioned that the aim of the project is to rehabilitate and improve the existing roads with minimal acquisition of land and minimum dislocationof people and maximum benefit to the population at large. The objective of the workshop is to gather inputs and concernsfrom the public, NGOs, and experts for the scopingof the environmental and social aspects of the project. After the welcome address, the various experts addressed the audience with their assigned I topics for discussion. Mr. Andrew Blelloch, Environmental Specialist, talked on the environmental and social assessment process for the highways. Bill Cummings, Social Impact Specialist, talked on the environmental and social assessment process for the I waterways. Mr. Sundara Rajan, Environment Impact Coordinator, talked on the environmentalconcerns in highways and waterways, and Dr. Biswanath Debnath, Social ImpactCoordinator, discussed social concernsrelating to highways.

LBII/SheladialCES/ICT A- 6.1 l

Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

The participantsjoined the discussion with their presentation. Mr. M.P. Muralidharanof the Geological Survey of India talked about the physical environment. He mentioned that the I road alignmentsand widths in Kerala are unscientific,which may be made better with the use of satellite survey information. Moreover, water logging on roads recurs during monsoons due to inappropriate design for the soil conditions. He suggested that the design of north- south roads and the east-westroads shouldbe different. Mr. Abdul Samad of the Kerala Land Use Board mentionedthat there is a land degradation problem in Kerala due to the varying terrain and the fact that approximately 40% of the U landmass of the State is prone to landslides and slope instability. He also mentioned that considerationshould be given to a proper water managementsystem, minimizing disturbance 3 to the paddy fields,and the biotic issues during the executionof the project. Mr. Sudheer Babu of the Kerala State Pollution Control Board mentioned that the PWD has to submit an applicationfor conductingpublic hearing with the prescribed fees and 20 copies of the executive summary of the project for clearance by the KSPCB. The KSPCB will convene a panel for conducting the public hearing and subsequentlymake recommendations to the MoEF. Mr. Christu Das, Director of Dale View, mentioned the apparent absence of coordination between the PWD and other line departments. He criticized the inadequate traffic signals, signboardsand milestonesand the frequentdigging withinthe highways. X Mr. Ravindran, Special Officer, Roads and Bridges, described the difficulties involved in land acquisitionfor the roads. He mentionedthat the effective width of the roads is reduced due to inadequateprovisions for the pedestriansusing the roads and also due to the existence I of the utility poles. Mr. Thomas Paulos, Vice President of Friends of the Tress and a retired town planner, also mentionedthe difficultiesinvolved in land acquisitionfor the roads. He mentionedthat strict I laws and regulationsshould facilitateland acquisition. Mr. Karunakaran,Secretary of Friends of Trees mentionedthat a committee should examine the environmentalaspects and ensure that the guidelinesare being followed. He maintained 3 that the biological aspects of environmentshould be given more importance in this project. Various mitigationmeasures and safeguardsshould be ensuredto protect the bio-diversityof 3 the State. Dr. Thampi of the Dept. of Archeology dealt at length with the importance of heritage tourismand the need for creatinga culturalawareness in Kerala. 3 Ms Sonia Kapoor of the World Bank discussedthe importanceof the NGO involvementin this project and explainedthat the mitigationmeasures for various impacts can be formulated by conducting talks with stakeholderslike NGOs, local people, etc. She also mentionedthat I the environmentaland social impactscannot be solvedby the PWD alone. Hence, we should be realistic and pragmaticin dealingwith these problems. Mr. Anil Kumarof the Rajiv Gandhi CulturalStudy Centre urged that coordinationof various agencies should facilitatethe rehabilitationprogramme, undertaking awareness classes for the pedestrians,and creatingroad managementcommittees at the panchayat level. | The workshopclosed with thanks to the various attendeesby the Chairman.

I LBAI/SheladiaICESl'CT A- 6.2 3 CKeralaState TransportProject Sectoral EnvironmentalAssessment - August 2001

KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT

| ScopingWorkshop - 2 Emakulam,2 5'h January, 2000 MINUTES

An environmental and social scoping workshop was held on the 25th January in Hotel Renaissance, Emakulam. This was the second of the three that were proposed to help identify priority environmental and social issues, covering the districts of Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Thrissur, Idukki, and Palakkad. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU), Irrigation Department and PCC decided to cover the entire Waterwaysissues at this I scoopingworkshop. The Thiruvanathapuramworkshop also discussedthe waterwaysissue at a low profile. Er. E.K. Govindan, SuperintendingEngineer, Roads and Bridges Department of the PWD Central Circle, Aluva, opened the workshop with a keynote address. Mr. Andrew Blelloch, Environmental Specialist in the PCC, made a welcome speech. Mr. DushanthaKumar, Directorof the Project ImplementationUnit, was Chairman. Apart from the organizers, the various NGOs and officials who attended the workshop included: 1. Mr. K. K. Abdul Gaffoor,KSINC, Kochi. - 2. Dr. Shankarfrom the Kerala Forest Research Institute,Peechi, Thrissur. 3. Mr. Ravindranfrom the Kerala ShastraSahitya Parishad,Thrissur. 4. Dr. Komala Valli Amma, SE, ID, Govt. of Kerala,Thiruvananthapuram. 5. Dr. V.N.SivasankaraPillai ,Cochin Universityfor Science and Technology,Kochi. 6. Mr. Raji G. Nair, AssistantExecutive Engineer,Irrigation Department, Kollam. 7. Mr. Joseph J. Karoor from the Friends of Periyar,Thekkady. Er. Govindanmentioned that the traffic volume in Kerala is annually increasingat the rate of 10-11%and discussedthe vital role of the road network in the state's developmentactivities. He also mentionedthat the aim of the project is to rehabilitateand improvethe existing roads with minimal acquisitionof land and minimum dislocationof people and maximumbenefit to the populationat large and the resettlement and rehabilitationobjectives would be followed up with the panchayatlevel discussions.

After the keynote and welcome address, the various experts addressedthe audiencewith their assigned topics for discussion. Mr. Andrew Blelloch,Environmental Specialist, talked on the U1 environmental and social assessment process for the highways. Mr Willium Cummings, Social Impact Specialist,talked on the environmentaland social assessment process for the waterways. Mr. Sundara Rajan, Environment Impact Coordinator, talked on the * environmental concems in highways and waterways, and Dr. Biswanath Debnath, Social ImpactCoordinator, discussed social concems relatingto highways. The participantsjoined the discussion with their presentation. Dr. Komala Vally Amma briefly described the Kerala waterways and made a comparisonof the relative maintenance costs of the railways,the highways and the waterwaysand mentionedthe cost per km in the waterwaysis Rs. 10001-while it is Rs. 5000/- in the two other modes. Mr. K K. Abdul Gafoorof KSINCO described at length certain waterwaysrelated facts of the cargo transportin Kerala. He mentionedthat IWT carry both passengersand cargo. Industrial j raw materials are being transported by IWT in Emakulam area. Many parts of Inland Waterwayshave insufficientinfrastructure facilities. Another problem faced by IWT sector in

1 LBII/Sheladia/CES/ICT A- 6.3 l

Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment - August 2001

Kerala is insufficientloading and unloading, facilities. Only 75% capacity of the boats and barges is being used. Optimum size capacity of the barge is 500 MT but now only 150 MT vessels operate.The width and depth of Inland Water ways are not sufficient for this purpose. There is a future for Water Transport in Kerala for tourism as well as Cargo transport. The roads and railways have already reached a stratum point. Main problem associated is the hanging of power lines. There is a proposal for a joint venture high-speed catamaranservice through the coastal area from Emakulam to Thiruvanathapuramwith private participation. Valiyathura in Thiruvananthapuram is easily accessible by the Harbor Engineering Department.Mr. Kumar suggestedthat their facts be put forwardedto the W.B officialswhen they reach Kochi. Mr Raveendranof Kerala Shastra Sahithya Parishathmentioned the bad condition of National water way -3. He is of the opinion that National Waterwaysare not developed properly.He further talked about two facts first is about the optimum use of present roads and the second one is the constructioncompanies building new roads. Mr. Regi G Nair - Asst. Engineer Irrigation Department,Kollam talked on the optimization of the containerization. Dr. Shankar- Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi - Scientist in-charge, Agro forestry cum publicity. He compared Kerala to an Oceanic island. The principles of island biology should be taken into account. The climate of Kerala is also important. Statistically speaking Kerala receives 90% of its annual rainfall, in about 10 hrs. Tree cover of Kerala has decreased considerably.He clarified the followingdata of decreasingtrend of forest coverage in the year 1900-70% forestedarea, 1950 - 50% forestedarea. 2000 - 25% forested area. He presented a case study of Forest related EIA the Thenmala eco-tourism project for the participants. He explained the methodology followed to arrive at reasonable conclusions.. The EIA also focused on attitudes and approaches of people. Landslides usually occur in , Kulathupuzha region. Placing project components makes matrices. The eco tourism project is a registreredcharitable society. Mr. Mohanlalof the Indian Forest Service is the Secretaryof the Thenmalaecotourism Society. To a question from Mr Joseph J Karoor Friends of Periyar, Thekkady consultants stated that approaximately300 km length of roads out of 2800 km passes through ecologicallysensitive areas. Consultantsalso explainedthe selection and screeningprocess of roads. They indicated that economicinterest and environmentalaspects are prime concerns. Ecologicallysensitive roads will not be deleted but will be subjected to detailed Environmentalinvestigations to prepare an ETAin order to obtain MOEF for clearancein case these are included for further investigations. The consultantsmentioned that a large percentageof accidentsare taking place in rural areas. A resident of Kuttanad area (Professor at CUSAT) where the three proposed waterwaysare planned explainedthe reasons for negligence of IWT. One of the main reasons is due to the faster mode of Road and Rail Transport. There are some private operators of boats. His impressionis that through water ways only Cargo transportis possible and it is not profitable also. There are many country boats plying in Kuttanad area, which serves as a means of transportfor the local people. Dr. KomalavalliAmma mentionedthat at present waterwaysare neglected and there is ample scope if it is properlydeveloped.

LBIIJSheladia/CESJICI A- 6.4 3 Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment August2001

KERALA STATE TRANSPORT PROJECT I ScopingWorkshop - 3 Kozhikode,2h February,2000 | MINUTES

An environmentaland social scoping workshop was held on the 2h February in Hotel Malbar Palace, Kozhikode. This was the last of the three workshops that were proposed to help *1 identify priority environmentaland social issues,covering the districts of Kasarkode,Kannur, Kozhikode,Malappuram and Wayanad.Kozhi kode workshopalso discussedthe waterways aspects in a low profile. Er.K Narayanan, SuperintendingEngineer, Roads and Bridges * Department of the PWD North Circle, Kozhikode, opened the workshop with a keynote address. Mr. Andrew Blelloch, Environmental Specialist in the PCC, made a welcome speech. Mr. DushanthaKumar, Director of the ProjectImplementation Unit, was Chairman. Apart from the organizers, the various NGOs and officials who attended the workshop included: 1 1. Mr U ChandranAssistant General ManagerTelecom Department, Kozhikode 2. Mr KD Joseph, AssistantEE, Kerala State PollutionControl Board, Kozhikode 3. Mr AM Jayan, Town Planner, Calicut DevelopmentAuthority, Kozhikode. U 4. Mr. Shanmugan, Assistant Executive Engineer, Kerala Water Authority, Kozhikode 5. Mr. KG Harshan . Assistant Executive Engineer, Kerala Water Authority, I Kozhikode 6. Mr KM Unnikrishnan,Society for Protectionof Environment,Kerala. 7. Mr MohanKumar, Deputy Director,Anthropology, KIRTADS, Kozhikode I 8. Mr DineshKumar, RASTA, Kozhikode 9. Mr Jayendran,Executive Engineer,PWD,Vadakara 10. Mr. NarayananNamboothiri, EE roads divisionManjeri 3 11. Mr.AbdulKhader, ExecutiveEngineer, PWD Roads Division, Kozhikode Er. Narayanan during his keynote address mentioned that the state government has undertakenmajor policy reforms as a part of this projectwith the World Bank Assistance.An institutional Development Study is planned to review the institutional needs, options and resourcerequirements for sustainable road sector managementreforms in planning financing and development of network assets. Er. Narayanan mentioned that the traffic volume in 3 Kerala is annually increasingat the rate of 10-11% and discussed the vital role of the road network in the state's developmentactivities. He also mentionedthat the aim of the project is to rehabilitateand improve the existing roads with minimalacquisition of land and minimum dislocation of people and maximum benefit to the population at large and the resettlement and rehabilitationobjectives would be followedup with the Panchayatlevel discussions. After the keynote and welcome address, the various expertsaddressed the audiencewith their I assigned topics for discussion. Mr. Andrew Blelloch,Environmental Specialist, talked on the environmentaland social assessment process for the highways. Mr Willium Cumrnings, Social Impact Specialist,talked on the environmentaland social assessment process for the U waterways. Mr. Sundara Rajan, Environment Impact Coordinator, talked on the environmentalconcerns in highways and waterways, and Dr. Biswanath Debnath, Social ImpactCoordinator, discussed social concernsrelating to highways.

LBil,PShe1adia/CESilCIr A- 6.5 I KeralaState Transport Projeci SectoralEnvironnmental Assessnrenm - August 2001

Mr Narayanan Namboothirimentioned that Telecom and Kerala Water Authority works are affecting the road traffic. He argued for an out side the road space formation for separate space for the utilities and drainage facility. He mentioned about a proposal for Nilambur bypass. This bypass alignment identified is about two km mainly passing through paddy fields. Mr U Chandran of Telecom departmentopined that suggestionsfor putting ducts are well and good. He also suggestedhaving removableslabs along footpathsso that the telephone cables can be taken through the ducts provided below the slabs. He sought better facilities for crossing of roads. Mr Kumar later replied that there should be economic assistance from the concerneddepartments and the present cables,which are already laid, cannot be removed. Mr Abdul Khader told that in this project the past history of the road developmentshould be evaluated. Ribbon development is everywhere.He is in favour of parallel roads and bypass roads to get away from the present narrow roads. He mentionedthat all roads become drains during monsoon season and there are sewerage outlets to the road. Surface water is entering the roads. Capillary effect on the roads should be considered and also the topography and climate. In Kerala there is very little budget for road improvements.He told that facility of roads is limited and there are no traffic regulations.Providing standardwidth is impractical. Access roads are the main problem for PWD Roads.These should be included in the project. Mr Kumar later replied that environmentaland social concerns are given high weight age in this project. He mentionedthat that minimum width of the road is provided according to the traffic. State has to justify all investmentsto the bank. Capillary rise is considered in this project design. Geometric correction of roads will be carried out wherever feasible. Mr SundaraRajan later explained that total solution of our problems cannot be achieved by any single project however all viable alternativeswill be taken in to consideration.He mentioned that state governmenthas taken a major initiativetowards most of the problem through the recently introducedHighway protection bill. Mr KD Joseph mentioned that during public hearings public concerns are carefully considered. Mr Jayan of Calicut DevelopmentAuthority. He is in favour of controlling visual pollution effectively. The road markings should be considered.In the case of bypasses it is possible to collect bettermentrevenue. He stated that it will be very useful to every one if the already approvedalignments are considered. Mr Shanmugamof Kerala Water Authority mentionedthat in the case of provision of water supply pipes providedalong the roadsides,the departmentcould pay the expenses. Widening in fact shift the existing pipeline towards the center so provision of relaying of pipes should be made. Mr KG Harshan of KWA told that the cost of relaying of pipes should be included in the project budget. He also told that there are environmentaland social concerns of this pipe laying should be taken in to account. Mr Unnikrishnan representing an NGO mentioned the need for avoiding ecologically sensitive areas. Rehabilitationof the people shouldbe given more importance.The impact on low-incomegroups is high although the cost of land acquisitionis very low. There should be some way out for the storm water drains. It is time to prevent the garbage being thrown in to the drains. In all project related matters there should be 100 % transparency. If this is done there will not be any difficulty in convincing the people. Social and environmental impact shouldbe consideredseriously.

LBII/Sheladia/CES/91C A- 6.6 Kerala State Transport Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment August 2001

Mr MohanKumar of Kerala Institute for Researchtraining and developmentstudies for SCs and STs mentioned that there are about 103 SCs and STs in Kerala. Most of these weaker I sections live along the roadsides. In the case of low income group's rehabilitationwill be very difficult as the culture is linked with the land they hold. The encroachers should be classified and given compensation.Mr Mohan Kumar mentionedthat in the case of SC and I ST rehabilitation,it is always better to be spread and mixed with all other communitiesbut they usually don't like the idea than a colony. Mr Dineshkumar of RASTA an NGO mentionedthat the roads are very important for social advancement.People should be made aware about the variouspositive aspects of the project. Mr Jayendran mentioned that overloading of vehicles is a serious concern as this cause accidents and damage to the road as well. Hence he explainedthe need for controllingthese aspects. In the case of drainage accidents and divider accidents it should not be charged against the people who construct this. Mr Sundara later mentioned that in foreign countries this is charged to the corporatebody not to individuals.

I

Il l I BISeai/CSITA . Appendix A.9.1

Environmental Monitoring Formats - - - - m ------m

APPENDIX-A 9.1

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN FOR KSTP PROJECT ROADS MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IMPLEMENTING AGENCY COMPONENT ACTION TO BE TAKEN AGENCY RESPONSIBLE Monitoringof various It is necessary to monitor the benefits of the Road safety measures taken EMU of PWD PWD safety measuresadopted in the Project Road safety and Duration continuously for five Years Accidentrecord Successof tree planting The success of the Habitat improvement and the tree planting EMU PWD Parameters Local Communities Rate of Survival after six months, one year and 18 months in relation to total planted Revegetation success, in terms of survival of plants

Monitoring of The effectiveness of various measures taken for construction camps EMU of PWD Construction camps Ambient Noisc Monitoring Frequency Operation Phase: four times/year in collaboration Public Works Department PWD Monitoring with PCB EMU Monitoring Points: Construction Phase: Ad hoc only if complaint is EKSMPUCB lodged KSPCB Operation Phase: one location on each KSTP Project road Monitoring Standard Existing noise standard issued by the CPCB and GOI 2000 regulation __ Ambient Air Quality Operation Phase KSPCB, EMU/PIU PWD Monitoring Monitoring Item: SPM, RPM, NOx, CO and S02 Monitoring frequency: 4 times per year for one day each Duration: 5 years Location of Monitoring Points: Identified Sensitive Areas Monitoring Standard Air quality monitoring standard issued by the CPCB Ambient Water Quality Parameters: PWD PWD BOD, COD, OIL and Grease EMU-KSPCB Monitoring Frequency Construction phase: three times dtlring constructioni activity (twice/day) Monitoring Points I At bridge location and any two selected streams (Culverts)

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