INVESTIGATION PROGRESS QUARTERLY REPORT Insect
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QUARTERLY REPORT Insect & Disease Branch January - March 1979 INVESTIGATION PROGRESS 1. Continued loblolly pine seedling outplanting and evaluation of growth response in earlier outplantings to determine if seedlings with roots infected with mycorrhizal fungi grew better than uninfected seedlings on severe sites (Coal Spoils) and normal Piedmont sites (50% completed, begun in 1976). 2. Gontinued aerial surveys to locate dying pines infested with the southern pine bark beetle to test a simplified bark-sampling method to predict trends in the beetle population. Ground sampled infested trees, one location in District 9 (a continuous project, 70% completed). 3. Continued extractiop, of seed and evaluation of effectiveness of various rates of systemic insedf~fo protect that seed from damage from damaging insects at the two seed orchards maintained by the Virginia Division of Forestry (project begun 1975, 50% completed). 4. Began collaboration with the utilization section on an expanded wood waste study in Virginia to determine losses due to decay in standing trees (0% completed) . 5. Prepared a proposal (for Federal funding) for a demonstration area on the Appomattox-Buckingham State Forest to test the effectiveness of silvicultural manipulations to reduce future beetle damage (80% completed). 6. Continued cooperative egg parasite study in fall cankerworm area at Bull Run with U.S.F.S. representative (Arnold Drooz). 7. Continued to explore possible cooperative project with VARIS and NASA on remote sensing for forest inventory purposes on the Pocahontas State Forest (10% completed). 8. Establish long term "seed loss study" for Virginia Division of Forestry seed orchards. NEW FOREST PESTS 1. Attended several planning meetings with USDA, VDACS and other state representatives on the gypsy moth suppression eradication and survey program for 1979. This forest and shade tree defoliator will continue to be increasingly emphasized in Insect and Disease Branch activities in the coming 10 years with main emphasis on biological control efforts on commercial forest land. 2. Consulted with U.S.F.S., North Carolina and other state forest pest managers on a potentially damaging pine sawfly recently found in the North Carolina mountains. The introduced pine sawfly will probably prove to be a damaging white pine Christmas tree pest in Virginia. Ground surveys have been completed in southwest Virginia (no finds) and additional cooperative surveys are planned in the summer of 1979. - 2 - FOREST PEST SURVEYS ( 1. Completed annual roadside egg surveys to predict populations and damage from three native pine sawflies in the Piedmont and northern Coastal Plain, and for three hardwood defoliators (fall cankerworm, forest tent caterpillar and oak leaf tier) in the western one-third of Virginia (100% completed). 2. Examined 700 acres of proposed planting sites for white pine for potential infection from the white pine blister rust fungus in southwestern Virginia (80% completed). 3. Reexamined five semi-permanent blister rust spread plots in southwestern Virginia to assess variation in infection rates (100% completed). TRAINING 1. Conducted on-day Insect and Disease training session for District 9~~0ne staff member served as instructor for Virginia Division of Forestry training course in "Instructor Training. 11 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 1. Arranged schedule for and participated in first environmental education meeting (conference) in Virginia. Laid plans for formalizing the group and for an annual conference. 2. Arranged and conducted a tour for members of Virginia's "Council on the Environment" of Virginia Division of Forestry activities and facilities in the Richmond area. 3. Gave one talk to elementary school class on the environment. OTHER 1. One staff member completed District contacts to locate and define areas of state-owned woodland which will receive management recommendations by Virginia Division of Forestry District personnel. FOREST P E S T SURVEY R E P O R T VIRGVHA DIVISIO:i OF FO~ESTRY Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 MARCH 1979 GE!TERAL The winter in central Virginia was a wonderfully mild one until February when conditions changes abruptly. An early and widespread ice storm decimated stands of pine and hardwood over extensive areas in District 5 (Salem). Most severely hit were Roanoke, Franklin an,·] Montgomery Counties, primarily on the east-facing slopes at elevations to 2,000 feet. Damage was most severe in recently thinned pine stands in the Piedmont Counties and in Virginia pine stands and in pole to small sawtimber-sized yellow poplar and black locust in the mountains, Other hardwoods, expecially along drainages, suffered morlerate to severe damage in many areas. Damage estimates in the 13-county District totaled 100,000 cords of pine and 50,000 corc!s of hardwood. Salvage is underway in the Piedmont areas, but little salvage is expected in the mountainous counties. Ornamental trees in the Roanoke area also suffered moderate to severe damage, In District 7 (Staunton), an estimated 2, 00() acres affected,with 500,000 board feet ''loss,'' mostly in '.1.ockbrid13e, also in Augusta, Bath and Highland ·counties; in the southwest in western Lee County, some damage to native Virginia pine stands occurred. The ice storm also caused damage to pine stands in the central Piedmont to the western edge of the Coastal Plain. In Appomattox-:luckingham area, pine stands suffered extensive damage. On the Appomattox-Buckinsham State Forest, Stan Harner reports young, recently thinned loblolly plantations suffered the most, primarily stem breakace. Fred Trew, i-!ESTVACO, reported the loss of a large series of fertilizer experiments in Apporiattoi< County (fertilizer increases both length and diameter of needles, permitting increased ice build-up). Fred also pointed out the extensive damage suffered in many of his experimental thinning plots, from ice over the past two winters, to the point where his thinning recommendations to the Company may be in jeopardy. Although it is commonly recommeded that pine replace hardwood on most central Virsinia-Piedmont sites, the combined periodic losses from ice, storms and pine bark beetles may well offset the added growth and volume advantages claimed for substitute pine! Deep snow also slowed activities everywhere· as the state was blanketed in mid February with up to 16 inches in northern Virginia (following an earlier 8-inch fall), the remnants of which were still lingering by March l1th. And during the last week in February, Scottsville was in trouble again with the rising flood waters of the mighty James. GYPSY HOT'l: Ad'.'litional funds available in late December 1978 to the tune of $1. 2 million to APHIS, USDA and $1.0 million to the USFS to "address the leading edge of the infestation" has led to a challenging effort to solicit cooperation from the ''leading edge" states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia to put together a program of definition (Where exactly is the leading edge?) to be based primarily on extensive male moth pheromone trapping, coupled with a combination suppression effort (keep gypsy moth populations from building up to high populations from which they spread most readily) and pilot testing (try lower rates of Dimilin, virus, parasites and combinations thereof). Overall objective will be to halve normal spread (to 5 miles/year) by various treatments in selected areas, mainly in Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, authorities in Pennsylvania have turned thumbs down on extensive spraying, except perhaps in the state forest areas - 2 - in southern Pennsylvania, modifying to 50,000 acres (with biologicals only) from the inital hopes to treat 200,000 acres in 1979. The leading edge project hopefully will be funded for a 5-year period. In Maryland, action proposed to support the leading edge concept will include 1,000 ( acres of Disparlure (pheromone) by air in each of two blocks in Catoctin Mt. National Park; 1,000 acres with Dimilin at 0.01 pounds active material per acre, single application to woodlots in central Maryland; test value of using Dimilin and pheromone in combination for eradication effort (1,000 acres in Cecil County); Dimilin at very low rates (0.001 pounds per acre) in combination with the NPV (virus), hopefully on 1,000 acres . .In Virginia/Hest Virginia, Dimilin is to be applied in three blocks along the Blue Ridge in the Loudoun County infestation in an eradication attempt (a split application, 0.03 pounds per acre, each) over 5,600 acres. A recent ruling by EPA, however, has limited the use of Dimilin to essentially pris.tine forested areas, even though Dimilin has been cleared of any carcinogenic effects. Sevin will probably become the substitute pesticide for use in populated areas., Isolated gypsy moth infestations have been found in Appleton, Wisconsin and Washington (nea~ Seattle) and suspected in Avery County, North Carolina and in Montgomery County, Ohio, The Michigan infestation involves 18 counties, with eradication still the objective there. EJ':forts to establish the "Comprehensive Gypsy Moth Pest Management System'' as a viable semi-independent planning and coordinating agency, with financial and moral support from the USDA, met with limited success in December 1978, The ''system·• received the moral backing, but failed to gain financial support for a "coordinator" to oversee the day-to-day operations. Dr. Robert Altman, Maryland Department of Agriculture, has taken the reins of the "management system'' in an effort to lift it off the ground as a totally independent·effort in 1979, Final note on the 1978 gypsy moth trapping (11,794 traps in Virginia): Catches in Fairfax County increased to 43 moths in 29 traps; Prince William to 15 moths in 15 traps and Virginia Beach, 6 moths in 6 traps for a total of 324 moths in 272 traps. WELCOHE! to "Rob" Dekker, new Forest Pest Manager for the Maryland Department of Agriculture. An interesting study on the use of clear and black plastic wrap to promote wound closing on red maple was reported in the November 1978 Plant Disease Reporter by Shortle and Shigo.