and the Struggles for Democracy AAAS 316s; History 386s; PubPol 327s; PolSci 337s Karin Shapiro Fall 2020

Working through an array of diverse organizations – the African National Congress, the Pan African Congress, the Black Consciousness Movement, a host of liberal organizations, the trade union federations, and countless more - black and some fought against apartheid from its inception. In 1994 they achieved a multi-racial democracy led by President . This seminar explores key themes in post-World War II South African history, paying special attention to the plethora of anti-apartheid struggles, while analyzing the tenets of apartheid policies.

Over the term, we will discuss apartheid’s impact on people’s daily lives, the ideological and programmatic opposition to apartheid, and the internecine struggles between and within the anti-apartheid organizations and movements. We will conclude the course with contemporary reflections on life during apartheid, the promises and shortcomings of democracy, and the re-emergence of movements seeking to achieve a more equitable and just society. The readings are arranged both chronologically and thematically.

Readings Colin Bundy, Short Changed? South Africa since Apartheid Nancy Clark & William Worger, South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid Jacob Dlamini, Native Nostalgia Emma Mashinini, Strikes have followed me all my life Robert Vinson, All the articles and selected chapters marked with an asterisk are also available through the course website or through Duke’s e-Journals.

Assignments

1. Four papers First paper: Write a 4-5-page book review of Vinson’s Albert Luthuli, Mashinini, Strikes have Followed Me all my Life, Lewin’s Stones against the Mirror, Dlamini’s Native Nostalgia, or Bundy’s Short Changed. This paper is due at the class at which we will be discussing the book.

Second Paper: Write a 4-5-page review of a South African/South African-related film. Your reviews should not simply be a summary of the movie. Rather relate the film to events, themes, and ideas embedded in the course. (Due Sep. 18)

Third Paper: Write a historically-informed Op-ed piece on any aspect of South African history or contemporary society. You might, for example, consider countering popular misconceptions about South Africa or draw analogies to US history and society. The Op- ed should be no more than 750 words. (Due Oct. 2)

1 Fourth Paper: Imagine you are writing for a historical magazine. Write a short paper on any South Africa-related issue that is of interest to you. What would you tell someone, who is not in the class, about the topic? The paper should be no more than 800 words. (Due Nov. 6)

2. Talking Points Students are additionally responsible for posting talking points 6 times during the semester. They may be on any book or groups of articles and must be posted on Sakai by 10am on the day on which we will be discussing the books or articles. These talking points can be about a point raised in the reading that you agree with or don’t agree with; they can be questions that the readings raised for you; they can be a date that you found particularly significant; they could be about a point that was not raised in the readings or they could be something that surprised you. The talking points will not be graded individually, but they will be part of your class participation grade. I expect everyone to have read the talking points before coming to class.

3. We will have a final take-home exam. Note on Plagiarism Please review Duke’s Community Standards. Within the first 2 weeks of class you need to review these websites. The following sites will help you refresh your knowledge on what constitutes plagiarism, how to avoid it, and how to cite sources appropriately.

Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism: Documentation Guidelines”: http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/index.html “Plagiarism: Its Nature and Consequences”: http://library.duke.edu/research/plagiarism/index.html The Writing Studio: http://uwp.duke.edu/writing-studio/resources/working-with-sources

One of the challenges of online learning will be to create community and to engage with one another fully. In order to be completely engaged in the class discussions and to pay attention to your classmates, please turn off your cell phones. Moreover, please do not go on social media sites, shop, or write emails, etc. during class. It’s disrespectful and distracting. I will appreciate everyone keeping their cameras on during class except when we take a break. If, for any reason, this is uncomfortable/problematic, please let me know in a private email.

Our class meetings will occur synchronously. I will not be recording the discussions. If, for whatever reasons, you miss a class, the onus will be on you to secure notes from one of your classmates.

Schedule of Class Meetings

Week One: Aug. 19 Introductions. We will discuss South Africa’s geography and demography in class.

2 Week Two: Aug. 26 Nancy L. Clark & William H. Worger, South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid

During class, we will discuss the themes of South African history and collectively construct a chronology of the twentieth century

Week Three: Sep. 2 *Deborah Posel, “The Apartheid Project, 1948-1970” in The Cambridge History of South Africa, Vol. 2, 319-369

*Hemann Giliomee, “The Growth of Afrikaner Identity,” in William Beinart and Saul DuBow, Segregation and Apartheid in Twentieth-Century South Africa, 189-205

*Excerpts from the Sauer Report, Verwoerd’s Speeches, Apartheid Laws in David M. Gordon, Apartheid in South Africa: A Brief History with Documents.

*Alexander Parker, 50 People who Stuffed up South Africa, read biographies on (18-21), P.W. Botha (32-36), , (51-54), DF Malan (86-89), Eugene Terr’Blanche (161-65), (170-73), Hendrick Verwoerd (186- 192), BJ Vorster (193-295)

*William Finnegan, “The Poison Keeper,” The New Yorker (Jan 15, 2001)

Week Four: Sep. 9 Robert Trent Vinson, Albert Luthuli Video: RFK in the Land of Apartheid: A Ripple of Hope

NOTE WELL: We will have 10-minute map quiz in class that you will complete in pairs

Week Five: Sep. 16

Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959 https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/robert-sobukwe-inaugural-speech-april-1959

*, I Write What I Like, chapters 5-9

TRC – Biko Hearings http://dhsouthafrica.leadr.msu.edu/research-papers/truth-and- healing-the-death-of-steve-biko-in-south-africas-truth-commission-special-report- television-series/ *Xolela Mangcu, “Retracing Nelson Mandela through the Lineage of Black Political Thought: from Walter Rubusana to Steve Biko” Transition, Issue 112, 2013, pp. 101-116.

*Pumla Dineo Gqola, “Contradictory Locations: Blackwomen and the Discourse of the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) in South Africa,” Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism, vol. 2 no. 1, 2001, pp. 130-152.

3 Suggested Video: Biko: Breaking the Silence Suggested Movie: Cry Freedom

Note Well: Your film review is due on Sep. 18 at 5pm.

Week Six: Sep. 23 Steven Friedman, Building Tomorrow Today: African Workers in Trade Unions, 1970- 1984, 1-10, 149-179, 355-392, 429-495

Emma Mashinini, Strikes have Followed Me all my Life (excerpts) Recording: Interview with Mashinini (Fresh Air) Viewing: Have you heard from , episode 7

Week Seven: Sep. 30 I will hold additional office hours during this week. I will meet with everyone individually for 20-30 minutes to discuss any questions you might have, as well as your completed and prospective written work. I also ask that you use this week to make headway on some of the forthcoming reading, as well as to write your mini-research paper.

Note Well: Your mini-research paper is due on Oct. 2 at 5pm.

Week Eight: Oct. 7 *Stephen Ellis, External Mission: The ANC in Exile, 1960-1990, chapters 1-2.

*And the following response to Ellis: Paul Landau, “Controlled by Communists? (Re)Assessing the ANC in its Exilic Decades,” South African Historical Journal Volume 67, 2015 - Issue 2, pp. 222-241.

*Excerpts from Gill Straker, Faces in the Revolution: The Psychological Effects of Violence on Children in South Africa

*Excerpts from Karen Batley, ed., A Secret Burden: Memories of the Border War by South African Soldiers Who Fought in It

Week Nine: Oct. 14 Hugh Lewin, Stones against the Mirror: Friendship in the Times of the South African Struggle

*Adrian Leftwich, “I gave the names” GRANTA 78

Video on the friendship between anti-apartheid musician Roger Lucey and policeman Paul Erasmus

Week Ten: Oct. 21

4 *Deborah Posel, “History as Confession: The Case of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission,” Public Culture 20:1, 119-141.

Jacob Dlamini, Native Nostalgia Recording: Interview with Dlamini, Africa Past and Present, episode 59.

Week Eleven: Oct. 28 *Thanduxolo Jika, Lucas Lewaba, Sebatso Mosamo, Athandiwe Saba, We are going to kill each other: The Marikana Story

*Greg Marinovich, “The murder fields of Marikana: The cold murder fields of Marikana, Daily Maverick, 8 Sep. 2012

*Greg Marinovish, “Friendship forged in the depths of the earth and strengthened by the horror of Marikana,” Daily Maverick, 26 Sep. 2012

Film: Miners Shot Down

Week Twelve: Nov. 4 Noor Nieftagodien, Talk on #FeesMustFall, 14 minutes, http://democracyinafrica.org/noor-nieftagodien-on-feesmustfall/

*Njabulo Ndebele, “They are Burning Memory: 10th Annual Lecture”

*Achille Mbembe, “The State of South African Political Life,” Africa is a Country, Sep. 19, 2015

*Adam Habib, “The Politics of Spectacle – reflections on the 2016 student protests,” Daily Maverick, Dec. 5, 2016

*T.O. Molefe, “Oppression must fall: South Africa’s Revolution in Theory,” World Policy Journal (Spring 2016)

Nolwazi Tusini, “The 80s kids: A story of collaboration as disruption,” Memorial Lecture, 2016

Sean Jacobs, “What comes after nationalism in Africa? A luta continua,” 13 Jan 2020

Note Well: Your Op-ed is due on Nov. 6 at 5pm.

Week Thirteen: Nov. 11 Colin Bundy, Short Changed? South Africa since Apartheid.

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