DOCSLIB.ORG

Druidism : the Ancient Faith of Britain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Druidism : the Ancient Faith of Britain ©ruiOigiin & fcirarfflitli of Britain ^uMti) Ulrijlif IC'\ zo^ ©ruiiligin CliE ^ncirarfflitli of l^ritain Printed and Bound by Ed. J. Burrow & Co. Ltd. London and Cheltenham England. : ©ruiOisiin CliE feitnt faitl of i^ritain BY Dudley Wright LONDON ED. J. BURROW & CO., LTD. Central House, 43, 45 & 47 Kingsway AND Cheltenham 1924 . .. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS The Massacre of the Druids . Frontispiece Stonehenge, from a Water Colour Drawing by J. M. W. Turner, R.A. 24 The Druids, or The Conversion of the Britons to Christianity . • 48 Stonehenge, from a Water Colour Drawing by Constable (Victoria and Albert Museum) . 72 Druidical Festival at Stonehenge . 96 A Druid .. .. 120 Aerial View of Stonehenge .. .. .. .. 144 Hill Ranges Converging on Stonehenge .. .. 148 Diagrammatic Plan of Stonehenge .. .. .. 184 N.B.—The Illustrations facing pp. 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and Frontispiece are from the Fine Art Collection of Augustin Rischgitz. The design for the chapter ending on p. 58 shows the comparative sizes of Druidical Stone Circles. The outer circle is that of Avebury, the intermediate that of Brogar, and the centre Stennis and Stonehenge ; on p. 1 10 are represented the three circles referred to on p. 48 ; on p. 172 is given the Maiden Stone at Caldron, and on p. 183 the chambered structure at Callernish. —————— . .. .. .... ... CONTENTS PAGE Chapter I. The Origin of Druidism . i Britain, Gaul, Erin, Persia, Phoenicia, etc. Chapter II. The Creed of Druidism . 22 Monotheism, Polytheism, Anthropomorphism. The Bardic, or Druidic alphabet. Ancient seats of learning. Ancient trees, The Tree of Knowledge. Reference to Cesar's account of Druidism. Affinity claimed between Druidism and Freemasonry. The Coligny Calendar. Druidical Hymn of the Deluge. Meteors, Falling Stars. Reappearance of the Celtic doctrine in modern France. Druidism and the Circle. Human Sacrifices. Chapter III. The Initiatory Ceremonies and Priesthood 59 The Tonsure, The Tolmen. The Noviciate. The Book of the OUamhs. Astronomy and Ancient Learning. Druidical breast plates. The Jadh Morain. Chapter IV. Bards and Vates . 75 The Bard, his duties and rewards. The Bardic Memoria Technica. Druidical Triads. Chapter V. Druidism and Magic . 92 The Tuatha-di-Danann. Charms and Spells. St. Patrick. Druidesses. Serpents and Serpents' Eggs. Chapter VI. Druidical Temples and Remains .. iii Druidical Schools. The Sword bearer. Knights Templars, Freemasonry. The prayer of the Chief Bard. Druidical Circles and Stones. Stonehenge and Phoenician Art. History of Stonehenge. Circles and Monuments at Avebury, Dartmoor, Guernsey, The Isle of Man, etc. The Logan Stone. Chapter VII. Druidical Festivals and Customs . 149 Beacons and Smoke Signals. Teut Hills. May Day Festivals. Ancient Sacrifices. Passing through the fire ; Bonfires ; Baal fires. Summer solstice and Winter solstice festivals observed to-day. St. John's fire. Mistletoe and its significance. Cutting the Mistletoe. Chapter VIII. The Affinity of Druidism with Other Religions . 173 Pythagoreanism, Druidism, Brahmanism, Judaism, Grove worship. Christianity. IX.—Bibliography .. .. .. .. .. ..185 Index . 190 The Druids now, while arms are heard no more, Old mysteries and horrid rites restore ; A tribe who singular religion love, And haunt the lonely coverts of the grove ; To these, and these of all mankind alone. The gods are sure revealed, or sure unknown. If dying mortals' doom they sing aright. No ghosts descend to hell in dreadful night ; No parting souls to grisly Pluto go. Nor seek the dreary silent shades below : But forth they fly immortal in their kind, And other bodies in new worlds they find. Thus life for ever runs its endless race. And, like a line, death but divides the space : A stop which can but for a moment last, A point between the future and the past. Thrice happy they beneath the northern skies. Who that worst fate, the fear of death despise. Hence they no cares for this frail being feel. But rush undaunted on the pointed steel ; Provoke approaching fate, and bravely scorn To spare that life which must so soon return. Rowe's Lucan. CHAPTER I THE ORIGIN OF DRUIDISM It is problematical whether the question, asked so frequently both in the past and the present, as to what period in the history of the world witnessed the foundation of Druidism, will ever be answered with definiteness. Some writers have maintained that it was a development or offshoot of the Egyptian religion and, along with Freemasonry, originated in the sublime teachings of Ptah, which, by some, are believed to have been brought out of Egypt by Moses. Faber, in his Pagan Idolatry, expressed the opinion that the Druidical Bards were probably the founders of Freemasonry ; certainly members of the Craft will be able to trace many analogies and similarities between Druidic and Masonic ceremonial and practices, but the extent, if any, to which the one has been drawn from, or is dependent upon, the other, must be more or less a matter of speculation. Philology does not render much assistance in determining the origin of Druidism, the possible derivation of the various Druidical terms being very conflicting, although few modern scholars probably now maintain dogmatically the opinion, regarded seriously at one time, that the word Druid is derived from the Greek word drus, meaning " an oak," on which was founded, in part at any rate, the theory that the Druids had their original habitat among the oaks of Mamre, to which reference is made in the book of Genesis. Another derivation frequently given is that derwydd means " the body of an oak," that word being formed from two other words, dertv, " oak," and ydd, a substantive terminal In like manner Ovydd (Ovate) was said to mean *' sapling " or " unformed " " " plant," from ov, raw," and ydd ; and bardd signified branching, being derived from bar, " a branch " or " the top." Pezron gives the derivation of Druid from the Celtic deru, " oak," and hud, " enchant- ment," and says that the name was given because the priests, sages, diviners, and magicians of the ancient Gauls practised their divination and enchantments in woods and especially under oaks. Dryades, the Greek word, he contends, is derived from the Celtic. The Celtic meaning of the word Druid is " to enclose within a circle " and the word was used in the sense of " prophet " or " one admitted into the mysteries of 2 DRUIDISM the inner circle." Other writers give the derivation as from the Hebrew dcrussim, or drussim, which means " contemplators." Vallancey ascribes a Hebrew origin to the term, but traces it to the word drush, meaning " an expounder " or " an interpreter." Another explanation given is that it is an old Celtic word, druis, formed from trotvis, or truwis, meaning " a doctor of the faith." Trowis, in German, means " a revealer of truth." Trutis was an ancient British name for the Deity, and the first priests in Britain were called Triiti. The celebrated philologist Thurneysen derives Druid from dru, a prefix meaning " thorough " and vid, meaning " know," so that, from this etymological reading, a Druid was a man of great knowledge. The earliest mention of the name of Druid is found in Diogenes Laertius's Lives of the Philosophers. The " " " Persian duru means a good and holy man ; the Arabic deri, an absolver or remitter of sins." In Scotland, the Druids were called Ducergli, and in Spain Turduli or Turdutan. The Oriental dervishes are thought by some to derive their name from the same source as the Druids. Mr. D. Delta Evans, who has devoted considerable time, attention, and skill to the study of this subject, says that, according to the best informa- tion from Celtic scholars, it would appear beyond doubt that the word derzvydd is derived from dar, meaning " above," and gwydd, meaning " understanding," " learning," or " knowledge." Cynwal, an eminent Welsh poet of the sixteenth century, employs the term in this foregoing meaning and thus apostrophises a well-known Bard : Dywed zveithian dad ieithydd Dy feddwl ym, do foddatvl wydd. Declare thou then, thou father of languages, Thy mind, if of well-cultured knowledge. Diogenes said that the Gaulish philosophers were known both as Druids and as Semnothei, the latter word meaning " Venerable Deities." All Hallows Day was known in Ireland as La Samhna and the month of November as Mi Saman, but the derivation of these words is from Samh, meaning " rest " or " repose from labour." The name Saman was one of the titles of Buddha, who was regarded by the ancient Irish as the lord of death and the judge of departed spirits. His festival, says Faber, in Pagan Idolatry, occurred in the month of November, when sacrifices of black sheep were offered to him for the souls of the deceased. The festival of All Souls appears to have superseded the festival of Saman. Among the Gymnosophists there was a sect of philosophers, women as well as men, who, says Clement of Alexandria, made truth their study and claimed ability to read into the future and to predict forthcoming events. The female Senmes, he adds, always preserved their virginity. — THE ORIGIN OF DRUIDISM 3 The word really means " venerable," and it embodied an idea of antiquity and veneration and was applied only to persons worthy of respect for their morals, merits, prudence, and age ; it is probably the root of the words " Senatus," " Senatores," " Senex," " Senior," etc. The Saxons called a sorcerer dry ; and sorcery or magic was known as dry-craeft, words not to be found in any dialects cognate to the British. " From the word dry, the verb bcdrian, " to bewitch " or " to fascinate was formed. A disordered man was called bedrida, from which has descended the modern term " bedridden." The antiquity of the Druidical system is not in doubt or question. It is indisputable that a highly-efiicient organization such as Druidism was when it came first into historical view, could not have been of recent origin or foundation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Book of Dartmoor by the Same Author
    Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/bookofdartmoorOObaririch A BOOK OF DARTMOOR BY THE SAME AUTHOR LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE THE TRAGEDY OF THE C^.SARS THE DESERT OF SOUTHERN FRANCE STRANGE SURVIVALS SONGS OF THE WEST A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG OLD COUNTRY LIFE YORKSHIRE ODDITIES FREAKS OF FANATICISM A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES OLD ENGLISH FAIRY TALES A BOOK OF NURSERY SONGS AN OLD ENGLISH HOME THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW THE CROCK OF GOLD A BOOK OF THE WEST I. DEVON II. CORNWALL C 9 A BOOK OF DARTMOOR BY S. BARING-GOULD WITH SIXTY ILLUSTRATIONS NEW YORK: NEW AMSTERDAM BOOK CO. LONDON : METHUEN & CO. 1900 TO THE MEMORY OF MY UNCLE THE LATE THOMAS GEORGE BOND ONE OF THE PIONEERS OF DARTMOOR EXPLORATION ivii63832 PREFACE AT the request of my publishers I have written ^ ^ A Book of Dartmoor. I had already dealt with this upland district in two chapters in my " Book of the West, vol. i., Devon." But in their opinion this wild and wondrous region deserved more particular treatment than I had been able to accord to it in the limited space at my disposal in the above-mentioned book. I have now entered with some fulness, but by no means exhaustively, into the subject ; and for those who desire a closer acquaintance with, and a more precise guide to the several points of interest on "the moor," I would indicate three works that have preceded this. I. Mr. J. Brooking Rowe in 1896 republished the Perambulation of Dartmoor, first issued by his great- uncle, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Dartmoor Kistyaens
    NOTES ON DARTMOOR KISTYAENS. BY R,OBEBT BURNARD. (Iiead at Barnstaple, JuIy, 1890.) "I(rsrvAEN," from the Cornu-Ce\lic C,ist-uey?1, or Cist-ari,n,, Cymric C'ist-faen, signifles a stone box. These stone boxes are of an oblong square shape, and are formed of fbur slabs of stone for sides and. ends, with a fifth as a cover. This was covered by a barrow, and surrounded rvith a circle of vertically set stones. In cases of iuhumation the body was placed in the kist in a contracted position; or if crematecl, the ashes were deposited in an urn. The whole of the kistvaens examined. thus far lie longitu- dinally north and south, or with variations east and. west of these points, the object evidently being that the remains should face the sun. AII thab are known have been openecl, and bheir contents have disappeared, almost rvithout a vestige of a record to assist the antiquary. The popular notion that they con- tained articles of value still survives in some of the nalnes by which they are at present known to the moormen, such, for instance, as rlotuey pits, money boaes, and crocks of gold,. Obhers again know them as caaes, Roman grcwes,stona graaes, and slteap walls, The idea thab they contained articles of value is a very old one I for we find as early as L321 a grafi was made by Edward II. for searching certain barrows in Devonshire.l I\{any of the Dartmoor kistvaens 'were probably opened with the same object centuries since.
    [Show full text]
  • Finnegans Wake 004.18-006.12
    FW004_18-006_12notes.doc FINNEGANS WAKE Workshop 97 Ed.by Eishiro Ito General Notes on FW004.18-006.12: See also Joycean Japan,vols.3-5 <*004.18~*> 4.18. Bygmester Finnegan, of the Stuttering Hand, freemen's mau- Ibsen, bygmester Solness[A] Parnell&Lewis Carrol G “Freimaurer= freemason[A] stuttered.[A] 4.19. rer, lived in the broadest way immarginable in his rushlit toofar- Broadway[A] imaginable[A]+marginal sl. rushlight Dub sl.= =liquor[A] house with rusty? 2 back rooms[A] 4.20. back for messuages before joshuan judges had given us numbers ?buttock dwelling house plus adjacent JOSHUA[A] JUDGES[A] NUMBERS[A] land and buildings[A] Heb.Yah:saves OF<L.= law- speaking 4.21. or Helviticus committed deuteronomy (one yeastyday he sternely LEVITICUS[A] (commit to writing) DEUTERONOMY[A] yesterday[A] Sterne/Swift[A] Helvetia = lit.L.Gk.second law: Easter, feast day Switzerland[CL] (nomos law) 4.22. struxk his tete in a tub for to watsch the future of his fates but ere Styx[A]+shrunk F. tête: Swift’s wash the features of his face[A] head Tale of a Tub G .waschen: to watch 4.23. he swiftly stook it out again, by the might of moses, the very wa- shock+took+ Moses wrote Pentateuch Cf. Noah’s Flood stood+stuck +shook 4.24. ter was eviparated and all the guenneses had met their exodus so L.vater: evaporated[A] GENESIS EXODUS father L. aevipario: Guinness[A] lit.out of way to give birth to eternity[CL] Gk.gnoses<gnosis: knowledges Cf.Gen.
    [Show full text]
  • The Friends of the Blackden Trust Present
    The Friends of the Blackden Trust present: The Old Stones: Megalithic Sites of Britain and the North West by the author of ’The Old Stones’, Andy Burnham 3Pm 14th March 2020 at Terra Nova School, Nr Jodrell Bank CW48BT Andy Burnham is the lead author of the book 'The Old Stones' and along with other contributors, the instigator of the huge Megalithic Portal Web Resource which he founded in 2001. The Old Stones is the most comprehensive and thought provoking field guide ever published covering the iconic standing stones and prehistoric places of Britain and Ireland and has been awarded the Current Archaeology Book of the Year 2019. Andy will be signing copies of the book at this event. Andy's talk will cover some of the fascinating themes, mysteries and new discoveries surrounding these ancient prehistoric sites, including megaliths and their connection to the oldest Neolithic Halls in Britain; Folklore of a Dartmoor stone circle; Ancient trackways and the evidence for long distance journeys to Stonehenge and seasonal feasting at Durrington Walls; Also, huge wooden monuments the size of four football fields and how archaeologists think they were used. Although the talk covers megalithic and prehistoric sites and new discoveries all over the UK, there are local sites that Andy will discuss. These include: The Bridestones (The few remaining stones of this once great monument still stand along the line of the Cheshire / Staffordshire border); The Bullstones, found high above the town of Macclesfield on the southern boundary of a moor called Cessbank Common; The Rostherne 'Celtic Head' (This supposed ‘Celtic Head’ lies to the rear of Rostherne Church near Knutsford.) This is a must see lecture for anyone who has a passion for prehistory, standing stones, archaeology or the folklore associated with ancient sites.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lives of the Saints of His Family
    'ii| Ijinllii i i li^«^^ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Libraru BR 1710.B25 1898 V.16 Lives of the saints. 3 1924 026 082 689 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026082689 *- ->^ THE 3Ltt3e0 of ti)e faints REV. S. BARING-GOULD SIXTEEN VOLUMES VOLUME THE SIXTEENTH ^ ^ «- -lj« This Volume contains Two INDICES to the Sixteen Volumes of the work, one an INDEX of the SAINTS whose Lives are given, and the other u. Subject Index. B- -»J( »&- -1^ THE ilttieg of tt)e ^amtsi BY THE REV. S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. New Edition in i6 Volumes Revised with Introduction and Additional Lives of English Martyrs, Cornish and Welsh Saints, and a full Index to the Entire Work ILLUSTRATED BY OVER 400 ENGRAVINGS VOLUME THE SIXTEENTH LONDON JOHN C. NIMMO &- I NEW YORK : LONGMANS, GREEN, CO. MDCCCXCVIII I *- J-i-^*^ ^S^d /I? Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson &' Co. At the Ballantyne Press >i<- -^ CONTENTS The Celtic Church and its Saints . 1-86 Brittany : its Princes and Saints . 87-120 Pedigrees of Saintly Families . 121-158 A Celtic and English Kalendar of Saints Proper to the Welsh, Cornish, Scottish, Irish, Breton, and English People 159-326 Catalogue of the Materials Available for THE Pedigrees of the British Saints 327 Errata 329 Index to Saints whose Lives are Given . 333 Index to Subjects . ... 364 *- -»J< ^- -^ VI Contents LIST OF ADDITIONAL LIVES GIVEN IN THE CELTIC AND ENGLISH KALENDAR S.
    [Show full text]
  • Locating an Antiquarian Initiative in a Late 19Th Century Colonial
    th Basak, B. 2020. Locating an Antiquarian Initiative in a Late 19 Century Colonial Bofulletin the History of Archaeology Landscape: Rivett-Carnac and the Cultural Imagining of the Indian Sub-Continent. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology, 30(1): 1, pp. 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bha-610 RESEARCH PAPER: ASIA/PACIFIC Locating an Antiquarian Initiative in a Late 19th Century Colonial Landscape: Rivett-Carnac and the Cultural Imagining of the Indian Sub-Continent Bishnupriya Basak In this paper I seek to understand antiquarian practices in a colonial context in the Indian sub-continent with reference to J.H. Rivett-Carnac who was a member of the Bengal Civil Service. Covering varied subjects like ‘ancient cup marks on rocks,’ spindle whorls, votive seals or a solitary Buddha figure, Rivett- Carnac’s writings reflect an imagining of a native landscape with wide-ranging connections in myths, symbolisms and material cultures which cross-cut geographical borders. I show how an epistemology of comparative archaeology was formed through the ways in which he compared evidence recorded from different parts of India to those documented in Great Britain and northern Europe. This was held together by ideas of tribal/racial migrations. I am arguing that a distinctive form of antiquarianism was unfolding in an ambiguous, interstitial space which deconstructs any neat binaries between the colonizer and the colonized. Recent researches have argued for many antiquarianisms which this paper upholds. With his obsession of cup marks Rivett-Carnac built a new set of interconnections in late 19th century Britain where the Antiquity of man was the pivot around which debates and theories circulated.
    [Show full text]
  • FOLK-LORE and FOLK-STORIES of WALES the HISTORY of PEMBROKESHIRE by the Rev
    i G-R so I FOLK-LORE AND FOLK-STORIES OF WALES THE HISTORY OF PEMBROKESHIRE By the Rev. JAMES PHILLIPS Demy 8vo», Cloth Gilt, Z2l6 net {by post i2(ii), Pembrokeshire, compared with some of the counties of Wales, has been fortunate in having a very considerable published literature, but as yet no history in moderate compass at a popular price has been issued. The present work will supply the need that has long been felt. WEST IRISH FOLK- TALES S> ROMANCES COLLECTED AND TRANSLATED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION By WILLIAM LARMINIE Crown 8vo., Roxburgh Gilt, lojC net (by post 10(1j). Cloth Gilt,3l6 net {by posi 3lio% In this work the tales were all written down in Irish, word for word, from the dictation of the narrators, whose name^ and localities are in every case given. The translation is closely literal. It is hoped' it will satisfy the most rigid requirements of the scientific Folk-lorist. INDIAN FOLK-TALES BEING SIDELIGHTS ON VILLAGE LIFE IN BILASPORE, CENTRAL PROVINCES By E. M. GORDON Second Edition, rez'ised. Cloth, 1/6 net (by post 1/9). " The Literary World says : A valuable contribution to Indian folk-lore. The volume is full of folk-lore and quaint and curious knowledge, and there is not a superfluous word in it." THE ANTIQUARY AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE STUDY OF THE PAST Edited by G. L. APPERSON, I.S.O. Price 6d, Monthly. 6/- per annum postfree, specimen copy sent post free, td. London : Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Row, E.C. FOLK-LORE AND FOLK- STORIES OF WALES BY MARIE TREVELYAN Author of "Glimpses of Welsh Life and Character," " From Snowdon to the Sea," " The Land of Arthur," *' Britain's Greatness Foretold," &c.
    [Show full text]
  • Dartmoor Barrows and Kistvaens
    DARTMOOR BARROWS AND KISTVAENS FORM AND STRUCTURE OF BARROWS BARROW is essentially an artificial mound raised on the site of one or more interments. Varying with the period and with the race erecting the barrow, it may in plan be either round, Along (i.e. elliptical or ovoid), or may assume a more complex form, such for instance as that of a ship. All known Devonshire barrows are of the round type. The diameter at the base of the Devonshire barrows varies from 9 or 10 to 120 ft and over. The present height above the surrounding ground varies from a barely perceptible mound to a heap 12 ft high, and possibly more. Although very small barrows frequently prove disappointing on excavation, it must not be thought that the probable yield of any can be estimated pro rata to the size. The mounds are made in various ways and of varying materials. Where stone of convenient size was readily obtainable the barrow usually became a cairn formed of stone only; where stone was practic­ ally absent earth and soil were used; where stone was sparingly obtain­ able the centre of the barrow is frequently a small cairn, and this is covered with soil to a greater or less depth. CAIRNS These are more usually found in the Dartmoor area, although by no means infrequent elsewhere. Off Dartmoor barrows constructed wholly of stone are usually of small size. A complete list of the known cairns would be much too long for insertion here. On Dartmoor, Drizzlecombe, Pen Beacon, and Three Barrows Tor yield excellent examples of the larger size; while small examples are found at Cosdon, Raddick Hill, Shaugh Lake, and else­ where.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthodox Mission Methods: a Comparative Study
    ORTHODOX MISSION METHODS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY by STEPHEN TROMP WYNN HAYES submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject of MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Promoter: Professor W.A. Saayman JUNE 1998 Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the University of South Africa, who awarded the Chancellor's Scholarship, which enabled me to travel to Russia, the USA and Kenya to do research. I would also like to thank the Orthodox Christian Mission Center, of St Augustine, Florida, for their financial help in attending the International Orthodox Christian Mission Conference at Holy Cross Seminary, Brookline, MA, in August 1996. To Fr Thomas Hopko, and the staff of St Vladimir's Seminary in New York, for allowing me to stay at the seminary and use the library facilities. The St Tikhon's Institute in Moscow, and its Rector, Fr Vladimir Vorobiev and the staff, for their help with visa applications, and for their patience in giving me information in interviews. To the Danilov Monastery, for their help with accom­ modation while I was in Moscow, and to Fr Anatoly Frolov and all the parishioners of St Tikhon's Church in Klin, for giving me an insight into Orthodox life and mission in a small town parish. To Metropolitan Makarios of Zimbabwe, and the staff and students of the Makarios III Orthodox Seminary at Riruta, Kenya, for their hospitality and their readiness to help me get the information I needed. To the Pokrov Foundation in Bulgaria, for their hospitality and help, and to the Monastery of St John the Forerunner in Karea, Athens, and many others in that city who helped me with my research in Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopedia of CELTIC MYTHOLOGY and FOLKLORE
    the encyclopedia of CELTIC MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE Patricia Monaghan The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore Copyright © 2004 by Patricia Monaghan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Monaghan, Patricia. The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore / Patricia Monaghan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-4524-0 (alk. paper) 1. Mythology, Celtic—Encyclopedias. 2. Celts—Folklore—Encyclopedias. 3. Legends—Europe—Encyclopedias. I. Title. BL900.M66 2003 299'.16—dc21 2003044944 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika K. Arroyo Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS 6 INTRODUCTION iv A TO Z ENTRIES 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 INDEX 486 INTRODUCTION 6 Who Were the Celts? tribal names, used by other Europeans as a The terms Celt and Celtic seem familiar today— generic term for the whole people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oxford Movement in Ireland, Wales and Scotland
    Edinburgh Research Explorer The Oxford Movement in Ireland, Wales and Scotland Citation for published version: Brown, S 2017, The Oxford Movement in Ireland, Wales and Scotland. in B Stewart H, N Peter & P James (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Oxford Movement., 31, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 441-456. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580187.013.37 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580187.013.37 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: The Oxford Handbook of the Oxford Movement Publisher Rights Statement: Brown, S. (2017). The Oxford Movement in Ireland, Wales and Scotland. In B. Stewart H, N. Peter, & P. James (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Oxford Movement. [31] Oxford: Oxford University Press. reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580187.013.37 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 1 Ireland, Wales and Scotland Stewart J Brown ABSTRACT While the Oxford Movement was an English development, it did exercise a significant influence upon the other nations within the United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • The DRUIDISM Root and Its FRUITS
    The DRUIDISM Root and Its FRUITS Historical background and prayer of renunciation. Amanda Buys’ Spiritual Covering This is a product of Kanaan Ministries, a non-profit ministry under the covering of: • Roly, Amanda’s husband for more than thirty-five years. • River of Life Family Church Pastor Edward Gibbens Vanderbijlpark South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 16 982 3022 Fax: +27 (0) 16 982 2566 Email: [email protected] There is no copyright on this material. However, no part may be reproduced and/or presented for personal gain. All rights to this material are reserved to further the Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ ONLY. For further information or to place an order, please contact us at: P.O. Box 15253 27 John Vorster Avenue Panorama Plattekloof Ext. 1 7506 Panorama 7500 Cape Town Cape Town South Africa South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 21 930 7577 Fax: 086 681 9458 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.kanaanministries.org Office hours: Monday to Friday, 9 AM to 3 PM Kanaan International Website Website: www.eu.kanaanministries.org Preface These prayers have been written according to personal opinions and convictions, which are gathered from many counseling sessions and our interpretation of the Word of GOD, the Bible. In no way have these prayers been written to discriminate against any persons, churches, organizations, and/or political parties. We ask therefore that you handle this book in the same manner. What does it mean to renounce something? To renounce means to speak of one’s self. If something has been renounced it has been rejected, cut off, or the individual is refusing to follow or obey.
    [Show full text]