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Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan April 2017 Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan 1 Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan April 2017 Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan 1 Overview The Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan was developed through the collaboration of multiple local and federal agencies, including the Bureau of Statistics and Plans (BSP) and the Guam Coastal Management Program (GCMP), the Guam Department of Agriculture’s (GDOAG) Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (DAWR), the Guam Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA), the University of Guam Marine Laboratory (UOGML), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA), the National Park Service (NPS), Joint Region Marianas (JRM), and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS). The Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan exists to maximize the effectiveness of activities conducted by the Guam Coral Reef Response Team and ensure efficient use of resources and human capital by providing a standardized framework for responding to coral bleaching events. Coral bleaching is largely driven by ocean warming that cannot be directly influenced at a meaningful scale by local intervention, therefore the management response to coral bleaching is especially complex and challenging. This plan was first drafted in 2011 and finalized in 2017, although this document is intended to be a working draft that will be periodically updated and improved. This plan includes an in-depth description of Guam’s early warning system for coral bleaching events, standard operating procedures for response implementation including detailed assessment protocols, and recommendations for post-bleaching management, reef recovery, and restoration approaches. This document is intended for use by coral reef managers and scientists on Guam, but may also be useful to individuals and groups in other locations impacted by coral bleaching, especially those who are interested in developing similar coral bleaching response plans. Objectives of the Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan: 1. Summarize the impacts of past bleaching events on Guam. 2. Provide up-to-date standard operating procedures to be followed before, during, and after coral bleaching events, including contact information for key parties; lists of agency assets and necessary supplies; and delineation of relevant local and federal policies and agency roles. 3. Develop a protocol to monitor projections of thermal stress and coral bleaching events and provide early warning of major coral bleaching events on Guam. 4. Create a framework for an optimal bleaching response, including: a. Measurement of the spatial extent and severity of mass coral bleaching events, including impacts to non- coral organisms; b. Assessment of the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of mass coral bleaching events; c. Identification of resilient reef areas on Guam; d. Formation of a plan to mitigate bleaching impacts and restore bleached ecosystems; and, e. Development of a pathway for communicating findings to decision makers. 5. Involve the community in monitoring the health of Guam’s reefs. 6. Communicate with the local media and raise public awareness of the impacts of bleaching on Guam’s reefs. April 2017 Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan 2 Contributors Compiled by: Whitney Hoot, Guam Bureau of Statistics and Plans ([email protected]) David Burdick, University of Guam Marine Laboratory ([email protected]) With contributions from the Guam Coral Reef Response Team: Government of Guam: Bureau of Statistics and Plans Guam Coastal Management Program Department of Agriculture Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources Environmental Protection Agency University of Guam Marine Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Park Service Joint Region Marianas U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Photographs: Whitney Hoot (Cover, pp. 1, 2, 9, 10, 24, 31, 41, 44); Allison Miller (pp. 4, 6, 24, 33, 34), Dave Burdick/guamreeflife.com (pp. 12, 13, 42, 43, 46), Roxanna Miller (p. 23); Peter Houk (pp. 30, 40) Acknowledgments: The Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan is based in part on the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority’s (GBRMPA) Coral Bleaching Response Plan 2010-2011, as well as information provided in A Reef Manager’s Guide to Coral Bleaching (Marshall and Schuttenberg 2006), produced jointly by the GRBMPA, NOAA, and The World Conservation Union (IUCN), and presented at the Response to Climate Change Workshop conducted by NOAA and GBRMPA in American Samoa (August 2007) and Guam (August 2009). Response plans and management strategies from other coral reef jurisdictions were also referenced in the writing of this plan, including Hawaii’s Rapid Response Contingency Plan for events of coral bleaching, disease, or crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks (Aeby et al. 2008); the Florida Reef Tract Coral Bleaching Response Plan (2013) produced by the Florida Reef Resilience Program; the US Virgin Islands Reef Resilience Plan (Lewis 2011); the American Samoa Assessment and Rapid Response Plan (2013); and the Belize Coral Bleaching Response & Management Plan 2008-2013 developed by ECOMAR (Searle et al. 2014). April 2017 Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan 3 Table of Contents Acronyms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 4 Background ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 5 Climate change and coral bleaching …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 El Niño and coral reefs …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Coral bleaching on Guam …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Early warning system ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 14 Projections and forecasts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14 NOAA Coral Reef Watch products …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14 Climate/ENSO projections …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16 Weather forecasts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 Tidal forecasts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 Local monitoring and observations …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 SST and water level instruments …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 Aerial surveys …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 Eyes of the Reef reports …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 NPS Youth Reef Health Monitoring …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24 Validating projections …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25 Standard operating procedures ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 26 Response initiation triggers …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26 Response management …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 Leadership …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 Guam Coral Reef Response Team …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 Bleaching assessments ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 32 Citizen scientist observations …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32 Rapid reconnaissance surveys …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33 Reef flat bleaching surveys …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34 Site inspections …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 Broad-scale quantitative surveys …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36 Target species tagging …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40 Post-bleaching and recovery surveys …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 Data management and sharing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 Integration with long term monitoring …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42 Socioeconomic assessments ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 44 Human use surveys …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 Creel surveys …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 Communication and outreach strategy ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 45 Press releases and media statements …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45 Communities and decision makers …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45 Communication strategy evaluation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46 Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 47 Survey methods and data sharing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47 Areas for future research …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47 Natural resource management …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48 Reef recovery and restoration …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48 Funding for response activities …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48 References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 49 Appendices ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 53 I: Interagency MOU (2016) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53 II: CREP data sharing recommendations …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55 III: Sample press release …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56 April 2017 Guam Coral Bleaching Response Plan 4 Acronyms AAFB = Andersen Airforce Base BSP = Guam Bureau of Statistics and Plans CNMI = Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands COTS = Crown of thorns sea star (Acanthaster planci) CPC = Climate Prediction Center within NOAA’s National Weather Service CRCP = Coral Reef Conservation Program
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