DOCSLIB.ORG

The Prospects of Developing War Crimes Databasing Projects: a Case Study of the Bougainville Conflict ______

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Prospects of Developing War Crimes Databasing Projects: a Case Study of the Bougainville Conflict ______ The Prospects of Developing War Crimes Databasing Projects: A Case Study of the Bougainville Conflict ____________________________________________________________________________ Marcus Boomen A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Political Science, School of Language, Social and Political Science, Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies in the University of Canterbury by Marcus Boomen University of Canterbury 2017 1 Contents Page: Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Defining the Term War Crime ................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of the War Crimes Regime ................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Just War Theory ................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Social Norms .................................................................................................................................................. 14 2.3 International Humanitarian Law ................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 3: The Case of Bougainville ................................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Historical Background of the Conflict ................................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 The Justification of Case Selection ................................................................................................................................................... 26 3.3 Defining the Bounds of the Conflict ................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 4: Methodology: Data Collection and Processing ................................................................................................................................................... 32 4.1 Data Collection Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Data Processing Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 36 4.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 5: Data and Document Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 53 5.1 Over View of the Bougainville War Crimes Data ................................................................................................................................................... 53 5.2 Assessment of the Reporting Documents ...............................................................................................................................................… 58 5.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 70 Chapter 6: Research Output Exemplar- The issue of Male Gender Violence ................................................................................................................................................... 71 6.1 Gender Violence and Men ................................................................................................................................................... 71 6.2 Demographic Analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 75 6.3 Content Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 78 6.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................................................. 81 6.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 86 2 Chapter 7.0- Analysis and Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 87 7.1 Key Challenges and Strategies of Mitigation .................................................................................................................................................. 88 7.2 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 95 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 96 Database ........................................................................................................................................... 102 List of Figures: Chapter 3: The Case of Bougainville Fig 3.1: Map of Bougainville ........................................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 5: Data and Document Overview Fig 5.1: Number of Reported Crimes during the Conflict ........................................................................................................................................... 53 Fig. 5.2: Number of Crimes over Time during the Conflict ........................................................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 5.3: Total Number of Crimes Reported during the Conflict ........................................................................................................................................... 55 Fig. 5.4: Number of Events pre Number of Victims Killed ........................................................................................................................................... 56 Fig. 5.5: Total Number of Deaths by Number of Victims Killed pre Event ........................................................................................................................................... 57 Fig. 5.6: Research Efficiency Curve ................................................................................................................................................... 59 Fig. 5.7: Timeline of Documents use within the Bougainville Dataset ................................................................................................................................................... 60 Fig. 5.8: Recorded Offending Party of Incidents ................................................................................................................................................... 67 Fig. 5.9: Recorded Source of Information on Events ................................................................................................................................................... 69 Fig. 5.10: Recorded Offending Party as Reported by BRA and Neutral Sources ................................................................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 6: Research Output Exemplar- The issue of Male Gender Violence Fig. 6.1: UN model of PNG Population Pyramid, 1992 ........................................................................................................................................... 76 Fig. 6.2: Population Pyramid, War Crimes Victims vs. Total Population ................................................................................................................................................... 77 Fig. 6.3: Reasons Attributed to Attacks on Known Male Victims (14-49) ................................................................................................................................................... 80 Chapter 7.0- Analysis and Conclusion Fig. 7.1: Conflict Typology ........................................................................................................................................... 91 3 Acknowledgements The construction of the Bougainville dataset which lies at the heart of this thesis was an
Load more

Recommended publications
  • English/Publish/Download/Vrf/Pdf/492.Pdf
    GEF/E/C.59/01 November 11, 2020 59th GEF Council December 7-10, 2020 Virtual Meeting Agenda Item 09 EVALUATION OF GEF SUPPORT IN FRAGILE AND CONFLICT-AFFECTED SITUATIONS (Prepared by the Independent Evaluation Office of the GEF) Recommended Council Decision The Council, having reviewed document GEF/E/C.59/01, Evaluation of GEF Support in Fragile and Conflict- Affected Situations, and the Management Response, endorses the following recommendations: 1. The GEF Secretariat should use the project review process to provide feedback to Agencies to identify conflict and fragility-related risks to a proposed project and develop measures to mitigate those risks. 2. To improve conflict-sensitive programming while also providing flexibility to Agencies and projects, the GEF Secretariat could develop guidance for conflict-sensitive programming. 3. To improve conflict-sensitive design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of GEF projects, the GEF Secretariat together with the Agencies should leverage existing platforms for learning, exchange, and technical assistance. 4. The current GEF Environmental and Social Safeguards could be expanded to provide more details so that GEF projects address key conflict-sensitive considerations. 5. The GEF Secretariat could consider revising its policies and procedures so that GEF-supported projects can better adapt to rapid and substantial changes common in fragile and conflict-affected situations ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Legitimacy of Bougainville Secession from Papua New Guinea
    https://doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v2i1.4564.59-72 The Legitimacy of Bougainville Secession from Papua New Guinea Muhammad Sandy Ilmi Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, Indonesia, [email protected] ABSTRACT What started as a movement to demand a distributive justice in mining revenue in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, the conflict turned into the struggle for secession. From 1970’s the demand for secession have been rife and despite early agreement for more autonomy and more mining revenue for the autonomous region, the demand never faded. Under Francis Ona’s Bougainville Revolutionary Army, the movement take a new heights. Bougainville Revolutionary Army took coercive measure to push the government to acknowledge their demands by taking over the mine at Panguna. Papua New Guinean government response was also combative and further exacerbate the issue. Papua New Guinean Defense Force involvement adding the issue of human rights into the discourse. This paper will seek to analyze the normative question surrounding the legitimacy of the right to secession in Bougainville Island. The protracted conflict has halted any form of development in the once the most prosperous province of Papua New Guinea and should Bougainville Island become independent, several challenges will be waiting for Bougainvilleans. Keywords: Bougainville secession; Papua New Guinea conflict; mining injustice; human rights violation ABSTRAK Berawal dari bentuk perlawanan untuk mencapai keadilan dalam pembagian keuntungan dari sektor pertambangan, kemudian berubah menjadi perjuangan untuk memisahkan diri dari Papua Nugini. Sejak 1970an, dukungan untuk pemisahan diri telah mendominasi diskursus politik di Bougainville dan walaupun perjanjian sempat tercapai, keinginan untuk pemisahan diri tidak pernah padam.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 Years of Building Peace
    25 YEARS OF BUILDING PEACE Annual Review 2019 Conflict is difficult, complex and political. The world ABOUT urgently needs to find different ways to respond. Conciliation Resources is an international organisation CONCILIATION committed to stopping violent conflict and creating more peaceful societies. We work with people impacted by war RESOURCES and violence, bringing diverse voices together to make change that lasts. We connect the views of people on the ground with political processes, and share experience and expertise so others can find creative responses to conflict. We make peace possible. OUR VISION OUR VALUES Our vision is to transform the way the COLLABORATION world resolves violent conflict so that people work together to build peaceful We work in partnership to tackle and inclusive societies. violence, exclusion, injustice and inequality. OUR PURPOSE CREATIVITY Our purpose is to bring people together We are imaginative and resourceful to find creative and sustainable paths in how we influence change. to peace. CHALLENGE We are not afraid to face difficult conversations and defy convention. COMMITMENT We are dedicated and resilient in the long journey to lasting peace. 2 | CONCILIATION RESOURCES WELCOME I am proud to share Conciliation Resources’ 2019 Annual Review, which marks our 25th year. We started out with two second hand computers and a vision to support people working to bring peace to their war-torn societies. We have grown into an organisation of over 60 skilled and committed staff, with a network of more than 80 partners, that is integrated into a global community of peer organisations – people who every day make building better peace a reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges to Economic Growth in Post-Conflict Environments
    CHALLENGES TO ECONOMIC GROWTH IN POST-CONFLICT ENVIRONMENTS NEW TRENDS IN HUMAN CAPITAL LOSS, AID EFFECTIVENESS, AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION Jonathan D. Brandon Tutor: Xavier Fernández Pons Treball Final de Màster Màster d’Internacionalització Facultat d'Economia i Empresa Universitat de Barcelona Abril 2018 Abstract: The UNDP estimates that 526,000 people die each year as a result of violent conflict, making conflict deterrence a top priority for the international community. Immediately following a major conflict, countries that stagnate in economic growth have a 40% risk of conflict recurrence, yet those who successfully maintain high economic growth see their risk reduced to 25%. Due to this, stimulating growth should be a top priority in any economic reconstruction model. This paper aims to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of selected stimulants of economic growth: foreign direct investment, trade and financial liberalization, developmental assistance, and humanitarian aid. The subsequent macroeconomic responses are evaluated throughout the sample of 30 conflicts terminated between 1989 and 2014. This paper also explores the social and economic impacts of conflict and violence and develops a new indicator, the Human Capital Loss index, to quantify conflict intensity levels within the sample. Post-conflict countries require strong surges of investment, aid, and debt relief immediately following war, and those in the low income country (LIC) grouping require substantially greater efforts on the part of the international community
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Bougainville Conflict: a Classic Outcome of the Resource-Curse
    The Bougainville conflict: A classic outcome of the resource-curse effect? Michael Cornish INTRODUCTION Mismanagement of the relationship between the operation of the Panguna Mine and the local people was a fundamental cause of the conflict in Bougainville. It directly created great hostility between the people of Bougainville and the Government of Papua New Guinea. Although there were pre-existing ethnic and economic divisions between Bougainville and the rest of Papua New Guinea, the mismanagement of the copper wealth of the Panguna Mine both exacerbated these existing tensions and provided radical Bougainvilleans an excuse to legitimise the pursuit of violence as a means to resolve their grievances. The island descended into anarchy, and from 1988 to 1997, democracy and the rule of law all but disappeared. Society fragmented and economic development reversed as the pillage and wanton destruction that accompanied the conflict took its toll. Now, more than 10 years since the formal Peace Agreement1 and over 4 years since the institution of the Autonomous Bougainville Government, there are positive signs that both democracy and development are repairing and gaining momentum. However, the untapped riches of the Panguna Mine remain an ominous issue that will continue to overshadow the region’s future. How this issue is handled will be crucial to the future of democracy and development in Bougainville. 1 Government of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea and Leaders representing the people of Bougainville, Bougainville Peace Agreement , 29 August 2001 BACKGROUND Bougainville is the name of the largest island within the Solomon Islands chain in eastern Papua New Guinea, the second largest being Buka Island to its north.
    [Show full text]
  • Counterinsurgency in a Test Tube
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND National Defense Research Institute View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Counterinsurgency in a Test Tube Analyzing the Success of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) Russell W. Glenn Prepared for the United States Joint Forces Command Approved for public release; distribution unlimited NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The research described in this report was prepared for the United States Joint Forces Command.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Conflict in Papua New Guinea
    Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol. 49, No. 1, April 2008 ISSN 1360-7456, pp12–22 Ethnic conflict in Papua New Guinea Benjamin Reilly Centre for Democratic Institutions, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Email: [email protected] Abstract: On many measures of ethno-linguistic diversity, Papua New Guinea is the most frag- mented society in the world. I argue that the macro-level political effect of this diversity has been to reduce, rather than increase, the impact of ethnic conflict on the state. Outside the Bougainville conflict, and (to a lesser extent) the recent upsurge of violence in the Southern Highlands, ethnic conflicts in Papua New Guinea have not presented a threat to national government. In contrast to most other ethnically diverse societies, the most consequential impacts of ethnic conflict in Papua New Guinea are at the local level. This paper therefore examines the disparate impacts of local- and national-level forms of ethnic conflict in Papua New Guinea. Keywords: diversity, elections, ethnic conflict, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea combines two unusual fea- impact of ethnic conflict on the state. The reason tures which should make it a case of special for this is relatively straightforward: outside the interest to scholars of ethnicity and ethnic con- Bougainville conflict and (to a lesser extent) the flict. First, it boasts one of the developing recent upsurge of violence in the Southern High- world’s most impressive records of democratic lands, ethnic conflicts in Papua New Guinea longevity, with more than 40 years of continu- have not presented a threat to national govern- ous democratic elections, all of them chara- ment.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012-2013 National Peace Essay Contest
    2012-2013 National Peace Essay Contest Womanhood in Peacemaking: Taking Advantage of Unity through Cultural Roles for a Successful Gendered Approach in Conflict Resolution by Bo Yeon Jang Overseas United States Institute of Peace page 1 / 11 2012-2013 National Peace Essay Contest "Womanhood in Peacemaking: Taking Advantage of Unity through Cultural Roles for a Successful Gendered Approach in Conflict Resolution" In January 1998, 50 women from opposing sides of the Bougainville Conflict successfully presented a female perspective in the negotiations of the Lincoln Agreement.[1] Consistent participation of women helped establish a permanent peace through collectively using their roles in society for unified initiatives. Conversely, Cote d’Ivoire failed to achieve resolution for its 2002 civil war[2]. Though Cote d’Ivoire struggled for a gendered approach to peacemaking, polarization around ethnicity and perceived deviation from cultural roles hindered its effectiveness. Inclusion of women in peacemaking was attempted in both the Bougainville Conflict and the First Ivorian Civil War, but their relative successes were determined significantly by the degree of unity in gendered actions and deference to cultural norms. These two cases show that gender inclusion contributes greatly to peacemaking processes and is essential to sustainable conflict resolution. Bougainville is an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea which completed its weapons disposal program and held a transparent first election in May 2005[3], finally stepping into long-term stability. From 1989 to 1998, a violent conflict sparked by mining rights between the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) and the Papua New Guinea Defense Forces (PNGDF) raged in the region, leaving over 15,000 dead[4].
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Greed and Grievance: Policy Lessons from Studies in the Political Economy of Armed Conflict
    International Peace Academy Program on Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (EACW) Beyond Greed and Grievance: Policy Lessons from Studies in the Political Economy of Armed Conflict IPAPolicy Report Karen Ballentine and Heiko Nitzschke October 2003 About the EACW Program Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (EACW) Senior Associate: Karen Ballentine [email protected] Senior Program Officer: Heiko Nitzschke [email protected] Program Officer: Kaysie Studdard [email protected] Duration: September 2000 – December 2003 Initiated in September 2000, the EACW program follows from a conference held in London in 1999, which produced the seminal volume, Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (eds.) (Lynne Rienner, 2000). The program addresses the critical issue of how the economic agendas of armed factions sustain violent conflict and inhibit durable peace, while also assessing the role of globalization in creating new opportunities for combatants to finance their military operations. This hitherto under-developed field of research holds particular promise of policy relevance for those international and national actors seeking more effective strategies for both conflict prevention and conflict termination. Beginning with an overall commitment to durable conflict resolution, the broad aims of the program are: • to improve understanding of the political economy of civil wars through a focused analysis of the economic behaviors of competing factions, their followers, and external economic actors in
    [Show full text]
  • Address Key Issues Before Mine Reopens: Daveona
    Our voice, Our image, Our place Edition 04, March 2015 - Free copy, not for sale Ph: 7111 3355 | Email: [email protected] NEW TRANSPORT FOR STORI PIKSA: OFFICIAL GOVERNOR SUPPORTS COMMUNITIES LEGAL YEAR OPENING IN SEAWEED FARMING BOUGAINVILLE Page 2 Page 9 Page 13 Address key issues before Mine reopens: Daveona The landowners of Panguna Mine say they will support the Autonomous Bougainville Government’s (ABG) efforts to reopen the Mine only when key issues are addressed. r Lawrence Daveona - MChairman of the SML Osikaiang Landowners Association Inc. outlined these issues in a statement. Copper Agreement and the future generations based on “Fraudulent “We support ABG in its “We the land owners (BCA) down PNG of the mine affected areas. Inducement” as the efforts to re-open Panguna stand firm to inform colonial administration’s agreement was imposed because it intends to address ABG and the people of and our throat. 4. Awareness on upon PNG & Bougainville the common aspirations of Bougainville; and we also mining law/bill must cover by the Australian Colonial Bougainville; for which we believe it is in the best 2. Compensation for all areas of Bougainville Administration with fought for with so many interest of all of us, that the all damages to environment; for maximum input by all the knowledge of the lives lost and referendum following conditions be met and for the disturbance Bougainvilleans before United Nations in 1967 for independence,” before the ABG and the of our way of life (social ABG Parliament passes when it was signed. Mr Daveona said. land owners negotiate the inconvenience).
    [Show full text]
  • Accountability and Peace Agreements: Mapping Trends from 1980 to 2006
    Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue rSeptemberep 2007ort Accountability and Peace Agreements Mapping trends from 1980 to 2006 Dr Leslie Vinjamuri Aaron P Boesenecker Report The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Contents is an independent and impartial foundation, based in Geneva, that 1. Introduction 5 promotes and facilitates dialogue to resolve armed 2. Definitions 6 conflicts and reduce civilian suffering. 3. Methodology 6 114, rue de lausanne ch-1202 4. General findings 8 geneva switzerland [email protected] 5. Trends over time and aggregate findings 11 t: + 41 22 908 11 30 f: +41 22 908 11 40 6. Justice mechanisms and amnesties in detail 16 www.hdcentre.org Amnesty 16 © Copyright Prisoner release 19 Henry Dunant Centre for Combatant reintegration 20 Humanitarian Dialogue, The amnesty–release–reintegration cluster 20 2005 Reproduction of all or Additional justice mechanisms 22 part of this publication may be authorised only 7. Summary of findings 25 with written consent and acknowledgement of the 8. Conclusion 28 source. 9. Bibliography 31 Appendix 1 – Agreements and individual justice mechanisms 42 Appendix 2 – Glossary of justice mechanisms 55 Tables 1 Individual justice mechanisms and amnesties 14 2 Frequency of amnesty, prisoner release and combatant reintegration 21 Charts 1 Justice mechanisms included in the 77 peace agreements 9 2 Numbers of agreements, with and without justice 9 components, 1980–2006 3 Numbers of justice mechanisms and amnesties, 1980–2006 10 4 Combinations of justice mechanisms included in the 11 77 peace agreements
    [Show full text]
  • Press Review: Mining in the South Pacific
    Press review: Mining in the South Pacific Vol. 3, No. 3, May – June 2011, 100 pages Compilation: Dr. Roland Seib, Hobrechtstr. 28, 64285 Darmstadt, Germany http://www.roland-seib.de/mining Copyright: The material is copyrighted by the media and authors quoted. Abbreviations in common use: BCL: Bougainville Copper Limited LNG: Liquid Natural Gas PIR: Pacific Islands Report PNG: Papua New Guinea Websites: Pacific Islands Report: http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/graphics.shtml PNG Post-Courier: http://www.postcourier.com.pg PNG The National. http://www.thenational.com.pg ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Australian Greens launch attack on foreign owned miners PNG Mine Watch, 29.6.2011 The Australian Greens say too much of Australia's mining profits are heading offshore and they ha- ve released a report which has found 83 per cent of Australia's mining industry is foreign-owned. The report says that in the next five years $50 billion in earnings derived from Australian mining investments will go offshore. Senator Brown wants a Resource Super Profits Tax and believes Aus- tralians would have been more supportive of the idea the first time around if they had seen the fig- ures. "I think Australians simply have been left in the dark about the rapid takeover of ownership offshore of Australia's minerals," he said. "I don't think Australians have any idea that Australia's mining industry is 83 per cent foreign owned." Senator Brown says images of Australian miners campaigning against the Government's mining taxes give a false impression of the level of local ownership of the industry. "A few local billionaires who've made a motza out of mining are covering up for the much greater profits than even they have yielded flowing overseas into the pockets of similar millionaires scat- tered around the world," he said.
    [Show full text]