DOCSLIB.ORG

Phd Thesis 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phd Thesis 2 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY A critical dialogue between the missiology of Lesslie Newbigin and the emerging understanding of mission with the Prebyterian Church in Ireland McDowell, Peter Award date: 2015 Awarding institution: Queen's University Belfast Link to publication Terms of use All those accessing thesis content in Queen’s University Belfast Research Portal are subject to the following terms and conditions of use • Copyright is subject to the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988, or as modified by any successor legislation • Copyright and moral rights for thesis content are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners • A copy of a thesis may be downloaded for personal non-commercial research/study without the need for permission or charge • Distribution or reproduction of thesis content in any format is not permitted without the permission of the copyright holder • When citing this work, full bibliographic details should be supplied, including the author, title, awarding institution and date of thesis Take down policy A thesis can be removed from the Research Portal if there has been a breach of copyright, or a similarly robust reason. If you believe this document breaches copyright, or there is sufficient cause to take down, please contact us, citing details. Email: [email protected] Supplementary materials Where possible, we endeavour to provide supplementary materials to theses. This may include video, audio and other types of files. We endeavour to capture all content and upload as part of the Pure record for each thesis. Note, it may not be possible in all instances to convert analogue formats to usable digital formats for some supplementary materials. We exercise best efforts on our behalf and, in such instances, encourage the individual to consult the physical thesis for further information. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 A critical dialogue between the missiology of Lesslie Newbigin and the emerging understanding of mission within the Presbyterian Church in Ireland by Peter George McDowell, BEng, BD A Dissertation Submitted to the Queen’s University of Belfast, Institute of Theology in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations..............................................................................................................4 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................5 1.1. Introduction to the Research........................................................................................5 1.2. Research Procedure and Thesis Structure....................................................................8 1.3. Methodology for Researching the Emerging View of Mission in PCI.......................10 1.4. Originality, Scope and Limits of the Research...........................................................17 1.5. The Relationship Between the Researcher and the Research.....................................18 2. The Emerging Understanding of Mission in PCI...............................................................20 2.1. The Presbyterian Church in Ireland...........................................................................20 2.2. The Coleraine Assembly............................................................................................24 2.3. The PCI Mission Statement.......................................................................................27 2.4. The Priorities and Central Structures of PCI (1995-2003).........................................28 2.5. Strategy for Mission (1986-2000)..............................................................................30 2.6. The Board of Mission in Ireland (2001-2009)...........................................................35 2.7. The Board of Mission Overseas (1990-2009)............................................................39 2.8. The Board of Social Witness (1990-2009).................................................................45 2.9. The Board of Youth and Children (1990-2009).........................................................49 3. Newbigin and the Emerging Post-Christendom Context...................................................52 3.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................52 3.2. Lesslie Newbigin.......................................................................................................54 3.3. The Manner of Newbigin’s Missiological Thinking..................................................55 3.4. The Relationship Between Gospel, Church and Culture............................................73 4. Newbigin and the Church in Mission..............................................................................101 4.1. The Need for a New Ecclesiology...........................................................................101 4.2. The Church in Mission...........................................................................................125 5. Newbigin as Mentor to PCI in Emerging Post-Christendom Context..............................149 5.1. The Manner of PCI’s Theological Thinking............................................................149 5.2. Dialogue With Newbigin on the Manner of Theological Thinking..........................156 5.3. PCI and the Relationship between Gospel, Church and Culture..............................164 5.4. Dialogue With Newbigin on Cultural Plurality and the End of Christendom..........173 5.5. Conclusion...............................................................................................................186 6. Newbigin as Mentor to PCI as a Church in Mission........................................................188 6.1. PCI as a church in mission......................................................................................188 6.2. Dialogue with Newbigin on the Church in Mission.................................................221 6.3. Conclusion...............................................................................................................240 7. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................241 7.1. PCI in Transitional Uncertainty...............................................................................241 7.2. Theological Resources for Living in Transitional Uncertainty................................243 7.3. Some Practical Suggestions.....................................................................................254 7.4. Further Research......................................................................................................262 Appendices.........................................................................................................................263 The Coleraine Declaration.............................................................................................264 The PCI Mission Statement...........................................................................................271 The PCI Peace Vocation................................................................................................273 An Understanding of Mission for the Presbyterian Church in Ireland...........................275 Informed consent form for interviewees........................................................................278 Interview Questions.......................................................................................................280 8. Bibliography....................................................................................................................282 Acknowledgements To Åsa, my wife, and Hannah and Daniel, my children, who have encouraged, supported and believed with patience, humour and grace. To Drew, my supervisor, who has advised, guided and directed, with knowledge, wisdom and insight. List of Abbreviations APP Additional Pastoral Personnel – a term used within PCI for non-ordained employees working in a variety of roles in congregations BMI Board of Mission in Ireland (of PCI) BMO Board of Mission Overseas (of PCI) BSW Board of Social Witness (of PCI) CSI Church of South India IMC International Missionary Council NRC Netherlands Reformed Church PCI The Presbyterian Church in Ireland PC(USA) The Presbyterian Church USA PWA/PW Presbyterian Women’s Association, renamed Presbyterian Women in 2008 PYP Preparing Youth for Peace – a project of PCI’s Youth Board. The name was changed in 2005 to Preparing Youth to be Peacemakers WCC World Council of Churches YAC Youth and Children’s Board (of PCI) Section 1 Page 5 of 295 1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction to the Research The Presbyterian Church in Ireland (PCI) is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland, and the second largest in the whole island of Ireland.1 In recent years the churches in Ireland have encountered many of the same challenges faced by churches in Western Europe. These challenges include societal changes, variously referred to as post-modernity or post-Christendom, and falling numbers. These challenges have elicited various responses within PCI. This research project seeks to examine these responses between 1990 and 2009, and then to provide a critical response drawing upon the missiology of Lesslie Newbigin. 1990 was the 150th anniversary of the formation of PCI, and was marked by a Special Assembly in Coleraine. This marked the beginning of a process in which mission began to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stewart Sbts 0207D 10169.Pdf
    Copyright © 2013 Joe Randell Stewart All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. THE INFLUENCE OF NEWBIGIN’S MISSIOLOGY ON SELECTED INNOVATORS AND EARLY ADOPTERS OF THE EMERGING CHURCH PARADIGM ___________________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary ___________________ In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of the Degree Doctor of Education ___________________ by Joe Randell Stewart December 2013 APPROVAL SHEET THE INFLUENCE OF NEWBIGIN’S MISSIOLOGY ON SELECTED INNOVATORS AND EARLY ADOPTERS OF THE EMERGING CHURCH PARADIGM Joe Randell Stewart Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Hal K. Pettegrew (Chair) __________________________________________ Timothy P. Jones Date ______________________________ I dedicate this dissertation to my loving wife, Nancy. I will always love you. Thanks for your constant encouragement. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES . x LIST OF FIGURES . xi PREFACE . xii Chapter 1. RESEARCH CONCERN Introduction to the Research Problem . Newbigin’s Influence on the Innovators and Early Adopters Newbigin’s Influence on the Missiology of the Emerging Church The Scope of Newbigin’s Influence Selected Concepts of the Innovators and Early Adopters of the Emerging Church Paradigm . 22 The Pervasive Impact of Christendom . 24 Communal Dimensions of Witness: The Church as a Hermeneutic of the Gospel . .. 30 The Church as Sign, Instrument, and Foretaste . 33 Research Thesis . 40 Focus Statements . 40 Delimitations of the Study . 41 Terminology . 41 iv Chapter Page Research Assumptions . 51 Procedural Overview . 52 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Significance of Lesslie Newbigin for Mission in a New Millennium
    The Significance of Lesslie Newbigin for Mission in the New Millennium Michael W. Goheen A Remarkable Life Bishop Lesslie Newbigin is one of the most important missiological and theological thinkers of the twentieth century. The American church historian Geoffrey Wainwright, from Duke University, once remarked that when the history of the church in the twentieth century comes to be written, if the church historians know their job, Newbigin will have to be considered one of top ten or twelve theological figures of the century. In his book, he honours Newbigin’s significant contribution by portraying him in patristic terms as a “father of the church.”1 Newbigin was first and foremost a missionary; he spent forty years of his life in India. But he was much more: he was a theologian, biblical scholar, apologist, ecumenical leader, author, and missiologist. The breadth and depth of his experience and his contribution to the ecumenical and missionary history of the church in the twentieth century have been “scarcely paralleled.”2 Newbigin was born in England in 1909. He was converted to Jesus Christ during his university days at Cambridge. He was married, ordained in the Church of Scotland, and set sail for India as a missionary in 1936. He spent the next eleven years as a district missionary in Kanchipuram. He played an important role in clearing a theological impasse that led to the formation of the Church of South India (CSI)—a church made up of Congregationalists, Anglicans, Presbyterians, and Methodists. He served as bishop of Madurai for the next twelve years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Westminster Confession of Faith
    THE CoNFESSIONopRlTH BY RevJohn MacphersonMA. T. & T. CLARK 6* I 882- 38271 < * ft BT . " CAVtN lliHARY KNOX COLLEGF TORONTO j/A COLLEGf TORONTO THE WESTMINSTER CONFESSION OF FAITH Introduction anfc Notes BY THE REV. JOHN MACPHERSON, M.A., EDINBURGH: T. & T. CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET. : ; 3 t. P1B PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED FOR T. & T. CLARK, EDINBURGH NEW YORK : CHARLES SCRIBNER S SON3 KNOX COLUGF T O ^ Q M T O FIRST PRINTED 1881 TWELFTH IMPRESSION .... 1958 CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. CHAP. PAGE I. THE PLACE AND PURPOSE OF CONFESSIONS OF FAITH, . I II. THE EARLIER CONFESSIONS OF THE SCOTTISH CHURCH, . ^ III. THE WESTMINSTER CONFESSION, . .II THE CONFESSION OF FAITH. f. OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURE, ...... 29 II. OF GOD, AND OF THE HOLY TRINITY, . 41 III. OF GOD S ETERNAL DECREE, ..... 46 IV. OF CREATION, . -52 V. OF PROVIDENCE, .... 54 VI. OF THE FALL OF MAN, OF SIN, AND OF THE PUNISHMENT THEREOF, 60 VII. OF GOD S COVENANT WITH MAN, . -6$ VIII. OF CHRIST THE MEDIATOR, ...... 7<> IX. OF FREE WILL, . .78 X. OF EFFECTUAL CALLING, .... 82 XI. OF JUSTIFICATION, ....... 87 XII. OF ADOPTION, ...,.. 93 XIII. OF SANCTIFICATION, ....... 94 XIV. OF SAVING FAITH, ....... 97 XV. OF REPENTANCE UNTO LIFE, . IOO XVI. OF GOOD WORKS, . .104 XVII. OF THE PERSEVERANCE OF THE SAINTS, .... HO XVIII. OF ASSURANCE OF GRACE AND SALVATION, . 113 XIX. OF THE LAW OF GOD, *\ " II6 XX. OF CHRISTIAN LIBERTY AND LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE, . 122 XXI. OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP AND THE SABBATH DAY, . 126 XXII. OF LAWFUL OATHS AND VOWS, .
    [Show full text]
  • WESTMINSTER CONFESSION of FAITH, CHAPTER 1: IMPLICATIONS for the APOLOGETIC METHOD of CORNELIUS VAN TIL Ryan E. Noha Apologetic
    WESTMINSTER CONFESSION OF FAITH, CHAPTER 1: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE APOLOGETIC METHOD OF CORNELIUS VAN TIL Ryan E. Noha Apologetics AS112 December 15, 2014 1 Abstract Presents a study of the relationship between the Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 1 and the apologetic method of Cornelius Van Til. Van Til self-consciously sought to defend this Reformed system of doctrine in his apologetic and polemical encounters. Offers here an argument for the inchoate methodological foundations of Van Til's method in Chapter 1, On Holy Scripture, particularly with regard to the divines' treatment of natural and special revelation. Surveys each paragraph of Chapter 1, examining how the presuppositional commitment of the divines to the self-attesting, supreme authority of Holy Scripture is reflected and applied in the realm of apologetics by Van Til. Seeks to contribute to the discussion of the consistency of Van Tilian apologetics and the Westminster Standards. Introduction The obvious must be stated outright: the Westminster Confession of Faith is neither an apologetic treatise nor a how-to manual on the defense of the faith. Nonetheless, as a positive presentation of doctrine confessed by the Westminster divines, it does provide us with a glimpse into their foundational, epistemological commitments, or presuppositions. This paper will examine whether the apologetic method of Cornelius Van Til is consistent with the Westminster Standards to which he subscribed as a minister in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. This is an important question because Van Til self-consciously sought to apply confessional Reformed theology to the realm of apologetics. In his foundational work The Defense of the Faith, Van Til claims, "Now the basic structure of my thought is very simple.
    [Show full text]
  • Generous Orthodoxy - Doing Theology in the Spirit
    Generous Orthodoxy - Doing Theology in the Spirit When St Mellitus began back in 2007, a Memorandum of Intent was drawn up outlining the agreement for the new College. It included the following paragraph: “The Bishops and Dean of St Mellitus will ensure that the College provides training that represents a generous Christian orthodoxy and that trains ordinands in such a way that all mainstream traditions of the Church have proper recognition and provision within the training.” That statement reflected a series of conversations that happened at the early stages of the project, and the desire from everyone involved that this new college would try in some measure to break the mould of past theological training. Most of us who had trained at residential colleges in the past had trained in party colleges which did have the benefit of strengthening the identity of the different rich traditions of the church in England but also the disadvantage of often reinforcing unhelpful stereotypes and suspicion of other groups and traditions within the church. I remember discussing how we would describe this new form of association. It was Simon Downham, the vicar of St Paul’s Hammersmith who came up with the idea of calling it a “Generous Orthodoxy”, and so the term was introduced that has become so pivotal to the identity of the College ever since. Of course, Simon was not the first to use the phrase. It was perhaps best known as the title of a book published in 2004 by Brian McLaren, a book which was fairly controversial at the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesslie Newbigin Remembered Rought up an English Presbyterian, I Can Hardly Remember Not Be Ignored
    Lesslie Newbigin Remembered rought up an English Presbyterian, I can hardly remember not be ignored. As on so many major issues, agree or disagree, B a time whenIdidn'tknow Lesslie as a legend.We first made approve or disapprove, you have to face him .Thereis no honest contactin 1965when our two sonsconjointly had a difference of way round.We disagreed on two things:how long it took to the opinion with their headmaster and were not welcome in their railway station or airport, and Margaret Thatcher, which we school for a spell . Lesslie and Helen were in Geneva, my wife never discussed. was in Taiwan, I was in New York, and tomorrow was my Some of us are tolerant because we have so much to tolerate doctoral oral. With visions of our erring sons loose on London in ourselves: a sin-based tolerance that sometimes tolerates the streets, Lesslie and I corresponded. On the occasion of my intolerable. Lesslie's tolerance was cruciform, giving him a retirement in 1986,Lesslie reread my letter, which he had kept. sternness in his mercy. He could afford to be severe, but the Wheredoes ourthanksgivingbegin? Lesslie would haveus severity was healing. begin with God. Then comes Helen, greatly loved and greatly He gave one the self-honesty to know one was the monkey loving. What other retiring bishop's wife would, with two on his barrel organ, but yet the monkey felt a little leonine. suitcases and a rucksack, have taken a bus from Madras to Although you were four feet high, you felt basketball tall and London? inspired with a proper confidence.Treating you as an equal, he We give thanks for a man of prayer.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (PDF)
    Princeton Theological Review Vol. 18, No. 1 | Spring 2015 Church for the World: Essays in Honor of the Retirement of Darrell L. Guder Prolegomena 3 CATHERINE C. TOBEY Darrell L. Guder 5 BENJAMIN T. CONNER “Sent into All the World” 9 Luke’s sending of the seventy(-two): intertextuality, reception history, and missional hermeneutics NATHAN C. JOHNSON The Church as Organism 21 Herman Bavinck’s ecclesiology for a postmodern context MICHAEL DAVID KEY Eucharist as Communion 33 The Eucharist and the Absolute in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit LUKE ZERRA Lesslie Newbigin’s Indian Interlocutors 45 A Study in Theological Reception DEANNA FERREE WOMACK Book Reviews 63 About the PTR 71 Prolegomena CATHERINE C. TOBEY Executive Editor, Princeton Theological Review Who am I to be a witness? Who are you? How can we even dream of being heard when addressing this wide world overcome by complexities, needs, doubts, and suffering? For Karl Barth, the answer is simple. He writes, “The point is, in general terms, that only on the lips of a man who is himself affected, seized and committed, controlled and nourished, unsettled and settled, comforted and alarmed by it, can the intrinsically true witness of the act and revelation of God in Jesus Christ have the ring and authority of truth which applies to other [humans]” (Church Dogmatics IV/3.2, 657). Darrell Guder is such a person, one whose witness is made indelibly clear as Christ’s compassion and conviction simultaneously shine through him. As he retires from his post as the Henry Winters Luce Professor of Missional and Ecumenical Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary, it is the great privilege of the editors at the Princeton Theological Review to present this issue in his honor.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesslie Newbigin's Missionary Ecclesiology
    NNeewwbbiiggiinn..nneett OOOnnnllliiinnneee BBBiiibbbllliiiooogggrrraaappphhhyyy ‘As The Father Has Sent Me, I Am Sending You’: Lesslie Newbigin’s Missionary Ecclesiology 2002 Michael W. Goheen International Review of Mission 91, 362 (2002): 345-369. All material is reprinted with permission from the Newbigin family, the Newbigin Estate and the publisher. All material contained on the Newbigin.Net website, or on the accompanying CD, remains the property of the original author and/or publisher. All rights to this material are reserved. Materials are not to be distributed to other web locations for retrieval, published in other media, or mirrored at other sites without express written permission from the appropriate parties. The material can be used for private research purposes only. Introduction Ecclesiology has become the central organizing principle of 20th century theology. The Yale historian Jaroslav Pelikan states that “the doctrine of the church became, as it had never quite been before, the bearer of the whole Christian message for the twentieth century, as well as the recapitulation of the entire doctrinal tradition from preceding centuries.”1 Many factors have contributed to this renewed interest in ecclesiology but perhaps none is so important as the new missionary situation in which European and North American churches find themselves. Jurgen Moltmann believes that “today one of the strongest impulses towards the renewal of the theological concept of the church comes from the theology of mission.”2 According to Moltmann Western ecclesiologies were formulated in the context of a Christianized culture. European churches were established churches that lacked a missionary self-understanding because they found their identity as part of a larger complex called the Christian West.
    [Show full text]
  • 2003 General Assembly
    Church Doctrine, Committee on (cont’d) - 2003 Page 247 CONFESSING THE FAITH TODAY: THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF SUBORDINATE STANDARDS A Study Document for The Presbyterian Church in Canada There is a long history of confessing the faith in the Christian church, from the earliest period of the church to the present time. In recent years, a number of questions have arisen in General Assemblies of The Presbyterian Church in Canada that pertain to the nature and status of the confessions of the church. Further questions have arisen about their role as subordinate standards, that is, confessional standards subordinate to scripture in the life of the church. The 124th General Assembly in 1998 adopted Living Faith/Foi Vivante as a subordinate standard (A&P 1998, p. 471, 42). The Assembly thus added these contemporary statements of faith to the existing subordinate standards of the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647, adopted 1875 and 1889) and the Declaration Concerning Church and Nation (adopted 1955). Following the adoption, the General Assembly instructed the Church Doctrine Committee to “prepare a study for sessions and presbyteries on the nature and function of a subordinate standard in the life of the courts and congregations of the church, and on the documents Living Faith and Foi Vivante, in light of the nature and function of subordinate standards within The Presbyterian Church in Canada.” (A&P 1998, p. 42) Besides the action of adopting additional subordinate standards, other matters before the church recently have raised similar questions about the nature of confession. The several overtures in the past few years concerning the language used with reference to the Pope in the Westminster Confession of Faith relate to the issues about the role and function of subordinate standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinton Bennett
    Clinton Bennett approach allows him to treat Islamic traditions and their Muslim interpretations with sensitivity and respect, not often found among Christian writings on Islam.'[1] Ben- nett became a US citizen during 2012. 1 Biography 1.1 Background Bennett was born in Tettenhall then an Urban District in Staffordshire, England. In 1966, he migrated to Aus- tralia with his parents, Howard Bennett (1922–1997) and Joan Bennett (1922–2007) and his two siblings. He com- pleted his final year of primary education in Australia then attended Maclean High School, Maclean, New South Wales. He was a member of the School Debating Team taking part in inter-school competitions, a member of the Radio Club, Student Leader of the Inter-School Christian Fellowship chapter and represented his class for a year on the Student Representative Council. He won prizes for acting and for History. After gaining his School Cer- tificate, he worked in Sydney as an officer in the state civil service 1972–1973.[2] Originally an Anglican, Ben- nett was baptised into membership of the Lower Clarence Baptist Church in 1969. He was active in the Christian Endeavor movement and as a youth camp leader. Clinton Bennett Clinton Bennett (born 7 October 1955) is a British 1.2 Education American scholar of religions and participant in interfaith dialogue specialising in the study of Islam and Muslim- non-Muslim encounter. An ordained Baptist minister, he was a missionary in Bangladesh before serving as the sec- ond director of interfaith relations at the British Council of Churches in succession to Kenneth Cracknell.
    [Show full text]
  • The Language of the Church: Westminster in Review
    T The language of the church: Westminster in review W. John Carswell At the General Assembly in 2018,1 I followed with keen interest the debate concerning the Overture from Peebles and Melrose Presbytery regarding the ongoing status of the Westminster Confession as subordinate standard of the Church of Scotland and was pleased to see the Overture referred to the Theological Forum. There were many who spoke out against the Overture and objections seemed to fall into one of two categories. The first of which was based on the recollection of the painful and protracted debates on the question of homosexual practice in the Church of Scotland, with the implication that the circular and dispiriting arguments over the authority of scripture would simply be revived under a different guise. The second, in light of the church’s desire to focus its energy on the urgent need to address potentially terminal decline, suggested that the pursuit of such esoteric questions as the role of our subordinate standards would simply be a waste of energy and intellectual resources. The objection implied that such an agenda would be better suited to times of peace and prosperity when the church benefited from leisure sufficient to investigate arcane matters. In this paper I will argue that instead of serving as objections to such a study, they ought to serve instead as reasons for such a study. The debate ran long and, while I stood to offer my tuppence worth, the Moderator, sensing that the will of the Assembly had tipped in favour of the Overture, encouraged the Assembly to bring debate to a close.
    [Show full text]
  • Calvin and the Reformation
    Turning Points: God’s Faithfulness in Christian History 4. Reformation of Church and Doctrine: Luther and Calvin Sixteenth-Century Reformation Sixteenth-Century Reformation BACKGROUND Renaissance (1300-1500) created deep divisions in Europe: A. new states: France & England; then Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Scotland & smaller: Naples, Venice, Tuscany, Papal states. 100 Years War b/w France & England. B. Christendom divided: Great Schism w/2 popes Avignon & Rome 1378-1417. C. Holy Roman Empire (HRE): German-speaking confederation 300+ small states w/7 larger states alliance; & very powerful families. CONFEDERATION (like European Union) “Holy” & “Roman” = recreate Christian Roman Empire prior to destruction (410 AD by barbarians) Government of Holy Roman Empire context of martin luther Golden Bull of 1356 est. 7 “Electors” elected “Emperor” from among 7. [962-1806] Reichstag = (Imperial Diet) assembly of estates (parliament). 3 ecclesiastical Electors: (Roman Catholic Church temporal govts.!) *Archbishop of Mainz *Archbishop of Trier *Archbishop of Cologne 4 secular Electors: *King of Bohemia *Margrave of Brandenburg *Count Palatine of the Rhine become Reformed *Duke of Saxony become Lutheran 4 Sixteenth-Century Reformation Choices Correlations institutional forms Christianity & social-economic structure: Catholic, Lutheran, Church of England = appeal monarchical- hierarchy model. church governing followed social-economic= “Episcopal ” [top-down pope, cardinals, archbishops, etc.] Reformed/ Calvinism =appeal merchant elite: Free cities, independent regions (republics) freedom from larger forces w/ oligarchic model. church governing followed social-economic structure= “Presbyterian ” [shared leadership Synods] Independent /dissident groups = appeal peasants, urban workers (Anabaptist) church governing followed democratic model “Congregational ” [independent] Religious Divisions in 16th Century Europe Duchy of Saxony ( Northern Germany, Luther’s home ) w/Elbe River= trade, transportation.
    [Show full text]