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The Emergence of Qatar

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The Emergence of Qatar The Emergence of Qatar The Emergence of Qatar The Turbulent Years 1627-1916 H. Rahman l Routledge ! Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 2005 by Kegan Paul International This edition first published in 20 I0 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX 14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © H. Rahman, 2005 Transferred to Digital Printing 20 I 0 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 10: 0-7I03-I213-X (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-7I03-1213-6 (hbk) Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. The publisher has made every effort to contact original copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. Contents List of Plates XlX Glossary xxi Abbreviations xxiii Preface XXV Acknowledgements XXlX 1 Historical and Geo-Political Setting 1 Qatar in Ancient and Medieval Times 1 Towns and Topography in Modern Times 2 The British Survey of Qatar 4 Shaikhs and Tribes in Qatar 8 AI-Thani Family 8 The Major Powers 10 2 The Shifting Balance from Zubara to Al-Bida 15 The Foundation of Zubara 15 The Rise of Zubara 18 Zubara's Occupation of Bahrain 19 Wahabi Rule and the Fall of Zubara 21 The Ascendancy of bin Jaber 24 The Flight of bin Jaber 27 The Emergence of al-Bida 29 Conclusion 31 3 The Struggle for Power in Bahrain and the Fall of Bin Tarif 39 External Pressure on Bahrain 39 Bahrain's Interference in al-Huwailah 40 Bin Tarif 42 British action against al-Bida 46 British contact with bin Thani 48 Bin Tarif in al-Bida 50 The battle of Fuwairet 50 Conclusion 54 4 Bin Thani and the Unification of Qatar 61 Contents Bin Thani's move to Al-Bida 61 Wahabi Plans to invade Bahrain 63 Bin Thani's support for Faisal 65 British Intervention 67 Faisal's withdrawal 68 Collapse of the Peace Treaty 69 The Problem of Zakat 72 Bahraini Interference in Wakra 73 Resumption of Tribute Payment 7 4 Attack on Wakra and Doha 75 The 1868 Treaty 77 Unification of Qatar 80 Conclusion 81 5 The Ottomans in al-Bida and the Ascendancy of Shaikh Jasim 93 Nejd Expedition 94 Landing at al-Bida 94 Struggle for Zubara 96 Emergence of Shaikh Jasim 99 Administrative Reforms 103 Battle of Wajbah 107 British Involvement 112 Conclusion 116 6 The 1895 Zubara Tragedy and the Aftermath 125 Gathering Storm 125 Pelly's Zubara Proceedings 129 Ottoman Intervention 132 Bombardment of Zubara 134 Post Aggression Settlement 138 The Minor Uprising 142 Conclusion 143 7 Struggle for British Protection 151 The Question of protection 151 Mudirs for Zubara, Wakra and Khor al-Odaid 155 Curzon's Historic Visit 162 Pearls and the Qatar Treaty 164 Perideaux' s Mission and Internal Issues of Qatar 169 Conclusion 172 Vlll Contents 8 The Last Phase of Shaikh Jasim's Rulership and the Zakhnuniyah Crisis 177 The Governorship of Shaikh Abdullah 177 Shaikh Jasim's Saudi Mediation 180 Economic Conditions 181 Anglo-Ottoman Row over Wakra 182 Arms Trade 185 Ottoman Occupation of Zakhnuniyah 180 Evacuation of Zakhnuniyah and the Question of the Qatar Treaty 187 Conclusion 194 9 The Baghdad Railway and the Status of Qatar 201 Britain and the Railway 201 Qatar in the Anglo-Ottoman Negotiations 203 The Convention of 1913 and the Autonomy of Qatar 211 Post Convention Qatar 214 The War Time Situation 218 Ottoman Evacuation of al-Bida 221 The Treaty Negotiations 222 The Treaty of 1916 225 Conclusion 226 10 Summary and Concluding Remarks 235 ix Contents Appendices Appendix ! Report on the Battle of Fuwairet, 1847 Appendix II Col. Pelly' s findings on Zakat paid by the Chiefs of Qatar and Bahrain to the W ahabi Amir Appendix III Shaikh Mohammad bin Thani' s acceptance of the Ottoman Flag Appendix IV ShaikhJ asim' s Statement on Battle of Wajbah Appendix V Commander Pelly's Naval action at Zubara Appendix VI Ottoman Intrigues against Shaikh J asim Appendix VII Shaikh J asim' s Message for British Protection of Ibn Saud Appendix VIII The Ottoman Evacuation of al-Bida Fort Appendix IX Treaty between the British Government and Shaikh Abdullah bin Jasim bin Thani, Shaikh of Qatar, dated the 3rct November 1916 Appendix X Table of the Ruling Al-Thani Family of Qatar Appendix XI British Political Residents in the Persian Gulf, 1763-1917 Appendix XII British Political Agents in Bahrain, 1900-1918 Bibliography 271 Index 277 X Map 1: Arabian Coast showing Qatar as 'Katara', Compte de Maurepas, 1740 Map 2: Map o f the Persian Gulf showing Furaiha, Yusifiyha and Huwailah o f Gattar' (Qatar), Carsten Niebuhr, 1765 Map 3: Index map to the Survey of the Shores and Islands of the Persian Gulf by]. M. Guy and G. B. Bracks, 1820-1829 Map 4: Line dividing the Territory of Qatar and Arabia, Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 29th July 1913 List of Plates Between Pages 51 & 52 1. Carsten Niebuhr: An early cartographer of Qatar. 2. The ruined 18th century (or earlier) settlement of Furaiha situated about two miles north of Zubara. 3. The destroyed old port of Zubara. 4. Ruins of Qalat al Murair built in 1778 and destroyed in 1811. 5. Al Thaghab well. The well is of masonry of 6 fathoms deep, and still yields good drinking water. 6. The destroyed fort of al Thaghab situated three miles south­ east of Khor Hassan. Between Pages 123 & 124 7. Bushire: the headquarters of the British Resident in the Gulf (Water colour, Lt. Col. Charles Hamilton, Smith). 8. View of Muscat city and fort, 1811. Between Pages 197 & 198 9. Top: Model of a Dhow. Bottom left: A Baghla. Bottom right: A Battil: These three models were built in 1851 in Bombay. Between Pages 267 & 268 10. Sketch of al-Bida fort: Site of the Ottoman garrison (drawn by Lft. Eric, R. A. Farquharson in August 1915). 11. Shaikh Abdullah bin Jasim al-Thani, ruler of Qatar (1913­ 1949), the first signatory to the Anglo-Qatari Treaty of 1916. 12. Sir Percy Cox: The architect of the 1916 Treaty. xix Glossary Amir Ruler Baghla Traditional ocean-going vessel of the Arabian Gulf and up to 135 feet long Battil Coastal trading vessel, also used in warfare Bazaar Market Dhow War vessel Ghuree Defence tower Imam Leader Jalibut Cargo and pearling boat 6 and about 50 feet in length Khor Back water or shallow Majlis Council, Parliament Mudir Local chief Mutessarrif A Government official below the governor Naib Deputy Naqib Chief or leader Naqib al Ashraf Leader of the descendants of the Prophet Mohammad (pbh) in a particular locality Nahiye Ottoman local government division Pasha Ottoman Official title given to ministers or provincial governors xxi Glossary Qada Ottoman local government division Qadi Judge appointed by the State with administrative and judicial functions Qaim maqam Deputy, a high official, Chief Minister or a Provincial governor Qalat Fort Sanjak Ottoman administrative division Shaikh Title given to members of the ruling families of the Arabian Gulf states, to the chief or head of an Arab tribe, family or village and to religious leader Souq Market Sultan Ruler Wali Governor Vizier Minister Zakat Religious tax xxii Abbreviations ADM Admiralty BOA Basbakanlik Osmanli Arsivi CAB Cabinet CID Committee of Imperial Defence FO Foreign Office FS Foreign Secretary GG inC Governor General in Council Gofl Government of India HCS Honorary Company's Service HMG His I Her Majesty's Government HMS His I Her Majesty's Service 10 India Office lOR India Office Records RS Indian Rupees LI P&S Political and Secret Department Records MS Manuscript xxiii Abbreviations NCCAH National Council for Culture, Arts & Heritage SGB Secretary to the Government of Bombay SGI/FD Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department S/S for FA Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs SIS for India Secretary of State for India PG Persian Gulf PRO Public Record Office TL Turkish Lira US /S Under Secretary of State VinC Viceroy in Council xxiv PREFACE The history of Qatar from the Portuguese bombardment of 1627 to the conclusion of the Treaty of 1916 is a hitherto untold story of destructions, wars, battles, conflicts, intrigues, conspiracy and strategic contests originating in the ashes of the north-west coast of the peninsula and brought to a conclusion at al-Bida (later Doha). On 3 November 1916, the peninsula of Qatar became a sovereign and independent state, the foundation for which was laid by Shaikh Mohammad bin Thani in the early 1850s. The peninsula had emerged as a distinct political entity as a result of the Anglo-Qatari Treaty of 1868, but it was the Anglo-Ottoman convention of 1913, reflecting the two powers' strategic interests in the Gulf in general and Qatar in particular, which defined the status of Qatar for the first time, after many years of obscurity over the issue. Despite its unique geographical location and the Gulf pearl belt off its shores, Qatar was the last of the Arabian Gulf littoral countries to emerge as an independent political entity.
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