UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
STED JOURNAL
Journal of Social and Technological Development
IZDAVAČ: UNIVERZITET PIM - BANJA LUKA
Banja Luka, november 2019.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/
UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
STED JOURNAL Journal of Social and Technological Development - Časopis o društvenom i tehnološkom razvoju
Časopis je do 2019. godine izlazio pod naslovom „Anali poslovne ekonomije“
Izdavač - Publisher UNIVERZITET PIM, Banja Luka – UNIVERSITY PIM, Banja Luka
Za izdavača – For Publisher Dr Ilija Džombić, redovni profesor - Direktor
Glavni i odgovorni urednik – Editor in Chief Dr Dejan Kojić, docent
Međunarodni uređivački odbor – Internacional Editorial board Dr Veselin Drašković, University of Montenegro, Maritime Faculty, Kotor, Montenegro; Dr Bagrat Yerzenkyan, Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, State University of Management Moscow, Russia; Dr Jelena Pavličević, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Dr Milena Marinović-Cincović, University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Dr Isaac Lera, University of the Balearic Islands, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Spain; Dr Ayse Aroguz, Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; Dr Darina Duplakova, Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies with a seat in Presov, Institute of Advanced Technologies, Presov, Slovakia; Dr Yaroslov Kusyi, National University “Lviv Polytechnic”, Ukraine; Dr Milena Špirková, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic; Dr Bojana Ikonić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Dr Mirjana Jovičić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Dr Nikša Grgurević, Faculty of Management, Herceg Novi, Montenegro; Dr Benea Marius Calin, Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, Romania; Dr Oskar Bera, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Dr Boris Dorbić, scientific- expert association “FUTURA”, Šibenik, Croatia; Dr Ljiljana Tanasić, Higher agricultural school of vocational studies in Šabac, Serbia; Dr Nataša Lukić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Emilija Friganović, mag. ing. preh. teh., scientific-expert association “FUTURA”, Šibenik, Croatia.
Uređivački odbor iz BiH – Editorial Board from B&H Dr Dragan Đuranović, Univerzitet PIM, Banja Luka; Dr Marijana Žiravac Mladenović, Univerzitet PIM, Ekonomski fakultet Banja Luka; Dr Mladen Ivić, Univerzitet PIM, Ekonomski fakultet, Banja Luka; Dr Nikola Vojvodić, ITEP visoka škola, Banja Luka; Dr Željko Grublješić, Univerzitet PIM, Ekonomski fakultet Banja Luka; Dr Milica Delibašić, Univerzitet PIM, Ekonomski fakultet, Trebinje;
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/
UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
Dr Dara Cvijetić, Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske, Trebinje; Dr Branko Latinović, Panevropski univerzitet „APEIRON“, Banja Luka; Dr Saša Salapura, Univerzitet PIM, Fakultet računarskih nauka, Banja Luka; Dr Enes Sukić, Univerzitet PIM, Fakultet računarskih nauka, Banja Luka; Dr Predrag Raosavljević, Institucija ombudsmena za ljudska prava, Banja Luka; Dr Aleksandra Vuković, Univerzitet PIM, Pravni fakultet, Trebinje; Dr Veljko Vuković, Univerzitet PIM, Tehnički fakultet, Banja Luka; Dr Jasna Bogdanović Čurić, Univerzitet u Istočnom Sarajevu, Akademija likovnih umjetnosti, Trebinje; Dr Snežana Samardžić, JZU Specijalna bolnica za psihijatriju, Sokolac.
Lektor - Copy editor Aleksandar Ivetić
Lektor za engleski jezik - Copy editor for English Snježana Jež
Tehnička priprema – Technical prepress dipl. ing. Aleksandar Sofrić
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STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/
UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
UVODNA RIJEČ UREDNIKA
Poštovane kolege autori, uvaženi čitaoci,
Pred vama je druga sveska u 2019. godini koja obuhvata obuhvata 9 radova. Svi objavljeni radovi su dobili pozitivnu ocjenu od strane dva nezavisna recenzenta. Recenzije su anonimne, odnosno, recenzentima se ne otkriva identitet autora i autorima se ne otkriva identitet recenzenata. Recenzenti su preporučili i razvrstavanje članaka u naučne, odnosno stručne radove. Recenzenti su svoju saglasnost za objavu rada utemeljili na ocjeni originalnosti rada, njegove aktuelnosti, ocjene primijenjene metodologije i korišćene literature. Svakom radu je od strane Narodne i univerzitetske biblioteke Republike Srpske dodijeljen COBISS, UDK i DOI broj. Časopis ima analitički obrađene članke koji se objavljuju u tekućoj nacionalnoj bibliografiji i uvršten je u centralni elektronski katalog. Svi članovi uredništva imaju naučna ili nastavna zvanja iz užih naučnih oblasti koje pokriva časopis. Časopis je uvršten u EBSCO, ROAD, CEEOL i GOOGLE SCHOLAR citatne baze podataka. Na zadnjim stranama časopisa je i bibliografija radova objavljenih u prvoj svesci za 2019. godinu. Zahvaljujemo se recenzentima radova koji su svojom profesionalnošću i kritičkim pristupom u velikoj mjeri doprinjeli kvalitetu objavljenih radova.
S poštovanjem, Dr Dejan Kojić, docent Glavni i odgovorni urednik
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION
Dear fellow authors, distinguished readers, In the front of you is the second issue of the scientific journal of social and technological development - STED Journal in 2019, published by the University of Business Engineering and Management. The second issue in 2019 includes 9 papers. Published papers have got a positive review by two independent reviewers. Reviews are anonymous and reviewers do not know the authors identity. Reviewers have also suggested the sorting of papers into scientific and expert category. Reviewers have given their consent for publishing of paper based on their assessment of originality, novelty, used methodology and literature of paper. Each paper is assigned COBISS, UDC and DOI number by the National and University Library of the Republic of Srpska. The journal has its analytically revised articles which are published in the current national bibliography, and it is included in the central electronic catalogue. All members of the editorial board have scientific or educational titles from the narrow scientific fields covered by the journal. The journal is included in the EBSCO, ROAD, CEEOL i GOOGLE SCHOLAR citation databases. On the last pages of the journal, there is also the bibliography of papers published in first issue in 2019. We thank the reviewers of papers whose professionalism and critical approach have greatly contributed to the quality of published papers.
With best wishes,
Dr Dejan Kojić, docent
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
Editor-in-Chief SADRŽAJ – TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE EFFECTS OF MODIFIED CLAY ON CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE SYSTEMS……………………………………………………...... 1-7 Davut Lacin, Ayse Zehra Aroguz, Vesna Teoflović, Jelena Pavličević, Olga Govedarica, Milovan Janković, Jaroslava Budinski-Simendić
POLYMERIC SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………….. 8-12 Ayse Zehra Aroguz
POLYMER CONCRETE MIXTURES – APPLICATION IN ENGINEERING INDUSTRY……………………………………………...... 13-20 Robert Poklemba, Jozef Zajac, Darina Duplakova, Peter Cizmar, David Goldyniak
INTERCONNECTION OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, 3D PRINTING AND MATHEMATICS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION ...... 21-30 Natalija Budinski, Zsolt Lavicza, Nevena Vukić, Vesna Teofilović, Dejan Kojić, Tamara Erceg, Jaroslava Budinski-Simendić
THE INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO INTELLIGENT HELPDESK SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT…………………………………………………………………...… 31-42 Vladimir Milićević, Slavoljub Milovanović
BREGZIT - OPASNOST ILI ŠANSA ZA VELIKU BRITANIJU? ………………. 43-55 BREXIT – A THREAT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM? Ljiljana Jović, Danijela Lakić
ЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИЈА ТАРИФА У ОСИГУРАЊУ ОД АУТО-ОДГОВОРНОСТИ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ...... 56-69 LIBERALISATION OF TARIFFS ON MARKET MTPL INSURANCE OF REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA Boriša Stevanović
ULOGA MENADŽMENTA ZDRAVSTVENE USTANOVE U DAVANJU USLUGA NA OSNOVU MEĐUNARODNIH UGOVORA...... ……………………...... 70-75 THE ROLE OF HEALTH INSTITUTION MANAGEMENT IN THE PROVISION OF MEDICAL SERVICES THROUGH INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS Željko Grublješić, Mladen Ivić, Nikola Vojvodić, Dalibor Pavlović
CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE INTERVENTION OF OMBUDSMEN IN ANTI- DISCRIMINATION COURT PROCEEDINGS ………...... …….. 76-87 Predrag Raosavljević
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA...... 88-95 INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTORS
BIBLIOGRAFIJA – STED JOURNAL 1(1). maj 2019...... 96-99 BIBLIOGRAPHY – STED JOURNAL 1(1). may 2019
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ STED Journal. 1(2). November 2019.
THE EFFECTS OF MODIFIED CLAY ON CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE SYSTEMS
Davut Lacin1, Ayse Zehra Aroguz2*, Vesna Teoflović3, Jelena Pavličević3, Olga Govedarica3, Milovan Janković3 Jaroslava Budinski-Simendić3
1Geology Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey 2 Chemistry Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey, [email protected] 3Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bul. Cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, Serbia
SCIENTIFIC PAPER this purpose, the halloysite clay was initially modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium ISSN 2637-2150 bromide (CTAB). Drug carriers were e-ISSN 2637-2614 prepared by adding modified halloysite clays UDK 544.6.018.57-036.5:544.623 in the mixtures of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) DOI 10.7251/STED1902001L and sodium alginate. Firstly, the swelling behaviour of the prepared substances was Rad primljen: 03.11.2019. studied in buffer solutions at different pH. Rad prihvaćen: 23.11.2019. The drug release kinetics from the drug Rad publikovan: 29.11.2019. carriers, loaded with 5- Fluorouracil, was http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com observed under a UV-spectrophotometer at 266 nm. Release profiles of the active substance were obtained by studying its Corresponding Author: Ayse Zehra Aroguz, Chemistry Department, release in buffer solutions at different pH. Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University - The results showed that the prepared drug carriers with modified halloysite clay were Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, 34320, suitable for carrying and releasing of the 5- Turkey. Fluorouracil. [email protected] Keywords: Controlled drug release, halloysite, 5- Fluorouracil, polymer, clay. Copyright © 2019 Davut Lacin et al.; published by UNIVERSITY PIM. This work licensed under the Creative Commons INTRODUCTION Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Materials for controlled drug release License. and drug delivery systems are being intensively researched by scientists all over the world (Hua, Ma, Li, Yang, & Wang, ABSTRACT 2010; Hua, Yang, Li, Zhang, & Wang, Recently, controlled drug release 2012). The production of new drug formulas systems have been garnering a lot of is very difficult, costly and time-consuming attention, due to more targeted and effective process as long studies are required. The approach for delivering drugs to a specific drug delivery system minimizes the side tissue. Because of a specific structure and effects of the drug taken into the body while natural abundance, clays are being added to ensuring that the drug reaches the target those systems in order to increase its directly. This system provides the effective efficiency and minimize costs. In this study, use of the drug and minimizes the necessary controlled release kinetics of the drug active drug doses (Prabha & Raj, 2017). substance 5-Fluorouracil was studied, using Biopolymers are preferred to be used as the halloysite clay/polymer drug carriers. For drug carrier materials. In order to improve
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 1 Lacin, D. et al. (2019). The effects of modified clay on controlled drug release systems. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 1-7. efficiency and lower costs of production, Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models (Ritger & inorganic compounds with porous Peppas, 1987; Siepmann & Peppas, 2001). characteristics, such as alumina, silica etc are usually added to drug carrier materials (García-Villén et al., 2019; Ge et al., 2019). EXPERIMENTAL Due to biocompatibility and natural abundance, as well as possibility for surface Materials modification and nontoxicity toward Alginic acid, sodium salt (NaAlg) humans, silica has important role in were supplied from Aldrich Chemical production of drug carriers. Furthermore, Company Inc. N,N′-Methylenebis drugs can be easily attached to silica (acrylamide) (MBA) as a cross linking agent particles. Halloysite, the most important used in gel preparation and Cetyltrimethyl member of the kaolinite group of clay ammonium bromide (CTAB) were obtained minerals has tubular morphology. Between from Sigma-Aldrich. All other chemicals two layers of halloysites there are water such as phosphoric acid and hydrochloric molecules as a single layer. Such structure acid at analytical grade were obtained from greatly affects the physical properties of Aldrich Chemical Company Inc. Potassium alginate composite hydrogels (Huang, Liu, persulfate (PPS) (as initiator) and Polyvinyl Long, Shen, & Zhou, 2017). Therefore it is alcohol (PVA) were purchased from Merck; commonly used in controlled drug delivery 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fl) was supplied from systems. Alfa Aesar company. Buffer solutions were Alginates have wide range of prepared by using Merck products. applications and are one of the most versatile Halloysite was obtained from Biga, Soğucak biopolymers. They are commonly used in village, in Turkey. cosmetic and food products when it is necessary to achieve gel-structure, Methods thickening and stabilizing properties. In this study, controlled release kinetics Sodium Alginate is extracted from brown of the drug active substance 5- seaweed, and can play an important role in Fluorouracil was studied using the design of a controlled-release scaffolds halloysite/clay/polymer drug carriers. For (García-Villén et al., 2019; Ge et al., 2019; this purpose, halloysite clay was initially Huang et al., 2017; Prabha & Raj, 2017; modified with CTAB. Following the Tønnesen & Karlsen, 2002). Due to modification process, drug carriers were biocompatibility, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) prepared by adding halloysite clays with based nanocomposites are preferred for different quantities in the mixtures of some biomedical applications such as wound polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium closures, contact lenses and implants. alginate (1/1) (w/w) and mixed clay-polymer In this study, the controlled release solution (1 and 5 wt % clay) using the kinetics of the drug active substance 5- ultrasonification technique. MBA (1 wt %) Fluorouracil was studied using modified and PPS were added to this mixture. These halloysite clay/polymer drug carriers. The crosslinked products were evaporated in the effect of the modified and unmodified teflon petri dishes, until the concentrated gel halloysite was assessed. The swelling was obtained. The resulting films were dried behaviour of the prepared materials was under reduced pressure at 80 °C until the investigated, and release profile of the films reached a constant weight. The modified halloysite/NaAlg/PVA system was swelling behaviour of the prepared obtained in different pH solutions. The substances was firstly studied in buffer release kinetics of the drug was studied by solutions at different pH (2.0; 4.0; 6.0; 7.5; using 1st order kinetic model (Mulye & 8.5; 10) (Figure 1a). In order to compare the Turco, 1995), Higuchi model (Nochos, swelling behaviour of the samples prepared Douroumis, & Bouropoulos, 2008) and with modified clay, the swelling behaviour of the samples prepared from unmodified
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 2 Lacin, D. et al. (2019). The effects of modified clay on controlled drug release systems. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 1-7. clay was investigated (Figure 2b). The hydrogels were calculated using the swelling (%) values of clay/polymer following equation.
(1)
where m0 and mt are weight of hydrogel buffer solutions pH (4.0; 8.5) at 37 °C was before and after swelling (at time t), determined spectrophotometrically using a respectively. Each measurement has been UV–visible spectrophotometer: T80 Double repeated three times and the average values Beam UV Visible Spectrophotometer PG have been reported. 5-Fluorouracil release in Instruments at 266 nm.
a)
a)
Figure 1. a) Swelling behaviour of the prepared material using modified halloysite in different pH solutions b) Swelling behaviour of the prepared material using unmodified halloysite (at pH=8.5)
RESULTS spectrophotometer at 266 nm. Release In this study, the swelling behaviour of profiles of the drug active substance were the clay/polymer drug carriers prepared in obtained by studying in buffer solutions at buffer solutions was examined. The swelling different pH (4,0; 8,5) values at 37 °C curves of prepared hydrogels obtained by (Figure 3). plotting wt % of swelling as a function of time at different pH are given in Figure 2. Some of the prepared samples were then used as blanks whereas the rest were loaded with 5-Fluorouracil and their drug release kinetics was observed under a UV-
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 3 Lacin, D. et al. (2019). The effects of modified clay on controlled drug release systems. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 1-7.
Figure 2. Swelling (wt %) of modified clay/polymer sample as a function of time at different pH
Figure 3. Release profiles of the 5- Fluorouracil in buffer solutions pH (4.0; 8.5) at 37 0C
To study the drug release kinetics, the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models. The experimental data were used for 1st order formulas of these models are given below; kinetic model, Higuchi model, and
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 4 Lacin, D. et al. (2019). The effects of modified clay on controlled drug release systems. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 1-7.
1st order kinetic model can be calculated by; (2)
Higuchi kinetic model can be calculated by;
(3)
Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model can be calculated by;
(4)
The symbols used in equations 2-4 are; 1st order kinetic model, Higuchi model, and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models were Qo: the initial concentration of the drug applied to the experimental data. The best solution (mg/L). fitted model was selected from the adjusted correlation coefficient (R2) obtained in each Qt: the amount of cumulative drug released linear regression analysis. Comparison the at time t. R2 values obtained from the linear regression analysis of the formulas show the k1: first order rate constant. applicability of the models. Drug release kinetics were found to be more appropriate 2 KH: Higuchi dissolution constant. to Higuchi kinetic model. R values are higher output in this model comparing with ft: Mt / M = drug release rate. the other kinetic models. This model showed that the release of the drug from the drug n: coefficient due to drug release holder is controlled by diffusion and follows mechanism in Peppas model. the Fick 1st law. This means that drug release occurs until a steady state and kinetic balance is reached between the drug DISCUSION concentration inside and outside the In this study, swelling property of the formulation. 1st order kinetic model also fits drug holders prepared by modified halloysite to the release behaviour of 5- Fluorouracil. and PVA/NaAlg polymers is more uniform This model shows the amount of drug and maximum swelling of sample was released decreases over time. obtained at pH=8.5. The maximum swelling time was 5 hours. In the case of unmodified clay samples, the swelling at the same pH is CONCLUSION not homogeneous and stable and the Halloysite clay/polymer systems were hydrogel disintegrates (or collapse) within prepared as drug carriers for controlled drug the first 2 hours. The drug loading studies release. The swelling behaviour of the were completed in 6 hours. 50 % and 60% of prepared clay/polymer drug carriers was drug released were observed at pH = 4.0 and examined in buffer solutions at different pH pH = 8.5, respectively. (2.0; 4.0; 6.0; 7.5; 8.5; 10). Swelling properties of the prepared drug carriers were
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 5 Lacin, D. et al. (2019). The effects of modified clay on controlled drug release systems. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 1-7. more uniform and maximum swelling of magadiite. European Journal of sample was obtained at pH=8.5. The Pharmaceutical Sciences: Official maximum swelling time was 5 hours. In the Journal of the European Federation for case of unmodified clay samples, the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 130, 44–53. swelling at the same pH is not homogeneous https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.0 and stable and the hydrogel disintegrates (or 17 collapse) within the first 2 hours. Drug Hua, S., Ma, H., Li, X., Yang, H., & Wang, release kinetics was observed under a UV- A. (2010). pH-sensitive sodium spectrophotometer, at 266 nm. Release alginate/poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel profiles of the drug active substance were beads prepared by combined Ca2+ obtained by studying in buffer solutions at crosslinking and freeze-thawing cycles different pH (4.0; 8.5) values at 37 °C. Three for controlled release of diclofenac mathematical models: 1st order kinetic sodium. International Journal of model, Higuchi model, and Korsmeyer- Biological Macromolecules, 46(5), Peppas kinetic models were applied to 517–523. obtained experimental data. It was found that https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010 Higuchi kinetic model best describes drug .03.004 release kinetics of obtained samples, which Hua, S., Yang, H., Li, Q., Zhang, J., & implies that drug release occurs until a Wang, A. (2012). pH-sensitive sodium steady state and kinetic balance is reached alginate/calcined hydrotalcite hybrid between the drug concentration inside and beads for controlled release of outside the formulation. From obtained diclofenac sodium. Drug Development results it was concluded that prepared drug and Industrial Pharmacy, 38(6), 728– carriers were suitable for carrying the 5- 734. Fluorouracil drug active substance. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2011. 623702 Huang, B., Liu, M., Long, Z., Shen, Y., & ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Zhou, C. (2017). Effects of halloysite This work was supported by Scientific nanotubes on physical properties and Research Projects (BAP) Coordination of cytocompatibility of alginate composite Istanbul University (project number BEK- hydrogels. Materials Science & 2017-26425) and Project of the Serbian Engineering. C, Materials for Ministry of Education, Science and Biological Applications, 70(Pt 1), 303– Technological Development (Grant no. III 310. 45022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.09. 001 Mulye, N. V., & Turco, S. J. (1995). A REFERENCES simple model based on first order García-Villén, F., Carazo, E., Borrego- kinetics to explain release of highly Sánchez, A., Sánchez-Espejo, R., water-soluble drugs from porous Cerezo, P., Viseras, C., & Aguzzi, C. dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (2019). Clay minerals in drug delivery matrices. Drug Development and systems. In Modified Clay and Zeolite Industrial Pharmacy, 21(8), 943–953. Nanocomposite Materials (pp. 129– https://doi.org/10.3109/0363904950902 166). Elsevier. 6658 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12- Nochos, A., Douroumis, D., & Bouropoulos, 814617-0.00010-4 N. (2008). In vitro release of bovine Ge, M., Tang, W., Du, M., Liang, G., Hu, serum albumin from alginate/HPMC G., & Jahangir Alam, S. M. (2019). hydrogel beads. Carbohydrate Research on 5-fluorouracil as a drug Polymers, 74(3), 451–457. carrier material with its in vitro release https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008. properties on organic modified 03.020
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 6 Lacin, D. et al. (2019). The effects of modified clay on controlled drug release systems. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 1-7.
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STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 7 STED Journal. 1(2). November 2019.
POLYMERIC SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
Ayse Zehra AROGUZ
Chemistry Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey, [email protected]
SCIENTIFIC PAPER In this study, patterned scaffolds from various polymers as Polymethylacrylate ISSN 2637-2150 (PAM), Polystyrene (PS) and e-ISSN 2637-2614 polyvinylchloride (PVC) were prepared UDK 504.05/.06:573.6:544.623 using micro contact printing with the soft DOI 10.7251/STED1902008A Lithographic Technique. The prepared materials were morphologically analyzed Rad primljen: 03.11.2019. and cell growth was followed by using Rad prihvaćen: 23.11.2019. electron scanning microscope (SEM). Poly Rad publikovan: 29.11.2019. (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) molds were http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com prepared in different shapes and used as stamp materials to transfer the designed patterns. The cell growth on these patterned Corresponding Author: surfaces was followed after seeding L929 Ayse Zehra Aroguz, Chemistry Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University - mouse fibroblasts cells. Neutral Red Uptake Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, 34320, Assay was applied to observe cell growth. The cell growth experiments showed that the Turkey. cells were attached to the patterned surfaces [email protected] and a significant increase in cell growth on the surfaces were observed. Copyright © 2019 Ayse Zehra Keywords: patterned polymer, Aroguz; published by UNIVERSITY PIM. scaffold, biotechnology, cell growth, stamp. This work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 4.0 License. INTRODUCTION In cell growth systems, cells are grown in a certain order on the patterned surfaces. ABSTRACT Therefore, various techniques are used for Polymeric materials are commonly the proper adhesion of cells onto these used for many purposes in Tissue pattern surfaces. Biomaterials as basic Engineering Applications. In particular, they elements are commonly used for the are used as scaffolds which are specially enhancement of cell seeding, cell prepared in cell growth studies as well as proliferation and cell deposition in the extra- drug loading and release systems. In drug cellular matrix (ECM). (Liedtke et al, 2019, delivery and controlled release systems Wolf et al., 2012). In most tissues, the functional, scaffolds are widely used in order migration of cells takes place within 3D to send the drug to its target region. On the environments. These environments are other hand, in cell growth systems patterned complex and have several challenges, polymeric scaffolds are prepared and used to because of the adaptation to the changing allow the cells to grow at a certain region properties of the environment (Yamada and with a particular form. For this purpose, Sixt, 2019). different techniques are used for the Extracellular matrix (ECM) materials adhesion of cells onto the material surfaces. derived from natural tissues exhibit superior
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 8 Aroguz, Z.A. (2019). Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering applications . STED Journal. 1(2). str. 8 - 12. for the biocompatibility of cultured cells and fibroblasts were used during the cell seeding for more favorable immune responses (Zhu, process and observed using Neutral Red et al., 2019). It is known that scaffold-guided Uptake Assay. cell organization is an important criterion for the regeneration and maturation of the tissues (Higuchi et al., 2013, Li et al., 2017). MATERIALS AND METHODES In vivo tissue-forming cells on patterned In this work, dimethoxy 2,2- phenyl-2 scaffolds are closely regulated by their acetophenone (DMPA) as UV initiator and physicochemical properties such as porosity, Poly (ethylene glycol dimetacrylate) (PEG- −1 pore size, stiffness, bio-activities, pore DMA) with Mw 550 gmol were purchased interconnectivity (Lane et al., 2014). These from Sigma Aldrich. Poly(dimethyl properties provide a homogenous siloxane) (PDMS) used as stamp was distribution of the seeded cells. The obtained from Dow Corning Corporation. transferring of the nutrients into the cells Hexadecanethiol (C16H34S) and 1- attached on the surface of the scaffold can Octadecanethiol (C18H38S) (Mw = 286 thus be facilitated (Ludovica et al., 2018). gmol−1) were supplied from Merck Park and coworkers studied on the company. Neutral red and all the solvents functional composite fabricated by used in this work were purchased from biopolymer and they were used their Merck. materials for medical applications. Smith and Grande worked on the functionate Soft Lithography Process scaffolds for the applications of Soft lithography is one of the common musculoskeletal regenerative process (Smith processes for the preparing pattern surfaces. and Grand, 2015). Biopolymer-based In this technique elastomeric materials are functional composites were prepared in the used as stamps, molds or photomasks. literature for medical applications (Park, Because elastomeric materials are used, this 2017; Liu et al., 2009). technique is named as soft lithography In this work, biopolymeric scaffolds were which was developed by Whitesides and his prepared and used for the cell growth colleagues (Xia and Whitesides, 1998, Jiang systems. For this purpose, microscope et al., 2003; Jiang and Whitesides, 2003). lamellas were used as main holder materials PDMS is commonly used in patterning and covered with different polymers as processes for the cell growth experiments. Polymethylacrylate (PAM), Polystyrene Micro-contact printing technique in soft (PS) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) which are lithography process is preferred for the then followed by patterning process. The fabrication of biomaterials as scaffold in patterned surfaces were used for the cell tissue engineering studies. Molecular ink proliferation and their results were was prepared first and PDMS mold is compared. For the patterning process, immersed into the molecular ink and contact poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as molds with the polymer surface the pattern is then were originally prepared and used for the transferred onto the polymer surface as seen transferring of the pattern. L929 mouse in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Pattern transfer from molecular ink onto the polymer surface.
In this work patterns were produced by printed out with a high-resolution printer. using Auto-Cad computer program and Then, the pattern is placed over the polymer
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 9 Aroguz, Z.A. (2019). Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering applications . STED Journal. 1(2). str. 8 - 12. surface which was covered on the schematically the pattern transfer onto the microscope glass and the photomask pattern polymer surface to make by cells visible. is homogeneously transferred onto the photoresist surface. In this step, the polymer Cell seeding on the Patterned polymer should be light-sensitive polymer which is Surface called photoresist polymer. For this purpose, Neutral Red is used for the cell growth PEG-DMA was used as the photoresist studies. Certain amount cells (approximately polymer. The UV light (λ=365 nm) passed 100,000 cells) are seeded on the patterned through the pattern in the bright area and polymer surface after sterilization. L929 reached onto the photoresist polymer mouse fibroblast cells were used for the cell surface. The bright area hardened after being growth studies. After seeding the cells, the exposed to the UV-light while the rest of the patterned surfaces were incubated for 3 days region remained in liquid phase. The in a CO2 incubator at 37 °C. Then, neutral polymer surface was washed, and the liquid red dye was applied to the cells and adsorbed parts were removed. After drying, the by the living cells. The concentration of polymer patterned surface was obtained. adsorbed amount of dye is proportional to PDMS solution was covered on the the number of living cells. The neutral red patterned surface and kept at 60°C for 24h. concentration was obtained by measuring the After drying PDMS was removed from the absorbance value of dye solution using a surface and the patterned stamp was UV-spectrophotometer (at 550 nm). obtained. These stamps were used for the patterning of the other polymers covered on the microscope glass. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The results are comparatively given in Preparation of the patterned surface the bar diagram in Figure 2 for the covered The stamp PDMS was first immersed samples with different polymers as into the alkanethiole (undecanethiol) Polymethylacrylate (PAM), Polystyrene solution and contact with polymer surface. (PS) and polyvinylchloride (PVC), Alkanethiol which is absorbed by the cells is respectively. PEG-DMA covered surface used as molecular ink. Therefore, by using was used to compare the cell proliferation PDMS stamp the polymer surface is covered results. with alkanethiole solution with a certain pattern after immersing ink. Figure 1 shows
Figure 2. cell growth on different coated surfaces. Undecanethiole were used (1) Polystyrene, (2) PVC,
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 10 Aroguz, Z.A. (2019). Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering applications . STED Journal. 1(2). str. 8 - 12.
(3) Polymethylacrylate, (4) PEG-DMA Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the (column 2) with the Polymethylacrylate scanning electron microscope results of the covered sample (column 3) less cell growth grown cells on the patterned polymer on PVC surface was observed (Figure 2). It surfaces. can be seen that cell growth exists for all polymer covered surfaces prepared in this work. The maximum amount of cells was obtained on PEG-DMA coated surface which shows that this polymer is suitable for the cell growth systems. In all these experiments undecanethiole was used as alkanethiole.
CONCLUSIONS The cell growth studies were performed on the prepared materials to Figure 3. SEM micrograph of the grown cells. investigate the adhesion of the cells on the patterned regions and grown on these regions. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as stamp material was originally fabricated and used to pattern transfer onto the polymeric surfaces. It was found that the prepared and patterned materials can effectively be used in engineering and biotechnological application in cell growth studies. The best result was obtained PEG- DMA covered scaffold.
Acknowledgement This work was supported by Scientific Figure 4. Growing Cells on the circular pattern Research Projects (BAP) Coordination of regions Istanbul University (project ID: 899 and Project code: 31400) and presented in the FAPS-2019 meeting. Cell Growth Studies The results obtained from cell growth studies on polymer patterns were successful REFERENCES as shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4. As can be seen Higuchi, A., Ling, Q. D., Chang, Y., Hsu, S. from the bar diagrams in Fig.2, the best cell T., Umezawa, A. (2013) Physical cues growth results were obtained on the of biomaterials guide stem cell patterned PEG-DMA samples. Column 1 differentiation fate. Chemical Review, represents the cell growth on the glass 113, 3297–3328. coated with Polystyrene. Cell proliferation Jiang X Y, Ferrigno R, Mrksich M, was also observed in the samples of PVC Whitesides G M.(2003) covered surfaces. However, these results Electrochemical desorption of self- were not as successful as PEG-DMA assembled monolayers noninvasively covered and patterned samples. releases patterned cells from Compared to the PVC coated sample geometrical confinements Journal of STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 11 Aroguz, Z.A. (2019). Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering applications . STED Journal. 1(2). str. 8 - 12. the American Chemical Society, 125(9) Effective Scaffolds, J. Function 2366–2367. Biomaterials. 9(3) 50. Jiang, X., Zheng, W.,Jiang X Y, Whitesides Park, S.B., Lih, E., Park, K.S., Joung, Y. K., G M.(2003). Engineering Microtools in Han, D. K. (2017). Biopolymer-based Polymers to Study Cell Biology Eng. functional composites for medical Life Sci., 2003, 3(12):475–480. applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 68, 77– Lane, S. W., Williams, D. A., Watt, F. M. 105. (2014). Modulating the stem cell niche Smith, B.D., Grande, D.A. (2015). The for tissue regeneration. Nat. current state of scaffolds for Biotechnol. 32, 795–803. musculoskeletal regenerative Li, Y., Xiao, Y., Liu, C. (2017). The horizon applications. Nature Reviews of materiobiology: a perspective on Rheumatology. 11(4) 213-222. material-guided cell behaviors and Wolf, M. T., Daly, K. A., Reing, J. E. & tissue engineering. Chemical Review, Badylak, S. F. (2012). Biologic 117, 4376–4421 scaffold composed of skeletal muscle Liedtke, D., Orth, M., Meissler, M. Geuer S., extracellular matrix. Biomaterials 33, Knaup, S., Köblitz, I., Klopocki, E. 2916–2925. (2019). ECM alterations in Fndc3a Xia, Y. and Whitesides, G.M.(1998). Soft (Fibronectin Domain Containing Lithography. Angewen Chemi, 37 550- Protein 3A) deficient zebrafish cause 575.Yamada K.M., temporal fin development and Sixt M. (2019) Mechanism of 3D cell regeneration defects. Scientific Reports migration, Nature Reviews Molecular 9, 13383. Cell Biology, 1-15. Liu, W.W., Chen, Z.L., Jiang, X.Y., (2009) Zhu, M., Li, W., Dong, X. Yuan, X., Methods for Cell Micropatterning on Midgley, A.C., Chang, H., Wang, Y., Two-Dimensional Surfaces and Their Wang, H., Wang, K., Ma, P.X., Wang, Applications in Biology. Chinese H. (2019). In vivo engineered Journal of Analytical Chemistry 37 (7) extracellular matrix scaffolds with 943-949. instructive niches for oriented tissue Ludovica P., L., Toffoli,A., Ghiacci, G., regeneration. Nature Communications. Macaluso,G.M. (2018). Tailoring the 10, 4620. Interface of Biomaterials to Design
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 12 STED Journal. 1(2). November 2019.
POLYMER CONCRETE MIXTURES – APPLICATION IN ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
Robert Poklemba*, Jozef Zajac, Darina Duplakova, Peter Cizmar, David Goldyniak
Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies with a seat in Presov, Institute of Advanced Technologies, Bayerova 1, 080 01 Presov, Slovakia, [email protected]
SHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPER advantage of each composite is its specific properties that cannot be achieved by any ISSN 2637-2150 component of the composite material alone. e-ISSN 2637-2614 The strength of the materials based on UDK 544.623: 544.6.018.57-036.5 polymer concrete mixtures can be compared DOI 10.7251/STED1902013P to the strength properties of metals. On the other hand, this material has elastic Rad primljen: 03.11.2019. properties which give the material a high Rad prihvaćen: 23.11.2019. degree of flexibility. When compared to Rad publikovan: 29.11.2019. conventional materials, the value of polymer http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com composites is assessed not only in terms of excellent mechanical properties but also in terms of their low weight and cost. The aim Corresponding Author: Robert Poklemba, Technical University of of the paper is to describe the advantages Kosice, Faculty of Manufacturing and disadvantages of composites based on polymer concrete mixtures. Technologies with a seat in Presov, Institute Keywords: engineering industry, of Advanced Technologies, Bayerova 1, 080 polymer concrete, manufacturing, concrete 01 Presov, Slovakia. mixtures, polymer resins [email protected]
Copyright © 2019 Robert INTRODUCTION Poklemba et al.; published by UNIVERSITY Today, a great deal of emphasis is PIM. This work licensed under the Creative placed on composite materials. In the last Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- decades, they have become a subject of NoDerivs 4.0 License. growing interest for all professions and industries. Without them, we can hardly count on technical progress (Hutyrova et al., ABSTRACT 2016; Valicek, et al., 2012). Based on our This article discusses the properties of experience, we try to construct new concrete composite materials based on their materials on different bases, which will have contexture. Systematic and interactive more and more special properties. Many approaches are required in order to achieve composite materials are currently being optimal material properties in the invented. Progress depends mainly on the preparation of composite materials. In order approach to the relationship between to predict the physical and mechanical structure and properties of composite properties of each component of the materials, which requires the involvement of composite material but also as a whole, its different technologies. The investigation and optimization, not only the mechanical but development of these materials must be also the material properties under different based on synergies between different working conditions, requires a combination disciplines. The polymer-concrete composite of different methods and technologies. The material itself brought even better and more
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 13 Poklemba, R. et al. (2019). Polymer concrete mixtures – application in engineering industry. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 13-20. efficient properties to the market. The reinforcement (Campbell, 2010). Polymer development of these materials is constantly concrete is the composite material made by progressing and the possibilities of their use fully replacing the cement hydrate binders of are increasingly affecting the engineering conventional cement concrete with polymer industry as well as other industries. Even binders or liquid resins, and is a kind of though their cost is often high, they are concrete-polymer composite. For hardening economically more advantageous than of polymer concrete, most liquid resins such various non-composite materials that do not as thermosetting resins, methacrylic resins offer as many specific properties as and tar-modified resins are polymerized at composite materials. The aim of this paper is ambient or room temperature. The binder to point out new trends in the field of phase for polymer concrete consists only of composite materials based on polymer- polymers and does not contain any cement concrete mixtures, investigate their hydrates. The aggregates are strongly bound properties, production and possibilities of to each other by polymeric binders (Ohama, their use in industry. 2014). Liquid resins for polymer concrete include unsaturated polyesters (UP), epoxy (EP), vinyl esters (VE), polyurethanes POLYMER CONCRETE MATERIAL (PUR) and polymethyl methacrylate AND ITS PROPERTIES (PMMA). The universal polymers used in Composite materials are artificially structural applications are unsaturated engineered technical materials made from polyesters and epoxides due to their two or more basic constituents with excellent mechanical properties and cost- significantly different physical or chemical effectiveness (Asif & Ansari, 2013). Thanks properties, which remain separate and to high performance, multifunctionality and different in the final structure. Each sustainability, polymer concrete composites composite material consists of a matrix and have become innovative 21st-century reinforcement. Both components must be building materials. Among the great present in the mixture. The matrix material advantages of properties of polymer concrete surrounds and supports reinforcing materials materials are high strength and rigidity, low by maintaining their relative positions. The weight, corrosion resistance, good static and reinforcements impart their special dynamic load properties and also good mechanical and physical properties to damping properties. Table 1 shows enhance the properties of the matrix. Due to comparison of basic strength characteristics the wide range of available matrix and of polymer composites with metals. Polymer reinforced materials, the design potentials composite materials are the most widespread are incredible. One suitable example of of all types of composite materials, their composite material is concrete, which is greatest advantage compared to metal and mainly composed of cement and gravel. The ceramic materials with low density and cement forms a matrix and gravel is corrosion resistance (Wahby, 2003).
Table 1. Comparison of basic strength characteristics of polymer composites with metals Average Specific Strength Normalized Material density strength (MPa) strength (g/cm3) (MPa. cm3/g) Polypropylene / 1.48 720 486 1 glass yarn Steel 7.8 286-500 36-64 0.07-0.13
Copper alloys 8.3 60-960 7-116 0.01-0.24
Aluminum 2.6 40 15 0.03
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The resulting properties of polymer concrete depend on the properties of individual components, their ratio as well as on preparation conditions. Figure 1 shows the cross-section of polymer-concrete product. The higher the polymer content, the higher the flexural strength and the flexural modulus, but its excess reduces the compressive strength. Other important properties of polymer-concrete include (Mráz & Talácko, 2006): • Minimum stresses in polymer-concrete castings - when the casting is cooled Figure 1. Cross-section of polymer-concrete from the casting temperature to the product. operating temperature, there is minimal shrinkage and cooling stress. High- quality polymer-concrete has a MANUFACTURING OF POLYMER resulting shrinkage of 0.02-0.03%. CONCRETE MATERIALS • Minimal impact of moisture on volume The polymer concrete is composed of and dimensional changes - high-quality three components: filler, binder and polymer-concrete is more hydrophobic additives. The ratio of the individual than natural stone and is therefore used components affects the resulting properties for the production of measuring of this composite material. For the instruments, production of polymer-concrete products, • Structural variability - a wide range of demountable moulds are used, which are applications of polymer-concrete, filled by casting technology. The whole where castings from several hundred process is carried out on vibration tables to grams up to several tons can be improve compaction. Subsequently, the produced, solidification process takes place, the • Resistance to aggressive chemical exothermic reaction in which the material is influences - polymer-concrete with a heated to a maximum of 50 ° C to 55 ° C. suitable surface treatment is resistant to (Yin, Zhang, Wang, Wang, & Ren, 2015) the effects of mineral oils, coolants, lubricants, hydraulic oils, cleaning Filler agents, Fillers of composite materials based on • Dimensional accuracy of production - polymer-concrete mixtures are formed of low internal stress and minimal natural minerals (SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Fe2O3, shrinkage of polymer-concrete allow Cr2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, etc.) or of artificial the production of castings with finite materials such as glass and metal fibres and accuracy (so-called finished), which balls or metal powder Inorganic fillers may reduces machining costs. In practice, have different structures. The filler only working surfaces are used to constitutes 80% by volume of the mixture. achieve the required tolerances, The types of filler structures and their • Recycling - polymer-concrete is used as associated materials are shown in Table 2. a building material after being crushed, On the basis of these components and their combination, the final properties of the • Corrosion resistance, polymer-concrete can be achieved (Mráz & • Possibility of integrating functional parts Talácko, 2006): into castings - integration of • high compressive strength, distribution systems. • good chemical resistance, • low moisture absorption, • good wettability to the binder.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 15 Poklemba, R. et al. (2019). Polymer concrete mixtures – application in engineering industry. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 13-20.
Table 2. Filler structure Filler structure Material
Powdered glass, quartz, dolomite, feldspar, basalt, limestone and others Platelet mica, graphite, talc, kaolin and others Fibrous carbon, glass, aramid fibres and others
The quality of polymer-concrete and approximately 20% of the total volume and especially its strength is given by low their proportion in the mixture should be as porosity (the lower porosity, the better low as possible in order to achieve ideal strength). This means that the resulting properties. Therefore, when selecting a resin, cavities between the coarse grains are filled it is also necessary to take into account its with finer particles and binder. The lower the properties, whether technological – proportion of resin in the mixture ensures the (viscosity, volatile content, shelf life, etc.) or better the strength parameters. Despite the utility (flammability, heat resistance, use of very fine fractions, zero porosity will strength and others). Epoxy resins are most never be achieved. To put it simply, even the commonly used, but we can also use: smallest particles cannot fill the gaps • Polyester, without residue (Patočka, 2007). • Polyurethane, Important properties in the polymer- • Poly-Acryl. concrete mix design shape • Phenol-formaldehyde, (granulomorphism) and size (granulometry), • Methyl methacrylate and others. filler distribution and filler weight fraction. Fillers for polymer-concrete adapted for Epoxy resin engineering use consist of three to four Epoxy resin is a liquid viscosity components. The dimensions of the substance and hardeners in liquid or powder individual filler components range from 0.1 form are used to cure it. The hardener is a mm (stone meal) to 2 mm (sand) to 16 mm solution or mixture of inorganic (for (gravel and stones) (Mráz and Talácko, example polyamines, isocyanate) or organic 2006). acids (carboxylic acid) in various concentrations. Curing usually takes place at room temperature. Compared to polyester resin, epoxy resin is characterized by less volumetric shrinkage and longer pot life. It has good mechanical, chemical and electrical properties. Materials with these resin matrices are not suitable for operations above 80 ° C (Chwala, 2012).
Figure 2. Fillers Ingredients Additives are agents added to the matrix that affect the final properties of the polymer-concrete mixtures such as Binder mechanical and fire properties or corrosion The binder, also called the polymer- resistance. With the correct combination of concrete matrix, consists of two components, all components of the binder system, precise which are resin and hardener. They make up casting parameters can be achieved.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 16 Poklemba, R. et al. (2019). Polymer concrete mixtures – application in engineering industry. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 13-20.
Additives used in the production of polymer- concrete include (Chwala, 2012): • Dyes, • Viscosity-reducing agents, • Mould leakage, deaeration and adhesion promoters, • Substances to facilitate mould removal (mould release agents).
APPLICATION OF POLYMER CONCRETE MATERIAL IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY Polymer concrete is one of the most commonly used materials and ranks among particulate composite materials. Polymer concrete is used to produce castings weighing several kilograms up to several tons, offering a wide range of applications. Nowadays, bases for machine tools and measuring machines are used mainly in the machine, electrical, food and chemical industries. The process of manufacturing castings based on polymer concrete mixes consists of individual steps (Figure 3), resulting in a final material that meets predetermined parameters (Kender, 2016). Figure 3. Casting production process
Batching Batching is a process that is carried out Mixing by volume screw conveyors (loose The mixing of polymer-concrete materials), respectively, dosing pumps mixtures takes place in two phases (liquid components), or weighing on (Bratukhin, 1995): precision scales. The exact weight fraction • The first phase – separate mixing of of filler and binder is derived from the the filler of different fractions manufacturer, application and recipe. Dosing according to grain curve and type of is provided by automatic machines in order resin with hardener to achieve the exact ratio of the individual • The second phase – mixing of all components (Figure 4). The advantage of components into the resulting automatic dosing machines is the speed that mixture, in this phase, it is important ensures that the individual components in that all grains are coated with a resin the mixer become a homogeneous mixture. binder For batching they are used (Bratukhin, 1995): • Screw conveyors – for bulk materials, • Metering pumps – for liquid components, • Accurate weight – gravimetric dosing.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 17 Poklemba, R. et al. (2019). Polymer concrete mixtures – application in engineering industry. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 13-20.
Figure 4. Example of mixing and dosing machine Figure 5. Molding
Moulding Compaction The casting process takes place after Compaction is used to reduce the the mixing phase by means of casting volume of air pores that can increase during machines or the polymer-concrete mixture is previous steps. The two principles that work poured directly from the mixer. From an best have been used for compaction: economic point of view, it is advisable to • Shaking tables cast several castings at once if they are not • Vibration motors mounted on the oversized, saving time - the machine is in outer mould wall operating mode and does not need to be cleaned. The casting is followed by a As a general rule, large and heavy compaction process and vented (Buksa, moulds use a low speed with high force, and 2008). light and table mould the opposite. When vibration is oversized, particle resonance can occur, turbulent flow occurs and the air is absorbed. In some cases, raising the temperature can help prevent it (Buksa, 2008).
Figure 6. Vibrating table (platform)
Hardening can be further machined. Hardened polymer- During curing there is an exothermic concrete should be seen as a synthetic stone. heat escape reaching a temperature of up to Accordingly, the polymer-concrete can be 50 ° C, at least after 12 hours it is possible to processed by natural stone processing remove the casting from the mould. After 24 methods: polishing, drilling, sandblasting, hours, the casting has final properties and cutting and the like. However, further
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 18 Poklemba, R. et al. (2019). Polymer concrete mixtures – application in engineering industry. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 13-20. processing is inefficient. It is more ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS economical to achieve the desired moulding This work was supported by the Slovak properties. Materials used in the manufacture Research and Development Agency under of moulds (Snoeck et.al., 2015): the contract No. APVV-15-0700. Article is • Cast iron the result of the Project implementation: • Aluminium Automation and robotization for 21st • Wood century manufacturing processes, ITMS: • Foam plastics 313011T566, supported by the Operational • Steel Programme Research and Innovation funded by the ERDF. Processing of polymer-concrete after its wear Polymer-concrete meets all the REFERENCES requirements for environmentally friendly Ali, A., & Ansari, A. A. (2013, April). material. The cured material is chemically Polymer Concrete as Innovative inert and free of health risks. Unnecessary Material for Development of castings or parts of them can be stored in Sustainable Architecture. 2nd construction waste dumps. The concrete International Conference on Emerging blocks can be processed by crushing into Trends in Engineering & Technology. mixtures for road construction and other Bratukhin, A. G., & Bogolyubov, V. S. construction needs after separation of the (Eds.). (2012). Composite other parts. Polymer-concrete can be manufacturing technology (Vol. 1). recycled at the end of its useful life and is Springer Science & Business Media. also called a modern unconventional Buksa, J. (2008). Polymerbetonový rám material (Yin et al., 2015). svislého soustruhu. Brno: Vysoké učenítechnické v Brně, 60. Campbell, F. C. (2010). Structural CONCLUSION composite materials. ASM Quality, economic aspects, durability international. have a very important role to play in Hutyrová, Z., Kušnerová, M., Harničárová, materials. In the context of industrial M., Valíček, J., Tozan, H., & Mital, D. engineering practices, innovation, (2016). Evaluation of texture surface of development and composition of materials composite material based on WPC after are increasingly emphasized. Competition in using machining technology. Advanced the field of materials is very demanding, but Science Letters, 22(3), 678-680. there is still a need to market new materials Chawla, K. K. (2012). Composite materials: that will have better properties and will not science and engineering. Springer be expensive. Polymer concrete is one of the Science & Business Media. most commonly used materials and ranks Kender, Š. (2016). Technológie výroby among particulate composite materials. kompozitov, 33, 188 – 191. Polymer concrete is used to produce castings Mraz, P., & Talacko, J. (2006). Konstrukce weighing several kilograms up to several strojů s kompozitními materiály. ČVUT tons, offering a wide range of applications. Praha Nowadays, polymer concrete materials are Ohama, Y. (2008). Polymer concrete. used for the production of bases for machine Developments in the Formulation and tools and measuring machines, which are Reinforcement of Concrete (pp. 256- used in the engineering, electrical, food and 269). Woodhead Publishing. chemical industries. The aim of this paper is Patočka, J. (2007). Schneeberger to give the most comprehensive overview of Mineralgusstechnik - Minerální the materials and technologies used for the kompozity – výrobní možnosti, production of polymer concrete and its use technologie, aplikace. Schneeberger in construction practice. Mineralgusstechnik, s.r.o., přednáška
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 19 Poklemba, R. et al. (2019). Polymer concrete mixtures – application in engineering industry. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 13-20.
na jednodenním odborném semináři: (2012). New way to take control of a Kompozity ve stavbě strojů, Praha. structural grain size in the formation of Snoeck, D., Velasco, L. F., Mignon, A., Van nanomaterials by extrusion. Vlierberghe, S., Dubruel, P., Materialwissenschaft und Lodewyckx, P., & De Belie, N. (2015). Werkstofftechnik, 43(5), 405-411. The effects of superabsorbent polymers Wahby, W. S. (2003). Fifty Years' History of on the microstructure of cementitious Polymers in Concrete in Review. materials studied by means of sorption Special Publication, 214, 13-22. experiments. Cement and Concrete Yin, J., Zhang, J., Wang, T., Wang, W., & Research, 77, 26-35. Ren, X. (2015). Mechanical properties Valíček, J., Čep, R., Rokosz, K., optimization of resin mineral Łukianowicz, C., Kozak, D., Zeleňák, composite for machine tool bed. M., Kostial, P., Hloch, S., Harnicarova, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and M., Hlavacek, P., & Haluzíková, B. Composites, 34(4), 329-340.
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INTERCONNECTION OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, 3D PRINTING AND MATHEMATICS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION
Natalija Budinski1, Zsolt Lavicza2, Nevena Vukić3, Vesna Teofilović3, Dejan Kojić4, Tamara Erceg3*, Jaroslava Budinski-Simendić3
1Petro Kuzmjak School, Rusinska 63, Ruski Krstur, Serbia, [email protected] 2Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straβe 69, 4040 Linz, Austria, [email protected] 3University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia, [email protected], 4University of Business Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineerenig, Despota Stefana Lazarevića bb, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]
REVIEW SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE deposition modelling. The producers of 3D printers have already developed prototypes ISSN 2637-2150 for education purposes. The importance of e-ISSN 2637-2614 the incorporation this printing method in UDK 66.088:66.046.5:544.6.018.57-036.5 schools is the fact. The learning experience DOI 10.7251/STED1902021B for digital media is becoming a priority in school education. The practical application Rad primljen: 03.11.2019. of this tecnique can be incorporated into a Rad prihvaćen: 23.11.2019. wide variety of school subjects to simplify Rad publikovan: 29.11.2019. the sophisticated theoretical concepts. 3D http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com printing is the example of cooperation within material science and mathematics but this Corresponding Author: platform is very often not supported by the Tamara Erceg, University of Novi Sad, high school curriculum, but latest trends Faculty of Technology, Bulevar cara Lazara propose different approaches and make 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia. education close to the science achievements [email protected] and contemporary life. Building lessons plans and project could help students to learn more contemporary achievement in this Copyright © 2019 Natalija field. It is new trend to support enthusiastic Budinski, et al.; published by UNIVERSITY teachers who want to implement this method PIM. This work licensed under the Creative of additive manufacturing in education. This Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- paper provides an overview of 3D printing NoDerivs 4.0 License. methods and highlights the possibility of their implementation in educational techniques. ABSTRACT Keywords: education, mathematics, The substantial advantage of 3D polymers, additive manufacturing, materials. printing is the ability to fabricate complex shapes objects from liquid molecules or powder grains which joins or solidifies using INTRODUCTION computer design files (CAD) to produce a The whole process begins by virtually three-dimensional object with material being designing of object that should be printed. added together layer by layer. This process is Virtual designing is performed in a CAD considered as an industrial technology. The (Computer - Aided Design) file using a 3D most-commonly used 3D printing procedure program for modeling (to create a brand new is a material extrusion technique called fused object) or using a 3D scanner (to copying an
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 21 Budinski, N. et al. (2019). Interconnection of materials science, 3D printing and mathematics in interdisciplinary education. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 21-30. existing object). The 3D scanner performs and elastomers, polymer blends and polymer three-dimensional digital copying object. composites. These scanners use different technologies to There are several different 3D printing generate the desired model. To prepare the technologies, depending on the printer object for printing, 3D software virtually working mode and material used to make the cuts the final model into a large number of item, such as stereolithography, selective horizontal layers. Object proposed by laser sintering (SLS), inkjet, Fused software is created in succession applying deposition method (FMD), production of layers of material until the final shape is laminated objects - LOM (Laminated object obtained (Freedman et al., 2012). Typical manufacturing). No matter which one layer thickness is 0.1 mm, although applies, the entire process of manufacturing depending on the technology, it can range a 3D printing object can be divided into two from a few microns to several centimeters. stages: The first layer is applied to the substrate, 1. designing an object in programs such as then the desk is lowered (or the print head is AutoCAD, Blender, Open- SCAD, etc., raised) by the height of the layer, the next using a 3D modeling program, layer is applied and procedure is repeated 2. printing the object. until the entire item is printed. Printing time depends on the subject and technology. For Stereolithography is based on the use smaller items, the crafting process will take of UV light passing over a pool with a several minutes, while for larger items the photosensitive polymer (Figure 1). During time will be measured in hours. Everything production, the model is formed in the pool the mind can think of, at a simple and fast layer by layer, until the final product is way, using 3D printing can be obtained, so obtained. The advantages of this method are there are no restrictions in terms of the rapid fabrication, detailed surface dimensions and shape of desired objects. treatment, as well as the way of pulling Materials used in 3D printing can be in form objects out of the pool, after which there is of of powders, granules or fibers, divided no need to break excess structural parts into the following categories: (Song et al., 2009). 1. polymer materials – thermoplastic, thermosetting polymers polymer composites, 2. ceramic materials, 3. metals - aluminum, cobalt, gold, silver, tungsten, titanium, titanium beryllium and copper alloys, steel 4. wood, paper 5. food - ie. natural macromolecules such as carbohydrates (starch).
The selection of material type depends on the field of application and costumers' need. Use of polymers for consumer goods (bottles, toys, dishes, electronical Figure 1. SLA method components etc.) as well as for special (https://all3dp.com/2/stereolithography-3d- printing-simply-explained/). applications (drug delivery, biomedical devices) makes those materials applicable for processing by 3D printing, which allows rapid manufacturing (Song et al., 2009, Selective laser sintering (SLS) (Figure Wang et al. 2017). Plastic materials used in 2) is very similar to stereolithography. It additive manufacturing can be divided into works on the principle of material exposure four categories: thermoplastic, thermosets to laser beams. The polymer is in the form of
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 22 Budinski, N. et al. (2019). Interconnection of materials science, 3D printing and mathematics in interdisciplinary education. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 21-30. a compact powder. The main advantage of printing. The model is made layer by layer, this method is that ceramic, plastic and metal usually of plaster or resin, and the device products can be obtained. The resulting disperses the binder to obtain the desired objects generally have very good strength, shape of the object. The advantage of this but the disadvantage of the SLS method is method is that a single object can be made that the surface of the object often has of multiple types of material (Song et al., imperfections (Decard et al., 1989). 2009). Fused deposition method (FDM) (Figure 5) is the most widely used 3D printing method. It works on the principle of material extrusion with an extruder, and the nozzle opening is adapted to extrude the used material. Thermoplastic polymers are used as material for this 3D printing method. Layers are obtained by extruding a thin nozzle of thermoplastic material onto a printing pad. They are formed crosswise, ie. each layer is extruded at an angle of 90° from the previous one. Today, in addition to the base material, water-soluble and easily Figure 3. SLS method (Raja et al., 2006). removable material is often used as temporary support for certain parts of the The inkjet method (Figure 4) is item (Konta et al., 2017). actually an upgrade to classic Inkjet
Figure 4. Inkjet method (https://www.custompartnet.com/wu/ink-jet-printing).
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 23 Budinski, N. et al. (2019). Interconnection of materials science, 3D printing and mathematics in interdisciplinary education. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 21-30.
Figure 5. FDM method (Konta et al., 2017).
Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) and then bonded together (Figure 6). Today, method can use paper as a material, which is A4 paper is often used as a water-based a great advantage because of the much lower material and adhesive, which significantly cost of production and final price of the decreases the cost and has no adverse effects product. In tis method, layers of material that on humans and the environment. are laser-cut to specific dimensions are used
Figure 6. LOM method (https://www.makepartsfast.com/laminate-object-manufacturing-lom/).
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 24 Budinski, N. et al. (2019). Interconnection of materials science, 3D printing and mathematics in interdisciplinary education. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 21-30.
POLIMER MATERIALS 3D PRINTING Different components for cars, cell phones, There are several main materials used as well as toys can be produced by in 3D printing such as polymer, polymer processing ABS using the additive composites, wood, metals, paper, ceramics, technology. The good properties of this sandstone, wax. The selection of material polymer result from the combination of three type depends on the field of application and monomers, where the presence of costumers' need. Use of polymers for acrylonitrile contributes to good resistance to consumer goods (bottles, toys, dishes, aging, temperature and chemicals; the gloss electronical components etc.) as well as for and stiffness come from the presence of special applications (drug delivery, styrene, and also the strength and elasticity biomedical devices) makes those materials due to butadiene. During the processing of applicable for processing by 3D printing, ABS using the 3D technology, ABS is which allows rapid manufacturing (Wang et heated to between 230 ºC and 260 ºC. It is al., 2016, Šafka et al., 2016). Plastic tough, reusable material with high strength, materials used in additive manufacturing can which degrades from humidity in the be divided into four categories: surrounding air, so ABS filaments should be thermoplastic, thermosets, elastomers and stored in containers and vacuum bags before polymer composites. processing. ABS is mainly used in fused deposition modeling technologies, the most Thermoplastic polymers affordable and accessible 3D printing Thermoplastic polymers have the great technology. There is however also a liquid significant from te point of 3D technology, form of ABS which is sometimes used in because of their widespread use and stereolithography and PolyJet processes. recyclability. Thermoplastic polymers used Figure 7 shows the ABS printing filament in 3D technology can be biodegradable and with product of 3D processing (Ngo et al., non-bioderadable. They are printed using 2018). mostly FDM method. Amorphous polymers are preferred over semicrystalline ones. The reason lies in the fact that printing temperature or amorphous polymers should be simply greater than glass transition temperature and for semicristaline polymers has to exceed melting point (Šafka et al., 2016). The most commonly used non- biodegradable thermoplastic polymers in 3D processing are acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA), Figure 7. ABS printing filament and 3D printed acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), which toy. are non-biodegradable. Biodegradable polymer with importance in 3D printing is PP is semicrystaline polymer widely on the first place polylactide (PLA). Besides used in automotive, packaging industry and PLA, the use of other biodegradable in manufacturing of different everyday polyesters such as poly-(hydroxyalkanoates) objects (Figure 8). Good properties of PP is (PHA) and poly-(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are resistance to abrasion, many chemicals, intensively considered Vaidya et al., 2019). toughness, flexibility and ability to absorb ABS is the most commonly used shocks. PP is also cost-effective and suitable polymer in 3D printing. ABS is amorphous for food packaging. Drawbacks of PP copolymer based on three monomers: include low temperature stability and UV acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene. sensitivity. Printing temperature of PP is
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 25 Budinski, N. et al. (2019). Interconnection of materials science, 3D printing and mathematics in interdisciplinary education. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 21-30.
230-260 °C. PP filaments come in black, white and yellow colours and they are used in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) (Safka et al., 2016).
Figure 10. 3D printed cases for electronic devices based on PET-G.
Polycarbonate (PC) is durable, tough amorphous polymer with high strength and Figure 8. PP 3D printed objects. good temperature resistant. PC is resistant to any physical deformation until around 150 °C, but has tendency to absorb moisture PET is semicrystaline polymer useful from the air, which can affect its printing for food and beverage packaging. It is rigid performance. The main fields of application material, with good chemical resistance, of PC are engineering, electronics, any other 100% recyclable. Printing temperature for fields where transparency and durability are PET is between 75-90 ºC (Figure 9). required (Figure 11). Printing temperature is very high, between 290 and 300 °C (Safka et al., 2016).
Figure 11. PC 3D printed object. Figure 9. PET printed bottle. PA are semicrystalline polymers, tough, flexibile with good shock resistance, Mixing PET with glycol gives PET-G which provides many applications of theses filaments, more practical and useful for 3D polymers in automotive industry, robotics, printing. PET-G filaments exibit good aerospace market, manufacture of gears etc. temperature, chemical and stretch resistance, (Figure 12). Polyamides usually comes in as well as good electrical properties. Optimal form of powder, therefore 3D printing is temperature for 3D printing of PET-G carried out by SLS method. However, nylon filament is 230-250 °C. PET-G printed is also available in filaments, so the FDM is objects are used in many fields, such as used for its processing. Printing temperature cases for electronic devices, containers etc. for polyamides is between 220 and 250 °C (Figure 10). (Safka et al., 2016).
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 26 Budinski, N. et al. (2019). Interconnection of materials science, 3D printing and mathematics in interdisciplinary education. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 21-30.
PLA suitable for 3D printing high-quality parts and consumer goods. PLA is suitable for fabrication of 3D prototypes and educational tools, because of low cost and printability (Gkartzou et al., 2017).
Figure 12. PA 3D printed object.
ASA is amorphous polymer that Figure 14. PLA 3D printed object. combines good mechanical strength, dimensional stability, UV and chemical Thermosets and elastomers resistance, making it suitable for outdoor For processing of thermoset polymer applications and automotive industry (Figure materials via 3D printing method the most 13). ASA comes in filaments and being suitable method is the digital light printed at about 250 °C. processing (DLP) according to stereolitography. DLP method is modificated stereolithography metod, because they are both based on applying of photopolymerization principles (Melchels et al., 2010). DLP method uses a conventional DLP projector as a light source, which projects a two-dimensional (2D) image into a light-curable resin in a vat, in te first step. Epoxy and acrylate resins are the most used thermoset materials in 3D printing. Elastomer materials used in 3D technology are usually being processed by PolyJet printers. This 3D technology made parts by pouring out photopolymer droplets onto a Figure 13. ASA 3D printed object. build platform and solidifying them by UV light. This technique allows creation of PLA is fully biodegradable complex parts using elastomer materials thermoplastic polymer. It is one of the such as liquid silicone rubber. easiest materials to print, with good strength; it is simple to use and comes in different Polymer composites coloured fillaments, suitable for FDM Different types of polymer matrix can printing method (Figure 14). PLA is be used for tailoring of composite materials. renewable, low cost, but with low heat Micro and nano sized particles as well as resistant, which makes it inconvenient for fibers (natural and synthetic ones) are used outdoor applications. During the 3D as filler component in polymer composites. printing, PLA is heated to between 190 ºC to The composite materials based on iron 230 ºC and it is suitable for architectural particles and thermoplastic polymers such as mock-ups and complex educational models. nylon (Masood et al., 2004) and ABS High hardness and very low shrinkage make (Sa’ude et al., 2004) were investigated.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 27 Budinski, N. et al. (2019). Interconnection of materials science, 3D printing and mathematic in interdisciplinarz education. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 21-30.
ABS is also used as polymer matrix in problems which solution requires composite materials with copper, carbon compliance of various disciplines (Cross, black, strontium titanate and alumina 2001). Together with 3D printers in the (Torrado et al., 2015). Senatov et al. classrooms, education needs development of prepared scaffold based on PLA and 3D printing teaching strategies, planning hydroxyapatite using FDM printing method lessons that fit into the curriculum and which can be used as self-fitting implant for meaningful integration that connects science, small bone replacement (2016). Group of mathematics and technology in creative and authors have demonstrated the possibility of constructive way in order to achieve the use of jute fibers as reinforcement for educational goals (Novak et al., 2016). There thermoplastic composite filaments which are limited resources that provide can be processed by FDM printing method. instructions for 3D printing integration into As polymer matrix they have used well the classroom which is for now an obstacle researched polymers in 3D printing of effective use of 3D printers in the technology such as ABS, PLA (Matsuzaki et classroom (Kolodner et al., 2003). One of al., 2016). Synthetic fibers which are the research of 3D printing in classroom investigated in combination with ABS, summarizes several benefits, but also nylon and PLA are carbon, glass and Kevlar challenges about this new technology. One fibers (Tekinalp et al., 2014, Chen et al., of the obstacle in usage of 3D printing 2017). Modeled on balsa wood, scientists technology was that teachers need to have from Harvard have created a new composite additional knowledge in advanced material based on epoxy resin containing technology, while the second observed nano clay particles, silicon carbide fillers problem was that even though students and carbon fibers. The material is printed to possess knowledge in technology, the looks like a honeycomb – small density and engagement with new technologies was not high mechanical strength due to epoxyde that easy as expected (Thibaut et al., 2018). matrix. As a potentially benefits, 3D printing in the classroom supports different teaching and learning styles, encourage students to be 3D PRINTING IN EDUCATION active and to explore, even though they have Due to the accessibility and not been previously interested in such affordability on the market, 3D printers with activities. Design experience improves their its technological potential became available ability to solve problems, to learn from in the classrooms and in the process of mistakes and find solutions (Kostakis et al., improvement of teaching and learning. 2017). Also this kind of activities and Whole 3D printing process from an idea to projects help to the conceptual modeling and producing a model is helpful understanding of different things and to self- in conceptualization and visualization. guided inquiry (Vones at al., 2018). In Usage of 3D printers in the classroom Figure 15. it can be seen students (age 13) in combines science, technology, engineering, the process of printing models of Lego brick math but also has aesthetic and artistic in Petro Kuzmjak school in Serbia in aspect which makes 3D printer excellent tool October 2019. In this activities students had for supporting STEAM concept which to apply their knowledge related to the combines Science, Technology, proportions and make a model of prism that Engineering, Art and Mathematics to would resemble to the Lego brick. In this empower students in the developing process students by their initiative explored competences such as inquiry or critical more information about Lego bricks, from thinking. 3D printing is certainly a tool that the interesting playful facts to the could be helpful in developing 21st century mathematical facts and proportions. skills of students (Becker et al., 2018). Collaborating together, students got 3D Activities during 3D printing are close to the printed models of Lego bricks as it is reality, usually based on solving real-world showed in Figure 16.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 28 Budinski, N. et al. (2019). Interconnection of materials science, 3D printing and mathematic in interdisciplinarz education. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 21-30.
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STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 30 STED Journal. 1(2). November 2019.
THE INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO INTELLIGENT HELPDESK SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Vladimir Milićević1*, Slavoljub Milovanović2
1Belgrade Metropolitan University, Tadeuša Košćuka 63, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected] 2University of Niš, Faculty of Economisc in Niš, Trg kralja Aleksandra Ujedinitelja 11, 18000 Niš, Serbia
REVIEW SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE HelpDesk system that is capable of expanding its own expertise. By combining ISSN 2637-2150 unified aspect approach with the zero e-ISSN 2637-2614 tolerance model driven approach, a new UDK 004.78:[004.5:004.891.2 innovative approach to the development of a DOI 10.7251/STED1902031M wide range of expert systems is obtained. This innovative approach is characterized by Rad primljen: 03.11.2019. the highest possible degree of modularity. Rad prihvaćen: 22.11.2019. The application of the aforementioned Rad publikovan: 29.11.2019. approaches has also enabled expansion and http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com improvement of the existing expert systems used for servicing numerous companies Korespodencija: operating in various fields of business. Vladimir Milićević, Belgrade Metropolitan Key words: HelpDesk systems development, object-oriented approach, University, Tadeuša Košćuška 63, 11000 aspect-oriented approach, intelligent Beograd, Srbija. information systems [email protected]
Copyright © 2019 Vladimir INTRODUCTION Milićević & Slavoljub Milovanović, In today's business environment, the published by UNIVERSITY PIM. This work application of modern information licensed under the Creative Commons technologies is crucial for each participant in Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 the global market. Together with the License. products and services, the software solut/ions used for supporting businesses are becoming more and more complex. ABSTRACT Therefore, modern tools and techniques for The paper examines the current state software development require constant and the possibilities of using contemporary expansion with the aim of designing and approaches and tools in HelpDesk systems developing software solutions that will fully development with the aim to examine its satisfy current customer requirements and disadvantages. Disadvantages are accurately give companies a strategic advantage in the analyzed and the paper gives clear guidance market. The paper identifies service how to eliminate them. It has been noticed industries (e.g. insurance industry) as the that current design and development key market place where these systems can be approaches have their own advantages and fully applied. HelpDesk system, integrated disadvantages. The application of the unified into information systems of the insurance approach that combines the best individual companies, contributes to a large extent to characteristics of the existing approaches quality of products and services and enables development of an automated increases the level of general satisfaction of
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 31 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The innovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42. employees and service users. For this 2008), business software is the foundation of purpose, tools and techniques for developing success in the competitive environment of intelligent HelpDesk system have been the global economy. In contemporary identified through expansion of modern industry software, development of software object-oriented technologies by tools that solution, and later its design and allow the dynamic manipulation of the new implementation, increasingly insist on the knowledge by the information system. Two use of intelligent computing techniques. The well-known aspect-oriented approaches have application of these techniques can be found been tested and their dominant in the solutions to search large databases or characteristics have been combined, thus Big Data (Curry, Kirda, Schwartz, Stuart, creating an original unified approach that Yoran, 2013), predicting the movements of helped to achieve the intended goals of the the major markets (Market Intelligence, paper. In the paper, the implementation of 2016), and the transfer of certain the HelpDesk system in synergy with management roles to such software systems intelligent programs has been especially (Sousa & Effy, 2014). considered. The work of such a system is According to the group of the authors fully automated and expertise is greatly (Dunie, Schulte, Cantara, & Kerremans, shifted from a man to a computer. By 2015), business managers, and experts daily choosing the optimal algorithm for searching faced with the key challenge. They are a database of questions, HelpDesk system is expected faster and better decision making to equipped with a powerful tool – neural support the modern concept of business - do network, which fully enables the aforesaid more for a shorter period of time. Struggling software functionalities. with these challenges is crucial to the In that context, the paper is organized implementation of intelligent software in six sections. After introduction section, solutions to support business operations. problem of development of contemporary Modern information systems use more and intelligent information sytems with emphasis more intelligent support for numerous on HelpDesk systems is defined. Third business processes such as automation of section is dedicated to the previous hardware; production planning; planning and researches of the problem and outline of a design of business processes; reducing new software solution. Fourth section system complexity; management of financial presents innovative development approach flows; inventory management; control of based on aspect-oriented software equipment and inventory; management of development that enables improvement of effective communication between contemporary HelpDesk systems. employees, etc. Improvement of intelligent HelpDesk system Of particular importance for this work in the case of insurance company achieved is the identification of options for by the innovative development approach is engagement of intelligent software tools and analysed in fifth section. Final section techniques to support communication presents conclusions regarding innovative between officers of the company and the development approach to building management of different levels, and between contemporary intelligent information service users and staff. Timely and prompt systems like the HelpDesk system of information in modern business is crucial to insurance company that is taken as a case. quality of this business. The component of information system that enables exchanging of information by scheme question-answer DEFINING THE PROBLEM OF between the experts and other users of the INTELLIGENT HELPDESK SYSTEMS system is called the HelpDesk. DEVELOPMENT Contemporary HelpDesk systems The last decade brought big changes in generally work on such way that the how to create and use business software. question posted on the page request is According to a number of authors (Ballou forwarded to the appropriate expert to
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 32 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The innovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42. review and respond. From the moment of capable of self-learning can be structured. asking questions to get answers may take a long time, and this can result in a delay in the conduct of business, which is in modern PREVIOUS RESEARCHES OF THE business conditions unacceptable. When PROBLEM AND OUTLINE OF A NEW designing advanced software solutions SOFTWARE SOLUTION developers often have tasks that have a By the analysis of modern HelpDesk common denominator - designed and solutions, as well as the current object- implemented software must allow oriented software tools, it is possible to minimization of errors in operations caused reach the following conclusion: the by human activities and thereby ensure knowledge base of this expert system, where precise placement of current information. HelpDesk system would find answers to Thus, implemented software should provide customer questions, can not be created by a strategic advantage to the company that default if - then - else scenario, because it is introduced it in its business. Guided by the executable at the level of implementation of above theses, this paper has focus on the the software solution and can not result in analysis of the possible directions of the automatic building in of new knowledge improvement of modern HelpDesk system in into existing software solutions. Thus, the service areas such as the insurance industry rules must take the form of class i.e. objects and creating their own solutions for the in a very loose connection with the class of automation of their operation, relying on existing software solutions that make it intelligent search techniques. Companies in possible to think about their dynamic the service areas lack such systems which implementation in the existing software would enable the identification of patterns of solution. As a possible direction in which to behavior of employees and service users, look for a solution, there is a young and therefore efficient management without technique of designing and programming the need for intervention by the various known as Aspect Oriented Software levels of management. In this way, it opens Development (AOSD), wherein of special up a great field of study of intelligent relevance is works of the following group of information systems that can independently authors: recognize new facts, create new knowledge 1. The authors gathered around Gregor based on the facts that automatically can be Kiczales (Kiczales et al. 1997; Kiczales incorporated into its functionality without et al. 2001) from Xerox - USA; the intervention of a software development 2. The authors gathered around Kiselev, team. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate 2003. approach to the design and coding of 3. The authors gathered around Maja application software for HelpDesk systems. D'Hondt and Viviane Jonckers from Of particular importance is the search Vrije University in Brussels, with for new tools and techniques which will special emphasis on the work by María enable dynamic knowledge management. Agustina Cibrán (Suvée, Vanderperren, Contemporary HelpDesk systems usually Wagelaar, Jonckers, 2005.; Suvée, present the knowledge to users in the form Vanderperren, & Jonckers, 2003; of FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) Cibrán, Suvée, D’Hondt, library. Enabling dynamic control of Vanderperren, & Jonckers, 2004; knowledge, HelpDesk system will be able to Cibrán, D’Hondt, & Jonckers, 2003; immediately respond to questions without Cibran, 2007). human intervention – expert intervention. Also, by providing pattern - rule class By research and analysis of works of obtained on the basis of existing expertise - the above-mentioned groups, it is possible to knowledge base will be able to auto-expand get a starting point for the development with new specialized rules - rule objects. In process of the planned software solution. this way intelligent information system The first two groups of authors have
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 33 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The innovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42. experimented with the aspect-oriented tool its own knowledge. Innovation is reflected in known as AspectJ. Program code that is the fact that modern object-oriented tools obtained by using this tool is almost have not been able to independently cope identical to the Java code, extremely rapidly with these problems, and it is necessary to executed and linked, but had no ability of use certain extensions such as Aspect- dynamically binding to an existing oriented tools. In this light, the path to the application. Detailed analysis of this tool is desired software solution is going in the possible through the research works of the following directions: following authors: V.B. Griswold, E. • Consideration of the author María Hilsdale, J. Hugunin, M., Kersten, J. Palm, Agustina Cibrán (2007), are respected G. Kiczales and the others from a Xerox and extended by introducing of a new Institute in the USA (Kiczales et al., 1997; domain language. At a high level, Hilsdale, & Hugunin, 2004; Kiczales et al., domain level, rules of HelpDesk 2001). In addition to these authors, this tool knowledge base have been designed is studied by Hunt, 2006, and Kiselev, 2003. and coded by new domain language. All these authors in their works represent a By translating domain code in the new form of software called Council, which implementation, we get the code of the is an innovative answer of the knowledge highest possible degree of modularity, base on the request of the main control part and this results in a possibility of of software solution. The authors from the dynamic integration of rules, Vrije University (Suvée, et al. 2005; Suvée, tremendous speed of execution of et al., 2003; Cibrán, et al., 2004; Cibrán et software code and efficient removal of al., 2003; Cibran, 2007), experimented with identified errors during testing; a code which is known as a JasCo. Its • For searching objects of the knowledge features include: slower connections and base and discovering new knowledge, execution, but the ability to dynamically monotonic neural networks and optimal binding to the existing software solution in training algorithm are programmed. scenarios: before, around and after, which About this issue it is possible to make a are related to the time of application of the detailed analysis on the basis of the rules corresponding to the answer to work of the following authors: Rojas, question that is sent to HelpDesk system. 1996. and Cilimkovic, 2011. On the It is noted that each of these basis of the perceived shortcomings of approaches has its advantages and their approaches and the shortcomings disadvantages. Since it is based on the logic identified during the two years of of open source, by additional development it exploitation of this new intelligent is possible to combine the best individual software solution (Milicevic, 2012), it characteristics and get the ideal tool for is possible to find a better solution with coding object rules. Thus, it is possible to optimal training algorithm; use AspectJ as the basis for creating classes • A software component called and objects rules in HelpDesk knowledge NDL/Generator that will code base that is expanded by the possibilities of newfound knowledge by descriptive dynamic application according to these domain language is developed; scenarios. This would represent an original • A software component called solution in the field of Aspect-oriented Translator/AspectJ+ which will software development. This approach can translate above described code into the obtain the name of the AspectJ + that was objects rules and transfer it to the used in this paper. After selecting the dynamic incorporation into the optimal tool for the creation of a HelpDesk knowledge base is developed. system knowledge base, it is necessary to define an innovative approach to the A particular challenge in creating this development of an information system that innovative software solution is to find an would be capable to dynamically manages optimal algorithm for training of search
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 34 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The innovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42. mechanism based on the monotonous Zipf's law. Also, NDL/generator has the task mathematical function by which weighting to transfer this knowledge by translating into factors of nodes in the hidden layer of neural the code that corresponds to the network will be determined. Then, by using programming language with appropriate statistical tests (by mean square error) it aspect extensions. By creating should choose the ideal architecture of NDL/generator it is set the basis for search mechanism which is reflected in the development of software components from optimal number of nodes in the hidden layer the class of translator which directly of neural network. Of particular interest is translates new knowledge into executable the use of the selected search algorithm program code. As we noted, this software combined with the principle of recognition component is called Translator/AspectJ+. of natural languages (adjusted for new With the support of this component, specific domain language rules), Zipf's law and the software transformation by which NDL code method of reserved words. Also, in the is translated directly into Java code architecture of the neural network, software expanded with AspectJ+ functionalities is details known as semaphores (Zelenski, created. In the research, transformation 2008) are built. It will have the task to performances for translating relationships of synchronize processes of search mechanism. object rules into Jasco and AspectJ+ aspects This is the way to eliminate the of the relationship are specifically tested. shortcomings identified in the two-year The test showed that the new AspectJ+ exploitation of this software solution on a approach is dominant in terms of stability large the number of search iterations. In and speed of execution of software addition, in this paper it is proposed the transformation. analysis of the model domain according to MDSD (Model Driven Software Development) approach which will be IMPROVEMENT OF explained in the following section. All CONTEMPORARY HELPDESK identified class rules from which SYSTEMS BY INNOVATIVE subsequently objects are created, as well as DEVELOPMENT APPROACH appropriate links with part of software Starting from the settings explained in solutions for knowledge management are the previous section, possible ways to coded by domain language, which is very improve intelligent HelpDesk systems similar to the spoken language. In this way, considering their development based on it is possible the active participation of contemporary and innovative approach has experts in various fields of software been identified and analyzed. As already development, but they do not have to be mentioned, the improvement of these familiar with the tools and programming systems is achieved by the aspect-oriented techniques. This language is indicated as the software development (AOSD). The NDL (New Domain Language) and justification for the introduction of this represents a specialization of high-level approach to software development is found language for the application in the coding of in inherited defects which refer to the degree knowledge and its distribution through of modularity of software and that the HelpDesk systems. As such, it also standard object-oriented approach has not represents an original way of applying of been able to completely resolve. Therefore, high-level language in HelpDesk systems. it is shown that only software solution with a On its basis, NDL/generator software maximum degree of modularity and with component is developed. The component has minimal connections between their own the task to code discovered knowledge by modules can realize the dynamic expansion NDL language from sample or set of of the knowledge base without re-translation questions forwarded via the HelpDesk of software solutions. Thus, the knowledge system. The coding of knowledge is done by base should be organized in the form of a set using the principle of reserved words and of classes (the pattern rules) from which it is
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 35 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The innovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42. possible to create a large number of different aspects. On the other hand, by AspectJ objects rules. A particular problem is the aspects, dynamic linking of new knowledge realization of objects by which knowledge is is impossible to implement, as in the case connected with the central class of software with JasCo aspects. By redefining AspectJ solution. This is why it is necessary to aspects in a way that gives them the ability choose the most suitable aspect-oriented to manipulate patterns (classes of object approach that would enable dynamic linking rules) as in the case with JasCo aspects, of the new object rule with the application mentioned disadvantages of AspectJ and keeping its pattern in the knowledge approach are eliminated. In this way, the base. In this paper, in particular it is shown original AspectJ+ approach that has that the two-existing aspect-oriented negligible worse performance than the approaches (AspectJ and JasCo) have original AspectJ approach, but with the disadvantages that can be eliminated by possibility of dynamic linking of newly combining the best of their individual discovered knowledge with part of software characteristics. In this way, the original, solution for knowledge management is unified AspectJ + approach is obtained and obtained. Classes of the new approach are the definition of object-oriented design located in Java Web repository and can be pyramid is completed. Of particular freely used when developing various importance is the evolution of the software software solutions. design that relying on AspectJ + in Innovative concept of software design combination with the analysis of the domain derived from the domain model involves a model. The evolution moves the object- two-way mode of software development: oriented software development paradigm development of software code based on the from MDE (Model Driven Engineering) model and reengineering model based on approach to MDSD (Model Driven Software changes in the code. This is of particular Development) approach, which can be importance for the development of quality illustrated as in Figure 1. However, in order software solutions, because during the to the definition of this unified approach process of domain analysis it is possible would be fully completed, it is necessary to actively engage experts who better investigate the relevant advantages and understand the business than programmers disadvantages of AspectJ and JasCo and software developers. By defining high- approach. The criteria by which these level language (domain language) on domain approaches are tested is: performances and level in the form of programming language the ability of dynamic connection of object that is close to english language, the rules with the managerial part of software presentation of business rules and their solution. Performances are directly linked to relationship with the core of software the speed of execution and stability of solution is allowed. A precise definition of software solutions and related to the speed of the grammar of the language enables linking response of a rule from the knowledge base, of its instructions with instructions built into as well as the total duration of its the appropriate object rules. The linking is engagement. It was observed that there is achieved by special Java classes that support maintenance of proportionality between the software transformation related to these quantities, for two different object translation of model code to executable code rules by using a unified AspectJ+ approach. of the programming language. This is a key It has been proven that AspectJ aspects of part of improving HelpDesk system, because the relationship are activated on average it sets the basis on which an intelligent 18% faster than the JasCo aspects. That algorithm searches the text sample (set of results in 24% less time on average of total questions) and by a pattern (a set of classes duration of the engagement of object rules in knowledge base) gives the answer to the linked by AspectJ aspects in comparison to question asked via HelpDesk system. the identical object rules linked by JasCo
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 36 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The inovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42.
Design of duties
Design of interface
Design of classes and objects
Design of subsystems
Model driven engineering (MDE)
Design of duties
Design of interface
Design of objects, rules and aspects
Design of classes and objects
Design of subsystems
Model driven software development (MDSD)
Figure 2. Evolution of the extended pyramid of object-oriented software development
In the development of innovative A set of classes enables automatic software solutions for HelpDesk systems, in translation of business rules and links, addition to object rules and links, the expressed by domain language, into the concept of the event or a scenario under corresponding Java object rules and which the business rule is activated and AspectJ+ link aspects. This set of classes comes to the application of its logic by builds a unique software component of central class of software solutions is HelpDesk system, called introduced. To start rules apropos creation of Translator/AspectJ+. Also, these classes are an object rule from the appropriate pattern, available to developers via Web Java the trigger class is used. The trigger class repository in which are housed after testing. manipulates the following values: activation In proving the benefits of this software of the link, time of application of the rule solution, of particular importance was the and the time of joining the necessary performance testing of translator with information to rule. Especially, in order to a AspectJ+ functionalities in relation to the text sample (set of questions), through the Translator/JasCo which was created on the code of high level, could be expressed as an basis of transformation proposed by Cibran, executable knowledge (classes and rule 2007. It was noted, and shown that AspectJ+ objects), it is necessary to define quality and transformations use, on average, about 10% complete set of software transformations for less processor time, which is another translation of the language domain into the advancement in development of the executable Java and AspectJ+ program code. mentioned classes of software solutions. It
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 37 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The innovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42. should be noted that for each of the high- semaphores are included. In addition, the level NDL instruction, specific architecture of software solution has the transformation is defined. The instructions following components: received their own object-oriented or the ➢ the server side with the core of aspect-oriented representation considering application, and databases and the instructions of object rules or aspect knowledge bases; links, respectively. In particular, during the ➢ PC and mobile client side; transformation of high-level code, it is ➢ backup on the cloud server; insisted on the management of software ➢ improved search algorithm. exceptions. In the definition of the class of rules, and therefore objects of these classes, Testing of the functionality of the the logic of business rules is implemented system is performed by taking concrete rules through software blocks: try ... catch. On the through HelpDesk system. Two questions basis of the trigger event, the logic of rules is are passed through the system with the aim executed with a permanent monitoring of of approving compensation claims from system behavior by appropriate system injuries incurred at the workplace and as a classes called listeners. In this way, the result of traffic accidents. The system cancellation of the building rules is avoided generated two rules and then sent the in the case of unexpected system events, and answers to the address from which the this results in the improvement of the degree questions were asked, in a very short period of reliability of classes and appropriate of time. After demonstration of the objects of knowledge base. After the functionality of automated HelpDesk presentation of the transformations by which system, it was necessary to describe a key the business rules are translated into objects component of the system which enables of rules, and their links to the correspondent search a set of questions and identifying aspects, translation of the specific rule by existing and new knowledge. As the ideal software component of Translator/AspectJ+ solution it is imposed the backwards search is demonstrated. The rule is taken as a algorithm for training a neural network that question asked through HelpDesk system searches sample. At the outset, it is pointed and analyzed as a text sample. Finally, a out the shortcomings of this algorithm, business rule is created in the domain which have been identified through a multi- language by using software components year exploitation of the specific examples of called NDL/Generator. The output from this searching. The main drawback of this set of classes takes a new set of classes algorithm is reflected in the high level of (Translator/AspectJ+) that automatically cancellations, after a number of iterations, creates executable program code for due to congestion caused by software realizing the answer to this question. processes. By integrating the semaphores at key points in the algorithm, we get a complete synchronization of processes, and IMPROVEMENT OF INTELLIGENT this results in the execution of the backwards HELPDESK SYSTEM IN THE CASE OF search algorithm, smoothly and without INSURANCE COMPANY interruption. The special quality to improved Development of intelligent HelpDesk the backwards search algorithm gives the system based on described innovative fact that after modification, requires 20% aspect-oriented approach is demonstrated on fewer neurons, and thus the software the example of company in the field of instructions, in the hidden layer of the insurance. In doing so, existing known network to perform the same tasks. This intelligent software solutions with the represents a significant shift in performance perceived shortcomings of the search engine compared to a conventional backwards are taken into account. With the aim of search algorithm whose implementation can eliminating the above drawbacks, be found in numerous scientific and competitive software concepts called professional literature and in various
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 38 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The inovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42. examples. In order to provide the necessary solved all issues by processing which lasted maximum degree of modularity of this less than 10 minutes. Obviously, the information system, a tool for object- software solution with intelligent search relational mapping by which the data proved dominant qualities that lead to: a retrieved from the database is delivered higher degree of efficiency and effectiveness directly to the objects of core software of business; lower operating costs; a higher solution is used. In this way, the traditional degree of satisfaction of system's users based relational database management is replaced on higher speed of getting information and a by the object-relational tool (Hibernate short time of solving their requests etc. ORM) to achieve the software Finally, in the case of insurance company, functionalities. HelpDesk system in the the methodology of development of business mentioned insurance company has software solutions by advanced object- implemented by a prototype method. The oriented tools with the aspect extensions is first, the functionality of managerial part on demonstrated and the upgraded intelligent the server side of information system was HelpDesk system is implemented. In achieved, and subsequently two client addition, a unified approach to define rule components (PC and mobile clients) were objects through the combination of the implemented. Thus, developed system was dominant characteristics of existing tested under two scenarios: 1) the response approaches is developed. Therefore, it is time to questions asked via the HelpDesk possible to extend and improve the existing system without intelligent support; 2) expert systems by proposed tools and response time to questions asked via the techniques. Also, an innovative approach to HelpDesk system with intelligent support. the development of a wide range of expert Through the client software components, the systems is defined. Following figures are 1000 different questions are sent to showing the process of including HelpDesk system. In the first case, without dependencies, developed in this approach, intelligent support, about 20% of the total which are essential for this type of software number of questions is not resolved until the solutions. end of the current business day and longer. The system with intelligent support has
Figure 3. Adding of the AspectJ+ prototype dependency
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 39 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The inovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42.
Figure 4. List of essential dependencies, in code, for this type of software solutions
CONCLUSION enabled dynamic incorporation of new rule This paper deals with a hybrid objects in existing software solution. By intelligent information system capable to combining the best individual characteristics automatically recognize new knowledge of these approaches, the original approach from the relevant sample (set of questions), called AspectJ+ is created. This approach to code it and dynamically incorporate into also has been tested in the same way as the the existing knowledge base (a set of previous two approaches, with the possible answers). The paper is the search comparison of performance in relation to for an answer is it possible to provide a JasCo approach. Its features associated with technique of designing and programming for dynamic linking of new knowledge and the development of information system that operational software solutions are adopted. from available domain automatically This paper on the example of HelpDesk recognizes the new business rules and their system of insurance company showed that it relationship, codes them and automatically is possible to create intelligent information on the most flexible way, connects them system that automatically recognizes the with their own yet functional part for new business rules from the available knowledge management. domain and their connections, codes them, In this context, of particular importance and automatically on the most flexible way, is the choice of technologies and tools for links them to its own component of the development of intelligent HelpDesk knowledge management. By combining the system, where two approaches are dominant features of a representative aspect- compared: JasCo and AspectJ. For both oriented approaches to the development of approaches, performance of rule response information systems it is possible to develop and the duration of the process of rule improved tool for solving problem of execution were tested. It is shown that one connection of rules with the core of system. approach provides better performance Design based on the latest MDSD approach (AspectJ) while the second approach (JasCo) provides expression of executable rules of
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 40 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The inovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42. high level and the corresponding Aspect-oriented software develop- connections. pment (pp. 26-35). ACM. In addition, the paper has shown that an Hunt, J. (2006). Aspect oriented program- effective connection and the highest level of ing with Java. modularity can be provided through http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/2 encapsulation of rules and connections in 6/aspects_java_aop/. Accessed 20 July Java rule objects and AspectJ+ connection 2017. aspects. By backward search algorithm that Kiczales, G., Hilsdale, E., Hugunin, J., is improved by application of semaphores, Kersten, M., Palm, J., & Griswold, W. and the method of reserved words, it is G. (2001). An overview of AspectJ. possible to train a neural network to In European Conference on Object- automatically identify the business rules Oriented Programming (pp. 327-354). from the relevant sample. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Kiczales, G., Lamping, J., Mendhekar, A., Maeda, C., Lopes, C., Loingtier, J. M., REFERENCES & Irwin, J. (1997). Aspect-oriented Ballou, M.C. (2008). Improving Software programming. In European conference Quality to Drive Business Agility. IDC on object-oriented programming (pp. – White Paper. 220-242). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Cibran, M. (2007). Connecting High-Level Kiselev, I., (2003). Aspect-oriented Business Rules with Object-Oriented programming with AspectJ. Carmel, Applications: An approach using Indiana: Sams Publishing. Aspect-Oriented Programming and Market Intelligence, (2016). Model-Driven Engineering. Phd Tesis http://www.dobney.com/market_intelli Universiteit Brussel. gence.htm. Accessed 14 July 2017. Cibrán, M. A., D’Hondt, M., & Jonckers, V. Milićević, V. (2012). Doprinos razvoju (2003). Aspect-oriented programming inteligentnog računarskog sistema for connecting business rules. baziranog na pristupu poslovnih In Proceedings of the 6th International pravila. PhD Thesys. Faculty of Conference on Business Information Management, Sremski Karlovci, Systems (Vol. 6, No. 7, p. 24). Serbia. Colorado Springs, USA. Rojas, R., (1996). The Backpropagation Cibrán, M. A., Suvée, D., D’Hondt, M., Algorithm, Chapter 7: Neural Networks Vanderperren, W., & Jonckers, V. (pp. 151-184). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. (2004). Integrating Rules with Object- Dunie, R., Schulte, W. R., Cantara, M. & Oriented Software Applications using Kerremans, M. (2015). Magic Aspect-Oriented Programming. In in Quadrant for intelligent business Proc. of the 5th Argentine Symposium process management suites. Gartner on Software Engineering (ASSE’04), Inc. Córdoba, Argentina. Sousa, K., Effy, O. (2014). Management Cilimkovic, M. (2011). Neural Networks Information Systems. Cengage and Back Propagation Algorithm. Learning, Inc. United States. Institute of Technology Suvée, D., Vanderperren, W. & Jonckers, V. Blanchardstown, Blanchardstown Road (2003). JAsCo: an aspect-oriented North Dublin, 15. approach tailored for component-based Curry, S., Kirda, E., Schwartz E., Stuart W., software development. In Proceedings & Yoran, A. (2013). Big Data Fuels of the 2nd international conference on Intelligence-Driven Security. RSA Aspect-oriented software develop- Security Brief. pment (pp. 21-29). ACM. Hilsdale, E., & Hugunin, J. (2004). Advice Suvée, D., Vanderperren, W., Wagelaar, D., weaving in AspectJ. In Proceedings of Jonckers, V. (2005). There Are No the 3rd international conference on Aspects. Electronical Notes in
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 41 Milićević, V. & Milovanović, S. (2019). The inovative approach to intelligent helpdesk systems development. STED Journal. 1(2). pp. 31-42.
Theoretical Computer Sciences Examples. Stanford, CS107, Spring. (ENTCS). Special Issue on Software https://see.stanford.edu/materials/icspp Composition, Vol. 114, 153-174. cs107/23-Concurrency-Examples.pdf Zelenski, J. (2008). Thread and Semaphore Accessed 10 July 2017.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 42 STED Journal. 1(2). November 2019.
BREGZIT - OPASNOST ILI ŠANSA ZA VELIKU BRITANIJU?
Ljiljana Jović1, Danijela Lakić2*
1Visoka škola poslovnih studija, Vladimira Perića-Valtera 4, 21102 Novi Sad, Srbija 2Slobomir P Univerzitet, Pravni Fakultet, Pavlovića put 76, 76300 Bijeljina, Bosna i Hercegovina, [email protected]
žrtvovan u korist ekonomskog rasta i odluku NAUČNA KRITIKA da se Velika Britanija priključi Uniji. Međutim, osjećaj posebnosti i ISSN 2637-2150 okrenutost, u političkom i kulturnom smislu, e-ISSN 2637-2614 ka anglosaksonskoj tradiciji uzrokovali su UDK 347.7:339.922(410:4-672EU) stalno tinjajući evroskepticizam. Globalna DOI 10.7251/STED1902043J recesija i potreba za jačanjem međusobne solidarnosti u evropskom prostoru Rad primljen: 31.10.2019. intenziviraće preispitivanje ispravnosti Rad prihvaćen: 22.11.2019. odluke o članstvu u Uniji. Unutrašnji Rad publikovan: 29.11.2019. politički odnosi su sa svoje strane doprinijeli http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com jačanju kampanje protiv članstva. Desio se referendum i Britanci su odlučili da, ipak, žele da idu svojim putem. Sa stanovišta Korespodencija: ekonomske dobrobiti, ovo ne izgleda kao Danijela Lakić, Slobomir P Univeerzitet, racionalna odluka. Evidentno je da je nakon Pravni Fakultet, Pavlovića put 76, 76300 više od četiri decenije ponovo nađen balans Bijeljina, Bosna i Hercegovina. između političkih i ekonomskih ciljeva, ovaj [email protected] put u korist nacionalnog identiteta, iako posmatrač sa strane u ovom momentu ne Copyright © 2019 Ljiljana Jović i vidi političku opravdanost takve odluke. Danijela Lakić, published by UNIVERSITY Izgleda da je ne vidi ni dio britanskog PIM. This work licensed under the Creative društva, pa je poces izlaska spor i Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- nepredvidljiv, a javljaju se i naznake NoDerivs 4.0 License. ponovnog preispitivanja odluke o napuštanju EU. Ključne riječi: Bregzit, Evropska SAŽETAK unija, nacionalni identitet, političke Politički i ekonomski aspekti svake posljedice, ekonomski efekti. zemlje međusobno su isprepleteni i uslovljeni. Od njihovog balansa, kratkorčnih ciljeva i dugoročnih vizija, zavisi i UVOD raspodjela nacionalnog suvereniteta u svim Velika Britanija je, prije svega, zbog njegovim aspektima. Priključivanje procesu svoje političke kulture i vrednovanja evropske integracije za zemlju kao što je nacionalnog suvereniteta, dosljednosti Velika Britanija bio je izazov koji se našao u politici samo povremenog uključivanja u direktnoj suprotnosti sa njenim jako problematku u kontinentalnoj Evropi, te izraženim osjećajem za nacionalni identitet. smatrajući sebe posrednikom između SAD i Ekonomski napredak zajedničkog tržišta na Evrope, od početka procesa evropskih Starom kontinentu uticao je da početkom integracija izbjegavala blisko uključivanje da sedamdesetih godina prošlog vijeka ne bi ugrozila svoju ekonomsku orijentaciju nacionalni identitet bude djelimično ka Komonveltu (Milward, 2002). Ipak, ekonomski razlozi uzrokavaće već početkom šezdesetih godina prošlog vijeka promjenu
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 43 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. britanskog odnosa prema evrointegracijama. za nacionalni identitet Britanaca bilo Dok je EEZ napredovala, Komonvelt i nepojmljivo. EFTA nisu zadovoljili britanske interese. - Članstvo u Uniji je zahtijevalo „Kada su Britanci vidjeli da njihov dohodak usklađivanje sa EU zakonodavstvom u periodu 1958-1969. rastao za 38%, a u što su Britanci doživljavali kao zemljama EEZ 75%, promijenili su svoj stav preobimno regulisanje i rušenje prema ulasku u EEZ“, (Prokopijević, 2009, njihovog suvereniteta. str. 22). Velika Britanija, Danska i Irska su, - Nije im bilo po volji ni doseljavanje do danas, jedine članice Unije koje su tri velikog broja ljudi iz drugih zemalja, puta aplicirale za članstvo. De Gol je dva oko 500 hiljada godišnje i to najmanje puta rekao „ne“ ističući da je Velika polovina njih iz drugih članica EU. Britanija željela da pristupi pod njenim - Velika Britanija je, budući da ima visok sopstvenim uslovima, te da bi njenim BDP, velike iznose sredstava ulaskom EZ postala „kolosalna atlantska uplaćivala u zajednički budžet Unije, a zajednica pod američkom dominacijom i zahvaljujući, prije svega, poljoprivre- upravljanjem“ (Dinan, 2009, str.69). Nakon dnoj politici ta sredstva su odlazila ka De Golovog odlaska sa vlasti, na britansko članicama koje u imale veće članstvo u EZ će se sasvim suprotno gledati, poljoprivredne potencijale. ona će biti potrebna da bi se osigurala - Jedna od četiri slobode podrazumije-vala protivteža sve jačoj Njemačkoj (Nugent, je i slobodu kretanja i istovjetna 2004, str. 23). socijalna prava za sve stanovnike EU Velika Britanija je imala ono što više bez obzira u koju državu članicu odu. nijedan kandidat u procesu proširenja neće Ovakav status, posebno za nove članice imati; jaka demokratska tradicija i istorija iz Istočnog proširenja, nije bili su glavni britanski adut za prijem u blagonaklono prihvaćen u britanskom Zajednicu (Barnes, 2010, str. 420). Tako su društvu. Ovo posebno zbog činjenice 1973. god. Velika Britanija, Danska i Irska da su tradicionalno oslonjeni na ušle u EEZ, ali na potpuno „pogrešnoj migrante iz zemalja Komonvelta. pretpostavci, da je biznis u Zajednici samo - Tokom 2007. i 2008. velika ekonomska stvar ekonomije, a ne politike“ (Jovanović, kriza je zahtijevala da ekonomski jače 2004, str. 712). države snose teret budžetskog deficita ekonomski slabijih članica. Ovo je značilo dalje zadiranje u sredstva UK. RAZLOZI BREGZITA - Nakon Blerovog odlaska, Kraljevstvo se Kada se posmatra proces koji je doveo u bezbjedonosnom smislu okreće do Bregzita možemo izdvojiti nekoliko tješnjoj sardanji sa SAD i NATO, a ključnih faktora: protivi se jačanju samostalne evropske - Jedan od primarnih razloga za Bregzit, sa odbrambene politike. političkog aspekta, je sam britanski - Na parlamentarnim izborima 2010. pristup međunarodnim odnosima. Kao godine pobjedu odnose konzervativci, a jedna od sila pobjednica iz Drugog funkciju premijera preuzima vođa svjetskog rata, Velika Britanija je sebe konzervativaca, Dejvid Kameron. U vidjela isključivo kao „globalnu silu naredne četiri godine rejting čiji su spoljnopolitički prioriteti bili konzervativaca drastično opada, pa odnosi sa Sjedinjenim Američkim Kameron odlučuje da igra na kartu Državama i sa zemljama Komonvelta evroskepticizma, te u januaru 2013. (Dinan, 2010, str. 32). godine obećava da će, ako njegova - Ekonomska integracija u okviru Unije je Konzervativna stranka pobijedi na došla do tačke kada je morala biti opštim izborima 2015. godine, prvo praćena i tješnjom političkom sprovesti nove pregovore o uslovima integracijom. To je značilo gubljenje članstva u Uniji, a potom do kraja dijela nacionalnog suvereniteta, što je 2017. održati referendum o ostanku UK
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 44 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. u Evropskoj uniji, ali pod novim neće biti toliko okrenut ka EU, a uskoro će uslovima. Politički analitičari su se osjetiti i prve posljedice ekonomske krize ovakav Kameronov potez tumačili kao iz 2008. igranje evropskim statusom UK zarad unutrašnjih političkih poena. TOK BREGZITA Ovo su, barem deklarativno, razlozi za Kameron je ušao u pregovore sa EU Bregzit. Njima je posvećena najveća pažnja koji su rezultirali Zaključcima Evropskog u okviru ovog rada. Upravo to je korijen savjeta, 18-19.02.2016. u kojima se ističe: njihovog kasnijeg odustajanja od nekih da VB neće biti primoravana da uvodi evro, ključnih projekata procesa evropskih ali ni da finansira pomoć ostalim članicama integracija. Velika Britanija (VB) nije bila Evrozone u slučaju krize („..krizne mjere zainteresovana za učešće u Evropskoj osmišljene za očuvanje finansijske zajednici za ugalj i čelik jer je imala vrlo stabilnosti europodručja neće podrazumije- razvijenu industriju uglja i čelika. Nije vati budžetsku odgovornost za države učestvovala ni u Evroatomu koji je članice čija valuta nije euro“). U području doživljavala kao „ugrožavanje sopstvene suverenosti data je potvrda VB da atomske moći“ (Prokopijević, 2009, str. 22), nacionalna sigurnost ostaje odgovornost niti se uključila u projekat o evropskoj svake članice posebno, potvrđeno je da VB ekonomskoj zajednici. Dok su zemlje ne mora biti predana daljoj i tješnjoj Šestorke uglavnom trgovale između sebe i integraciji u EU, te da radnici iz ostalih odgovarala im je ideja EEZ-e, najveći dio zemalja članica prvih nekoliko godina nakon britanske trgovine odvijao se sa neevropskim dolaska u VB neće imati pravo na socijalne zemljama. Pored toga, imala je posebne naknade i dr. (Evropski savjet, 18- trgovinske odnose sa zemljama Komonvelta 19.02.2016). Smatrajući da su dogovoreni koji su podrazumijevali i preferencijalne uslovi dobri za nastavak britanskog učešća u uslove koji nisu bili dostupni drugim EU i da joj garantuju „poseban status“ trgovinskim partnerima. Odmah na početku unutar EU, Kameron je bio glavni članstva, 1975. godine, dolazi do ponovnog zagovornik ostanka i vodeća ličnost pregovaranja o uslovima članstva gdje su kampanje „Remain“ (16 članova njegovog UK dati znajčajni ustupci. Međutim, i pored kabineta uključujuči i Terezu Mej su toga, u junu 1975. je održan prvi podržali ostanak). Vladajuća Konzervativna referendum u istoriji Ujedinjenog stranka bila je podijeljena oko ovog pitanja i Kraljevstva na kome su građani glasali za zvanično je tokom kampanje ostala ostanak u EEZ, 67,2% građana glasalo je neutralna, dok su laburisti bili za ostanak. „za“, a 32,8%, protiv. Velika Britanija je do Najpoznatiju kampanju za napuštanje EU, danas ostala jedina država članica koja je zvanu „Leave“, vodili su UKP, te dio održala referendum o povlačenju iz laburista i konzervativaca, od kojih je, uz N. Zajednice. Slijedilo je doba Margaret Tačer, Faraža, najistaknutiji bio gradonačelnik period ekonomske i političke stabilnosti u Londona, Boris Džonson, jedna od Uniji i Velikoj Britaniji praćen snažnim najkontroverznijih ličnosti savremene privrednim rastom. 1997. godine, nakon britanske političke scene. osamnaest godina provedenih u opoziciji, na Na referendumu održanom 23. juna vlast dolaze laburisti predvođeni Tonijem 2016. godine građanima UK postavljeno je Blerom koji je u svojoj destogodišnjoj pitanje: „Should the United Kingdom remain vladavini u velikoj mjeri promijenio a member of the European Union or leave britansku poziciju u EU. Britanija je tada the European Union?“ Od 46.500.001 vodila aktivnu evropsku politiku, čak registrovanih glasača na izbore je izašlo podržavajući nezavisnu bezbjednosnu ulogu preko 30 miliona građana, što je najveći EU, što je s obzirom na njenu vezanost za odziv u UK još od izbora 1992. godine. Od SAD bilo prilično neočekivano. Nakon toga 51,89% glasalo je za za izlazak iz EU, Blerovog odlaska sa vlasti, nijedan lider više dok je 48, 11% bilo za ostanak u EU. To je
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 45 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. razlika od 1.269.501 glas u korist izlaska iz 20.09.2018.) što se mora postići do kraja EU (Results and turnout at the EU prelaznog perioda. Sporazumom je utvrđen referendum, 2016). Ovakav ishod je prelazni period koji počinje, kada se referenduma izazvao je isti dan Kameronovu sporazum o povlačenju ratifikuje, na dan ostavku na mjesto premijera i vođe povlačenja Velike Britanije (tj. 30. marta konzervativaca. Njegova nasljednica, Tereza 2019. – dan Bregzita) i načelno završava 31. Mej, 29. marta 2017. godine pokrenula je decembra 2020. (predviđeno je produženje aktiviranje člana 50. Ugovora o EU što je prelaznog razdoblja uz uzajamnu saglasnost značilo da Velika Britanija mora da napusti EU-a i VB do najviše dvije godine, tj. do EU do 29. marta 2019. godine.1 kraja 2022. godine). U ovom periodu bi Pregovori o Bregzitu zvanično su došlo do postepenog isključivanja VB iz započeli godinu dana nakon referenduma, pravnog sistema EU. Dogovoreni sporazum 19. juna 2017. godine. Konačno, na je predviđao i tzv. Backstop – zaštitni vanrednom sastanku Evropskog savjeta, mehanizam za izbjegavanje tvrde granice 25.11.2018. godine, lideri EU zvanično su između Sjeverne Irske i Irske, to jest da prihvatili tj. potvrdili Sporazum o povlačenju Sjeverna Irska ostaje u carinskoj uniji sa EU Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva Velike Britanije i ako se do kraja prelaznog perioda ne Sjeverne Irske iz EU i Evropske zajednice za postigne sporazum o budućim odnosima UK atomsku energiju (kako su ga utvrdili i EU. pregovarači EU i UK-a) i odobrili Političku Nakon ovako dogovorenog sporazuma izjavu kojom se uspostavlja okvir za buduće je trebao da uslijedi postupak ratifikacije odnose EU i UK, u kojima se kaže da u sporazuma prvo u britanskom, pa u pogledu ekonomskih tj. privrednih odnosa Evropskom parlamentu čime bi se Evropski savjet potvrđuje svoju spremnost omogućilo uređeno povlačenje VB iz EU. da započne s radom na uravnoteženom i Ovdje treba dodati da Еvropski sud pravde, opsežnom sporazumu o slobodnoj trgovini prema odluci iz decembra 2018. koja je pod uslovom da postoje garancije za donijeta dan prije prvog planiranog glasanja osiguravanje jednakih uslova. Taj će se u britanskom parlamentu o sporazumu o sporazum dovršiti i sklopiti kada UK više ne uslovima izlaska, smatra da VB može bude država članica. Takav sporazum, ipak jednostrano povući svoju odluku o ne može nuditi iste prednosti koje nudi napuštanju EU sve dok se formalno ne članstvo i ne može se izjednačiti sa zaključi sporazum o njenom izlasku. To sudjelovanjem u jedinstvenom tržištu ili znači da ona može povući aktiviranje člana njegovim dijelovima. Pri tome je EU zauzela 50. Ugovora o EU jer bi suprotno bilo čvrst stav da „neće biti sporazuma o ikompatibilno sa pravom i načelima EU, tj. povlačenju bez čvrstog, operativnog i pravno da takve suverene odluke zavise od obavezujućeg zaštitnog mehanizma za Irsku saglasnosti drugih država članica, pri čemu i objavit će zajedničku političku deklaraciju se ističe i da u slučaju opoziva odluke o u kojoj će što jasnije odrediti buduće odnose Bregzitu, VB ne bi smjela biti kažnjena. sa VB“ (Zaključci Evropskog savjeta, 19- Za Britance je bila neprihvatljiva ideja da bi Sjeverna Irska mogla biti tretirana drugačije od ostatka UK, oni ne žele 1U članu 50. Ugovora o EU stoji da: „Svaka država članica može odlučiti da se, u skladu sa svojim dijeljenje UK i narušavanje njegovog ustavnim pravilima, povuče iz EU. Svoju namjeru integriteta. Otpor je prvobitno izazivala i saopštava Evropskom savjetu. U svetlu orijentacije činjenica da Backstop nije vremenski Evropskog savjeta, Unija, pregovara i zaključuje ograničen što bi Veliku Britaniju moglo sporazum sa tom državom, kojim se utvrđuje način njenog povlačenja, vodeći računa o okviru njenih vezati za Uniju na duži period. Ovaj budućih odnosa sa Unijom. ...Ugovori prestaju sa se sporazum je u britanskom parlamentu primjenjuju na dotičnu državu počev od dana stupanja odbijen tri puta, treći put čak i nakon na snagu sporazuma o njenom povlačenju ili, ako to nije dodatnih ustupaka Unije, što je rezultiralo navedeno, dve godine posle dostave obavještenja iz tačke, osim ako Evropski savjet, u dogovoru sa unutrašnjim političkim previranjima u dotičnom državom članicom, jednoglasno odluči da se britanskom društvu i pripremanju na izlazak taj rok produži.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 46 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. iz EU 31.10.2019. bez sporazuma. U bezbjednosti veći je oko 39% od prosjeka međuvremenu je novi britanski premijer ove veličine na novou E-28. Stopa realnog Boris Džonson, iako nema većinu u godišnjeg rasta iznosi 2,5%, dok je prosjek Parlamentu, uspio dogovoriti revidirani na novou Unije 1.9% (Berthold i Jürgen, sporazum o izlasku (i to samo nekoliko sati 2016, str. 9). prije početka samita Evropskog savjeta 17. S druge strane, VB više uplaćuje oktobra) u kome su obje strane popustile i sredstava u budžet EU nego što njeni postignut je dogovor koji bi omogućio poslovni i javni subjekti posredstvom raznih uređen izlazak UK iz EU. projekata i programa povlače budžetskih U vezi sa Sjevernom Irskom, ključnim transfera. Ukupan doprinos budžetu EU pitanjem Bregzita, dogovoreno je da ona iznоsi oko 0,5% GDP VB. Odgovorno jednim dijelom ostaje u jedinstvnom tržištu vođenje politike podrazumijevalo je da se EU, ali ostaje i dio carinske teritorije VB. urade naučne studije koje će prednosti Četiri godine nakon sprovođenja sporazuma, razdruživanja dokazati na naučnim skupština Sjeverne Irske može odlučiti hoće premisama, a intersantno je da najpesimisti- li takav aranžman ostati na snazi (Zaključci čnija studija predviđa dobrobit VB od Evropskog savjeta (član 50.) od 17.10.2019). izlaska iz EU čak od 11,5% BDP, dok je Ključna razlika u odnosu na raniji sporazum drugi ekstrem pokazivao da je dobrobit od (prijedlog Tereze Mej) je da Velika Britanija ostanka u EU 20% BDP. Ovako veliki ima pravo samostalno da odstupi od nekih raspon u krajnjem ishodu, upućuje da su rješenja sporazuma nakon određenog korišćeni modeli nepotpuni i da nisu u obzir vremena bez saglasnosti EU, što ranije nije uzete sve potencijalne koristi, odnosno štete bilo moguće. Džonson je pristao da plati (Berthold i Jürgen, 2016, str.57), a upućuju i britanske finansijske obaveze prema EU na sumnju da su neki zaključci bili politički koje su procijenjene na 39 miljardi funti. motivisani. Revizija zaključaka, većeg broja Vanredna sjednica parlamenta održana je u obuhvatnijih studija pokazala je da su za subotu, 19. oktobra 2019.2 Parlament je Veliku Britaniju od izlaska iz EU evidentne umjesto da prihvati sporazum, kako je štete, ali da se one kreću u rasponu 1-3% Džonson očekivao, usvojio amandman kojim BDP (Berthold & Jürgen, 2016, str.58). se odlaže glasanje o sporazumu dok se ne Prema studiji OECD, kratkoročni ostvare legalne pretpostavke za gubitak (do 2020. godine) iznosio bi 3,3% implementaciju svih tačaka sporazuma. Ovo BDP VB, dok bi dugoročno gledano (do znači i da je premijer ponovo morao od 2030. godine) ovaj gubitak bio oko 5,1% Evropskog savjeta da traži odlaganje BDP, pri čemu je u optimističkoj varijanti Bregzita, što je Džonson doživio kao težak 2,7, a u pesimističkoj 7,7% BDP poraz. Rok za izlazak je ponovo pomjeren, (Kierzenkowski, Pain, Rusticelli, & Zwart, ovaj put do 31. januara 2020. godine. 2016, str. 7). Prema procjeni ekonomista u Goldman saksu, VB od referenduma do danas gubi EKONOMSKI ASPEKTI BREGZITA sedmično oko 600 miliona funti ili ukupno Bregzit znači da će Unija izgubiti 2,4% BDP i to prevashodno usljed drugu, poslije Njemačke, najjaču ekonomiju smanjivanja investicija i privatne potrošnje iz njenog sastava čiji je BDP oko 18% (Financial Times, 2019). S druge strane, ukupnog BDP EU i zemlju u kojoj živi oko banka Engleske (eng. Bank of England) kako 13% stanovnika Unije. Dohodak po glavi piše Bloomberg predviđa da će u slučaju stanovnika ove stalne članice Savjeta izlaska bez sporazuma pad BDP u UK biti oko 5%, dok će za svaki 1% manjeg BDP u VB, u ostatku EU doći do pada od 0,2- 2 Donji dom britanskog parlamenta je u posljednih osam 0,25%. (Goodman, Stirling, & McCormick, decenija subotom zasjedao samo četiri puta. Od toga poslednji put 2. septembra ove godine zbog krize s 2019). Bregzitom, što nam samo potvrđuje da je Bregzit ispao Isto tako očekuje se da negativni efekti kompleksno pitanje za britansko društvo u cjelini. budu nejednako raspoređeni, najveće
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 47 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. posljedice će trpiti oni koji imaju najveći investicije, što će posljedično voditi obim robne razmjene sa VB, među njima smanjenoj akumulaciji kapitala i najviše Irska. Interesantno je da će, isto poslovnom investiranju, a i dalje, ka prema Bloombergu, Bregzit najviše pogoditi smanjivanju robne razmjene, inovacija VB, dok će, prema procjenama Evropske i kvaliteta upravljanja. centralne banke, gubitak EU-27 biti samo u - Bregzit će uticati na smanjivanje opsegu 10%-30% gubitka UK. Ostatak tehničkog progresa i inovativnosti svijeta će, takođe, trpiti posljedice, ali one se britanske privrede. moraju posmatrati u svjetlu globalnih - Smanjivanje privrednog rasta će dovesti interakcija, prije svega zategnutih do smanjenog priliva u budžet što može trgovinskih odnosa između Kine i SAD dovesti do njegovog deficita. (Goodman et al., 2019). - Tržište radne snage i roba u VB spada Može se izdvojiti nekoliko faktora koji među najfleksibilnije u OECD su navedenim studijama identifikovani kao zemljama. Ovo upućuje da propisi EU ključni za ekonomsku sliku VB (ali i ostatka nisu bili bitna barijera privrednom Unije) nakon sve izvjesnijeg Bregzita. rastu, a dalja liberalizacija je moguća, Najčešće pominjane su: ali su njeni efekti upitni budući da je - Rast ekonomske nesigurnosti će uticati na već postignut visok nivo deregulacije smanjivanje povjerenja investitora što na pomenutim tržištima. će usloviti rast premije rizika i shodno - Pored pada proizvodnje, kumulativni tome povećati cijenu finansijskih efekti različitih šokova povezanih sa sredstava i smanjiti njihovu Bregzitom, uticaće na smanjivanje raspoloživost. zaliha neto imovine kojom se mogu - Treba očekivati i veći odliv kapitala i servisirati buduće obaveze i koja bi smanjenje njegovog priliva može trebala da generiše privredni rast u prouzrokovati deficit tekućeg računa i budućnosti (Kierzenkowski at all, do 7% BDP. 2016, str. 6-7). - Trgovinski odnosi će biti otežani, a carinske i necarinske barijere povećane Među pobrojanim efektima i kanalima i to kako sa zemljama EU, tako i sa kojima će doći do poremećaja u privrednim trećim zemljama. kretanjima posebno mjesto zauzimaju - Pooštravanje imigracione politike, ali i trgovinski odnosi, budžetska potrošnja i oslabljena privreda nakon bregzita, imigraciona politika. Oni su istovremeno, mogu dodatno smanjiti privredni rast u kako smo već naveli, bili i glavni argumenti Velikoj Britaniji. na kojima se zasnivala opravdanost Bregzita, - Slabljenje britanske funte može pa će ovdje biti nešto podrobnije prouzrokovati spoljnotrgovinske nera- rasvijetljeni. vnoteže i u drugim zemljama jer će Istraživanja koja smo konsultovali su, doći do automatske apresijacije drugih kao što je već rečeno, rađena ili prije valuta prema funti (Kierzenkowski et referenduma ili neposredno nakon njega, al., 2016, str. 6). proces razdruživanja nije bio počeo i u tom momentu se nije znalo da li će dogovor biti Svi pobrojani faktori se posmatraju kao postignut. Zbog toga su uglavnom uzete u kratkoročni, navode se kao kanali preko obzir mogućnosti da dođe do razdruživanja kojih će doći do usporavanja britanske uz dogovor, odnosno da se nađu modusi po privrede i srećemo ih manje-više u svim kojima će Velika Britanija ostati na studijama koje se bave ovim pitanjem. jedinstvenom tržištu. Pri ovome se ne smije OECD u svojoj studiji je otišao i korak dalje, gubiti iz vida da izvoz na EU područje navodeći potencijalne dugoročne efekte iznosi oko 12% BDP, odnosno oko 45% Bregzita po Veliku Britaniju: ukupnog izvoza iz VB, dok je Unija još - Ograničavanje pristupa jedinstvenom važnija kao teritorija iz koje se uvozi na tržištu smanjiće strane direktne ostrvo. VB bilježi deficit sa EU u trgovini
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 48 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. robama, ali je prisutan suficit u trgovinskom područjima pregovaračka pozicije Velike bilansu uslugama, posebno u finansijskim Britanije bila mnogo slabija nego što je bila uslugama. Koliko je to značajno možemo pozicija EU, posebno kada se ima u vidu da vidjeti ako znamo da su finansijske usluge u ona mora istovremeno pregovarati sa više 2015. godine učestovale sa 7% u ukupnom različitih zemalja, a da su troškovi veći outputu VB, odnosno 4% u ukupnoj ukoliko pregovori traju duže. Ovdje treba zaposlenosti, pri čemu oko 40% izvoza napomenuti da bi potencijalne koristi od finansijskih usluga ide na tržište EU novih trgovinskih ugovora sa nečlanicama (Kierzenkowski et al., 2016). Ugovor o mogle biti ostvarene u slučaju da budu razdruživanju i nakon dvije godine nije dogovoreni bolji aranžmani u okviru definitivno usaglašen, opcije ostaju iste: ili trgovine poljoprivrednim proizvodima. stalno produživanje roka dok se konačni Sljedeći među argumenatima koji se sporazum ne postigne, ili izlazak bez čuo u kampanji za Bregzit, pored vraćanja dogovora. Mnogo nepovoljniji ishod bi bio političkog suvereniteta, su budžetske uštede. da VB, ipak, izađe bez sporazuma i da tek Građani su na referendumu glasali i za 350 nakon razdruživanja započnu novi pregovori miliona britanskih funti koje bi sedmično sa EU. U tom slučaju bi sami pregovori ostale zemlji na raspolaganju i koje bi se trajali relativno dugo i izazvali određene mogle uplatiti fondovima zdravstvenog troškove. U ovom scenariju bi došlo do osiguranja. Činjenica je da je Velika primjene kriterijuma najpovlašćenije nacije Britanija bila neto-kontributor evropskog Svjetske trgovinske organizacije gdje bi se budžeta. Njene uplate u budžet Unije za izvoz u EU primjenjivale prosječne iznosile su oko 0,5% BDP odnosno 17 carinske stope od 2,5%. Necarinske barijere milijardi evra godišnje. Budući da je će svakako biti povećane jer, kada jednom godišnje iz zajedničkog budžeta Velikoj napusti Uniju, VB nema obavezu da svoje Britaniji po raznim osnovama propise usklađuje sa zakonodavstvom EU. (poljoprivreda, regionalni razvoj, nauka i Kolike će one biti zavisi od procesa istraživanje, itd.) isplaćivano 7 miliona evra, deregulacije koji bi VB svakako morala ukupni neto doprinos Kraljevstva provesti. U ovom scenariјu bi status zajedničkom budžetu je bio oko 10 miliona Sjeverne Irske koja je dio teritorije Velike evra (Haas i Rubio, 2017). Međutim, da li Britanije, ali pod režimom posebnih odnosa stvari izgledaju tako jednostavno i hoće li sa Republikom Irskom, ostao kao neriješen sav ovaj novac biti ušteđen? Prvo, budžetski problem. Pored trgovinskih odnosa sa efekti će se svakako osjetiti, dovoljno je reći Unijom, postavlja se i pitanje trgovinskih da je u prvoj nedjelji nakon Bregzita došlo odnosa sa trećim zemljama, budući da bi VB da pada funte prema evru što je uticalo i da izgubila preferencijalni status proizašao iz ukupni prihodi u evropski budžet iskazani u ugovora EU sa 53 nečlanice. Novi trgovinski evrima budu manji. Ovakve negativne ugovori bi morali biti postignuti što tendencije je osjetio evropski budžet, ali zahtijeva i određeni vremenski period. Nije budući da je došlo do pada privredne teško doći do zaključka da to sa sobom aktivnosti i rasta nepovjerenja investitora povlači i troškove ako se ima u vidu da je kao posljedica očekivanih promjena, prosječno vrijeme pregovaranja u okviru negativni efekti su se osjetili i u budžetima postojećih ugovora bilo oko tri godine, sa Velike Britanije. S druge strane, samo Kanadom pet, a sa Švajcarskom čitavih deset razdruživanje sa Unijom nosi nekoliko bitnih godina (Kierzenkowski et al., 2016). Pored “budžetskih” pitanja. toga, sasvim je sigurno da bi u određenim
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 49 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55.
Tabela br.1. Mogući trgovinski odnosi između Velike Britanije i EU nakon Bregzita (Kierzenkowski et al., 2016, pp. 16).
Dogovor Primjer Karakteristike -doprinos EU budžetu, Irska Evropski ekonomski -slobodan protok roba, usluga, ljudi i kapitala Norveška prostor -prisutan vrlo nizak stepen regulacije, Lihtenštajn -izvan EU prisutna carinska unija -doprinos EU budžetu, -pojedinačni trgovinski dogovori u okviru Dogovor o zoni Švajcarska industrijskog sektora sa EU članicama, slobodne trgovine - izvan EU prisutna carinska unija, - prisutan vrlo nizak stepen regulacije, -bescarinski pristup većini resursa na jedinstvenom tržištu, osim finansijskim uslugama Carinska unija Turska -primjena EU carina prema trećim zemljama -prisutan vrlo nizak stepen regulacije, -većinski bescarinski pristup EU tržištu uz neophodno usklađivanje sa EU standardima i Ugovor o slobodnoj regulativom, trgovini -bez punog pristupa uslugama i bez automatskog prenosa rizika na banke Primjena klauzule -trgovina sa EU se obavlja kao sa trećim zemljama najpovlašćenije članicama Svjetske trgovinske organizacije nacije STO
Budžet Unije se pored jednogodišnjih konsolidovanom računu EU iz 2015, budžeta, donosi i u okviru višegodišnjeg imovina EU iznosi 154, a obaveze 226 budžetskog okvira (eng. Multiannual milijardi evra (Haas i Rubio, 2017, str. 4-5), Financial Framework - MMF). Važeći više- pa je vrlo vjerovatno da će u okviru godišnji budžet donijet je za period 2014- finansijskog razduživanja zbog ovoga doći 2020., a u toku su pregovori za novi koji će do obaveze za uplatu dodatnih sredstava od se primjenjivati nakon isteka postojećeg. strane VB u budžet EU,3 prema procjenama Postavlja se pitanje, šta će se desiti sa Financial Times (Financial Times, 2016) ovi planiranim budžetskim uplatama i isplatama troškovi bi mogli da se kreću između 40 i 60 na relaciji Velika Britanija i EU. Ukoliko bi milijardi evra. S druge strane, uplate iz Britanija pod pritiskom domaćeg javnog budžeta EU ka Vladi VB kasne godinu dana, mnjenja odmah po izlasku prekinula sve pa bi i ova potraživanja mogla ući u ukupan uplate u zajednički budžet, to bi moglo račun razdruživanja. Prema posljednjem dovesti do automatskog prekida postojećih pomenutom sporazumu, premijer Džonson je transfera po raznim osnovama iz budžeta EU pristao da Velika Britanija plati 39 milijardi ka Britaniji. Ove uplate bi trebalo funti što je oko 45 milijardi evra. nadoknaditi vlastitim sredstvima, a malo je Pomatrajući statističke pokazatelje o vjerovatno da se sredstva mogu obezbijediti imigraciji, a prema studiji OECD za period u razumnom roku. S druge strane, ovakav od 2006. godine pa do referenduma, potez bi unutar EU 27 moga da se tretira kao možemo vidjeti da se godišnje u VB drzak i izazivački što bi negativno uticalo na useljavalo oko 500 hiljada imigranata uslove i tok pregovora o budućim odnosima. Ukupne obaveze koje je preuzela EU 3 U engleskoj literaturi se ovi troškovi nazivaju devorce su veće od njene imovine. Prema bill
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 50 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. (Kierzenkowski et al., 2016). Međutim, ovi društvo u cjelini, a odluka o izlasku nije radnici vrlo malo koriste socijalne transfere, direktno povezana samo sa EU jer npr. stopa zaposlenosti među njima je veća od Njemačka i Francuska pokazuju kako stope zaposlenosti među domaćim članstvo u EU nije nespojivo sa aktivnom stanovništvom i stope zaposlenosti politikom i snažnim prisustvom na spoljnom imigranata iz trećih zemalja. Pri ovome je tržištu, ona je kristalizacija dubljeg nivo obrazovanja i stručnih sposobnosti veći nezadovoljstva britanskog društva. Ideja nego u većini imigracione populacije u evrofederalizma bila je „anatema za drugim EU zemljama, a nivo plata niži. Britaniju, državu koja je ponosna na svoje Pored toga, od 2,5 miliona radnih mjesta karakteristične političke institucije i kulturu, koja su otvorena u Velikoj Britaniji u kao i nedavni ratni uspeh. Prenos nadležnosti periodu 2005 - 2015, 2,2 miliona je popunje- bio je dobar za gubitnike sa kontinenta, a ne no stranim radnicima, od kojih je 60% za Britance pobednike“ (Dinan, 2010, str. porijeklom iz drugih EU zemalja. Imigranti 32). Tokom četiri i po decenije članstva u su doprineli ukupnom rastu BDP u ovom EU, Britanija je bila polu-odvojena od period sa oko 50%. Dugoročno gledano, Evrope i nikada nije prihvatila gubitak migranti će doprinijeti i usporavanju starenja nacionalnog suvereniteta što je EU samom populacije. (Kierzenkowski et al., 2016, str. svojom prirodom tražila, zanimalo ih je 26). Kada se posmatra uticaj imigracione tržište, više od toga ne. Glavno Bregzit populacije na javne finansije, i ako se uzme pitanje, u stvari, jeste pitanje „odnosa u obzir visoka stopa zaposlenosti, te niže Britanije i kontinentalnog dijela Evrope, i plate nego među domaćom populacijom, ono bezmalo traje gotovo 1000 godina“ podaci pokazuju da je imigraciona (Dane, 2019). Odluka o izlasku predstavlja populacija neto-kontributor (više uplaćuje u fundamentalnu promjenu u britanskom budžete, nego što povlači sredstva iz njih) u pristupu spoljnoj politici, referendum je Velikoj Britaniji. Ipak, oko 65.000 ukazao da UK ponovo želi da bude imigranata iz drugih EU zemalja prima samostalan globalni igrač (uz SAD), ali naknadu za nezaposlene u Velikoj Britaniji, očekuje se da će imati mnogo manji uticaj s ali i 30.000 Britanaca prima ovu istu obzirom da su se SAD pod Trampom naglo naknadu u drugim EU članicama. Međutim, povukle iz svjetske politike, porastao je i već je proklamovan cilj da se broj imigranata broj velesila u međ. odnosima (SAD, Rusija, smanji na 100.000 godišnje, a nakon Kina, Turska, Njemačka koja dominira EU i Bregzita je očekivati da se politika dr). Neki autori smatraju da je u korijenu useljavanja pooštri. Doseljenici uglavnom Bregzita unutrašnja i spoljna kriza identiteta čine obrazovanu i obučenu radnu snagu, u Velikoj Britaniji. Ona je bila nezadovoljna smanjivanjem njihovog broja smanjiće se i i izvan EU integracionih procesa 1950-ih i potencijal za tehnološki progres i inovacije 1960-ih; onda je i unutra postala što se može posmatrati kao dugoročni efekat nezadovoljna. Sve dok Velika Britanija ne smanjenja useljavanja (Kierzenkowski et al., definiše šta želi da postigne u svijetu, ali u 2016, str. 27). sebi unutra, više je nego vjerovatno da će izvana jednostavno još jednom postati nesretna (Usherwood, 2018). Daleko dublju POLITIČKI ASPEKTI BREGZITA političku krizu Bregzit je izazvao u Velikoj Zbog potresa i posljedica koje je izazvao, Britaniji nego u EU, on je od nje napravio Bregzit se ocjenjuje kao „najjvažniji istorij- duboko podijeljeno društvo, doveo do brzih ski događaj od pada Berlinskog zida jer se političkih promjena (smjene premijera) i po prvi put u Evropi nakon Drugog svetskog raskola u strankama čiji je cilj bio izlazak, rata odvija proces razjedinjavanja u okviru tako da se referendum može posmatrati i kog iz Unije izlazi jedna od najvažnijih kao proizvod političkog diletantizma članica“ (Majstorović i Pribićević, 2019). britanske političke elite. Bregzit će imati veliki uticaj na britansko
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 51 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. odnosa sa Evropom. Ovakva odluka nakon S druge strane, Bregzit je najteži četiri decenije članstva u EU, ipak, treba da politički udarac sa kojim se suočio proces bude predmet dubljih strateških analiza i evropskih integracija od njegovog planova, a ne proizvod kratkoročnih pokretanja zato što Uniju napušta jedna od političkih ciljeva. Dosadašnji tok Bregzita i tri najvažnije članice, on je poljuljao temelje komplikacije koje on nosi a sobom, sa jedne EU. Odluka o izlasku Velike Britanije jeste strane, i demokratska tradicija, istorija, bila politički šok za EU, ali nije izazvala ekonomska moć zemlje kakva je Velika krizu u njenom funkcionisanju. Bregzit je Britanija, sa druge strane, pokazuju nam liderima EU ukazao da se moraju redefinisati koliki je njen značaj za Evropsku uniju, te da ciljevi same EU, kuda ona ide i šta je odluka da proces evropskih integracija konačni politički cilj procesa integracija. napusti jedna od tri ključne članice znači da Ipak, postoje i pozitivni politički efekti nešto nije u redu ni u samom evropskom Bregzita. On je jasno ukazao kolika je projektu odnosno da Unija mora odlučiti koji „kompleksnost avanture koja se zove izlazak je njen krajnji cilj i kuda ide. iz EU“, ali nije „raširio virus odlazaka iz Ako do Bregzita i dođe, pitanje je da li EU“, probudio je evropsku intelektualnu će on biti sa sporazumom ili ne. Ekonomske elitu koje je povela široku javnu raspravu o činjenice govore u prilog postizanju tome kako EU treba da izgleda u budućnosti sporazuma jer suverenost i nacionalni (Majstorović i Pribićević, 2019). identitet su bitni, ali je novac sredstvo kojim Najuočljiviji politički efekat Bregzita su se plaća cijena političkog položaja na promjene na političkoj mapi Evrope, međunarodnoj sceni. Ipak, sa čisto uzrokovao je prekompoziciju odnosa na ekonomskog aspekta posmatrano, najbolje Starom kontinentu, a unutar Velike Britanije rješenje za Veliku Britaniju je da odustane opet aktivirao dva problema: porast težnji za od izlaska iz Evropske unije. otcjepljenjem Škotske i irsko pitanje.
LITERATURA ZAKLJUČAK Barnes, I. i Barnes, P. (2010). European Od početka svog evropskog puta, Union Politics, Oxford University Velika Britanija je bila „čudan partner“ Press. (Nugent, 2004, str. 25) i imala je specifičan Berthold, B. i Jürgen, M. (2016). Brexit-the status, tako da u političkom smislu Brеgzit economic impact: A meta-analysis IW- nije bio neočekivana pojava već uspješna Reports. Institut der deutschen repriza ideje čija je realizacija pokušana Wirtschaft (IW) / German Economic 1975. godine, kada su britanski građani na Institute. prvom referenudmu glasali protiv izlaska iz Dinan, D. (2010). Menjanje Evrope – EEZ. Jedino što u ovom momentu Istorija Evropske unije. Beograd: (novembar 2019), možemo tvrditi je da još Službeni glasnik. ništa nije izvjesno. Prema odluci Evropskog Dinan, D. (2009). Sve bliža Unija – Uvod u suda pravde, Velika Britanija ima pravo i u evropsku integraciju. Beograd: svakom momentu može odustati od Bregzita Službeni glasnik. što, po našem mišljenju, zavisi od budućih Dane, F. (2019). Nova epoha za EU: Bregzit, političkih dešavanja u Velikoj Britaniji. U migraniti i trampizam. Univerzitet u slučaju da se izglasa nepovjerenje Beogradu, Fakultet političkih nauka. Džonsonovoj vladi mogući su novi http://www.fpn.bg.ac.rs/23974. parlamentarni izbori krajem 2019. godine, a Financial Times, (2016). UK faces Brexit poslije njih je moguće sve, pa i novi bill of up to €60bn as Brussels referendum. Bregzit je izazavao najdublju toughens stance. političku krizu u Velikoj Britaniji još od Preuzeto 01.10.2019. sa Drugog svjetskog rata i ukazao da ova https://www.ft.com/content/480b4ae0- zemlja ponovo mora rješavati pitanje svog aa9e-11e6-9cb3-bb8207902122
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 52 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. Financial Times, (2019). Saopšetenje politiku i Fondacija Konrad Adenauer. preuzeto 10.10.2019. sa Preuzeto 05.10.2019. sa https://www.ft.com/content/fb6285a4- https://cfp.org.rs/2019/03/25/forum- 5460-11e9-a3db-1fe89bedc16e bregzit-izazovi-za-evropsku-uniju-i- Goodman, D., Stirling, C., & McCormick, zapadni-balkan/ L. (2019). How a no-deal Brexit may Nugent, N. (2004). European Union become a problem for the world Enlargement. London: Palgrave economy. Bloomberg. Macmillan. Preuzeto 20.10. 2019. sa Prokopijević, M. (2009). Evropska unija – www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/deal- uvod. Beograd: Službeni glasnik. brexit-problem-world-economy Results and turnout at the EU referendum, Haas, J., & Rubio, E. (2017). Brexit and the 2016. Preuzeto 06.10.19. EU budget: threat or opportunity?. www.electoralcommission.org.uk Jacques Delors Institut. Usherwood, S. (2018). Brexit as a Cause Preuzeto 05.10.2019. sa and a Consequence of Political Change https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio in the UK. Preuzeto 03.10.2019. sa n/312939055_Brexit_and_the_EU_bud https://www.kas.de. get_threat_or_opportunity Zaključci Evropskog savjeta od 18- Jovanović, M. N. (2004). Evropska ekonom- 19.02.2016. Preuzeto 06.10.2019. sa ska integracija. Beograd: Ekonomski https://www.consilium.europa.eu/hr/me fakultet. etings/european-council/2016/02/18- Kierzenkowski, R., Pain, N., Rusticelli, E., 19/ & Zwart, S. (2016). The economic Zaključci Evropskog savjeta od 19- consequences of Brexit: a taxing 20.09.2018. Preuzeto 08.10.2019. sa decision. OECD. Economic Policy https://www.consilium.europa.eu/hr/me Paper Series. Preuzeto 10.10.2019. sa etings/european-council/2018/09/19- https://www.oecd.org/economy/The- 20/ Economic-consequences-of-Brexit-27- Zaključci Evropskog savjeta od 17.10.2019. april-2016.pdf Preuzeto 18.10.2019. sa Milward, A.S. (2002), The UK and the https://www.consilium.europa.eu/hr/pr European Community Vol. I: the rise ess/press- and fall of a national strategy 1945– releases/2019/10/17/european-council- 1963. London: Frank Cass Publishers. art-50-conclusions-17-october-2019/ Majstorović, S., i Pribićević, O. (2019). „Bregzit: izazovi za EU i Zapadni Balkan“. Beograd: Centar za spoljnu
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 53 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. BREXIT – A THREAT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM?
Ljiljana Jović1, Danijela Lakić2*
1Novi Sad School of Business, Vladimira Perića-Valtera 4, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia 2Slobomir P University, Faculty of Law, Pavlovića put 76, 76300 Bijeljina, Bosnia & Herzegovina, [email protected]
SCIENTIFIC REVIW the European market will intensify the reconsideration whether joining the Union ISSN 2637-2150 was the right decision. Internal political e-ISSN 2637-2614 relations, on their own part, contributed to UDK 347.7:339.922(410:4-672EU) strengthening the campaign against the DOI 10.7251/STED1902043J membership. A referendum was held in 2016 and the British decided that they still wanted Paper received: 31.10.2019. to go their own way. Paper accepted: 22.11.2019. From the point of view of economic Published: 29.11.2019. welfare, this does not seem to be a rational http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com decision. It is evident that after more than four decades a balance between political and Corresponding Author: economic goals is regained, this time in Danijela Lakić, Slobomir P University, favor of national identity, although at this moment, a bystander does not see the Faculty of Law, Pavlovića put 76, 76300 political justifiability of such decision. A Bijeljina, Bosnia & Herzegovina. part of British society appears not to see it as [email protected] well, so the exit process is slow and unpredictable, and the signs of reconsidering the exit decision are also appearing. The ABSTRACT only thing that we can claim, with certainty, Political and economic aspects of every at this moment (November, 2019) is that country are interconnected and conditioned nothing is certain. According to the by each other. The distribution of national European Court of Justice, The UK can sovereignty in all its aspects depends on withdraw their decision about leaving the their balance, short-term goals and long-term EU at any moment. Such decision should be visions. Joining the processes of European the topic of deeper strategic analyses, and integration for a country such as Great not short-term political goals. If we were to Britain was a challenge in direct contrast analyze the foreign policy relations of the with a strong sense of national identity. Kingdom through history, we will conclude Economic development in the single market that such an important decision was not in the Old Continent attracted the United made only on the basis of domestic policy Kingdom to join the European Communities dissatisfaction, but that there are some in 1973 and thus partially sacrifice its strategic reasons behind it. It is important to national identity for the benefit of economic know that if the withdrawal from the EU growth. However, the feeling of uniqueness was really to happen, if it will be with or no and orientation toward the Anglo-Saxon deal. Economic facts argue for reaching a tradition in a political and cultural sense deal, because while sovereignty and national caused the constantly lingering identity are important, the economic strength Euroscepticism. Global recession and the determines a political position on the need for strengthening mutual solidarity in international scene. However, from a purely
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 54 Jović, LJ. i Lakić, D. (2019). Bregzit – opasnost ili šansa za Veliku Britaniju?. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 43-55. economic point of view, the best solution is final recomposition of geopolitical and that there is no withdrawal from the UK at economic relations which are in progress. all. The ultimate political and economic Keywords: Brexit, the European effects for both sides will depend on the Union, national identity, political consequences, economic effects.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 55 STED Journal. 1(2). November 2019.
ЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИЈА ТАРИФА У ОСИГУРАЊУ ОД АУТО-ОДГОВОРНОСТИ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ
Бориша Стевановић
ЈУ Завод за запошљавање Републике Српске - Филијала Бијељина, Карађорђева 15, Бијељина, Република Српска, Босна и Херцеговина, [email protected]
PREGLEDNI RAD транспарентности, неразвијени системи интерне контроле и ревизије и лоше ISSN 2637-2150 управљање трошковима. Одређивање e-ISSN 2637-2614 тарифа на либерализованим тржи-штима UDK 656.1.05:368.241(497.6RS) је посао који обавља свако осигуравајуће DOI 10.7251/STED1902056S друштво самостално, уз примјену математичко-статистичких метода, како Rad primljen: 17.10.2019. би се премије што адекватније одредиле и Rad prihvaćen: 08.11.2019. прилагодиле ризичности сваког Rad publikovan: 29.11.2019. осигураника. У процесу увођења система http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com слободног одређивања цијена осигурања од ауто-одговорности, неопходно је Korespodencija: обезбиједити бројне предуслове, а најважнији су: успостављање поуздане Boriša Stevanović, JU Zavod za статистичке основе за формирање тарифа; zapošljavanje Republike Srpske – filijala унапређење надзора и усаглашавање са Bijeljina, Karađorđeva 15, 76300 Bijeljina, европским законодавством. Поједине Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina. земље су имале великих проблема након [email protected] увођења либерализације тарифа, док су друге прошле са мањим потресима. Copyright © 2019 Borko Либерализација тарифа ствара одређене Stevanović, published by UNIVERSITY PIM. опасности, али и користи по тржиште This work licensed under the Creative осигурања од аутоодговорности РС. У Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- тренутној политичкој, правној и еконо- NoDerivs 4.0 License. мској ситуацији у којој се налази Република Српска, најприхватљивије рјешење је дјелимична и постепена САЖЕТАК либерализација тржишта осигурања од У осигурању од ауто-одговорности ауто-одговорности. према трећим лицима, добро постављање Кључне ријечи: осигурање, ауто- тарифа је од виталног значаја за опстанак одговорност, либерализација, тарифа, осигуравача. Осигурање од аутоодгово- Република Српска, реформе. рности у Републици Српској (РС) је законски обавезно, премијски систем је административно одређен, а премија овог УВОДНА РАЗМАТРАЊА вида осигурања заузима највеће учешће у У свим европским и бројним другим портфељу осигуравајућих друштава. земљама осигурање од ауто-одговорности Основни проблеми у функционисању је обавезно, са намјером да се заштити ја- сектора осигурања од аутоодговорности вни интерес, односно жртве саобраћајних су: нелојална конкуренција, нарушавање незгода. Према подацима Европске премијског система, велики удио транс- (ре)осигуравајуће федерације (European акција са повезаним лицима, недостатак Insurance and Reinsurance Federation),
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 56 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. број моторних возила у Европи је према трећим лицима и обавезног је достигао цифру од 315 милиона, а ова карактера, а тарифе осигурања су админи- врста осигурања представља око 30% од стративно одређене. Због недовољне укупног обрачунате премије осигурања, а активности надзорних органа и удружења његов битан сегмент је и адекватно осигуравача, још увијек постоје многе формирање цијена. Приликом формирања неправилности које отежавају развој цијене осигурања треба нагласити да је тржишта осигурања од аутоодговорности. тарифа осигурања орјенатациона, окви- Те неправилности се могу посматрати рна цијена, и то је полазна тачка за кроз следеће: нелојалну конкуренцију, формирање тржишне цијене осигурања. неосигуране возаче и преваре у осигу- Коначна цијена производа осигурања или рању (Редактори, 2013). Тржишту осигу- премије се формира на тржишту под рања Републике Српске неминовно утицајем великог броја тржишних и предстоји процес либерализације цијена нетржишних фактора (Кочовић, Шулејић аутоосигурања, али ће то бити дуготрајан и Ракоњац Атнић, 2010). Искуства поје- процес који ће захтијевати испуњење диних земаља са либерализацијом тржи- бројних предуслова. шта и система одређивања тарифа у осигурању од аутоодговорности су разли- чита. У Мађарској, промјене су донијеле ПРЕДУСЛОВИ ЗА ЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИ- приватизацију осигурања, јачање конку- ЈУ ТАРИФА ОСИГУРАЊА ОД АУТО- ренције, диференцијацију премија и ОДГОВОРНОСТИ У РЕПУБЛИЦИ селекцију осигураника кроз бонус/малус СРПСКОЈ систем, премија се смањила. У Аустрији, Да би се сачувала стабилност тржи- изузев почетног губитка премијског шта, обезбиједила тржишна конкуренција волумена, није било већих потреса, па су и заштита осигураника, у процесу увође- се због тога у Аустрији одвијали релати- ња система слободног одређивања цијена вно правилни циклуси од мекших до осигурања од аутоодговорности, неопхо- тврђих премијских стопа, те није било дно је обезбиједити одређене предуслове. осигуравача који су пропали. У Поједини предуслови подразумијевају Словенији, увођењем либерализације није измјену закона (не само из области осигу- дошло ни до колапса тржишта нити до рања), док се други могу обезбиједити уз раста цијена, због добре сарадње осигура- сарадњу различитих институција и у вача, предвођених тржишним лидером. дужем временском периоду. Либерализа- Увео се нови приступ маркетингу и неко- ција не гарантује дугорочну стабилиза- лико нових производа. Почелa је селекци- цију и уређење тржишта осигурања од ја ризика, а друштва су посвећивала већу аутоодговорности. Могу се навести три пажњу образовању кадрова и истражива- области у којима треба извршити промје- њима. Грчка је доживјела крах, систем је не: а) Успостављање поуздане статисти- заказао јер контрола и надзор осигурава- чке основе за формирање тарифа у виду: јућих друштава нису перманентно унапређења и прилагођавања техничких вршени. У стечај отишло више од 30 основа осигурања и статистичке подлоге осигуравача. Пред сам улазак Хрватске у у друштвима; обезбјеђење јединствене Европску унију, иако је уведена либе- базе података за тржиште у цијелини; и рализација на тржишту, она у пракси није јачање актуарске функције у друштвима; заживјела. Осигуравајућа друштва нису б) Унапређење надзора и остали преду- промијенила навике, цијене нису пале, јер слови, везано за: развијање на ризику су их осигуравачи у договору одржали на засноване супервизије; накнадног надзора високом нивоу. Уз то задржала се и довољности тарифа; повећања законом пракса неконтролисаног давања попуста. прописаних минималних капиталних Преко 60% тржишта неживотног захтијева; увођење модела директне услу- осигурања у Републици Српској се одно- жне обраде и исплате штета; оријента- си на осигурање од аутоодговорности ционих медицинских и правних критери-
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 57 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. јума за процјену нематеријалне штете и ликвидности друштава за осигурање, развој других врста осигурања; в) извршено је тестирање (кроз појединачне Измјене закона у складу са директивом контроле), и утврђено је да методологија 2009/103/ЕC, у погледу: квалитативног и задовољава задате критеријуме и да иста квантитативног покрића, најниже може бити усвојена. Развијена је и осигуране суме, институционалног окви- електронска база података из надзора, ра, виших казни за кашњење у обради и којом се обухватају све надзорне активно- исплати одштетних захтјева и хармониза- сти и сви субјекти над којима се врши ције прописа на нивоу Босне и надзор. Обавеза примјене концепта Херцеговине. супервизије, заснованог на процјени ризика произилази из захтјева тзв. Режи- Едукација тржишних учесника и јавна ма Солвентност II, који је прописан Дире- расправа ктивом 2009/138/ЕC, те усаглашавања са Битна карика у процесу либерали- међународно прихваћеним принципима зације тарифа је финансијско описме- осигурања (ICP). Увођење система раног њавање тржишних учесника, јер често упозорења треба да се одвија паралелно постоји и погрешна перцепција да ће са успостављањем система управљања либерализација цијена довести увијек и ризицима којима су друштва за осигура- до смањења цијена. Код грађана се мора ње изложена у пословању. Како би се развити свијест о значају и улози уредило тржиште обавезног осигурања од осигурања од ауто-одговорности. У аутоодговорности, потребно је успоста- Републици Српској грађани осигурање од вити континуирану оперативну сарадњу аутоодговорности изједначавају са са другим институцијама: МУП регистрацијом возила и гледају на то као Републике Српске, Републички инспекто- на опорезивање или плаћање обавезне рат и Пореска управа (Агенција за таксе. Осигураник се мијења тако да од осигурање Републике Српске, 2013). У слабо обавјештеног постаје свјестан и неким земљама, актуарски планови добро обавијештен тражилац услуге. Све морају бити одобрени од стране регулато- више се очекује ниво и квалитет услуге рног органа. У случају Чешке и Мађарске примјерен групи одређених корисника, па дозвољено је да актуарске прорачуне раде чак, у појединим случајевима и према локални осигуравачи због одсуства појединачним потребама (Matthias, 1997). статистике домаћинства. Јапан, Кореја, Размотрити могућност увођења обавезне Мексико, Пољска, Швајцарска и континуиране едукације менаџера у Сједињене Америчке Државе захтијевају друштвима за осигурање, ради повећања одобрење актуарске планова од регулато- квалитета и одговорности у њиховом рног органа (Carvalho, 2011). Неопходно раду. У обуку актуара треба укључити је донијети и прописе који би ријешили високошколске институције као и проблем избјегавања осигурања сувише струковна удружења, што показује и ризичних осигураника или наплаћивања пракса земаља из окружења. Интензиви- превисоке премије (које у крањем случају рати додатну едукацију посредника и дестимулишу осигуранике на прибавља- заступника у осигурању, као припрему за ње осигурања). Искуства Белгије и полагање стручних испита. Италије говоре о ситуацијама када дру- штва за осигурање не желе уопште да Унапређење рада Агенција за осигуравају високоризичне осигуранике. осигурање Републике Српске Основни циљеви активности унапре- Успостављање јединствене базе ђења и стандардизације надзорних проце- података са је повећање квалитета и ефикасности Једна од најважнијих активности је надзорних активности Агенције за осигу- успостављање јединствене базе података рање Републике Српске. У ту сврху је осигурања од аутоодговорности у којој ће израђена Методологија за контролу се евидентирати полисе и штете, на
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 58 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. цијелом тржишту осигурања Републике Ликвидација штета се дефинише као Српске. База података треба да обезби- поступак који обухвата све радње у циљу једи поуздане статистичке основе, које су обезбјеђења провјере, оцјене и усаглаша- неопходне за правилно формирање ције- вања свих доказних докумената одште- на. Примјер правилног формирања цијена тног захтјева са закљученим уговором о би обухватао пондерисање обрачунатих осигурању, ради оцјене основаности премија малих друштава са ниском исплате штете (дакле, утврђивања основа) премијом осигурања и високим и њеног коначног обима и висине варијацијама у штетама, тј. одређивање (Мркшић, Петровић и Иванчевић, 2005). “фактора кредибилитета”. Сврха базе Потребно је преиспитати и тренутне података би била и да спријечи преваре у законске рокове за рјешавање и исплату осигурању, али и провјеру да ли је одштетних захтјева у складу са специфи- одређено возило осигурано или не. чностима нашег тржишта и додатно Оснивање информационог центра би регулисање процеса рјешавања и исплате представљало модеран и централизован одштетних захтјева, који обухвата систем са јединственим базама података временски период од прикупљања као што су базе свих регистрованих документације потребне за рјешавање возила, база штета, база полицијских одштетног захтјева до саме исплате записника, евиденција зелене карте, штете. Истраживања су показала да евиденције за одређивање и праћење зона трошкови обраде одштетних захтјева бројева полиса и сл. Сва друштва (која се обично износе 10-15%, а исплата саме баве осигурањем од аутоодговорности) штете 40-65% од нето зарађене премије би била повезана преко својих инфор- (Fair Isaac Corporation, 2007). Само матичких система и достављала би питање исплате штета треба да укључи и различите типове података који се разматрање могућности увођења модела обрађују и смјештају у базе према својој директне услужне обраде и исплате намјени. Друштва за осигурање би могла штета. У питању је модел који се заснива ове податке користити зависно од посло- на споразуму друштава, према којем би се вних потреба. У друштвима за осигурање оштећени обраћао друштву у којем је је неопходно јачати функције управљања осигуран, а не друштву код којег је ризицима и актуарску функцију, али и осигуран штетник. Штетников осигура- системе интерних контрола и ревизија. вач ријешава и исплаћује штету, а након Друштва би морала обезбиједити стати- тога тражи регрес исплаћених износа од стичку основу неопходну за утврђивање осигуравача код којег је кривац осигуран. властитих тарифа осигурања, у циљу На тај начин би осигуравачи конкурисали унапређивања и прилагођавања техни- сервисом, добрим односом према стра- чких основа осигурања. У Републици нкама, вријеме ликвидације и исплате Српској још увијек није заживио штета би се скратило, а возачи би код информациони систем који би објединио склапања уговара добро пазили код кога књигу штетника. Тиме се стварају дода- ће се осигурати. Неки правни системи су тни проблеми и трошкови у размјени такав начин рјешавања одштетних иноформација између осигуравајућих захтјева препознали као добар начин друштава. Према изјавама представника подстицаја осигуравачима да се труде око осигуравајућих друштава, потпуно се квалитета услуге у штетама и прописали подржава приједлог да наведену надле- га као обавезан поступак ријешавања жност преузме Заштитни фонд РС, који одштетних захтјева. Одређена законода- би брзо, транспарентно и јавно стављао встава су ову опцију уградила као на располагање информације неопходне добровољну или су је формализовали свима. кроз саморегулаторне прописе удружења осигуравача, као што је урађено у Рјешавање проблема исплате Француској, Италији, Белгији итд. У одштетних захтијева скоро свим земљама Европске уније, и
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 59 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. тамо гдје није законски обавезно, осигу- контроле од стране Агенције, узроковало равачи добровољно прихватају такав негативан утицај на формирање цијена у начин обраде и исплате штета. Искуство условима либерализације. Друштва за директне обраде штета постоји, јер је у осигурање из Републике Српске су дужна бившој Југославији одлично функцио- да одржавају висину капитала која нисало десетинама година, на задово- одговара обиму и врстама послова осигу- љство оштећених који су штету ријешава- рања које обављају, тј. ризицима којима ли код свог осигуравача. С обзиром да су су изложена у обављању пословања. инспекцијске контроле уочиле кршења Адекватност капитала друштва за осигу- законских одредби, требало би преиспи- рање се мјере у смислу испуњавања про- тати висину казни за кашњење у обради писаних услова, који се односе на захтјев (достављању понуда или одговора) и да капитал друштва за осигурање мора самој исплати одштетних захтјева, бити најмање једнак маргини солвентно- укључивањем и виших стопа затезних сти (не смије бити мањи од износа камата. Уочена кршења закона употребом прописаног законом), а гарантни фонд ван судске нагодбе требају се строго мора бити најмање једнак износу 1/3 кажњавати, јер ван судско поравнање не маргине солвентности или минамално може да замијени акт који је друштво за прописаном износу гарантног фонда. Као осигурање обавезно доставити подно- мјеродаван износ приликом утврђивања сиоцу одштетног захтјева. Образложена довољности гарантног фонда, узима се понуда, или детаљно образложен одговор виши износ од 1/3 маргине солвентности је основна обавеза друштва за осигурање или минимално прописан износ гарантног и потребна је како би се странка у фонда (оснивачки капитал), који је потпуности обавјестила о ријешеном утврђен Законом о друштвима за осигу- одштетном захтјеву и увјерила да је рање. Захтјев адекватности капитала друштво исправно поступило. полази од циља да се утврди капитал за измирење обавеза из уговора о Испуњавање капиталних захтјева осигурању, као крајња гаранција. Да би се спријечила ситуација одре- ђивања прениских премија ради очувања Безбједност саобраћаја, технички текућих ликвидности од стране друштава прегледи и регистрације возила чија је финансијска стабилност угрожена, У погледу степена безбједности неопходно је потпуно испуњење захтјева саобраћаја, требала би се израдити солвентности и ликвидности већине стратегија безбједности саобраћаја друштава за осигурање. Под ликвидно- Републике Српске, а након тога учешћем шћу се у данашње вријеме подразумијева и развијањем партнерстава релевантних способност друштва да измири све институција и субјеката примјењивати доспјеле обавезе, како у погледу рока разне превентивне мјере ка већој безбје- тако и износа, према повјериоцима дности у саобраћају. Штете настале у (Јеремић, 2008). Повећањем законом саобраћајним незгодама (материјалне и прописаних минималних капиталних нематеријалне), поред директног трошка захтјева постепено ојачати финансијски друштвима за осигурање, ставрају и капацитет друштава за осигурање. Битно посредне трошкове са већим социјалним је успоставити адекватан надзор филијала и економским последицама који по неким из Федерације Босне и Херцеговине које процјенама годишње достижу око 2% послују на територији Републике Српске, БДП (Економски институт Бања Лука, чију контролу довољности премије, 2012). Успостављењем повезаних једин- солвентности и капиталне адекватности ствених Информационих система осигу- врши Агенција за надзор осигурања равача и државаних органа, омогућиле би Федерације Босне и Херцеговине. се детаљне анализе размјењених Постоји опасност од дампиншког пона- података, којима би се указивало на шања ових филијала, које би, без потпуне високо ризичне групе учесника у
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 60 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. саобраћају, што би свакако имало и правни предуслови и за продају полиса значајан позитиван ефекат на повећање путем Интернета. безбједности саобраћаја у Републици Српској. Ту је потребно размотрити и Правни предуслови за либерализацију објективније правне и медицинске тарифа у осигурању од ауто- критеријуме у процјени нематеријлних одговорности Републике Српске штета, у циљу смањења могућности С обзиром да најјачи импулс, за злоупотребе и веће правне сигурности у либерализацију тарифа на тржишту овој области. Судску праксу треба осигурања од аутоодговорности уједначити, како би се оштећени код Републике Српске, долази од стране истих или сличних посљедица душевних Свјетске Банке, која сличан процес или тјелесних повреда добијали прибли- подстиче у бројним земљама у транзи- жно једнаку накнаду. Оно што је битно, је цији, потребно је ускладити домаће раздвојити процес утврђивања техничке законодавство са међународним. У овом исправности возила на техничким случају упитању је усклађивање са прегледима и регистрације моторних европским директивама, јер је Босна и возила у надлежном органу Министа- Херцеговина (па тиме и Републике рства унутрашњих послова (МУП), од Српске) потписала Споразум о стабили- процеса осигурања од аутоодговорности. зацији и придруживању ЕУ, у оквиру Досадашња пракса је показала да, иако су којег се требају испунити обавезе процеси техничког прегледа возила, реги- утврђене Акционим планом за адреси- страције моторних возила и осигурања рање Мапе пута, а које се односи и на регулисани посебним законима, област осигурања. Потребно је у цјелокупни поступак се обједињавао у потпуности ускладити домаће прописе са фази регистрације возила. Индикативан је кодификованом директивом Европске податак да Република Српска има уније (Directive 2009/103/ЕC). С тим у релативно већи број станица за технички вези, крајем 2015. године, донесен је нови преглед према броју моторних возила у закон који се највећим дијелом и тиче односу на нпр. Хрватску, Словенију, па и осигурања од аутоодговорности и којим Федерацију Босне и Херцеговине. се направио значајан корак ка Уобичајено је да друштва за осигурање усклађивању са међународним праксама оснивају шалтере на станицама за и европским законодавством у овом виду технички преглед. У нашим условима то осигурања (Закон о обавезним осигура- постаје извор злоупотребе. У циљу даљег њима у саобраћају, 2015). Треба унапређења сервисних функција (уз размотрити могућност да се у нови Закон поштовање Закона о безбједности транспонују рачуноводствене директиве саобраћаја на путевима) треба омогућити Европске уније, које се односе на грађанима да без одласка у полицијску друштва за осигурање: директива станицу продуже регистрацију возила при 91/674/ЕЕC о годишњим и консолидова- овлашћеним субјектима. Развити ним обрачунима друштава за осигурање, свеобухватан „е-governmant“ систем у директива 78/660/ЕЕC о годишњим Републици Српској који би повезао обрачунима одређених типова органи- органе државне управе, привредне зација, директива 83/349/ЕЕC о консоли- субјекте и грађане, како би стручне дованим обрачунима. Земље које су се службе Удружења створиле технички ускладиле са наведеним рачуноводстве- основ да са развојем функционалности ним директивама, транспоновале су исте јединственог Информационог система, у прописе о осигурању, а не у дозволи друштвима да могу преузимати и рачуноводствене прописе. С тим у вези, обављати послове продужења регистра- уведена су и овла-штења надзорних ције и издавања регистрационих наље- регулаторних тијела из области пница. Тиме би се стекли технички и осигурања да доносе подзаконске прописе из ове области. За праћење и
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 61 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. израчун ризико премије неопходно је возила. Дијели се на добровољно каско праћење стандардизованог броја финан- осигурање моторних возила (које у сијских показатеља, по врстама послова основи покрива штете од уништења, осигурања за које друштва посједују оштећења и крађе возила) и обавезно дозволу за рад, а што захтјева, како нову осигурање од одговорности моторних структуру финансијских извјештаја возила (покривена је накнада штете због друштава за осигурање, тако и задани тјелесне повреде или смрти проузроко- контни план који, поред осталог усваја ваних трећем лицу, односно штете надзорни орган из области осигурања. нанијете његовој имовини). Данас оно у многим земљама спада у најзначајније врсте осигурања (Маровић и Жарковић, ПРЕДНОСТИ И НЕДОСТАЦИ 2002). Либерализацијом тржишта осигу- ЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИЈЕ ТАРИФА рања од аутоодговорности, премија ОСИГУРАЊА ОД осигурања би се утврђивала на основу АУТООДГОВОРНОСТИ У процјене ризика од стране осигуравача и РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРПСКОЈ прилагођавала би се осигураницима према степену ризика којег осигураници Основне предности либерализације носе. Самим тим, осигураници би били у тржишта осигурања од правичнијем положају, а и подстицало би аутоодговорности РС се друштвено пожељно понашање осигу- Структура савршеног тржишта раника на дугорочним основама. укључује продају хомогених производа Осигурани случајеви су индивидуализо- од стране великог броја продаваца, вани. Из тог разлога се тарифе морају великом броју купаца, гдје нико од њих диференцирати према специфичним нема значајан утицај на тржиште. Поред ризицима осигураника, па се у поступак тога, мора постојати слобода уласка и куповине и продаје производа осигурања изласка из бранше као и пуна свјесност о уводи систем попуста и доплатака на производима на обје стране, и понуде и премију. Неопходност да прода производ тражње. Ако су горе наведени услови осигурања тјера осигуравача да снижава испуњени, онда не постоји потреба за цијену, а неопходност да оствари профит регулацијом тржишта. Исто као и на да је повећа. Све то мора да буде изнад другим тржиштима, нису испуњени актуарски фундиране граничне цијене, услови за савршено тржиште на тржишту која је доња граница испод које се не смје осигурања. Зато осигуравачи морају бити ићи. Основни услов тачности обрачуна пажљиви у одлучивању код којих премије осигурања представља адекватна осигуравача ће се осигурати (Козаревић, база статистичких података у довољно 2012). Спровођењем концепта либерали- дугом временском периоду. Како би зације тржишта осигурања од ауто- избјегле цјеновни притисак, осигурава- одговорности омогућило би се усклађи- јуће компаније могу активно управљати вање са директивама Европске уније у формирањем цијена путем: спровођења којима се захтјева слободно формирање сегментације потрошача, управљања тарифа у осигурању. Консолидована ризиком у цијени, изградњом дугорочних директива Motor Insurance Directive односа са кључним потрошачима, 2009/103 и јединствене правне норме елиминисањем производа чији су тро- (хармонизација прописа) омогућују већу шкови за осигуравача већи од корисности слободу кретања возила између земаља за осигураника и преузимањем контроле чланица и међусобно признавање. над формирањем цијена. Под претпоста- Досадашње директиве су допринјеле вком рационалног понашања свих развоју конкуренције и успостављања учесника на тржишту осигурања и при- слободног јединственог тржишта. Осигу- суством јаке конкуренције, слободно рање моторних возила обухвата све врсте формирање цијена осигурања би довело моторних и прикључних копнених до успостављања оптималног нивоа
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 62 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. цијена осигурања аутоодговорности. устројства друштава. На основу свега Умјесто сталног исцрпљивања са попу- наведеног, три кључне предности које стима, створиле би се претпоставке за доноси либерализација тарифа у развијање тржишта осигурања. Процес осигурању од аутоодговорности су раст: либерализације би дјеловао стимули- а) Повјерење усљед: брже обраде рајуће у правцу пословних комбинација одштетних захтјева; и ефикасније и брже између осигуравача у виду спајања и исплате штета; б) Стабилности у погледу: припајања, све зарад ефикаснијег посло- повољнијег и правичнијег положаја вања. Неопходно је напоменути да потрошача, најбољих цијена за потро- величина осигуравајућег друштва није у шаче на основу процјене ризика и сегмен- сваком случају сама по себи довољна да тације ризика и подстицање пожељног се оствари бољи пословни успјех. Такође, понашања осигураника; в) Конкурентно- истраживања угледне агенције „Roland сти у виду: боље селекције ризика, фер и Berger & Partner“ су показала да мали и транспарентне тржиштне утакмице и средњи осигуравачи исто могу бити раста и развоја тржишта. изузетно успјешни на појединим тржи- штима. Могло би доћи и до релативног Недостаци и могући проблеми смањења трошкова спровођења осигу- либерализације тржишта осигурања рања (прије свега трошкова прибављања од ауто-одговорности у РС осигурања) уз оптимално искоришћавање Либерализација носи и одређене интерних продајних канала осигуравача. реалне опасности. Искусили су то и То би значило повећање директне прода- осигуравачи у бројним европским земља- је, самим тим и смањење зависности ма у поступку провођења либерализације, осигуравача од посредника и посљедично посебно тамо гдје се она претворила у свело заступничке провизије на тржишно цјеновни рат, односно дампинг, којим су прихватљив ниво. Продаја аутоосигурања се настојали задржати стари и привући може брзо да прихвати нове електронске нови клијенти. Тако су, на примјер, у канале продаје (Eberhart, 2000). Изградња прве двије, три године њемачки препознатљивог квалитета услуге за осигуравачи у цјеновном рату изгубили осигуранике и управљање трошковима око двије милијарде евра, аустријски око спровођења осигурања (нпр. примјеном 400 милиона евра, док је у Грчкој у стечај Интернета као ефикасног канала отишло 30 осигуравајућих друштава, дистрибуције) треба да буде основ за оставивши своје клијенте без осигурања. изградњу снажне тржиштне позиције, Услов за улазак у Европску унију у виду чиме се постиже компромис између либерализације тржишта осигурања, интереса актуарске и маркетиншке представља на неки начин и присилну функције, као и интереса осигураника и либерализацију у многим земљама. О осигуравача. Теоретичар Холгер Керн цијелом процесу ће морати водити рачуна издвојио је као најважније следећих десет надзорно тијело, али и сами осигуравачи тачака у процесу дерегулације тржишта кроз струковна удружења, будући да би осигурања (Kern, 1999): нове информати- по постојећим прописима морали чке технологије; глобализација, односно солидарно покривати губитке које би интернационализација пословања; либе- неки неодговорни осигуравач могао рализација; обрасци свефинансирања, починити. Не треба прескочити ни односно банке-осигурања; измјене у кориснике осигурања, који се такође вредновању запослених и њиховог рада; морају прилагодити новонасталој ситуа- снажење тржишне утакмице и цији. За осигураника убудуће неће бити усредсређености; измјењени састав неважно коме ће поклонити своје повјере- становништва, те захтјеви тржишта и ње, односно гдје ће склопити осигурање. осигураника који из тога проистичу; Цијена премије у том избору не може унапређења производа и услуга бити једини фактор одлуке. Важни ће осигурања; развој кадрова, и развој бити величина и снага друштва, односно
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 63 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. гаранције да ће оно моћи испунити зне прогнозе, промјене у закону или обавезе у случају настанка штете. случајне варијације), који ограничавају Утолико више што на снагу ступају и способност да се унапријед израчунају нове, европске минималне своте осигу- ови трошкови са високим степеном рања за штете настале у саобраћајним сигурности. Од износа премије осигурања незгодама које су неколико пута веће од зависи финансијски положај осигуравача сада важећих, при чему само један и његова солвентност. Врло је упитна штетан догађај може мањег осигуравача адекватност и дугорочност досадашњих стајати више него што му износи података који се тичу тржишта осигурања цјелокупна премија аутоодговорности. од аутоодговорности у Републици Због свега тога, кључно је питање да ли Српској. Имајући у виду да се су домаћи осигуравачи у стању одгово- адекватност тарифа утврђује након рити на изазове које им доноси либерали- одређеног временског периода, то ствара зација. Либерализација је природан опасност да Агенција за осигурање РС не слијед у развоју тржишта, али неприпре- би била у могућности да реагује у право мљена либерализација може довести до вријеме када би одређена друштва финансијске нестабилности и губитка (слабијег финансијског капацитета) повјерења на тржишту. Разлог томе лежи прекомјерно прибављала премије ауто- у ограниченим организационим, одговорности по цијенама које су кадровским и финансијским капаците- недовољне за покриће исплата одштетних тима друштава за осигурање, затим у захтјева и покриће трошкова спровођења неадекватним статистичким основама. осигурања. Слични проблеми су се Постоји опасност и од смањења цијена десили у Грчкој и Бугарској, гдје су мимо правила струке и актуарских поједина друштва неадекватно (на начела, уз истовремено задржавање прениском нивоу) успостављале резерве високих трошкова, односно домино за штете, иако је то тада било у складу са ефекта. Присутна је и недовољна методолошки дозвољеним оквирима. едукованост и свијест о значају Бугарска је проблем ријешила админи- осигурања код потрошача и других стративним путем, у виду потпуне учесника на тржишту. формализације обрачуна резервација штета, без могућности друштвима да Потенцијални проблеми са висином одступе од стриктно прописаних модела. премија Постоји и реална опасност од великог С обзиром да се цијена осигурања смањења цијена осигурања, које не би израчунава на сложеним актурским имало адекватан актуарски обрачун основама, коришћењем статистичких довољности премије, уз задржавање метода и предвиђања, саме тарифе су високих трошкова спровођења осигурања често међусобно тешко упоредиве и то који би пали на терет техничког дијела додатно отежава позицију осигураника премије намјењеног исплати одштетних при избору осигуравача. Јавља се и захтјева. Ипак највећи проблем у случају опасност од велике флуктуације осигура- стечаја друштва која не посједују ника, чиме би се повећали администра- довољно средстава за измирење обавеза тивни трошкови друштава за осигурање. из осигурања (због премало наплаћене Пословање осигуравајућих компанија је премије), би био у томе што све те јединствено по томе што у вријеме када обавезе падају на терет Заштитног фонда се одређује цијена и када је производ РС, а посредно посљедице стечаја падају продат, главни дио пословних расхода, на сва друштва која остају на тржишту кога чине исплате одштетних захтјева, (преко повећања доприноса који се није познат. Заправо, ови расходи су уплаћују у Заштитни фонд). Из познати тек након неколико година. На претходних излагања о начину утврђи- неизвјесност у процјени одштетних вања тарифа у осигурању од ауто- захтјева утичу многи фактори (непреци- одговорности, је сасвим јасно да цијена
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 64 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. осигурања одражава цијену ризика, да се 1999). Либерализација тржишта осигура- израчунава актуарским методама базира- ња од аутоодговорности може подстаћи јући се на статистици, предвиђањима, интензивнији долазак осигуравајућих користећи стохастичка и друга компанија на домаће тржиште, која са моделирања. Ипак, након свега тога, својом финансијском, организационом и готово увијек остаје у домену процјене, кадровском снагом и већ стеченим тешко је израчунљива и често не баш искуством функционисања у либера- интуитивна. Разне класе или зоне ризика, лизованом пословању, могу лако прилагођен приступ појединим преузети још већи дио тржишта. клијентима, велике разлике у појединим Неолиберални модел је заснован на квотацијама, али и читав низ разних либерализацији пословних процеса и попуста и акција које осигуравачи отварању тржишта. Бројни аутори примјењују, чине цијене полисе упозоравају да претјерана либерализација нетранспарентнима и често неупореди- тржишта осигурања потенцијално доводи вима. Циљ либерализације је достићи до доминације иностраних осигуравача, такав степен пословног понашања одлива капитала у иностранство и учесника, који обезбјеђује саморегули- неравномјерног развоја тржишних сање осигуравајућег тржишта. Као и код сегмената (инострани осигуравачи могу других тржишта, у осигурању постоји бити заинтересовани за најпрофитаби- одређени степен саморегулације, али се лније, превасходно комерцијалне секторе он отежано артикулира. Од изузетне и велике корпоративне клијенте, важности су тијела за контролу друштава запостављајући сегменте у којима се као за осигурање и законска регулатива, али и клијенти јављају физичка лица). Земље квалитет и одговорност менаџмента које воде рачуна о интересима осигуравајућих компанија. Треба националне економије (Словенија), нису напоменути да постоји и могућност, имале дилему да ли треба продати додуше мало вјероватна, да дође до државне осигуравајуће компаније (као договорено утврђених премија осигурања што је највеће и најефикасније друштво на вишем нивоу од реалног, у том случају за осигурање Триглав). Након потпуне би се осигураници изложили додатним либерализације тржишта осигурања, која трошковима и додатно угрозио већ је омогућила улазак осигуравача из незадовољавајући животни стандард. Европске Уније, Триглав је задржао лидерску позицију, подижући квалитет Иностране осигуравајуће компаније услуга и својих перформанси. Имајући у виду да либерализација цијена без икакве сумње води ка већој Контрола продајне мреже конкуренцији и позиционирању (и Начин на који осигуравач ступа у селекцији) друштава на основу њихове везу са могућим осигураником и којим финансијске снаге, очекује се притисак на касније прати ток закључених уговора о слабије капитализована друштва у правцу осигурању представља пут, или начин њихове продаје или припајање другим продаје осигурања (Бијелић, 2002). друштвима. Издвајају се три начина Велики број друштава за осигурање удруживања и повећања усредсређености тренутно фактички не влада својом ни осигуравајућих предузећа (који се могу екстерном ни интерном продајном јављати и у мјешовитим облицима), а то мрежом, тј. посредницима. Посредник у су (Bernd, Henrik, & Christoph, 1998): осигурању је лице које стручно посредује припајање мањег осигуравача већем, између осигураника и осигуравача односно спајање два осигуравача на приликом закључења, спровођења и равноправној основи; удруживања уз испуњења уговора о осигурању (Маровић проширење врсте услуга; глобализација, и Жарковић, 2002). Непотпуна контрола односно укрупњавање и интернационали- сопствене мреже посредника знатно зација осигуравајућих послова (Präve, отежава прибављање одговарајућих и
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 65 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. квалитетних информација о стању на бити кажњено новчаном казном. тржишту, цијенама конкуренције и сл. До Хармонизација прописа је један од услова сада је сваки талас давања попуста у оквиру процеса европских интеграција. долазио услијед непровјерених информа- Постоји опасност да би филијале из ција посредника о понашању конкуре- Федерације Босне и Херцеговине могле нције и тражњи коју су процјенили. започети дампинг, без адекватне Квалитетна продајна мрежа један је од контроле од стране Агенције за осигу- најзначајнијих фактора успјеха у рање Републике Српске. Снижавањем осигуравајућој дјелатности. Кључне су критеријума и спуштањем премије испод њена организација, успостављање сваког нивоа доводе у опасност основне механизама регрутовања, образовања, критеријуме пословања и урушавају награђивања, али и дисциплиновања. цијели систем осигурања у Републици Продавци желе продати полисе, Српској. Дампинг цијенама којима се не остварити план и зарадити провизију, може легално конкурисати, а што се неки пут и прекорачујући лимите које су огледа „трком“ за клијентима и замислили они који су формирали цијену „отимању“ осигураника. На крају ће и правила за преузимање ризика. То чини испаштати осигураници, јер је због цијене на тржишту осигурања додатно нижих премија и исплата штета нижа. нетранспарентнима, а управљање портфо- лијом осигурања изузетно сложеним. Веома брз развој информатичких техно- ДЈЕЛИМИЧНА ЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИЈА логија унио је праву револуцију у области ТАРИФА КАО ПРЕЛАЗНО трговања финансијских и услуга осигу- РЈЕШЕЊЕ ЗА ТРЖИШТЕ рања. Према обављеним истраживањима, ОСИГУРАЊА ОД у неким земљама са веома високим АУТООДГОВОРНОСТИ степеном развоја осигурања, иако се РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ очекивало велико учешће продаје Либерализација тржишта обавезних електронским каналима, интернета, осигурања и неред на тржишту као резултати су показали да мање од 2% посљедица погрешног схватања либе- купаца купује услуге осигурања на овај рализације одвојени су уском границом начин (Trembly, 2001 & Regan, 1997). на коју се треба добро пазити. При преласку на либерализацију тржишта Хармонизација прописа Републике Српске осигурања од аутоодговорности, неопхо- и Федерације Босне и Херцеговине дни услови треба да буду подешени за Усаглашеност закона међу ентите- заштиту осигураника, као и солвентност тима је постигнута у одређеној мјери (око друштава за осигурање. У процесу 90%). Ипак, постоје суштинске разлике дерегулације, приоритет треба да буду које стварају сметње у раду осигура- цијене (World Bank, 2009). Контрола и вајућих друштава. Проблем се тиче сарадња свих надзорних институција, Закона о осигурању од одговорности за осигуравача, удружења за заштиту потро- моторна возила и остале одредбе о шача, нужни су за адекватан прелазак на обавезном осигурању од одговорности, либерализацију. Надзорно тијело мора гдје у ентитетима постоје различите проводити редовне, исправне и строге казнене одредбе. На примјер, према контроле над друштвима за осигурање, поменутом закону у Федерацији Босне и без изузетака и уз помоћ квалификованих Херцеговине лица која не посједују и искусних кадрова. Контрола се мора полису осигурања од аутоодговорности вршити и над резервама штета, над могу бити кажњена затворском казном ризицима који нису истекли и над стопом (од 30 дана до 3 године), док је исто солвентности. Надзорно тијело нипошто питање у Републици Српској ријешено не смије директно или индиректно прекршајним санкцијама и за исту врсту интервенисати при одређивању премија прекршаја лице у Републици Српској ће (јер и то може довести до стечаја неког
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 66 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. друштва и може уништити тржиште) и периода, односно када престаје обавеза нипошто не смије обазирати на опште примјене заједничке тарифе и цјеновника познате политичке разлоге. Конкуренција за осигурање од аутоодговорности, новим је прописан инструмент помоћу којег се законом нису занемарене одредбе Закона премије одржавају на ниским цијенама о друштвима за осигурање Републике или се са тржишта истискују друштва Српске којима је дефинисана надзорна која не могу опстати. Друштва за функција Агенције за осигурање осигурање морају исправно оцијенити Републике Српске, односно осигуравајућа своје неријешене штете и морају се друштва ће на сопствене тарифе и побринути да имају довољно резерви. цјеновнике за осигурање од ауто- Приликом утврђивања премија у обзир одговорности морати добијати претходну треба узети само статистичке податке сагласност Агенције за осигурање. цјелокупног тржишта и сваког појединог друштва, и то непристрасно без обзира што друга друштва за осигурање раде. У ЗАКЉУЧАК земљама у развоју, нормална пракса су У процесу увођења система биле законски прописане премије, са слободног одређивања цијена осигурања условима које поставља влада. Како од аутоодговорности у Републици тржишта сазријевају, земље треба да се Српској, неопходно је обезбједити бројне крећу ка већој слободи у одређивању предуслове, а најважнији су: успоста- премија, чиме се доводи до ефикасније вљање поуздане статистичке основе за расподјеле ризика и ресурса (World Bank, формирање тарифа (успостављање 2009). Велике реформе се не спроводе јединствене базе података); унапређење нагло, а имајући у виду ниво развијености надзора (рада Агенције за осигурање); и тржишта осигурања, тренутно финансиј- усаглашавање са европским законода- ско стање друштава за осигурање, вством у области осигурања од ауто- структуру власништва друштава за одговорности (ускладити домаће прописе осигурање, као и свијест, те мотиве са кодификованом директивом Европске власника и лица која управљају уније, Directive 2009/103/ЕC). Уз то треба друштвима, за Републику Српску би у се спровести широка јавна расправа, првој фази дерегулације био прихватљив подстаћи развитак свијести код грађана о модел дјелимичне, односно постепене значају осигурања од ауто-одговорности, либерализације цијена. те подстаћи усавршавање запослених у Тумачећи одредбе Закона о обаве- осигуравајућим друштвима. Основне зним осигурањима у саобраћају евиде- предности које би либерализација тарифа нтно је да су највеће измјене у односу на могла донијети су: а) да се преко веће претходни закон учињене у дијелу који се конкурентности боље селектирају ризици, односи на осигурање од ауто- подстакне фер и транспарентна тржишна одговорности. У том смислу предвиђена утакмица и подстакне развој тржишта; б) је постепена либерализација цијена раст повјерања, као евентуална последица обавезног осигурања од аутоодговор- брже и ефикасније исплате одштетних ности кроз одређене прелазне периоде, захтјева; ц) стабилизовање тржишта, као и давање већих овлашћења осигурава- преко правичнијег положаја потрошача, јућим кућама приликом креирања најбољих цијена за потрошаче на основу политике цијена осигурања. Oсигурава- процјене ризика. Поређењем са пробле- јућа друштва стичу право да након 3 (три) мима које су имале и имају поједине године од дана ступања на снагу закона земље, говоре да се процесу либерали- креирају сопствене тарифе премија зације треба опрезно приступити. Оно од осигурања, као и цјеновнике за осигурање чега се највише страхује је рат цијенама, од аутоодговорности. Без обзира на (нагли пад цијена), који може многе овакво право осигуравајућих друштава, осигураваче одвести у пропаст. Затим ту које стичу након истека прелазног је потенцијална немогућност овладавања
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 67 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. интерном и екстерном продајном мрежом Insurance markets in South-Eastern (посредницима), питање хармонизације Europe: Prospects and Challenges прописа Републике Српске са прописима (2nd edition). Italian Association of Федерације БиХ (опасност од дампинга). Insurance Comapnies and MIB School Либерализација може подстаћи и of Management. интензивнији улазак страних осигурава- Кочовић, J., Шулејић, П. и Ракоњац јућих компанија на домаће тржиште и Антић, Т. (2010). Осигурање. њихово доминирање, преко тога одлива Београд: Центар за издавачку капитала у иностранство и гушења делатност Економског факултета у домаћих осигуравајућих кућа. Београду. У тренутној политичкој и Kern, H. (1999), Bancassurance - Modell der економској ситуацији у Републици Zukunft?, Karlsruhe: Verlag Српској (зависност од Европске уније), Versiherungswirtshaf разумно рјешење би била дјелимична и Маровић, Б. и Жарковић, Н. (2002). постепена либерализација тржишта Лексикон осигурања. Нови Сад: осигурања од аутоодговорности, како би ДДОР Нови Сад АД. се сви учесници на тржишту припремили Mathias, R. (1997). Annäherung an die за неизбјежне промјене. Bedϋrfnisse des Kunden, Neue Zϋrcher Zeitung, Sonderbeilage Allfinanz Мркшић, Д., Петровић, З. и Иванчевић, ЛИТЕРАТУРА К. (2005). Право осигурања (друго Агенција за осигурање Републике Српске: издање). Београд: Факултет за по- Извјештаји о раду Агенције за словно право. осигурање Републике Српске. Бања Präve, P. (1999). Globalisierung und Лука: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, Versicherung. Versicherungswirtshaft. 2014, 2015. Редактори (2013). Product specifies on the Bernd V., Henrik N., Christoph Z. (1998.), markets of insurance and reinsurance. Gröβe als Chance? Konzentration- Београд: Центар за издавачку stendenzen in der дјелатност Економског факултета у Versicherungswirtshaft. Београду. Бијелић, М. (2002). Осигурање са Roland Berger & Partner (1998), реосигурањем. Загреб: Тектус. Versicherungsmarkt, Der deutsche Carvalho, J. H. (2011). Regulations in the Versicherungsmarkt, Interne Studie. Insurance Industry: Technical Reser- Mϋnchen ves, Derivatives and Insurance Policy. Regan, L. (1997). Vertical integration in the Rio de Janeiro: RBRSi. property-liability insurance industry: A Fair Isaac Corporation. (2007). Claims transaction cost approach. Journal of Management, Improve the Efficiency Risk and Insurance, 41-62. and Effectivness of your Claims Trembly, A. C. (2001). Why The Insurance Decisions Industry Has Failed In The Online Eberhart, Gary W. (2000). Another Distribution Channel. National Perspective. National Underwriter, Underwriter/Life & Health Financial Property & Casualty Edition. 104:25. Services, 105(17), 19-20. Економски институт Бања Лука. (2012). World Bank. (2009). Motor Third-Part Извјештај – Трошкови саобраћајних Liability Insurance in Devolping незгода у РС. ЈП Путеви РС и Countries. Serap O. Gonul (Eds.). SWЕROAD. Бања Лука. Washington. Јеремић, Љ. (2008). Основи финансија. Закон о обавезним осигурањима у Београд: Универзитет Сингидунум. саобраћају (Службени гласник Козаревић, С. (2012). Insurance Републике Српске бр. 82/15) Associations of South Eastern Europe.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 68 Stevanović, B. (2019). Liberalizacija tarifa u osiguranju od auto-odgovornosti Republike Srpske. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 56-69. LIBERALISATION OF TARIFFS ON MARKET MTPL INSURANCE OF REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
Boriša Stevanović
PI Employment Service of the Republika Srpska - Branch office Bijeljina, [email protected]
REVIEW SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE system, large proportion of transactions with related parties, the lack of transparency, ISSN 2637-2150 underdeveloped systems of internal control e-ISSN 2637-2614 and audit, and poor cost management. UDK 656.1.05:368.241(497.6RS) Determination of tariffs in liberalized DOI 10.7251/STED1902056S markets, the work done by each insurance company individually, with the application Paper received: 17.10.2019. of mathematical and statistical methods, in Paper accepted: 08.11.2019. order to adequately determine what Published: 29.11.2019. premiums and adjust the riskiness of each http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com insured. In the process of introducing a system of free pricing of automobile insurance, it is necessary to provide a Corresponding Author: number of conditions, the most important Boriša Stevanović, PI Employment Service are: to establish a reliable statistical basis for of the Republika Srpska - Branch office Bijeljina, Karađorđeva 15, 76300 Bijeljina, the formation of tariffs; improvement of Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina. controls; and compliance with European legislation. Some countries have had major [email protected] problems after the introduction of liberalization of tariffs on MTPL insurance market, while others through the process of ABSTRACT liberalization with minor problems. The Good set price in MTPL(motor third liberalization of tariffs potentialy creates part liability) insurance is vital to the certain hazards, but also benefits for the survival of insurers. MTPL insurance in the market MTPL insurance Republic of Srpska. Republic of Srpska is legal liability In the current political, legal and economic insurance, the premium system is situation in which the Republic of Srpska, determined administratively, and premium the most appropriate solution would be of this kind of insurance occupies the largest partial and gradual market liberalization share in the portfolio of insurance MTPL insurance. companies. The main problems in the Keywords: insurance, MTPL, functioning of the sector MTPL insurance liberalization, tariffs, Republic of Srpska, are: unfair competition, violation of the reforms. premium automobile liability insurance
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 69 STED Journal. 1(2). November 2019.
ULOGA MENADŽMENTA ZDRAVSTVENE USTANOVE U DAVANJU USLUGA NA OSNOVU MEĐUNARODNIH UGOVORA
Željko Grublješić1*, Mladen Ivić1, Nikola Vojvodić2, Dalibor Pavlović3
1Univerzitet PIM, despota Stefana Lazarevića bb, 78000 Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina, [email protected] 2ITEP visoka škola, Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina 3Fond zdravstvenog osiguranja Republike Srpske, poslovnica Prijedor, Bosna i Hercegovina
STRUČNI RAD njih prisutne rezerve i neiskorišteni potencijali. Davanje usluga inostranim ISSN 2637-2150 korisnicima zdravstvenog osiguranja može e-ISSN 2637-2614 se izjednačiti sa izvozom zdravstvenih UDK 005.915:[614:65.012.3 usluga, a koji se ostvaruje u domaćoj DOI 10.7251/STED1902070G ustanovi. Koristi od davanja usluga po osnovu međunarodnih sporazuma imaju i Rad primljen: 03.11.2019. inostrani osiguranik, kojem je usluga Rad prihvaćen: 21.11.2019. neophodna, i zdravstvena ustanova koja Rad publikovan: 29.11.2019. dobija novog korisnika usluga, kao i http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com zdravstveno osiguranje, koje posredno a nekad i jeftinije može da pokrije osigurani slučaj. Cilj ovog rada je da ukaže na potrebu Korespodencija: aktivnog pristupa davanju usluga inostarnim Željko Grublješić, Univerzitet PIM, despota osiguranicima kao i da se primjena ugovora Stefana Lazarevića bb, 78000 Banja Luka, obavi na što efikasniji način, a iz toga Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina. postignu koristi za ustanovu i za korisnika [email protected] usluga. Ključne riječi: zdravstvena ustanova, Copyright © 2019 Željko menadžment, zdravstveno osiguranje, Grublješić, et al.; published by konvencije o socijalnoj sigurnosti, UNIVERSITY PIM. This work licensed medicinske usluge. under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. UVOD Ugovori o socijalnoj sigurnosti postoje SAŽETAK od početka XX vijeka, a prvi oblici u Postojanje međunarodnih ugovora o današnjem smislu nastaju iz sporazuma o pravima iz socijalnog osiguranja reguliše prenosu iz zemlje rada zarađenog i prenos iz jedne države u drugu državu ušteđenog novca radnika u zemlju porijekla, ugovornicu, prava iz oblasti zdravstvenog kao i iz konvencije Svjetske organizacije za osiguranja i zaštite. Iako postoje već niz rad o izjednačavanju prava domaćih i stranih godina, primjena tzv. konvencija o socijalnoj radnika. U početku, sporazumi su se odnosili sigurnosti, i iz njih izvedenih prava, još nije samo na pomenutu štednju radnika iz jedne dovoljno zaživela u radu zdravstvenih zemlje ugovornice, a kasnije su prošireni na ustanova, već predstavljaju nepoznanicu korištenje tzv. davanja iz socijalnog koja se ignoriše ili se njihova primjena osiguranja, te danas obuhvataju širok spektar izbjegava. Pojedine zdravstvene ustanove prava koja spadaju u socijalnu sigurnost: imaju veća iskustva u ostvarivanju koristi iz pravo na liječenje, zdravstveno osiguranje pružanja usluga po ugovorima, ali su i kod lično i za članove porodice, materinski
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 70 Grublješić, Ž., et al. (2019). Davanje zdravstvenih usluga na osnovu odredbi međunarodnih ugovora o zdravstvenom osiguranju. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 70-75. dodatak, prava iz osiguranja za slučaj USLOVI I NAČIN PRIMJENE nezaposlenosti, isplate invalidnine, prenos UGOVORA O SOCIJALNOJ penzije i prava uz penziju, pogrebne SIGURNOSTI U ZDRAVSTVENIM troškove i slično. U pitanju je slabo USTANOVAMA obrađena tema u domaćoj literaturi, a Zbog rastuće širine prava koja najčešće pomenuta samo kroz uputstva ili osiguranik ima kroz ugovore o socijalnom brošure za osiguranike, što nije dovoljno za osiguranju, u ovom radu fokusirano je samo korišćenje efekata koji se mogu posmatrati pružanje zdravstvenih usluga inostranom kao izvoz zdravstvenih usluga.Prvi korišćeni osiguraniku s privremenim boravkom na termin za ovu vrstu ugovora su tzv. području druge države ugovornice, npr. konvencije o socijalnoj sigurnosti. Tokom turističkog proputovanja, a za vrijeme razvoja oblika i obuhvata ugovora korišteni nastale potrebe za zdravstvenim uslugama. su i drugi termini kao npr. sporazum o Suština sporazuma je da se prava iz socijalnom osiguranju, ugovor o socijalnom socijalnog osiguranja koriste preko domaćih osiguranju, sporazum o socijalnoj institucija iz oblasti socijalne sigurnosti, a na bezbijednosti, a u zavisnosti od toga šta teret inostranog nosioca osiguranja. može da se uklopi u termine zakonodavstva Zakonom o zdravstvenoj zaštiti u Republici država ugovornica. Noviji stav je da se Srpskoj je regulisano da „Strani državljanin koristi termin: sporazum o socijalnom ili lice bez državljanstva ima pravo na osiguranju, jer uglavnom obuhvata područja zdravstvenu zaštitu u skladu s odredbama prava koja se stiču osiguranjem. Ako se ovog zakona, međunarodnih sporazuma i prava dobijaju po nekom drugom osnovu drugih propisa koji regulišu ovu oblast“ kao npr. po osnovu državljanstva ili stalnog (Zakon o zdravstvenoj zaštiti, 2009). To boravišta, onda nije riječ o klasičnom znači, da se zdravstvene usluge mogu pružati principu osiguranja tj. plaćanja da bi se i inostranim osiguranicima koji ispunjavaju dobila naknada u slučaju nastanka uslove za korištenje, s tim da se usluge osiguranog slučaja. Zato se u slučaju pružene u domaćim zdravstvenim korištenja prava po osnovu državljanstva ili ustanovama obračunavaju inostranim stalnog prebivališta koristi naziv: sporazum nosiocima osiguranja. Druga, često korištena o socijalnoj sigurnosti ili sporazum o mogućnost, je direktno plaćanje usluge u socijalnom obezbeđenju. zdravstvenoj ustanovi uz naknadnu Primjena ove vrste sporazuma na refundaciju troškova kod inostranog području bivše Jugoslavije je počela za osiguranja. Ovo je čest slučaj za usluge vrijeme Kraljevine Jugoslavije, čije manje vrednosti, dok se kod skupljih i sporazume su obnavljale sve države obimnijih zdravstvenih usluga obavezno naslednice, pa i sadašnje države kroz kontaktira nosilac osiguranja. Postoji sukcesiju ugovora u početku, a potom problem izbjegavanja davanja usluga u zaključivanjem novih ugovora, u istom ili zdravstvenoj ustanovi u mjestu nastanka promijenjenom obliku i obimu. Trenutno su osiguranog slučaja (bolesti, povrede, smrti) na snazi ugovori o pravima iz zdravstvene zbog duge procedure naplate za pruženu zaštite sa sledećim državama: Austrija, uslugu, kao i zbog nepoznavanja uslova i Belgija, Njemačka, Hrvatska, Mađarska, postupka davanja usluga, tako da direktna Italija, Crna Gora, Makedonija, Rumunija, naplata računa od korisnika usluge ima Srbija, Slovenija, Turska, Luksemburg, prednost nad dužom i posrednom Češka, Poljska, Velika Britanija, Slovačka. procedurom naplate od osiguranja preko Povremeno se javlja potreba izmjene posrednika, tzv. organa za vezu. Prvi ugovora zbog promjena političkog statusa problem koji se stvara inostranom država naslednica, kao što npr. pristupanjem osiguraniku je pristup zdravstvenom sistemu države Evropskoj Uniji počinju da važe u državi u kojoj se desio osigurani slučaj. drugi sporazumi. Inostrani osiguranik treba da uoči lokalnu zdravstvenu ustanovu kao mjesto u kojem će moći da dobije uslugu u skladu s polisom
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 71 Grublješić, Ž., et al. (2019). Davanje zdravstvenih usluga na osnovu odredbi međunarodnih ugovora o zdravstvenom osiguranju. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 70-75. osiguranja. Sve domaće zdravstvene u cilju pružanja što šireg spektra ustanove nisu uključene u pružanje zdravstvenih usluga iz svog domena zdravstvenih usluga prema zdravstvenom djelatnosti kako bi inostranog osiguranika osiguranju stranih država, te je preporučljivo bolje opskrbili i osposobili za nastavak da menadžment ustanove jasno označi svoju putovanja. Nije ograničeno da se pružanje i ustanovu kao ustanovu u kojoj stranci iz naplata usluga kao i kontakt sa inostranim pojedinih zemalja mogu koristiti zdravstvene osiguranjem obavljaju preko privatnih usluge bez ličnog plaćanja usluge, već na agencija za osiguranje ili pružanje usluga način kao i domaći osiguranici. Sledeći posredovanja između osiguranja. Ovde se problem je postojanje dokaza o osiguranju naročito ističe potreba posredovanja između koje korisnici usluge nose ili ne nose sa nosioca osiguranja tj. osiguravajuće kuće i sobom, te je potrebno naknadno izdavanje zdravstvene ustanove koja je pružla uslugu, dokaza ili utvrđivanje statusa osiguranja. jer je korisnik usluge često u takvom Posebnost ovog osiguranja je da se dokaz o zdravstvenom stanju da nije u stanju da lično postojanju osiguranja može da dobije kontaktira svog nosioca osiguranja i od naknadno, što je i čest slučaj, bez njega da dobije preciznija uputstva o daljem umanjivanja prava ili obima pruženih postupanju. Stoga je aktivni pristup za usluga. Zadatak ustanove, koja će pružiti zdravstvenu ustanovu u ovakvoj situaciji zdravstvenu uslugu, je da provjeri status koristan i treba da počne još prije putovanja osiguranja i po potrebi kontaktira u drugu zemlju, kako bi potencijalni kupac tj osiguravajuću kuću zbog često potrebnog korisnik zdravstvene usluge znao gdje može obavještenja o početku liječenja. na najlakši način da dobije kvalitetnu i kompletnu uslugu. „U principu, zdravstveni rukovodioci (menadžeri) moraju na bazi SPECIFIČNOSTI POLOŽAJA svog znanja, profesionalnog iskustva i KORISNIKA I DAVALACA odgovarajuće vještine da obavljaju sledeće ZDRAVSTVENIH USLUGA U funkcije: UGOVORIMA O SOCIJALNOJ -planiraju rad svoje ustanove, odjeljenja, SIGURNOSTI tima itd. U svrhu pružanja i korištenja -organizuju i sprovode rad ustanove i zdravstvenih usluga kroz odredbe odgovarajućih programa, međunarodnih ugovora moguće je da se -kontrolišu realizaciju aktivnosti, koriste i posrednici u osiguranju koji stupaju -koordinišu rad osoblja, komuniciraju i u kontakt s inostranim osiguranjima kao tzv. rješevaju konflikte, organi za vezu ili za sprovođenje sporazuma -motivišu i vode svoje ljude, o osiguranju. Takvu ulogu su uglavnom -kolaboriraju s drugim organizacijama, imali državni nosioci zdravstvenog pružaju potporu participacije zajednice osiguranja, nasleđeni iz socijalističkog ljudi“ (Dragić, 2018). državnog uređenja. Odredbama Zakona o Između davaoca i korisnika usluge se zdravstvenom osiguranju u Republici javlja niz prepreka koje treba savladati, od Srpskoj su obuhvaćena lica kojima se potrebne dokumentacije, jezičkih i obezbeđuje zdravstvena zaštita na osnovu lokacijskih barijera, te očekivanog i zaključenih međunarodnih ugovora u skladu zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta medicinske sa odredbama zakona, gdje je navedeno da usluge. Stoga menadžment zdravstvene „Državljani zemalja sa kojima je zaključen ustanove mora da bude pripremljen na međunarodni ugovor o socijalnom situaciju u kojoj susreće korisnika usluge (zdravstvenom) osiguranju, ostvaruju koji nije tipičan kupac i koji ima drugačije zdravstvenu szaštitu u obimu koji je utvrđen zahteve za uslugom od korisnika usluga s ugovorom“ (Zakon o zdravstvenom kojima se ustanova svakodnevno susreće. osioguranju, 1999). Postoji neiskorišćen Različitost inostranog korisnika usluge potencijal usluga kada menadžment potiče iz više elemenata: vrste osiguranja zdravstvene ustanove treba da aktivno istupi koje koristi, načina obračuna usluge, načina
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 72 Grublješić, Ž., et al. (2019). Davanje zdravstvenih usluga na osnovu odredbi međunarodnih ugovora o zdravstvenom osiguranju. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 70-75. plaćanja usluge, postojećih navika korisnika pacijenta-stranca i medicinskog osoblja bez medicinske usluge, uslova za pružanje znanja jezika, ili eventualnog prevodioca, ili adekvatne usluge, želje za nastavkom bez postojanja dvojezičke medicinske i započetog liječenja, prekida započetog prateće dokumentacije. I pored postojanja liječenja, eventualnim ponavljanjem usluge, elektronskih prevodilaca stranog jezika, nije naknadnog dokazivanja vrste i obima umanjen značaj pripremljenosti za pruženih usluga itd. komunikaciju lekara i novog klijenta, koja bitno utiče na utisak o kvalitetu medicinske usluge i izgradnju odnosa povjerenja prema PRIMJENA MEĐUNARODNIH davaocu usluge, s ciljem ponovnog davanja i UGOVORA O ZDRAVSTVENOJ druge vrste usluge. „Do sada se kvalitetu ZAŠTITI U MENADŽMENTU rada prilazilo deklarativno, međutim ZDRAVSTVENE USTANOVE uvođenje metoda kvalitativnog liječenja Davanje potrebne zdravstvene usluge značiće da neće biti finansiranja bez može biti jednokratno ili ponavljajuće, dokazanog kvaliteta. Kao garancija kvaliteta planirano ili neplanirano, te hitno ili rada je ispunjenje propisanih uslova za odloživo. Upravo zbog činjenice da se obavljanje usluga“ (Mastilo, 2013). pojedine vrste zdravstvenih usluga mogu ili pak ne mogu planirati, potrebno je imati takve unutrašnje kapacitete i sposobnosti KORISTI I OGRANIČENJA U kako bi se adekvatno odgovorilo na zahtjev PRUŽANJU ZDRAVSTVENIH korisnika usluge, često naviknutog na uslugu USLUGA STRANOM KORISNIKU pruženu po višim standardima. Obim način Ekonomski interes zdravstvene davanja zdravstvenih usluga su takođe ustanove u susretu s inostranim pacijentom regulisani međudržavnim sporazumom, koji je drugačiji od interesa koji ima u odnosu sa npr. nalaže da „Nosilac u mjestu boravišta pacijentima koji su redovni korisnici usluga. odnosno prebivališta je dužan obezbijediti Iako su sporazumima izjednačeni načini licu osiguranom prema pravnim propisima davanja potrebnih usluga kroz tzv. druge države ugovornice usluge kao da se izjednačenost teritorija, razlika potiče iz radi o njegovom osiguraniku” (Sporazum o činjenice da se kod stalnih korisnika usluge socijalnom osiguranju između BiH i pružaju u cilju očuvanja zdravlja na duži rok, Republike Slovenije, 2008). Neplanirane dok je kod inostranih pacijenata često zdravstvene usluge su medicinske usluge za potrebno hitno zbrinjavanje i stabilizacija koje korisnik usluge ne može da očekuje da stanja do osposobljenosti za povratak u će ih zahtevati: povrede u saobraćaju, zemlju prebivališta, uglavnom uz prekid nezgode, povrede na radu radnika koji su započetog liječenja zbog transporta upućeni na radilište u drugoj zemlji, bolesnika kući. Propagirane mjere očuvanja iznenadni nastup bolesti, pogoršanja zdravlja i podizanja kvaliteta života ostaju postojećih bolesti i stanja. Treba razlikovati po strani. Korisnici usluga su iz širokog zdravstvena stanja u kojima se usluge mogu profila populacije: turisti, članovi porodica odložiti i stanja u kojima se usluge moraju koji žive u inostranstvu, radnici u hitno pružiti. Uloga zdravstvene ustanove predstavništvima, vozači i saputnici na kao davaoca usluga je da procijeni proputovanju, izvođači radova stranih minimalni obim potrebne usluge kako bi se kompanija, diplomatsko osoblje, strani očuvali život, zdravlje i vitalne funkcije i studenti kao i sve veći broj domaćeg sposobnosti, kao i da istovremeno ponudi stanovništva koje tražeći posao odlazi u pružanje nadstandardne usluge, imajući u inostranstvo i tamo stiče prava iz vidu pretpostavljeni obim sledećih potrebnih zdravstvenog osiguranja. Rizik koji ima usluga, kao nastavka započetog liječenja. zdravstvena ustanova u ulozi davaoca usluge Davalac usluge mora dati uslugu na inostranom pacijentu sastoji se u sporosti odgovarajući način, jer je teško pretpostaviti naplate potraživanja od posrednika u pružanje kvalitetne usluge u slučaju susreta osiguranju, kao i prihvatanja plaćanja cene
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 73 Grublješić, Ž., et al. (2019). Davanje zdravstvenih usluga na osnovu odredbi međunarodnih ugovora o zdravstvenom osiguranju. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 70-75. pruženih usluga u postupku refundacije uspješno uključivanje u poslove pružanja troškova od inostranog osiguranja. Pri tome zdravstvenih usluga stranim osiguranicima: se mora voditi računa o finansijskim od poznavanja jezika, prepoznatljivosti ograničenjima koja postoje kod korisnika zdravstvene ustanove kao davaoca usluge kao i kod osiguranja koje treba da kvalitetnih usluga, adekvatnog kadra i pokrije nastale troškove liječenja, a zbog opreme, pripremljenosti na situacije pružanja postojanja limita vrednosti usluge.4 usluge inostranom osiguraniku, do Nepoznavanje cijene usluge i procedure koje poznavanja procedura naplate troškova i su potrebne uz svako liječenje, kao i samo eventualnog obavještavanja inostranog stanje korisnika usluge, ometaju procjenu osiguranja. Aktivan pristup znači očekivanih troškova te su korisnici usluge obavještavanje potencijalnih korisnika skloniji redukovanju potreba do stabilizacije usluga i prije polaska na put da se određenim stanja ili spremnosti za odlazak kući, svom davaocima zdravstvenih usluga mogu s lekaru. Nosilac osiguranja, odnosno povjerenjem obratiti u slučaju potrebe za osiguravajuća kuća, može zahtijevati da se određenim medicinskim uslugama. Korist od oboljeli osiguranik samo oporavi za ovog imaju oni davaoci zdravstvenih usluga putovanje i da se na određenom obimu koji uspiju da privuku i ovaj segment zaustavi dalje pružanje zdravstvenih usluga korisnika usluga, čime proširuju broj u zemlji privremenog boravišta. Međutim, korisnika usluga, podižu nivo usluge na nivo ako osiguravajuća kuća procijeni da su obim prilagođen kupcu naviknutom na viši i cijena očekivanih troškova liječenja niži kvalitet usluge, razvijaju sposobnost nego u državi stalnog prebivališta i reagovanja na pružanje usluga i tom osiguranja, postoji interes da se odobri relativno malom segmentu kupaca, dobijaju završetak kompletnog liječenja na kupce i za skuplje usluge, uz relativno privremenoj lokaciji, pretpostavljajući da je jednostavne promjene potrebne u sa stanovišta osiguranja povoljnije da se prilagođenosti usluge stranom kupcu. plati manji trošak liječenja. Pomenuta Makroekonomska korist je sadržana u situacija se pojavljuje kod osiguranika koji prodaji zdravstvenih usluga stranom kupcu a iz zemalja sa višim nivoom cijena na domaćem području, što u vremenu sve zdravstvenih usluga odlaze u zemlje s većeg broja odlazaka domaćeg stanovništava jeftinijim uslugama, te tamo koriste i u inostranstvo, gdje postaju korisnici stranog kompletnu ciljanu zdravstvenu uslugu kroz zdravstvenog osiguranja, značajno povećava tzv. zdravstveni turizam, što je već potencijal ovog segmenta uslužnih predviđeno pojedinim odredbama djelatnosti. sporazuma, kao npr. u članu 14. stav 1. još važećeg Sporazuma između SFRJ i SR Nemačke o socijalnom obezbeđenju u kojem LITERATURA se navodi da … „Član 4. Stav. 1. Važi za Dragić, M. (2018.). Menadžment u lice: a) koje, pošto je nastao osigurani slučaj, zdravstvu. Prijedor: Visoka medicinska prenese svoje mesto boravka na područje škola, str. 25. druge države ugovornice, samo ako se Mastilo, Z. (2013). Penzijsko i zdravstveno nadležni nosilac prethodno saglasio sa osiguranje- pravci reforme. Bijeljina: promenom mesta boravka“ (Stojanović, Fakultet poslovne ekonomije. Stošić, 1996). Međunarodni ugovori, Administrativni dogovor o provođenju sporazuma o ZAKLJUČAK socijalnom osiguranju između Bosne i Menadžment zdravstvene ustanove Hercegovine i Republike Slovenije, mora biti upoznat s pretpostavkama za Službeni list BiH, broj: 1/2008. Stojanović Lj. i Stošić V. (1996). Zbirka međunarodnih ugovora o socijalnom 4Npr. za usluge od veće vrijednosti, u skladu s čl.12. st. 4. Sporazuma između BiH i Republike Slovenije, važe osiguranju sa komentarom. Beograd: usluge čija vrijednost je veća od 150 evra, izraženo u Zaštita rada. domaćoj valuti.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 74 Grublješić, Ž., et al. (2019). Davanje zdravstvenih usluga na osnovu odredbi međunarodnih ugovora o zdravstvenom osiguranju. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 70-75. Zakon o zdravstvenom osiguranju, Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske, broj: 18/1999. Zakon o zdravstvenoj zaštiti, Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske, broj: 106/2009.
THE ROLE OF HEALTH INSTITUTION MANAGEMENT IN THE PROVISION OF MEDICAL SERVICES THROUGH INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
Željko Grublješić1*, Mladen Ivić1, Nikola Vojvodić2, Dalibor Pavlović3
1University PIM, despota Stefana Lazarevića bb, 78000 Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina, [email protected] 2ITEP Higher School, Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina 3Health Insurance Fund of the Republic of Srpska, Office Prijedor, Bosnia & Herzegovina
PROFESIONAL PAPER sufficiently taken root in the work of medical insti-tutions, they represent ignorant ISSN 2637-2150 and ignore their application. Some medical e-ISSN 2637-2614 institutions have greater experience in UDK 005.915:[614:65.012.3 obtaining benefits from service provision by DOI 10.7251/STED1902070G contracts, but they also have reserves and unused potentials. The provision of services Paper received: 03.11.2019. to foreign insurance consumer can be Paper accepted: 21.11.2019. equated with the export of health services, Published: 29.11.2019. which is given in a domestic institution. The http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com benefits of providing services under international agreements also have a foreign Corresponding Author: insured person in need of the service, a Željko Grublješić, University PIM, despota health institution that receives a new consumer, and health insurance, which can Stefana Lazarevića bb, 78000 Banja Luka, indirectly and sometimes even cheaper, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina. cover the insured event. The aim of this [email protected] paper is to point out the need for an active approach to the provision of services to ABSTRACT foreign policyholders, as well as to The existence of international implement the contract in the most efficient agreements of social security rights regulate way possible, and to achieve benefits for the the transfer, from one state to another institution and for the service user. contracting state, of health and social Keywords: medical institution, security rights. Although they have existed management, health insurance, agreements for many years, the application of the so of social security, medical services. called, the convention on social security, and the rights derived therefrom, have not yet
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 75 STED Journal. 1(2). November 2019.
CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE INTERVENTION OF OMBUDSMEN IN ANTI-DISCRIMINATION COURT PROCEEDINGS
Predrag Raosavljević
Institution of Human Rights Ombudsmen of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Akademika Jovana Surutke 13, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina, [email protected]
REVIEW SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE model from Europe or wider has proved to be the most effective? Article offers analysis ISSN 2637-2150 of court interventions in federal states with e-ISSN 2637-2614 complex government structure and multiple UDK 342.72/.73: 316.334.3(4-672EU) institutions mandated with human rights DOI 10.7251/STED1902076R protection, be it Ombudsmen Institution or Equality Body, court interventions in states Rad primljen: 03.11.2019. with single human rights institution, Rad prihvaćen: 22.11.2019. comparative practice present in various Rad publikovan: 29.11.2019. European states, as well as interventions of http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com human rights bodies before European tribunals. Author outlines the legal Korespodencija: framework, human resources, and Predrag Raosavljević, Institucija administrative structure that need to be provided, so that court interventions would ombudsmena za ljudska prava, Akademika have the desired effect and generate positive Jovana Surutke 13, 78000 Banja Luka, changes. In this process, it is of paramount Bosna i Hercegovina importance to respect existing legal [email protected] traditions and intrinsic practices, which proved their practical applicability over time, Copyright © 2019 Predrag while any attempt to use legal transplants, Raosavljević, published by UNIVERSITY with a goal of hastily unification of national PIM. This work licensed under the Creative legal orders and imposing transnational Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- jurisdiction, can only produce confusion and NoDerivs 4.0 License. countereffects. Keywords: Discrimination; Equality bodies; Judicial protection; Third party ABSTRACT interventions. It is beyond any doubt that victims of human rights violations are rarely in position to initiate court proceedings fighting INTRODUCTION systematic discrimination themselves, which Duty of human rights institutions to makes the role of human rights institutions intervene in court proceedings stems from indispensable. This specific mandate gives the obligation to provide aid to victims of rise to numerous questions, such as: to what human rights abuse, but also from the extent state institution takes the role of the obligation to enforce national laws and legal representative, what capacities should constitutional principles that protect basic it possess, on what basis it selects the cases rights and freedoms of citizens. It is meriting court intervention, is court established belief that modern concept of intervention equally suitable in all areas of court intervention originates from the human rights protection and which analyzed concept of the friend of the court (Amicus
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 76 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. Curiae), which existed in Roman law and abstraction and generalization when it comes was frequently used in the countries to formulation of conclusion. belonging to Anglo-Saxon legal tradition. In Mechanisms of court interventions in countries associated with continental countries with complex or federal form of European law, another similar ancient government are taken as starting research concept established itself in the form of topic, where there are usually several collective action (Actio Popularis), which, institutions for protection of human rights, according to its original meaning, refers to which includes specialized equality bodies. the possibility of an individual to initiate a Further, the very essence of this competence court proceeding in public interest. is placed under scrutiny because there are Today, these institutes or their different levels of engagement, which derivatives are used in different legal sometimes merely involve possibility of systems across the world and in international delivering expert opinion without formally tribunals, but there is no unique model that acquiring the status of the party to the would be equally applicable in each context. proceedings, while at other times they entail Also, possibilities of institutions for initiating and participating at court protection of human rights to intervene in proceedings which also includes procedures court proceedings are not equally compatible on legal remedies as well as authority to with various legal cultures and traditions. represent parties before the court or other Presented research results clearly indicate competent tribunal. that abovementioned institutes do not exist Finally, this Article points to the legal, in all legal systems, as the level of their administrative and financial framework that practical use and effectiveness is also needs to be in place in order to have influenced by linguistic dilemmas and that effective mechanism of court interventions decision whether any institution may which can produce real change. In process of intervene on behalf of the victim sometimes applying different models and analyzing depends on the court and not only on the their effectiveness it is necessary to respect institution for protection of human rights. It inherent legal traditions and authentic legal is beyond any doubt that victims rarely have institutes which demonstrated their practical the capacity to initiate court proceedings applicability during the course of years, themselves, which makes the role of the while any attempt to use legal transplants human rights institutions indispensable. It is thorough which national legal orders are however necessary to clarify what exactly hastily being unified and promoted above this role entails, should the state institution the boundaries of national jurisdictions can take on the role of legal representative, what only create confusion and counter-effects. kind of capacities it should possess, how it The purpose of this analysis is, in spite of should select cases meriting intervention, substantial differences between different whether court intervention is equally useful legal systems, to present conclusions, best in all areas of human rights protection and, practices and recommendations that can finally, which touches the very essence of serve as guidance to the courts, legislatures, this modest research, which of the existing governments and independent institutions models shows the best results. for protection of human rights, in case they Complexity and character of this have ambition to establish or utilize judicial research, content of the hypothesis and interventions. declared goals determine the combination of methods used in developing this work, such United States as legal (dogmatic or normative) method, Intervention in the court proceedings analytical method applied to scientific and for protection from discrimination in the practical literature, case study, comparative United States of America is conducted method as well as general methods of logical through administrative disputes, most reasoning such as synthesis, induction, frequently in the area of realization of voting rights, through strategic litigation in
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 77 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. discrimination cases regardless of equality of citizens and to publish reports discrimination basis, which is usually result and studies on human rights topics, which of legal or by-legal act or practice of public usually contain recommendations and advice authorities and through submissions in the to lawmakers. form of Amicus Curiae briefs in all legal Commission intervenes in the spheres, including criminal law, criminal administrative and court proceedings procedure law, enforcement procedure in through the Office of General Counsel, civil matters, conditions of execution of through participation in the civil proceedings criminal sanctions and sentencing. Whole by delivering expert opinions in the capacity spectrum of government agencies is of interested third party. In order to collect involved in court interventions, making the information about cases requiring court American system one of the most versatile intervention, but also to conduct thorough and most complex, but also probably one of investigation and collect necessary evidence, the most effective in terms of using this Commission has established Advisory possibility. Committees in each of 50 states and in Role of the equality body at the federal District of Columbia. Committees are level is entrusted upon the U.S. Commission composed of residents of the state in on Civil Rights with headquarters in question, who do not receive compensation Washington D.C. and six regional offices: for their work and their duty is to report to Washington DC, Atlanta, Chicago, Kansas the Commission in writing, on allegations or City, Denver and Los Angeles. Commission findings related to voting rights infractions is established by the Civil Rights Act of or discrimination on any of the 1957 and it reports to the U.S. Congress for abovementioned grounds, to deliver opinions its performance. Commission is established in cases falling under the Commission’s as an independent and politically neutral jurisdiction that have to do with the state of federal agency with mandate to conduct human rights protection in a given state investigations, apply and enforce federal during reporting to the President or the statutes and promote policies in the field of Congress, to receive complaints from the human rights protection, to conduct research citizens, public officials and representatives and analysis of topics of outmost of public and private organizations, to significance for the work of federal deliver their opinions and analysis upon the government and to present results of such request of the Commission and to attend analysis to the public and legislative bodies. public hearings or gatherings relevant to the Commission investigates allegations of work of the Commission. voting rights infractions, allegations of Based on such investigative discrimination based on race, color of the mechanisms, Commission most often skin, religion, sex, age, disability, national intervened in court proceedings related to origin and human rights abuse by the law general topics significant for the country as a enforcement agencies. This includes conduct whole, such as the questions of gender of the police authorities and other security equality (United States Court of Appeals agencies, conduct of the administrative, [USCA], 2017), questions of conditions for judicial and other government institutions, as registration of national minorities in well as treatment of individuals deprived of exercising their voting rights (United States liberty. In order to achieve its mission, the Supreme Court [USSC], 2013; Appellate Commission is authorized to request access Court of the Fourth Circuit, 2016), questions to the documents and databases, to question of realization of rights of families whose witnesses, to organize public hearings, to members have different nationalities (USSC, issue public statements, to forward citizens’ 1950), as well as questions of affirmative complaints to the authorities competent for action in the field of education (USSC, protection of human rights at federal and 2013). local level, to follow and enforce Having in mind complex administrative implementation of laws which guarantee system and the need for specialization
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 78 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. (geographical and thematic) for the specific processes through organizing expert areas which are susceptible to violation of discussions and trainings for judges, related principle of citizens’ equality, Commission to the questions that bear direct significance primarily has a coordinating role between on realization of fundamental human rights, institutions of different levels of such as conversion of monetary fine into government. In line with that, it has a duty to prison sentence for the low-income report to the central government at least once defendants. a year, on the state of human rights It is equally symptomatic that the term protection and results of undertaken used to describe the tool which allows activities, and, where applicable, to propose intervention in the court proceedings is legislative change. “enforcement” of law, statute or any other One of the federal institutions that most act, which leads to the conclusion that the frequently uses possibility to take active role court intervention is daily, understood and in court proceedings and to file anti- regular activity and therefore at the very discrimination claims is the United Stated heart of the functioning of the national Department of Justice, which has specialized institutions for protection of human rights. offices as part of its organizational structure, Complex federal system, with virtually called Civil Rights Sections, which are unlimited number and types of practical divided by areas of protected rights: equal needs for court intervention for the purpose opportunities in education, workers’ rights, of ensuring equality of citizens, in a country housing, rights of immigrants, disabilities where the power of court ruling has a status rights, rights of prisoners, persons in custody not only of the source of law but also of the and minors deprived of liberty, and citizens’ corrective of the legislative power, requires voting rights (United States Department of not only comprehensive, but also flexible Justice [USDJ], 2018). The highest number and decentralized mechanism, which is of court interventions Department had in the adequately equipped and financed at the field of education and particularly related to same time, and whose reactions are question of school desegregation, where the performed in timely manner. In context of annual budget for these purposes was globalization and close international earmarked in the range of two to six million cooperation, this system, regardless of its dollars (United State Commission on Civil particularities, had profound effect on Rights [USCCR], 2018), while the number formation of best legal practices beyond its of permanently employed staff was around borders, together with another representative 30 (USCCR, 2018), in the field of housing, system of Anglo-Saxon legal tradition, where between 20 and 40 cases are opened where many of the mentioned institutes on annual basis with one half resulting in originate from. strategic litigation or out of court settlement5, as well as in the field of equal England opportunities in employment where 229 Although for several decades equality court cases have been initiated between protection in Great Britain was under years 1998 and 2017 (USDJ, 2018). mandate of several specialized bodies, It is worth noting that Civil Rights Equality Act of 2006 established single Sections takes active role in the court Equality and Human Rights Commission as central and independent public institution 5For example, during 2016, there were 18 cases opened with authority to promote and enforce to address lack of equal opportunities to raise housing equality and anti-discrimination legislation loans for the members coming from minorities' communities. Out of that number, seven cases resulted on the territory of England, Scotland and in strategic litigation and the total damages awarded Wales (The Equality and Human Rights amounted to 37 million dollars. United States Commission [EHRC], 2018). Commission Department of Justice, The Attorney General's 2016 was established by overtaking and merging Annual Report to Congress Pursuant to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act Amendments of 1976, last accessed on of Commission for racial equality, 11.01.2018. at: Commission on equal opportunities and https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/996791/download STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 79 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. Commission for protection of persons with groups.” Commission sought revision of the disabilities. Commission also covers other Statute after which the respondent offered to grounds of discrimination, such as age, reinterpret the term “white” on its official sexual orientation, religion or belief. Seat of web page. Convinced that even after the Commission is in London, branch offices interpretation, the Statute would leave a are located in Manchester, Glasgow and possibility for discrimination of potential Cardiff and it is financed from public budget members based on race, Commission through Ministry of Education. initiated the process for protection from In its dealings with the courts, discrimination against the president of the Commission has a mandate to provide legal Party and two high ranking officials before aid to the victims of discrimination, to the Central District Court in London. The intervene in ongoing court proceedings or to Court accepted the Commission’s stand and initiate new ones, including the use of legal ordered that Statute be changed in remedies and proceedings questioning accordance with Clause 4 of the Equality constitutionality of legislation and to request Act, which was duly implemented (The issuing temporary measures from the courts Guardian, 2018). (Equality Act, 2006). These possibilities are most frequently Europe used in cases referring to equal opportunity Although national institutions for in employment, equal access to goods, protection of equality are performing their institutions and services and in the field of duties based on the same legal framework of housing and education (EHRC, 2018). the European Union, their work is organized Average annual budget of the Commission differently, they have different mandate and in the period between 2007 and 2017 ranges their mission is fulfilled within different from 20 to 60 million Euros (EHRC, 2018), legal systems. European Union directives there are between 200 and 400 staff (Council Directive, 2000/78/EC; Council employed in the field of equality Directive, 2004/113/EC) request from the protection(EQUINET, Equality and Human states to establish body or bodies for Rights, 2018), small number of cases of protection and promotion of the principle of general importance are selected annually for equality, that these bodies have mandate to strategic litigation (EHRC, 2019), in assist victims of discrimination, that they are accordance with adopted Strategic Litigation authorized to conduct independent Policy (Equality and Human Rights investigations, to issue recommendations Commission, 2015), with rate of success in and publish reports on discrimination. the range of 60% to 80% (EHRC, 2018). Nature and the scope of assistance that Out of large number of cases brought should be offered to victims of to the attention of the Commission, authority discrimination are not, however, specified. for court intervention is used when it is Recommendations of the European necessary to effectuate positive change of Commission against Racism and Intolerance practice, when there is a need to clarify (ECRI), although not binding, are an attempt specific legal regulation, when it is desired of codification of the best practices of the to nominate the questions of significant equality bodies and interpretation of the importance for priority resolution or to aforementioned Directives. In ECRI General challenge policies or practices which can Policy Recommendation on specialized result in significant inequalities within bodies for combating racism, xenophobia, commercial or other public activity. anti-Semitism and intolerance at the national Work of the Commission attracted level, states are requested to allow equality international attention in case where bodies to „bring cases of individual and respondent was British National Party structural discrimination or intolerance in the (BNP), which adopted a Statute defining that equality body’s own name before membership in party is open to individuals institutions, adjudicatory bodies and the of “originally white and related ethnic
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 80 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. courts“, (ERCI, 1997), in accordance with administrative and civil disputes in France, national legal system. parties to the dispute or the court itself may In interpretation of EU Directives, request that Commission for Equality and European Court of Justice stated in the case Elimination of Discrimination intervenes by Rewe-Zentral finanz: delivering the files containing results of the “In absence of the rules to the [European] investigation and its findings on the subject Community on this question, it is up to matter of the complaint, or, if the case was domestic legal system of each member not the subject of deliberation before the state to establish court jurisdiction and Commission, to deliver its own views on the prescribe procedural requirements for factual basis and interpretation of law to the initiation and participation in court. In criminal matters, French proceedings with a goal of protecting Commission may intervene on its own rights of citizens, which directly initiative. Other equality bodies issue legally originate from the Community law.” binding decisions8, impose fines that can be (European Court of Justice, 1976). challenged at the court9 or have explicitly defined advisory role in the capacity of Using possibility of court intervention Amicus Curiae.10 Certain equality bodies or Amicus Curiae briefs is not, however, that may initiate court proceedings also may widely spread phenomenon, for which there represent victims of discrimination at the are several explanations. Some of the legal court.11 When equality body initiates court systems do not recognize this kind of proceeding on behalf of the victim, that turns competence in any form. Some equality him from neutral to interested party which bodies were only recently established and undoubtedly represents the interests of only parameters of their mandates or the one side of the dispute i.e. victim of the governing laws are not tested in practice. alleged discrimination. This change is Generally, it appears that the concept of usually followed by reassignment of the case court intervention more strongly resonates in to the different official or different member states which are following common department within same equality body. law system, although it is not exclusively Although many equality bodies have reserved for those countries. authority to intervene in court proceedings in At the level of European Union, cases of discrimination, only few12 adopted equality bodies may forward cases for detailed criteria used to decide which cases decision to specialized tribunals6 or initiate require intervention. Some of the most court proceedings in cases of quoted reasons are: potential benefit to the discrimination.7 Austrian Ombudsmen for future victims of discrimination, Equality can ask the court to issue enforcement of statute or other act, ensuring declaratory judgment in labor disputes or in civil cases when it disagrees with the 8Bulgaria (Commission for protection from decision of the Commission for Equal discrimination); Cyprus (Ombudsmen); Estonia (Public Treatment or when the responsible party Attorney and Commission for equality and equal does not agree with the findings of the treatment); Finland (National Tribunal for Commission. Danish Institute for Human Discrimination); Hungary (Equal Treatment Body); Iceland (Committee for Appeals on gender equality); Rights as well as Public Attorney of Estonia Ireland (Equality Tribunal); Norway (Tribunal for (who also performs the role of Ombudsmen equality and anti-discrimination) and Romania since 1999) provide support to victims of (National Council for elimination of discrimination). 9 discrimination in the process of receiving Latvia, Romania, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Ireland, Norway legal aid, when they deem it necessary. In 10Bulgaria, Finland, France, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and United 6This is the case with Austrian Ombudsman for Kingdom Equality, Ombudsman for Equality and Ombudsman for 11Ireland (Equality Body), Portugal (High Minorities of Finland, Center for Gender Equality of Commissioner for Immigration and Intercultural Iceland and Equality Body of Ireland Dialogue), Slovakia, Sweden and United Kingdom 7Belgium, Finland, France, Ireland, Malta, Slovakia, 12Belgium, Ireland (Equality Body), Sweden and United Sweden and United Kingdom Kingdom STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 81 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. practical equality, interpretation of existing assessing legality of the acts of the European legal provisions, interests of the victim or institutions. Court plays a key role in legal the grieving party and potentially corrective integration of European Union, through influence on their situation, striking deliberating and deciding on limitations of adequate balance between different forms of the authorities of the Union, and in discrimination and resources which are at formation and interpretation of its core disposal of equality bodies for such purposes principles. By virtue of that, Court and cooperation with other actors that frequently addressed the question of the represent victims of discrimination in the interpretation of Directives that treat the court. In applying these criteria an estimate question of citizens’ equality and indirectly is made what is the individual benefit for the the question of role and limitations of victim, such as material compensation and authority of the equality bodies in court on the other hand what is the general interest proceedings. for improving legal certainty and preventing In Webb v Emo Air Cargo case, while discrimination in particularly susceptible determining the obligation of state areas. These cases play a key role in the authorities, Court decided that Directive on process of implementation of laws; they gender equality should be interpreted with a contribute to the positive developments goal of achieving practical and not only concerning discriminatory practices and formal equality (CJEU, 1995), while in raise awareness about seriousness, damaging Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen case effect and the need for sanction. Those Court determined that system of positive bodies that adopted guidelines for selection obligations on the part of equality bodies is of cases meriting court intervention are necessary step towards implementation of usually the ones that most often engage in principle of equal opportunities, required by such activity. the Directive on gender equality (CJEU, It seems, however, that there is a 1993). Court therefore places duty on states substantial overlap or even confusion to undertake positive measures towards between concepts of intervening party, implementation of the Directives, which interested third party and friend of the court, undoubtedly encompasses possibility of depending on the legal culture, tradition and court intervention before national courts. accepted legal terminology.13 Due to This, however, does not apply to the right of different interpretations and ambiguities in equality bodies to initiate procedure before applying mentioned concepts, but also not the Court of Justice of the European Union. fully defined role of national institutions for Article 267 of the Treaty of the protection of human rights, it is necessary to functioning of the European Union provides analyze practice of European courts in cases for the right of national courts or tribunals to for protection from discrimination where seek interpretation of the agreement or acts those bodies have intervened. of the institutions, bodies, services or agencies of the Union from the European Court, when the resolution of such question INTERVENTION OF OMBUDSMEN is needed in order to reach a decision. It is BEFORE EUROPEAN COURT OF however clear that rules regulating the JUSTICE functioning of the Court do not leave the Court of Justice of European Union same possibility for the national equality (CJEU) is the highest judicial body bodies, even concerning questions of mandated with interpretation of the interpretation or implementation of the agreements of the European Union and equality directives. Such reasoning is confirmed by the case law of the European Court in Valeri Hariev Belov v CHEZ 13For example, National Center for Human Rights of Elektro Balgaria AD and Others (CJEU, Slovakia can submit “expert opinion” to the court on the matters of equality. Judging by the content of this 2013), where the request of Commission for authority, it is strikingly similar to the concept of protection from discrimination of Bulgaria Amicus Curiae from common law jurisdictions. STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 82 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. for preliminary opinion was deemed INTERVENTION OF OMBUDSMEN unacceptable by the Court. In explanation, BEFORE EUROPEAN COURT OF the Court reasoned that one of the key HUMAN RIGHTS IN STRASBOURG principles guiding the acceptability Unlike Court of Justice of the European assessment is that the right of certain body to Union, European Court of Human Rights forward the case to the European Court of (ECHR) in Strasbourg not only allows Justice for preliminary opinion is solely the participation of the institutions for protection question of European and not national law. of human rights in the capacity of interested In that context, Court examines third party, but also calls for such whether the body was established by law, intervention when it can be beneficial for whether it is permanent, whether it has reaching the decision. compulsory jurisdiction, whether there is Before all, it should be noted that adversary procedure (inter partes), whether national institutions for protection of human it applies laws in reaching the final decision rights cannot initiate the process before the and whether such body is independent. European Court of Human Rights on behalf Besides all of the above-mentioned, it is of the victim, because they are prevented necessary to determine whether there is from doing so by the condition set in Article ongoing court proceeding and that the raised 34 of the European Convention of Human question is the subject of the judicial Rights. Although some authors advocate for deliberation (CJEU, 2013). such possibility (De Beco, 2009), recent Situation is somewhat different when it meetings of the Council of Europe state comes to right to make submissions in the representatives at the highest level indicate capacity of interested expert party, without that there is no support for such changes in participating in the process itself. Although system of human rights protection set by the existing rules of the Court do not explicitly Convention (Buyse, 2012). allow this possibility for the equality bodies Furthermore, national institutions for or any other third side for that matter, protection of human rights, although member states as well as European established by the state and independent Commission have the right to submit written from other branches of government, cannot observations in ongoing proceedings. address the Court on their own behalf for the Intervention in the proceedings before the alleged violation of rights guaranteed by the European Court can therefore be indirectly Convention, that are committed by the state. achieved in the cases where the national Finally, practice of the Court is equality body previously participated at the unambiguous with regard to acceptability of national level. This opportunity was used by collective suits (Actio Popularis) where the several European equality bodies (Belgium appellant is organization or association Center for Equal Opportunities and Combat whose interests are infringed, but who are against Racism, 2007; Equality and Human not direct victims of the state action. In case Rights Commission for Great Britain, 2006, Aksu v. Turkey, Court underlined that 2007; Commission for Equality of Northern „therefore, existing of the victim who is Ireland, 1984, 1993; Ombudsmen of directly affected by the alleged violation of Sweden, 1998), while some of these cases the right from the Convention is necessary had profound effect on the development of condition for setting the Convention the European anti-discrimination law.14 protection mechanism in motion, although this condition should not be interpreted in rigid and inflexible way“, (European Court 14In case C-222/84 (Marguerite Johnston v. Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary), European of human Rights [ECHR], 2012). Court of Justice determined that „depriving the appellant of the possibility to claim that he is the victim association with a group, while in the case C-54/07 of discrimination because of the unequal treatment by (Centruum vor Gelijkheid van Kansen en voor the court represents violation of the law of the European Racismebestridjing v. Firma Feryn NV), Court has Union“; in case C-303/06 (Coleman v. Attridge Law), established that the act of discrimination without Court has established that prohibition of discrimination witnesses can still represent discrimination according to includes discrimination on the bases of the perceived the principles that regulate proving of discrimination. STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 83 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Conditions Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. Unlike mentioned limitations, Article rights whose functioning the Court is 36 of the European Convention of Human examining (Harris, O’Boyle, Beats & Rights allows participation of third parties in Buckley, 2009). Furthermore, it can be several ways: argued that the legitimacy of their 1. High Contracting Party whose citizen interventions is greater due to their appealed to the Court may submit independence, when compared to non- written observations and take part in governmental organizations which are the deliberation of the cases before the usually guided by very specific interests. Chamber or Grand Chamber. Interventions of national institutions for 2. In the interest of reaching the most protection of human rights before the informed decision, President of the European Court in Strasbourg in last few Court may invite High Contracting decades have not been numerous, but their Party which is not party to the dispute number is greater every year and they or any other interested party which is certainly represent positive development of not the appellant, to make written the practice in application of the Convention. submissions or to take part in the These interventions helped the Court to discussion. reach some important decisions, such as the 3. Council of Europe Commissioner for judgment related to the right of expression of Human Rights may send a written confession in the context of wearing submission and take part in the appropriate uniform for flight attendants discussion of cases. employed by the private British carrier (ECHR, 2013), judgment establishing that Cited provision therefore allows the sexual molestation of the child amounts interventions of Ombudsmen upon request to torture, inhumane and degrading treatment from the Court or through delivering or punishment, prohibited by Article 3 of the submissions to the High Commissioner for Convention (ECHR, 2014), judgment Human Rights of the Council of Europe. The concerning the right of Iraqi citizens who advantage of the second option is that the were deported from one of the member Commissioner has a right to intervene in any states to Iraq, where they can be subjected to case, while participation of Ombudsmen can capital punishment (ECHR, 2010), judgment be highly beneficial in order to have better addressing the issue of sterilization without understanding of the situation in the consent (ECHR, 2012), or judgment dealing responding state. For that reason, with question of involuntary admission to Commissioner established liaison office with psychiatric institution and unjust procedure national institutions for protection of human of appointment of custodian (ECHR, 2012). rights, with the exact goal of strengthening From the perspective of the Court, cooperation and coordinating exchange of national institutions for protection of human information (De Beco, 2009). First option, rights are valuable source of evidence and according to which national institutions seek information, while from the perspective of permission from to Court to intervene, the states signatories of the Convention, entails the risk that such request is denied activities of these institutions make having in mind that the Court receives more significant contribution to raising awareness demands for intervention that it can approve of importance and effectiveness of the and it makes selection based on their human rights protection mechanisms in relevance for decision making in the case. In general. Described practice follows Paris reality, however, national institutions for principles which require that the national protection of human rights are usually institutions for protection of human rights granted permission to intervene, not only cooperate with regional mechanisms for because the Court is generally open for protection of human rights. Supporting the interventions but also because the fact that work of the Court from the level of national national institutions are deeply involved in jurisdiction, national institutions contribute domestic system for protection of human to the effectiveness of the European system
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 84 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Conditions Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. for protection of human rights and increase society or in particular period of time, legitimacy of the Court decisions, while possibilities of courts to influence positive offered assistance helps with reduction of changes in society through its decisions on backlog of cases at the same time. selected topics, as well as neutral factors such as population size, budget and existing capacities for protection of human rights. CONCLUSION Further, internal structure of human rights Judicial proceedings generally bodies must be modified to accommodate represent one of the most important and the mandate for judicial intervention since most effective ways to promote and ensure analyzed models point towards conclusion application of legal norms, because court that it is usually necessary to establish decision in particular case can have far- separate department whose functioning is reaching legal and social consequences. separated from functioning of the Having in mind the fact that institutions departments that investigate citizens’ mandated with human rights protection also complaints. Such separate department should have a duty to promote and enforce human be primarily focused on monitoring state of rights law it is beyond any doubt that they human rights in selected fields, litigation, should engage in activities that ensure full filing appeals and cooperation with other implementation of these laws, which relevant institutions, mainly judicial and includes possibility for judicial intervention. non-governmental organizations. Such There is internationally recognized duty of division and specialization of functions is national courts to interpret domestic especially important because of the fact that legislation in light of international standards institutions for protection of human rights by formulated in the conventions, directives and default act in neutral manner when case law. On the other hand, it would hard to investigating citizens’ complaints, by imagine that one institution which promotes according due attention to the arguments protection of citizens’ rights does not have coming from both sides and reaching final an authority to seek implementation of the decision in accordance with applicable laws, core human rights principles by judicial while judicial intervention entails intervention. Intention of High Contracting completely different operation modality, Parties, presented comparative practice of representing the interests and arguments of the national human rights institutions and only one side and having favorable outcome interpretation of international conventions of the process as the only goal. Equally, and European directives by regional courts, judicial interventions of the bodies without unequivocally lead to such conclusion. adequate capacities can only cause counter- In order for institutions for protection effects, not only because of the increased of human rights to perform this function at possibility for unfavorable outcome of all, it is necessary for the state not only to judicial proceedings but also because of abstain from erecting barriers or potentially aiding general culture of administrative burdens that would limit such impunity, allowing for lack of sanctions for possibility, but to take proactive role the responsible party and dissuading victims including securing adequate capacities for of human rights abuse from seeking material the stated purpose. This primarily refers to and moral satisfaction. financial and human resources, that need to Finally, for efficient participation of be secured taking into account many factors bodies mandated with human rights such as the caseload, level of protection in judicial proceedings, it is implementation and realization of citizens' necessary for the courts to be open and rights even without intervention of informed to acknowledge this type of competent bodies, state of human rights in competence and to give due regard to such specified fields which are particularly interventions insofar as they represent susceptible to discrimination or status of findings of competent authority on the especially vulnerable groups in any given questions of their expertise. Guiding
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 85 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Conditions Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. rationale for all responsible branches of De Beco, G. (2009). Non-judicial government is the fact that citizens rarely mechanisms for the implementation of decide to initiate court proceedings human rights in the european states, themselves, since they are time consuming, Paris, Emile Bruylant. exhausting and financially demanding, while ECRI. (1997). General policy strategic focusing of resources on individual recommendation No.2: Specialized court case can effectuate substantial changes bodies to combat racism, xenophobia, in general public interest. anti-Semitism and intolerance at national level. CRI (97)36. European Court of Justice. (1976). Rewe- REFERECES Zentral Finanz eG and Rewe Zentral Appellate Court of the Fourth Circuit. AG v Landwirtschafts Kamer für das (2016). North Carolina State Saarland, ECR. Conference of NAACP v. McCrory. European Court of human Rights. (2012). 831 F.3d 204. Aksu v Turkey. 4149/04 and 41029/04. Belgian Center for Equal Opportunities and European Court of Human Rights. (2013). Combat against Racism. (2007). C- Eweida and others v. The United 54/07. Centruum vor Gelijkheid van Kingdom. 48420/10, 59842/10, Kansen en voor Racismebestridjing v. 51671/10 and 36516/10. Firma Feryn NV. European Court of Human Rights. (2014), Buyse, A. (2012) The Court’s Ears and O'Keeffe v. Ireland. 35810/09. Arms: National Human Rights European Court of human Rights. (2014). Institutions and the European Court of Al-saadoon and Mufdhi v. The United Human Rights. U Meuwissen K. and Kingdom. 61498/08. Wouters J. (eds.). National Human European Court of human Rights. (2012). Rights Institutions in Europe, Gauer and others v. France. 61521/08. Comparative, European and European Court of human Rights. (2012). International Perspectives (pp. 173- D.D. v. Lithuania. 13469/06. 187) Antwerp: Intersentia. Equality Act. (2006). Last accessed on Commission for Equality of Northern 12.01.2018. at: Ireland. (1984, 1993). C-222/84 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2 Marguerite Johnston v. Chief 006/3/contents Constable of the Royal Ulster Equality and Human Rights Commission for Constabulary & C-342/93 Gillespie v. Great Britain. (2006, 2007). C-303/06. Northern Health and Social Services Coleman v. Attridge Law and C- Board; 388/07. The Incorporated Trustees of Council Directive. 2000/78/EZ. Establishing the National Council on Ageing (Age a general framework for equal Concern England) v. Secretary of State treatment in employment and for Business, Enterprise and occupation. OJ L 303. Regulatory Reform (aka the Heyday Council Directive. 2004/113/EC. case). Implementing the principle of equal EQUINET, Equality and Human Rights. treatment between men and women in Last accessed on 12.01.2018. at: the access to and supply of goods and http://www.equineteurope.org/Equality services. OJ L 373. -and-Human-Rights Court of Justice of European Union. (1995). Harris, D., O'Boyle, M., Bates, E. and C-450/93. ECR I-305. Buckley, C. (2009). Law of the Court of Justice of European Union. (1993). European Convention on Human C-32/93. ECR I-3567. Rights. Oxford University Press. Court of Justice of European Union. (2013). Ombudsmen of Sweden. (1998). C-236/98 C-394/11. ECLI:EU:C:2013:48. Jämställdhetsombudsmannen v. Örebro läns landsting.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 86 Raosavljević, P. (2019). Conditions Pretpostavke za efikasnost sudske intervencije ombudsmena u postupcima za zaštitu od diskriminacije. STED Journal. 1(2). str. 76-87. The Equality and Human Rights https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2 Commission. (2015). Strategic 009/oct/15/bnp-non-white- Litigation Policy. London. members The Equality and Human Rights United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Commission. Annual reports. Last Circuit. (2017). G.G. v. Gloucester accessed on 12.01.2018. at: County School Board. No. 15-2056. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/ United States Supreme Court. (2013). en/adrodd-corfforaethol/annual-reports Shelby County v. Holder. 570 U.S. The Equality and Human Rights 529. Commission. Legal Cases. Last United States Supreme Court. (1950). United accessed on 12.01.2019. at: States v. Texas. 339 U.S. 707. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/ United States Supreme Court. (2013). Fisher en/legal-casework/human-rights-legal- v. University of Texas at Austin. 133 cases S.Ct. 2411. The Equality and Human Rights United States Department of Justice. Voting Commission. last accessed on Section Litigation. last accessed on 12.01.2018. at: 11.01.2018. at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/ https://www.justice.gov/crt/voting- en section-litigation The Equality and Human Rights United States Commission on Civil Rights. Commission. Our Legal Work in Special Reports. last accessed on Action. Last accessed on 12.01.2018. 11.01.2018. at: at: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/092707_Be https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/ comingLessSeparateReport.pdf en/gwaith-achos-cyfreithiol/our-legal- United States Department of Justice. work-action Employment Litigation Section. Last The Guardian. BNP bows to pressure to accessed on 11.01.2018. at: admit non-white people. Last accessed https://www.justice.gov/crt/employmen on 12.01.2018. at: t-litigation-section-cases.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 87 UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
GUIDELINES TO AUTHORS FOR WRITING PAPERS
Dejan Kojić1*, Marijana Žiravac Mladenović1, Jelena Pavličević2
1University PIM, Technical Faculty, Despota Stefana Lazarevića, no number, 78000 Banja Luka, [email protected] 2Universty in Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar cara Lyara 1, Novi Sad, Serbia
ABSTRACT Guidelines to authors on preparing articles is formed pursuant to the world's best publishing practice and the Rulebook on publication of scientific publications (Official Gazette of the Republic of Srpska, No. 77/16). Guidelines are issued to ensure a uniform style of publication of articles in all issues of the scientific and professional journal of "STED JOURNAL". The Journal is published half-yearly (May- November) in print, with a circulation of 200 copies, and an electronic version of the edition is published on the site of https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/. All articles must be designed in accordance with these Guidelines and sent to the email address of the editor in chief, and then they go into the process of anonymous review by two reviewers. Only papers that have at least two positive reviews shall be published in the Journal. The Editorial Board has adopted the List of reviewers that has been confirmed by the Senate of the University. The identity of reviewers is not revealed to the authors, and vice versa. Keywords: STED Journal, review, publishing, scientific publications.
GUIDELINES TO AUTHORS FOR WRITING PAPERS When preparing these guidelines, the editorial board of the journal places an emphasis on the APA standards of the academic writing. It means that applying them consistently we also bring the papers of our authors closer to the global audience, that is, to readers. The guidelines to authors consist of two parts. The first part is related to the content aspect of the paper, that is, its necessary basic elements, based on which the reviewers evaluate the content adequacy of the paper. The second part of the guidelines is related to the technical aspect of formatting the paper based on which the editorial board, after receiving the paper, decides whether to send the paper to be reviewed or return it to the author to be finished before reviewing. STED JOURNAL, the journal of the PIM University on social and technological development publishes the papers which are subject to review and which are classified into the following categories: • Original scientific article, • Review scientific article, • Short or preliminary communication, • Scientific critique, • Professional article, • Presentations at scientific meetings.
Authors suggest the category of their papers, but the final decision is made by the Editorial Board and reviewers. Original scientific paper is a paper which is basically organised according to the IMRAD scheme (Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion) for experimental research or in a descriptive way for descriptive scientific fields, in which one for the first time publishes the text on results of their own research carried out applying the scientific methods,
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 88 UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online) which are described textually and which enable that the research is repeated in case of need, and the established facts are checked. Review scientific article represents a review of the latest papers of a certain subject field, with the aim to summarise, analyse, synthesise and evaluate the information already published, and moreover it brings new syntheses which also necessarily include the results of the author's own research. Short or preliminary communication is an original scientific paper, but of a less extent or preliminary character, in which some elements of the IMRAD can be omitted, and it is about summarised presenting the results of a finished original research paper or article which is still in development (Working Paper). Scientific critique, that is, a polemic or overview is a discussion to a certain scientific topic based specifically on scientific argumentation, in which the author proves the correctness of a certain criterion of their opinion, that is, they confirm or reject other authors' findings. Professional paper is a contribution in which experience useful for improving the professional practice is offered, but which is not necessarily based on a scientific method, that is, the emphasis is on the usability of the results of original research and on spreading knowledge, and the text has to be adjusted to the professional and scientific level of the professional community for who the paper is intended. The papers classified into these categories are subject to review by two reviewers. Reviews are double-blind, the authors' identity is not revealed to the reviewers and vice versa. The paper shall be published only based on positive reviews about which the Editorial Board shall inform the author. The reviewers are selected among experts in the direct field of research to which the paper submitted for publication is related. The STED JOURNAL can include contributions from conferences, congresses, consultations and symposia. The author is fully responsible for the content of the paper. The Editorial Board assumes that before submitting the paper the authors regulated the issue of publishing the content of the paper pursuant to the rules of the institution or company where they work. The speed of publishing the paper will depend on how much the manuscript (text) complies with the guidelines. The papers requiring major modifications and amendments shall be returned to the author to be revised before reviewing.
TECHNICAL GUIDELINES The paper shall be sent to the Editorial Board of the journal by e-mail in the form of a text prepared specifically using the text processing program of Microsoft Word. The paper should include maximum 10 A4 pages and consist of the following elements in one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina or in English: • Title of the paper; • List of the authors and institutions; • Abstract; • Key words; • Introduction; • Theoretical framework; • Experimental part; • Results and discussion; • Conclusion; • Literature overview; • Title in English, list of authors and summary in English.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 89 UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
The title of the paper should be centred and written in upper case, Times New Roman, 14 pt, bold, Caps Lock; The authors should be written in the centre, without titles, Times New Roman, 12pt, normal, and the names of institutions centred, Times New Roman, 10 pt, normal. The titles of a part of the paper– of the first level, left alignment, Times New Roman, normal, 12 pt, bold, Caps Lock; The subheading – of the second level, left alignment, lower case, Times New Roman, 12 pt, bold; The subheading – of the third level, left alignment, lower case, Times New Roman, 12 pt, italic. Other parts of the paper should be written using the alignment on both sides (Times New Roman, 12 pt), one-sided spacing with one empty row above, between the subheadings and paragraphs, with margins of 2.54 cm (1"). The beginning of the paragraph should be typed at the beginning of the row. The abstract should have 100-250 words, and it is positioned between the paper heading (consisting of the paper title and information on authors) and key words, which are followed by the text of the paper. If the paper is written in one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the summary in English is given in an extended form, as a so-called resume and it should consist of up to 500 words.
Tables and charts Tables should be prepared in the WORD, graphics in the EXCEL, except for some special cases when it is not possible technically. Tables and graphics should be clear, as simple as possible and transparent. The title, heading (text) and subtext in tables and graphics should be written in Times New Roman – normal, Font Size 10 pt. Tables should be placed at a certain place in the text. Tables should not include more than ten columns and more than fifteen rows. If the author assumes that data should be presented in a larger number of columns and rows, it is necessary to split the content of the table into two or more smaller tables or deliver it as a special attachment. They have to be drawn according to the computer template (Insert Table), and not using the spacing, dots and tabs. When citing tables and graphics, we write the title of the table or graphic in the initial capital letter and then we specify its ordinal number (e.g. as it is shown in Table 9 and Figure 6, the lowest value was...).
A table examples
Tabela 1. Karakteristike umrežavanja NR/CSM blendi sa različitim sadržajem recikliranog gumenog praha.
Sadržaj recikliranog Karakteristike umrežavanja/Curing characteristics gumenog praha
WRP content Ml, Mh, M, ts2 min tc90 min CRI (phr) dNm dNm dNm , ,
0 4 40 36 6 15 11.0
20 5 42 37 8 16 12.5 40 5 45 40 9 16 14.3 60 7 46 39 9 17 12.5 80 7 47 40 10 17 14.3 100 7 47 40 10 17 14.3
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 90 UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
A chart examples
Slika 1. Uticaj različitog udjela recikliranog gumenog praha na prekidnu čvrstoću NR/CSM/WRP kompozita pod uticajem različitih doza zračenja Figure 1 The effect of waste rubber powder content on tensile strength for the NR/CSM/WRP composites irradiated with different doses.
Equation Equations should be written in the graphic editor for equations, specifically in the Microsoft Equation and they should be placed at the beginning of the text. On the right edge of the text in the row in which the equation is written one should indicate its number in parentheses beginning with number 1.
tk makss −− ttk maksd )( sr ()()1 d 1−−−= ememm za tt maks (1)
Figures Figures have to be prepared for black-and-white printing, that is, if the original figure is in colors which cannot be distinguished in black-and-white printing, the colors have to be replaced by "raster", that is, different graphic signs which need to be explained in the legend. We insert in figures only the most essential text necessary for understanding, such as measure variables with their dimensions, short explanation on curves and similar. The rest is stated in the legend under the figure. The maximum size of a figure is 13 cm x 17 cm.
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 91 UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
Slika 2. SEM mikrograf NR/CSM/ERP kompozita sa dodatkom 20 phr recikliranog gumenog praha pri uvećanju od 7500 puta Figure 2. The SEM micrograph of NR/CSM/WRP composites filled with 20 phr waste rubber powder at 7500X magnification.
Other notes In order to include successfully the papers published in one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina into international information flows, parts of the manuscript should be written both in the author's language and in English, including: text in tables, figures, diagrams and drawings, their titles and symbols.
About authors When sending the paper one should give their full official address, telephone number and email of all authors and emphasize the author with who the Editorial Board shall cooperate. These notifications should be submitted on a separate sheet.
Experimental technique, symbols and units Experimental technique and devices are described in detail only if they deviate significantly from the descriptions already published in the literature. If techniques and devices are familiar, only the source of necessary notifications is stated. Symbols of the physical quantities should be written in Italic (Times New Roman, 12 pt. – italic), and units of measurement in upright letters, e.g. V, m, p, t, T, but m3 , kg, Pa, °C, K. Quantities and units of measurement have to be used pursuant to the International System of Units (SI).
STED Journal 1(2). November 2019. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 92 UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)
REFERENCES The reference list at the end of the article has to include only the sources which the author referred to in the article text. The used literature items are listed in alphabetical order.
Examples of citing
An example of citing a scientific journal in the text: - one author: (Avramović, 2011); - two authors: (Žiravac-Mladenović i Đurica, 2018); - three to five authors: first citing in text: (Mitić, Nikolić, Cakić, Nikolić, & Ilić, 2007); second and every next citing in text: (Mitić et al., 2007); - six and more authors: (Špírková et al., 2009).
In the reference list: Avramović, D. (2011). Metode i okviri rasta vrijednosti banke. Anali poslovne ekonomije, 5(1), 28-37. Žiravac-Mladenović, M. i Đurica, F. (2018). Komparativna analiza trgovanja na Banjalučkoj i Sarajevskoj berzi. Anali poslovne ekonomije, 10(1), 25-35. Mitić, Ž., Nikolić, G., Cakić, M, Nikolić, R., & Ilić, LJ. (2007). The investigation of Co (II)- dextran complexes. Hemijska industrija, 61(5), 257-262. Špírková, M., Strachota, A., Urbanová, M., Baldrian, J., Brus, J., Šlouf, M., Kuta, A. & Hrdlička, Z. (2009). Structural and surface properties of novel polyurethane films. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 24(10-11), 1185-1189.
An example of citing a book in the text: - one author: (Suzić, 2010); - two authors: (Peterlin i Mladenović, 2007); - three to five authors: first citing in text: (Đuranović, Todorović i Tešić 2016); second and every next citing in text: (Đuranović et al., 2016); - six and more authors : (Stefanović et al., 2008).
In the reference list: Suzić, N. (2010). Prvila pisanja naučnog rada: APA i drugi standardi. Banja Luka: XBS. Peterlin, J. i Mladenović, M. (2007). Finansijski instrumenti i menadžment finansijskih rizika. Banja Luka: Univerzitet za poslovni inženjering i menadžment. Đuranović, D., Todorović, S. i Tešić, R. (2016). Strategijski menadžment. Banja Luka: Univerzitet za poslovni inženjering i menadžment. Stefanović et al. (2008). Kretanje šinskih vozila. Banja Luka: Društvo za energetsku efikasnost.
An example of citing a chapter of a book in the text: - (Harly, 1981)
In the reference list: Harley, N. (1981). Radon risk models. U A. Knight, & B. Harrad (Eds.), Indoor air and human health (str. 69 78).̶ Amsterdam: Elsavier.
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An example of citing a paper published in the Scientific Conference Proceedings in the text: - one author: (Grgurević, 2014); - two authors: (Medić i Živadinović, 2014); - three to five authors: first citing in text: (Krstić, Skorup, Skorup, 2014); second and every next citing in text: (Krstić et al., 2014); - six and more authors : (Kojić et al., 2019).
In the reference list: Grgurević, N. (2014). Kuba i Nikaragva (Revolucija i postrevolucionarni period). U M. Žiravac-Mladenović (Eds.), Conference proceedings, International Scientific Conference on Social and Technological Development (pp. 124-131). Banja Luka, B&H: University of Business Engineering and Management. Medić, Z. i Živadinović, J. (2014). Neravnoteže i krize savremenog doba i ekonoska politika. U M. Žiravac-Mladenović (Eds.), Conference proceedings, International Scientific Conference on Social and Technological Development (pp. 102-1112). Banja Luka, B&H: University of Business Engineering and Management. Krstić, M., Skorup, A. i Skorup, S. (2014). Inovativnost – ključni element preduzetničke strategije rasta i razvoja privrednog subjekta. U M. Žiravac-Mladenović (Eds.), Conference proceedings, International Scientific Conference on Social and Technological Development (pp. 51-58). Banja Luka, B&H: University of Business Engineering and Management. Kojić, D., Pavličević, J., Špírková, M., Aroguz, A., Jovičić, M., Bera, O., MarinovićCincović, M. (2019). THE IFLUENCE OF SILICA ON THE SOLVENT RESISTANCE OF POLYURETHANE HYBRIDE MATERIALS. In M. Gligorić, A. Došić, D. Vujadinović (Eds.), Proceedings VI International Congress “Engineering, Environment and Materials in Processing Industry” (pp. 568-572). Jahorina, BiH: University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Technology.
An example of citing a master thesis or PhD thesis in the text: - (Petrović, 2001) - (Žiravac-Mladenović, 2009)
In the reference list: Petrović, R. (2001). Dehidratacija etera na mordenitnim katalizatorima. Magistarski rad. Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Tehnološki fakultet, Banja Luka, BiH. Žiravac-Mladenović M. (2009). Bankarski nadzor i regulative zemalja u tranziciji na Balkanu – globalizacija bankarskog sektora. Alfa Univerzitet, Beograd, Srbija.
An example of citing a publication of an institution as the author, downloaded from the Internet and citing a text from the web site Citing internet sites should be avoided, but if it is necessary, then they should include names of the authors, if they are available, the title, internet site and access date.
In the text: - institution: first citing in text (Zavod za statistiku Republike Srpske [ZSRS], 2009); second and every next citing (ZSRS, 2009); - call to authors: (Degelman, 2000); - unknown author: (Compiere, 2017) (Purdue University, n.d)
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In the reference list: Zavod za statistiku Republike Srpske. (2009). Saopštenja. Preuzeto 10.02.2009. sa http://www.rzs.rs.ba/SaopstenjaRadLAT.htm Degelman, D. (2000). APA Style Essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000 from: http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/apa.pdf Compiere, (2017). Products. Preuzeto 11.10.2018. sa http://www.compiere.com/products/ Purdue University Writing Lab [Facebook page]. (n.d). Retrieved January 22, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/PurdueUniversityWritingLab/
An example of citing laws, regulations, court decisions in text: - laws and regulations: first citing in text (Zakon o krivičnom postupku [ZKP], 2014); second and every next citing (ZKP, 2014); - court decisions: first citing in text (Vrhovni sud Srbije [VSS], Rev. 1354/06); second and every next citing (VSS, Rev. 1354/06);
In the reference list: Zakonik o krivičnom postupku, Službeni glasnik RS, 72/2011, 101/2011, 121/2012, 32/2013, 45/2013, i 55/2014; Regulation (EU) No. 1052/2013 establishing the European Border Surveillance System (Eurosur), OJ L 295 of 6/11/2013, 1; Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast), OJ L 180 of 29/6/2013, 60. Vrhovni sud Srbije, Rev. 1354/06, (6. 9. 2006). Paragraf Lex; Vrhovni sud Srbije, Rev. 2331/96, 3. 7. 1996, Bilten sudske prakse Vrhovnog suda Srbije 4/96, 27; CJEU, case C-20/12, Giersch and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2013:411, para. 16; Opinion of AG Mengozzi to CJEU, case C-20/12, Giersch and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2013:411, para. 16.
CONCLUSION The papers not written strictly according to these guidelines shall not be accepted.
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COBISS Kooperativni online bibliografski sistem i servisi COBISS
STED journal Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019) –bibliografija članaka-
1 ČOLAKOVIĆ, Radomir Akteri mobinga u vojnoj sredini / Radomir Čolaković, Jelena Čolaković Lončar. - Dostupno i na:http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901085C.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 85-92.
355/359:342.726-058.64-057.16 COBISS.RS-ID 8540184
2 DRAŠKOVIĆ, Veselin Položaj inteligencije u selektovanim državama jugoistočne Evrope / Veselin Drašković, Radislav Jovović, Sanja Bauk, Mimo Drašković. - Dostupno i na: http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901036D.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 36-44.
316.344.32:314.15-057.85(4/12) COBISS.RS-ID 8538904
3 IVIĆ, Mladen Institucionalna racionalnost kao savremena alternativa ekonomske nauke i prakse / Mladen Ivić, Milica Delibašić, Nebojša Jovović. - Dostupno i na: http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901045I.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 45-54.
331.024.3:331.101.39 COBISS.RS-ID 8539160
4 KAJTAZOVIĆ, Ibrahim Racionalno upravljanje resursima Komercijalne banke / Ibrahim Kajtazović. - Dostupno i na:http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901065K.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 65-72.
005.961.6:[336.71:338.23 COBISS.RS-ID 8539672
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5 KATIĆ, Miro Međunarodna regulacija otmica djece / Miro Katić. - Dostupno i na:http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901073K.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 73-84.
343.433:341.231.14-055.2 COBISS.RS-ID 8539928
6 MALJKOVIĆ, Dragana Komparativna analiza erp sistema otvorenog koda / Dragana Maljković, Ognjen Pantelić. - Dostupno i na: http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901009M.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 9-18.
005.8:330.322]:004.4 COBISS.RS-ID 8538136
7 MILIĆ, Mladen Uticaj unapređenja prodaje na ponašanje potrošača / Mladen Milić, A leksandar Gračanac . - Dostupno i na: http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901055M.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 55-64.
658.8.012.12:659.113.25 COBISS.RS-ID 8539416
8 SALAPURA, Saša Primjena IoT rješenja za upravljanje pametnim zgradama / Saša Salapura. - Dostupno i na:http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901028S.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 28-35.
624.14:[004.4:692.622 COBISS.RS-ID 8538648
9 SARAJLIJA, Emil Upotreba optike u pristupnim mrežama / Emil Sarajlija. - Dostupno i na:http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901019S.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 19-27.
515.14:[621.37/.39:535 COBISS.RS-ID 8538392
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10 UTICAJ udela sredstva za ekspandiranje na svojstva mikroporoznih elastomernih materijala / Jelena Pavličević, Mirjana Jovičić, Oskar Bera, Bojana Ikonić, Vesna Teofilović, Nevena Vukić, Jaroslava Budinski-Simendić. - Dostupno i na: http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED1901001P.
U: STED journal. - ISSN 2637-2150. - Vol. 1, No. 1 (2019), pp. 1-8.
678.4.046:66.018.9 COBISS.RS-ID 8537880
REGISTAR NASLOVA
• Akteri mobinga u vojnoj sredini 1 • Institucionalna racionalnost kao savremena alternativa ekonomske nauke i prakse 3 • Komparativna analiza erp sistema otvorenog koda 6 • Međunarodna regulacija otmica djece 5 • Položaj inteligencije u selektovanim državama jugoistočne Evrope 2 • Primjena IoT rješenja za upravljanje pametnim zgradama 8 • Racionalno upravljanje resursima Komercijalne banke 4 • Upotreba optike u pristupnim mrežama 9 • Uticaj udela sredstva za ekspandiranje na svojstva mikroporoznih elastomernih materijala 10 • Uticaj unapređenja prodaje na ponašanje potrošača 7
IMENSKI REGISTAR
• Bauk, Sanja (autor) 2 • Bera, Oskar (autor) 10 • Budinski-Simendić, Jaroslava (autor) 10 • Čolaković Lončar, Jelena (autor) 1 • Čolaković, Radomir 1 • Delibašić, Milica (autor) 3 • Drašković, Mimo (autor) 2 • Drašković, Veselin 2 • Gračanac, A leksandar ( autor) 7 • Ikonić, Bojana (autor) 10 • Ivić, Mladen 3 • Jovičić, Mirjana (autor) 10 • Jovović, Nebojša (autor) 3
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• Jovović, Radislav (autor) 2 • Kajtazović, Ibrahim 4 • Katić, Miro 5 • Maljković, Dragana 6 • Milić, Mladen 7 • Pantelić, Ognjen (autor) 6 • Pavličević, Jelena (autor) 10 • Salapura, Saša 8 • Sarajlija, Emil 9 • Teofilović, Vesna (autor) 10 • Vukić, Nevena (autor) 10
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