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Chrysididae - Goudwespen Verspreiding TJ..M

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Chrysididae - Goudwespen Verspreiding TJ..M Chrysididae - goudwespen Verspreiding T .M.J. Peeters, Goudwespen komen behalve op Antarctica op alle wereld- J. de Rond & V. Lefeber Goudwespen behoren tot de juweeltjes onder de insecten delen voor. De subfamilies Amiseginae en Loboscelidiinae zijn met hun fraaie metaalkleuren in tinten van blauw, groen beperkt tot de tropen. De ongeveer 3000 beschreven soorten en rood. Deze felle metaalkleuring komt ook in andere zijn verdeeld over 84 genera. Daarnaast zijn er naar verwach- families van Hymenoptera voor, vooral onder de brons- ting nog eens 1000 soorten die nog beschreven moeten wor- wespen Chalcidoidea en diverse uitheemse graafwespen den (KIMSEY & BOHART 1991). In dit overzicht zijn voor Nederland (Ampulex, Chlorion) en bijen (Euglossa). Goudwespen hebben 52 soorten onderscheiden. Waarschijnlijk ligt het aantal Ne- in tegenstelling tot deze groepen weinig achterlijfssegmen- derlandse soorten echter hoger, omdat voor enkele taxa een ten. Slechts drie ervan zijn zichtbaar (dit zijn er echter vier ‘brede’ opvatting is gehanteert (zie paragraaf Taxonomie). of vijf bij Cleptinae). De andere segmenten liggen inwendig Veel soorten komen in lage dichtheden voor. Hierdoor is en zijn bij het vrouwtje omgevormd tot een legboor, die het moeilijk om voldoende materiaal bijeen te krijgen voor als een telescoop uitgestulpt kan worden voor het leggen een goede studie. Het is goed mogelijk dat er nog nieuwe van een ei. soorten voor de Nederlandse fauna ontdekt zullen worden; tabel 2 geeft een overzicht van soorten die op grond van Taxonomie hun verspreiding in Europa nog te verwachten zijn. De Chrysididae behoren tot de superfamilie Chrysidoidea, Wegens determinatieproblemen met mannetjes is bij som- samen met zeven andere families, waaronder de ook in Ne- mige soorten besloten om alleen de gegevens van vrouwtjes derland voorkomende families Bethylidae, Dryinidae en te gebruiken voor de verspreidingskaartjes. Embolemidae. De Bethylidae zijn de nauwste verwanten (CARPENTER 1986). De Chrysididae worden onderverdeeld in vier subfamilies: Amiseginae, Chrysidinae, Cleptinae en Soort b d Gastheer Loboscelidiinae (KIMSEY & BOHART 1991). In Nederland zijn alleen de Cleptinae en Chrysidinae vertegenwoordigd. De Chrysis germari Wesmael, 1839 + - onbekend Cleptinae worden als de meest primitieve goudwespen gezien Chrysis scutellaris Fabricius, 1894 - + onbekend en de Chrysidinae als de meest ontwikkelde. De Chry sidinae Chrysis splendidula Rossi, 190 - + Eumeninae worden verder opgesplitst in vier groepen van geslachten Chrysura hirsuta (Gerstaecker, 1869) + + Osmia (Apidae) (tribi): Elampini, Allocoeliini, Parnopini en Chrysidini Chrysura hybrida (Lepeletier, 1806) + + Osmia anthocopoides (Apidae) (CARPENTER 1999, KIMSEY & BOHART 1991). Chrysura radians (Harris, 16) + + Osmia, Megachile (Apidae) De taxonomie van goudwespen, voor zover relevant voor Chrysura trimaculata (Förster, 1853) + - Osmia aurulenta, O. bicolor (Apidae) Nederland, is tot en met de eerste helft van de vorige Hedychridium zelleri (Dahlbom, 1845) - + Miscophus (Crabronidae) eeuw samengevat door Benno (1950). Daarna volgde met de Holopyga chrysonota (Förster, 1853) - + Tachysphex (Crabronidae) publicaties van vooral Van Lith in de jaren 1950 en ‘60, Holopyga fervida (Fabricius, 181) + - in de grond nestelende Crabronidae gesteund door het werk van Linsenmaier, snel een nieuwe Parnopes grandior (Pallas, 11) - + Bembix (Crabronidae) periode die tot het eind van de jaren 1990 heeft geduurd. Inmiddels heeft onder anderen Niehuis het voortouw ge- nomen met een revisie van de goudwespen in Europa en aangrenzende gebieden. Zijn publicatie over het angustu- Tabel 2 la-aggregaat van de Chrysis ignita-groep (NIEHUIS 2000) is Biologie Goudwespensoorten die bekend overzichtelijk en voorzien van duidelijke determinatieken- Goudwespen leven parasitair. Je ziet ze vaak in de zon op zijn uit België (b) en/of aan- merken. boomstammen, weipalen, bladeren van struikgewas, leem- grenzende delen van Duitsland In dit boek wordt een nieuw overzicht gegeven van de stand wanden, zandpaden, stuifzand, rieten daken en muren, (Nordrhein-Westfalen en van zaken in Nederland. Veel recent materiaal werd gede- waar ze zoeken naar de nesten van hun gastheren. Soms is Niedersachsen) (d), maar die termineerd met de tabellen in Kunz (1994), die een brede dat één bepaalde soort, soms parasiteren ze op verschillende nog niet in Nederland soortopvatting hanteerde. Nu veel van de soorten onder- soorten. Ze dringen het nest binnen en zetten een ei af. De gevonden zijn. scheiden of gesynonimiseerd door Kunz, toch uit verschil- meeste goudwespen leggen per broedcel één ei, maar bij lende soorten blijken te bestaan, zal een groot deel van het sommige soorten zijn zowel één als meerdere eieren per materiaal opnieuw bekeken moeten worden. broedcel aan getroffen. Door de voortdurend veranderende inzichten in de taxo- De Nederlandse soorten van de subfamilie Cleptinae para- nomie zijn de gegevens in het huidige databestand van eis- si teren op larven van bladwespen (Hymenoptera: Symp- Nederland voor enkele taxa onbetrouwbaar: we weten niet hyta). De Nederlandse soorten van de subfamilie Chrysi- in alle gevallen op welke soorten de gegevens betrekking dinae parasiteren op larven van bijen en angeldragende hebben. Daarom hebben we er bij enkele taxa voor gekozen wespen. Uitheemse Chrysidinae van het genus Praestochrysis om een ‘brede’ opvatting te hanteren, waarbij de gegevens parasiteren op prepupae van microlepidoptera en de subfa- van enkele variëteiten (die door andere auteurs soms als milies Amiseginae en Loboscellidiinae parasiteren op eie- soorten of ondersoorten worden beschouwd) samen zijn ren van wandelende takken. Sommige andere uitheemse genomen. Dit is het geval bij Chrysis bicolor, C. mediata, goudwespen parasiteren op wantsen. He dy chridium roseum en H. nobile, maar vooral bij C. ignita. De meeste goudwespen parasiteren op de larvestadia van Alleen een nieuwe bewerking van het collectiemateriaal kan hun gastheer. Daarbij zijn twee strategieën te onderschei- meer duidelijkheid brengen in het voorkomen van deze taxa den. De meest primitieve strategie is die van de soorten in Nederland. waarvan de larve wacht met haar ontwikkeling tot de gast- Peeters et al. 2004. In: Nederlandse Fauna 6: 171-200 11 DE WESPEN EN MIEREN VAN NEDERLAND heerlarve nagenoeg volgroeid is. Vervolgens zuigt de goud- en Tenthredinidae. Ze hebben vier of vijf licht gepantser- wesplarve deze leeg. Bij andere goudwespen consumeert de de achterlijfssegmenten. Vertegenwoordigers van de groot- larve eerst het ei of de larve van de gastheer en daarna de ste groep daarentegen, de Chrysidinae, hebben meestal drie nestinhoud (bijvoorbeeld insecten, spinnen, stuifmeel). (soms vier) goed gepantserde achterlijfssegmenten met een De goudwesplarve is in staat om de ontwikkelingssnelheid platte of holle buik. Ze zijn in staat zich bij gevaar op te af te stemmen op die van de gastheer. Dit blijkt uit waar- rollen als bescherming tegen aanvallers (KIMSEY 1992). Ze leg- nemingen van dezelfde goudwespsoort, die bij de ene gast- gen hun eieren in de nesten van gastheren die in staat zijn heer als larve en bij de andere gastheer als volwassen dier zich met angel en kaken te verdedigen, zoals graafwespen, overwinterde (BRECHTEL 1986, KROMBEIN 1967B). Overigens zijn solitaire plooivleugelwespen (Eumeninae en Masarinae) en wereldwijd nog slechts van een twintigtal soorten de larven bijen (Halictinae, Apinae en Megachilinae). goed beschreven (TORMOS ET AL. 1997, 2001). Er valt nog veel te ontdekken over de biologie van de Neder- De morfologie en het gedrag van goudwespen hebben een landse goudwespen. In het buitenland zijn al verschillende Tabel 3 sterke relatie met de gastheer (gastheren). Tot de Cleptinae verrassende ontdekkingen gedaan (zie kader). Determinatieliteratuur voor behoren de meest primitieve goudwespen, die parasiteren goudwespen in Nederland. op de larven van bladwespen van de families Diprionidae Determinatie Voor het op naam brengen van de genera kan gebruik ge- maakt worden van de tabel in hoofdstuk 3 of van de genera- Genus Determinatieliteratuur tabel in Kimsey en Bohart (1991), tot op heden de enige studie met een wereldwijde bewerking van de hogere Chrysis Kunz 1994, Linsenmaier 199a, Morgan 1984, goudwespentaxa. aangevuld met Niehuis 1998b, 2000 Voor het op naam brengen van de soorten zullen we ons Chrysura Kunz 1994, Linsenmaier 199a voorlopig moeten behelpen met de determinatietabellen Cleptes Móczár 199, 1998, 2001 van Morgan (1984), Kunz (1994) en Linsenmaier (1997A). Deze Elampus Móczár 1964 tabellen zijn ondanks de verschillende indeling en dus Hedychridium Kunz 1994, Linsenmaier 199a, aangevuld met naamgeving en het ontbreken van soorten, te gebruiken Schmid-Egger 1995a voor het determineren van het merdendeel van de soor- Hedychrum Linsenmaier 199a, Verhoeff 1950 ten. Tabel 3 geeft per genus de best bruikbare Holopyga Kunz 1994, Linsenmaier 199a, aangevuld met soorttabel(len) aan. Niehuis 1998c Voor degenen die alleen Nederlandse literatuur lezen is er tot Omalus Peters 1966, Kunz 1994, Linsenmaier 199a op heden slechts een onvolledig pakket met de verouderde Philoctetes Peters 1966, Kunz 1994, Linsenmaier 199a tabel van Benno (1950) plus de aanvullingen door Verhoeff Pseudomalus Peters 1966, Kunz 1994, Linsenmaier 199a (1950), Van Lith (1950, 1953A, 1954, 1955C, 1960) en Lefeber (1981, 1986A, Pseudospinolia Kunz 1994, Linsenmaier 199a B). Spinolia Kunz 1994 Het vaststellen van de soort blijft ook met deze tabellen Trichrysis Kunz
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