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Nazi Juggernaut in the Basque Country and Catalonia Conference Papers Series No NAZI JUGGERNAUT in th A UE COUNTRY e B S�d CATALONIA NAZI JUGGERN AUT 6 00 X 9.00 .997 22.9mm x 152mm 25.32mm Content Type.. Blac k& White Paper Type: Creme Page Count: 44� F ile Type .· /�i Request , o �§fs55524 Pe rfec t Bound Cover Template �IllLightni �g V Source Docum 15" X 12" ent Size: 305 x 381 mm Nazi Juggernaut in the Basque Country and Catalonia Conference Papers Series No. 14 Nazi Juggernaut in the Basque Country and Catalonia Edited by Xabier Irujo and Queralt Solé Center■ for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno 2018 Tis book was published with generous fnancial support from the Basque Government. Nazi Juggernaut in the Basque Country and Catalonia Conference Papers Series No. 14 Series editor: Sandra Ott Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno 1664 North Virginia St. Reno NV 89577-2322 USA http://basque.unr.edu Editors: Xabier Irujo and Queralt Solé Copyright © 2018 by the Center for Basque Studies and the University of Nevada, Reno All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Irujo Ametzaga, Xabier, editor. | Sole, Queralt, editor. Title: Nazi Juggernaut in the Basque Country and Catalonia / Editors, Xabier Irujo, Queralt Sole. Description: Reno : Center for Basque Studies Press, [2019] | Series: Basque government conference papers series ; no. 14 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2019001083 | ISBN 9781949805055 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 1949805050 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Nazis--Spain--History--20th century. | País Vasco --History--20th century. | Catalonia--History--20th century. | Germany--Relations--Spain. | Spain--Relations--Germany. Classifcation: LCC DP302.B53 N39 2019 | DDC 946.081/343--dc23 CONTENTS Introduction . 9 Xabier Irujo and Hliari Raguer i Sunyer 1- Terror Bombing Campaign in Euskal Herria . 35 Xabier Irujo 2- Himmler’s Shadows over Euskal Herria . 61 Ingo Niebel 3- Te Basque Children and the Bombing of Gernika: An Event that Shaped their Lives . 89 Susana Sabín-Fernández 4- Te German Occupation of the Northern Basque Country (1940–1944) . 113 Sandra Ott 5- Myrmidon and Atlantikwall, or the Military Importance of Iparralde . 135 Ingo Niebel 6- Anti-Semitic Practices in the Service of Nazi Genocidal Plans in the Basque Country . 155 Mixel Esteban 7- Te Basque Intelligence Services in the Americas . 181 Iaki Goiogana 8- Basques in the Liberation of Europe: Te Gernika Battalion . 217 Iaki Fernandez 9- Te Nazis, a Contested Site of Memory in Twenty-First-Century Basque Fiction . 239 Mari Jose Olaziregi 10- Jon Mirande and the Ideological Question of National Socialism . 249 Aurélie Arcocha-Scarcia 11- Aerial Assault on Catalonia: Nazi and Fascist Terror Bombings . 281 Joan Villarroya 12- Te Port of Barcelona as a Military Target in the Spanish Civil War . 305 Oriol Dueas Iturbe 13- Te Wounded City: Te Traces of the Nazi and Fascist Aerial Bombing of Barcelona . 329 Laia Gallego Vila and Queralt Solé 14- Te Vatican Archives and the Civil War . 363 Hilari Raguer i Suer 15- Catalunya del Nord under the Vichy Regime (1940–1944). 395 Daniel Roig i Sanz 16- Te Catalan (and Spanish) Republicans under Nazism . 417 Antoni Segura i Mas 17- Te Long Shadow of Nazism in Catalonia (1933–1947). 443 J.M. Solé i Sabaté Index . 469 Introduction Xabier Irujo and Hilari Raguer i Sunyer During the morning of July 17, there was a revolt by ofcials in the garrison of the Spanish army in Melilla. Immediately thereafter, there was a military revolt by military units in Ceuta and Tetouan, which was at the time the capital of the Protectorate of Morocco. With that, war was declared on the legitimate government of the Spanish Republic in which the Italian and German regimes would be involved. Following the death of General José Sanjurjo in a plane crash, leadership of the military revolt soon passed over to Generals Emilio Mola (in charge of the army in the north) and Francisco Franco (in charge of the army in the south, with forces stationed mainly in the Spanish colony of Morocco). Franco needed to transport his troops from Africa to the Iberian Peninsula across the Strait of Gibraltar. He could not transport his units by ship because most of the Spanish navy had remained loyal to the republican government, so that his only option was to transport the contingent of nearly thirty thousand men by plane. But Franco did not have any planes, so just four days after the coup d’état, the rebel leader contacted the German ambassador to ask for planes and military assistance for the rebels. Te request was not well received by the German ministry for foreign afairs but Adolph P. Langenheim and Johannes Bernhardt, members of the Auslands-Organisation der NSDAP (Foreign Organization of the National Socialist German Workers Party), a Nazi party cell in Morocco, ofered to take General Franco’s request for military aid to the German government. Langenheim and Bernhardt contacted their direct superior, Ernst W. Bohle, in charge of international relations for the Nazi party, who, ignoring the position of the ministry for foreign 10 | NAZI JUGGERNAUT IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY AND CATALONIA afairs, headed by Konstantin von Neurath, contacted Rudolf Hess, Hitler’s representative in the Nazi party, and he organized a meeting between Franco’s delegate and Hitler. Tese events were hurried and took place without much planning. On July 22, Franco ordered Captain Francisco Arranz to fy from Tetouan to Berlin to negotiate the sending of Junker Ju52 transport planes with Hitler, but when Arranz arrived in Berlin on July 25, Hitler was not there. Te Fhrer was in Bayreuth, attending a performance of Wagner’s opera Siegfried, directed by Wilhelm Furtwängler at the Villa Wahnfried. Te third act of Siegfried represents the heroine Brnnhilde enclosed in a magic ring of fre by Wotan (Odin), from which she can only escape by receiving a kiss from a hero. Tere is only one requirement, namely that this hero should not be a coward; only a man who knows no fear can break the magic ring of fre and awaken and marry the heroine. Siegfried reaches the place and plays his horn loudly, thereby breaking the spell that had kept the ring of fre, within which Brnnhilde is enclosed, going. Siegfried kisses Brnnhilde, who wakes up from a sleep that has kept her prisoner for seventeen years. Arranz’s request reached Hitler at 10:00 pm, following the performance, and the idea moved Hitler so much that he excitedly accepted the idea of aiding the rebels, even against the opinion of the ministry for foreign afairs, a large number of Reich ministers, and most high-raking ofcials of state. Germany would be Spain’s Siegfried and Spain would be Germany’s Brnnhilde. And the contract, negotiated in record time, was termed Operation Feuerzauber (Operation Magic Fire, recalling Wagner’s magic ring of fre). Hermann Gring ordered Lieutenant General Helmuth Wilberg, at the time the head of the Luftwafe War Academy in Berlin, to take charge of creating and organizing an aerial unit for Franco titled Special Staf W (for Wilberg), which he did in two days. On July 27, ten days after the military uprising in Morocco, six Heinkel He51 fghter planes and eighty-six men (pilots and mechanics) were dispatched on the steamship Usaramo, which set sail from Hamburg on July 27 and arrived in Cadiz on August 5, 1936. Te ground staf serving the aircraft was recruited from among the personnel at the Dberitz air base. Together with the six Heinkel He51s, led by Colonel Von Scheele, twenty Junker Ju52s were also sent that landed in Tetouan on July 28, 1936. Tese initial Junker bombers and their crew members were under the control INTRODUCTION | 11 of Lieutenant Rudolf von Moreau, who some months later would take part in the bombing of Gernika. Germany was now participating in the war in support of the rebels and Mussolini had, likewise, ordered the sending of troops and arms to the insurgents. However, there was never any ofcial declaration of war against the Republic by either of the two regimes. Quite the contrary, because both subscribed, alongside twenty-seven European governments, to the Non-Intervention Pact of August 1936, by which these countries would remain neutral in the confict and would not send troops or arms to either side in the war. And that war was baptized emphatically by the Non-Intervention Committee as a “Spanish Civil War” and for three years European governments contended that neither Germany nor Italy were sending troops in favor of the insurgents. Tese events drove the British journalist Claud Cockburn to outline his famous phrase: “Believe nothing until it has been ofcially denied.” Te reaction of most Basque and Catalan political parties was likewise immediate. On the morning of July 19, Manuel Irujo and Josemari Lasarte announced on the radio that the Basque Nationalist Party opposed the military coup led by the rebel soldiers. Tey likewise announced that their support for the legitimate government of the Spanish Republic did not mean that they would abandon their political principles, that is, their aspiration to create an independent Basque republic. Te Catalan political forces behaved in a similar way and, after the formation of the Basque government in October 1936, both the Catalan and Basque governments, led by Presidents Lluís Companys and Jose A. Agirre respectively, confronted the insurgents politically and militarily. By virtue of the limitations imposed by the Non-Intervention Committee, the military unit sent by the German regime was named the Condor Legion. In line with the needs and ideas of Hermann Gring, at that time minister of aviation in Nazi Germany, thus unit was made up almost entirely of Luftwafe units and by April 1937 the German government had sent a total of 157 machines to Franco: ffty-one bombers, ffty-seven fghter planes, thirty-nine reconnaissance planes, nine seaplanes, and a transport plane.
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