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Il Paesaggio Della Gronda Della Laguna Nord UNIVERSITÀ FACOLTÀ DI LETTERE E FILOSOFIA CA’ FOSCARI CORSO DI LAUREA IN STORIA D IPARTIMENTO DI S TUDI S TORICI DI VENEZIA Tesi di laurea Il paesaggio della Gronda della laguna Nord I A mia madre II Desidero ringraziare in particolar modo due persone, che trasmettendomi conoscenza e virtù, hanno contribuito generosamente alla realizzazione di questo mio lavoro: la Prof.ssa Francesca De Meo ed il conte Claudio Marcello. Ringrazio i miei genitori , per non avermi mai fatto mancare i libri e coloro che hanno creduto in me in questi anni, trasmettendomi principi e valori, oltre che a mere nozioni. III Figura 1 © Giorgio Mondadori Periodici S. p. A. 1990 - Tutti i diritti riservati Rio Maggiore a Torcello. Sullo sfondo il ponte del Diavolo senza parapetti, esempio superstite del passato e la cattedrale Santa Maria Assunta, il più antico monumento veneziano. Dall’immagine traspaiono le atmosfere metafisiche del tempo, di questo particolare mondo anfibio, dominato dalla vita dei campi e dalla pesca. Fot. tratta da “Isole di Venezia”, supplemento a “Bell’Italia. Alla scoperta del paese più bello del mondo”, 53, (settembre 1990), p. 106. IV INDICE INTRODUZIONE …………………………………………………………………....1 I. IL TERRITORIO…………………………………………………………………..6 • I.1 Aspetti generali……. …………………………………………………...6 • I.2 Confini naturali e amministrativi della Gronda della laguna nord……...10 • I.3 Idrografia……………………………………………………………......20 • I.4 Piano regolatore generale……………………………………………….25 II. TRASFORMAZIONI TERRITORIALI...................................................................37 • II.1 Trasformazioni territoriali……………………………………………...37 • II.2 Foto aeree ………………………………..…………..………………...49 • II.3 Immagini satellitari ………………………………..…………………..58 • II.4 Cartografia ……………………………….……………………………62 • II.5 Paesaggio agricolo delle cintura periurbana e paesaggio di bonifica …73 • II.6 I Casoni e le valli da pesca……………………………………………..97 • II.7 Economia della Gronda lagunare……………………………………..107 • II.8 La Gronda lagunare ‘addomesticata’ al Parco di San Giuliano………118 III. LA VALLE DI MARCELLO..............................................................................139 • III.1 La Valle di Marcello............................................................................139 • III.2 La Via Annia………………………………………………………...155 IV. IL PAESAGGIO NELLA SCIENZA E NELL’ARTE...............................................161 • IV.1 Il paesaggio e le politiche per il paesaggio….……………………….161 • IV.2 Il paesaggio attraverso l’arte pittorica……………………………….166 • IV.3 Il paesaggio della Gronda lagunare nell’arte pittorica........................187 V CONCLUSIONI …………………………………………………………………..229 APPENDICE……………………………………………………………………...244 • A.1 Porto Marghera……………………………………………………….244 • A.2 Mestre………………………………………………………………...253 • A.3 La fotografia di paesaggio……………………………………………262 • A.4 Tavole del paesaggio nell’arte pittorica………………………………275 BIBLIOGRAFIA…….…………………………………………………………….300 INDICE DELLE FONTI E DEI PERIODICI …………………………………………305 SITOGRAFIA……….…………………………………………………………….308 VI INTRODUZIONE Opponesi elemento ad elemento 1 è l’espressione particolarmente incisiva per illustrare i caratteri della laguna e della sua Gronda. Figura 2 Antiporta. B. TREVISAN, Trattato della laguna di Venezia, edito nel 1715. Un territorio complesso, dai limiti poco definibili, a lungo non considerato. In esso, proprio per la sua posizione di margine si sono realizzate macro e 1 Così Bernardo Trevisan nel 1718, descrive la natura della laguna, luogo umido costiero, sottoposta all'azione di forze diverse. La complessità e l’organicità del sistema naturale fiumi-mare-laguna, e i delicati equilibri sono noti sin dal passato: << Tutta la regione abbonda di fiumi e di paludi, soprattutto la terra dei Veneti; a ciò si aggiungono i flussi e i riflussi del mare (alte e basse maree) come nell’Oceano, per cui la maggior parte della pianura è piena di laguna. >> STRABONE, Geografia, capp. 4-12 del V libro; tale consapevolezza risulta anche indirettamente dalla lettera di Cassiodoro, il ministro romano di re Teodorico, inviata ai “tribuni dei marittimi” allo scopo di ottenere assistenza per il trasporto di derrate alimentari dall’Istria, durante gli anni 535-537, quando riferendosi alle case della popolazione stabile lagunare le descrive come << uccelli acquatici, ora sul mare, ora sulla terra. >>. CASSIODORO, Epistulae Variae, XII,24 (ripr. in R. CESSI, Documenti relativi alla storia di Venezia anteriori al Mille, Padova 1942, I,2) 1 microstrutture e infrastrutture; quest’area di transizione tra terra e acqua 2 è rientrata, negli anni recenti, nei piani paesistici che riconoscono al paesaggio grande valenza culturale e ambientale. Le motivazioni culturali che mi hanno spinto a prendere in esame il territorio della Gronda, sono state l’intensa banalizzazione e marginalizzazione che hanno contraddistinto queste aree, con la conseguenza di negare spesso alla natura e all’uomo, un rapporto diretto tra laguna e terraferma, attraverso un irrigidimento della Gronda, con la presenza di macroinfrastrutture (casse di colmata, aeroporto Marco Polo, Porto Marghera, discariche) e microinfrastrutture marginalizzanti (ad esempio occupazioni abusive con arginature fisse e privatizzazioni di specchi d’acqua lagunari e la loro esclusione dal moto naturale delle maree 3) . Questo irrigidimento della Gronda lagunare, ha comportato quindi una generica cementificazione e antropizzazione del territorio, intaccando le aree umide, fondamentali aree di transizione tra terra e acqua, già praticamente scomparse per le azioni della bonifica, che ha coinvolto questi territori nel corso della prima metà 4 del XX sec. 2 Nella dichiarazione introduttiva alla Convenzione di Ramsar del 1971 così si legge: << Le parti contraenti, riconoscendo l'interdipendenza tra l'uomo ed il suo ambiente, considerando le funzioni ecologiche fondamentali delle zone umide come regolatori del regime delle acque e come habitat di una flora e di una fauna caratteristiche e, in particolare di uccelli acquatici; convinti che le zone umide costituiscono una risorsa di grande valore economico, culturale, scientifico e ricreativo, la cui perdita sarebbe irreparabile; desiderando arrestare ora e per l'avvenire la progressiva invasione da parte dell'uomo e la scomparsa delle zone umide; riconoscendo che gli uccelli acquatici, nel periodo delle migrazioni stagionali, possono attraversare le frontiere così da dover essere considerati come risorsa internazionale; essendo persuasi che la tutela delle zone umide, della loro flora e fauna può essere assicurata mediante l'unione di una politica nazionale lungimirante con una azione internazionale coordinata >>. La Convenzione di Ramsar nacque dall'esigenza di invertire il processo di trasformazione e distruzione delle Zone Umide, ambienti di transizione con funzioni “tampone” tra terra e mare, che sono gli ambienti primari per la vita degli uccelli acquatici, che devono percorrere particolari rotte migratorie attraverso diversi Stati e Continenti per raggiungere ad ogni stagione i differenti siti di nidificazione, sosta e svernamento. 3 << Il risultato ovvio fu una riduzione della salubrità originaria della Laguna a seguito di una forte contrazione della superficie interessata dal ricambio delle maree e l’esclusione sistematica della attività di pesca locali, riservando questi spazi privatizzati al fruttuoso commercio della caccia in botte, più recentemente all’itticoltura e, all’inizio del secolo scorso, in alcune aree, persino alla bonifica idraulica e alla destinazione produttiva agricola dei terreni di risulta […]E c’è anche la tristezza e la rabbia della gente comune per la perdita progressiva degli spazi liberi, collettivi, degli itinerari della memoria storica di interi paesi che, come Campagna Lupia, pur piantati sul terreno asciutto, vivono del respiro della Laguna. >> E. DA VILLA, Assessore alle Politiche Ambientali della Provincia di Venezia, Laguna e diritto: difesa di un grande patrimonio naturale, in Le valli della laguna di Venezia. Da pubblico demanio e privato dominio?, a cura di E. LONGHIN (http://politicheambientali.provincia.venezia.it/pubblicazioni/pubbli html) 4 Gran parte delle zone umide italiane sono scomparse tra l’800 ed il ‘900 (in Italia si stima una perdita delle zone umide pari al 66 % di quelle totali tra il 1938 e il 1984. Fonte I.S.T.A.T. e I.S.M.E.A 1992). Dalle bonifiche delle zone umide ferraresi, alle paludi pontine, al grande Lago del Fucino, la bonifica di queste 2 La laguna di Venezia è con i suoi 55.000 ettari, una delle aree umide naturali più importanti del Mediterraneo e dell’intero continente europeo, soprattutto per la conservazione degli uccelli acquatici, tuttavia non è ancora presente nell’elenco dei siti tutelati dalla convenzione di Ramsar 5. Manca inoltre, una adeguata letteratura dedicata allo studio di questi territori di confine. 6 Questa notazione porta a sottolineare l’importanza di una schedatura dei paesaggi, tra cui pertanto anche quello della Gronda, così come sollecitava Eugenio Turri 7, insistendo su una loro annessione culturale 8. I punti critici e le difficoltà di studi come questi, sono sicuramente quelle di affrontare organicamente problematiche multidisciplinari, che richiedono molteplici competenze, in grado di far cogliere le interconnessioni tra i vari paesaggi, oltre ad una necessaria visione olistica 9. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro, è “zone malsane” rappresentava un’opera certamente onerosa ma richiesta per favorire lo sviluppo di molte zone depresse. 5 Nella Laguna di
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