UN Photo 2 IMPACTS ON POVERTY AND INEQUALITY CHAPTER TWO IMPACTS ON POVERTY AND INEQUALITY

The extent of disaster damage is closely connected with poverty. The poorest communities tend to live in places and conditions that expose them to natural hazards so are least able to withstand disaster impacts. At the same time, disasters destroy many of their already meagre assets, increasing inequality and trapping people in poverty that can be transmitted from one generation to the next. As expressed in the Sustainable Development Goals, reducing disaster risk and reducing poverty and inequality are part of the same process.

The first Sustainable Development Goal has population live close to the poverty line, on the ambitious aim of ending poverty entirely less than $3.10 per day. – in all its forms, everywhere. The Asia-Pacific Moreover, poverty reduction has been uneven region has already made remarkable progress in across countries (Figure 2-1). Much of the reducing poverty. Between 2000 and 2013, the success has been in China while progress has proportion of people living under the $1.90 per been slower elsewhere. In South and South- day poverty line fell from 29.7 to 10.3 per cent.1 West Asia, between 2000 and 2013, the poverty One billion people exited extreme poverty. rate fell from 34.2 to 17.3 per cent, but this Nevertheless, 400 million people still live still left 325 million people living in extreme in extreme poverty – and 36 per cent of the poverty.2 Figure 2-1 Extreme poverty in Asia and the Pacific

Source: ESCAP statistical database (2017). Disclaimer: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

28 Deaths fromnaturalh Figure Note: High-income countries, 3.1billionpeople, middle-income0.4billion, income2.7billion. low-/lower-middle S Source: BasedonEM-DAT. disasters drive people also into poverty. disaster income and worst the the disasters There poverty Convergence ofdisastersand Deaths perdisastereventand100,000inhabitants,bycountryincomegroup,2000-2015 2-3 Figure ource: Based onEM-DAT. poorest impact the affected. 2-2 is deaths countries a Pacific, and

close people of poverty. disasters Between (Figure two-way the experienced have (Accessed 2017). on 4July (Accessed 2017) on 4July low- The 2-2). azards, bycountryincomegroup,2000–2015 less and 2000 connection poorest and 3 capacity At are and by the lower thus 2015, far nations same to often the between mitigate 4 56 middle- in time,

most Asia and the

29 number of deaths. countries higher toll countries times low in countries. the people disaster These the in average and number more the countries than died event: (Figure There middle-income lack poorest disaster Disaster ResilienceforSustainableDevelopment toll per these of on was the deaths in 2-3). also disaster countries average, data also the resources deaths In per lost Asia-Pacific DisasterReport2017 an region’s suggest, fact, 100,000 – countries upward than more more almost is the to probably high-income high-income actual since inhabitants: progression people record than 15 had many death times 8,000 even five per the

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While there are differences between rich and households are often unable to break out of the poor countries, the contrasts can be even more poverty cycle. In addition to hitting the poorest, striking within countries, where the people disasters can also cause the near poor – those more likely to be affected by disasters are the living on between $1.90 and $3.10 per day – poorest. As illustrated in Figure 2-4 for Nepal to fall into poverty. Figure 2-5 maps out the and Pakistan, mortality from disasters is higher countries that have the highest concentrations in the poorer districts. of these vulnerable near poor.

Natural disasters hit poor people harder because Many post-disaster needs assessments have they live in vulnerable overexposed areas, have shown that disasters hit hardest at the poor lower-quality assets, and in rural areas are more and vulnerable – and can also become a tipping dependent on vulnerable agriculture and eco- point for those who are living at the cusp of systems; thus, they have less ability to cope and poverty (Figure 2-7). recover. In cities, poverty forces low-income households to occupy low-value land that may Nepal earthquake 2015 – Nine of the 14 severely be exposed to floods, landslides and other affected districts had human development hazards. Faced with recurring disasters, many index scores lower than the national average. Figure 2-4 Deaths from disasters and poverty, by province, Nepal and Pakistan, 2000-2015

Source: Humanitarian Data Exchange, DesInventar, UNISDR and poverty data based on Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics, 2011; UNDP District Maps: Incidence of poverty, 2014–2015. Disclaimer: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. 30 Vulnera 2-5 Figure Sindh andBaluchistan,Sindh thefloods pushedmany Pakistan, floods, 2011 cutting. mills, fishprocessing, saltproduction, and wood works, fishing, aswell asinsmall-scale rice in agriculture, jobsincommunity short-term asseasonal sectorsuch workin theinformal workers.and skilled The jobslost were largely and off-shore fishing, poor andthe landless communities inshore dependent on small-scale farmers, smallholder oftime–including period asubstantial for income-earning opportunities livelihoods, employment andincome. Many lost suffered extensive damage andlossof Myanmar, cyclone Nargis, 2008 lineintopoverty.poverty tothe 750,000-900,000 Nepalese livingclose is estimatedtohave pushedanadditional was asevere income shock. agriculture. The widespread lossoflivestock dependenton andheavily were rural mostly byand the ensuing landslides earthquakes andwestern regionscentral thatwere affected from Apart theKathmandu Valley, the final status of Jammu and Kashmir hasnot uponyet final status Jammuand been agreed by the of parties. United Nations. upon by agreed IndiaandPakistan. Dotted approximately inJammuandKashmir linerepresents Control theLineof The Disclaimer: andthedesignations used onthismapThe andnamesshown donotimplyacceptance officialendorsementor boundaries bythe statisticalSource: database ESCAP (2017). ble populations,livingbetween$1.90perdayand$3.10 – In the poor districts of – Inthepoordistricts 8

7 The earthquake – The poorest – The 31 on 8November 2013, effect. with devastating region ofthe Philippines hit thecentral Visayas Philippines, typhoon Haiyan, 2013 line asaresult. population couldhave slippedbelow the poverty needs threshold. belowand many thebasic ofthenearpoorfell less robust. deeper into poverty fell The poor household incomes are lower andhousingis areas across where rural average was primarily per centrespectively. cyclone The pathof the –at48and40 rates had thehighestpoverty Divisions andEastern which the Northern Fiji, cyclone Winston, 2016 line. poverty of thenearpoorcouldhave slippedbelow the ESCAP estimatesthataround million seven collateral. lacked they loansbecause to get new farmers, already underheavydebt, were unable degradation, reducing crop productivity. Small and The floodsincreased landsalinity land-less, thefloodsincreased unemployment. workerswhere are ahigherproportion ofrural households deeperintopoverty. 11 Disaster ResilienceforSustainableDevelopment 13

12 Around 14percentofthe Asia-Pacific DisasterReport2017 –Hardest hitwere – typhoon The 9 InSindh, 10

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Figure 2-6 Estimated percentage of people falling into poverty from selected disasters

Source: ESCAP Statistical database and country post-disaster damage assessments .

Between 6,000 and 8,000 people were killed Poorer households have greater losses in well- and some 4 million were left homeless, in an being because they have fewer assets (which area that was already suffering high levels of are worth more to them), their consumption is poverty – 40 per cent of those living in the areas closer to subsistence levels, they cannot rely on savings to smooth disaster impacts, and their affected by Haiyan lived below the poverty line 21 before the typhoon struck.14 Around three mil- health and education are at greater risk. Poor lion people living close to the poverty line could house-holds have less ‘socioeconomic resilience’ 15 and are thus less able to minimize the impact of have been pushed into poverty. well-being losses. This resilience decreases with income.22 In Bangladesh, for example, during Vanuatu, cyclone Pam, 2015 – Tropical cyclone and after floods, poorer households have less Pam disproportionately impacted vulnerable food available, reduce their meals and rely on less populations, including the poor. Poverty and expensive food, and sell their assets at a much unemployment in Vanuatu are expected to higher rate than their wealthier counterparts worsen.16 These groups are at risk of sliding into (Figure 2-8).23 poverty or deeper poverty, and given their dis- advantages and scant access to resources, they Nutrition – In rural eastern India, in Odisha¸ for are unlikely to recover their former standards example, the prevalence of wasting and under- of living.17 ESCAP estimates that around 4,000 weight were significantly higher in repeatedly flooded areas than in non-flooded areas (Figure people could have slipped below the poverty 24 threshold as a result.18 2-9). Similarly in Nepal, poverty and child stunting have been strongly associated with Well-being losses to the poor floods.25

In absolute terms, the rich may lose more Education – Under pressure of poverty, families because they have more to lose. What matters hit by disasters may take their children out of more, however, is the proportion of income or school. In Pakistan, for example, there was a assets lost. The same absolute loss will matter significant drop in school enrolment with each more to a poor household than a rich one and progressive disaster – 2005 earthquake, and widen the disparities (Figure 2-7). 2010 floods (Figure 2-10).

32 Source: Paul S.K. (2010). (64 Taka =$1, approximate average exchange rate 2005). for during andafterflo Household income level and food availability, changes in eating behaviour, and selling of assets 2-8 Figure 3:Bangladesh Rabbani, Rahman, andMainuddin2013; Mumbai: Patankar 2016 andParwardhan Note: Data generated by World 1: Bangladesh sources- three del Ninno et.al 2001; 2: Bank Bangladesh from et.al. Brouwer 2007; Source: World Bank(2016). Percentage ofassetorincomelossbythepoorandnon-poorinfloods 2-7 Figure Child wastingandunderweightinJagatsinghpur district,Odisha,India 2-9 Figure Source: JM(2016). Rodriguez-Llanes ods, Bangladesh 33 Disaster ResilienceforSustainableDevelopment 19 20 Asia-Pacific DisasterReport2017

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Figure 2-10 Pakistan primary school enrolment drops following disaster

Source: ESCAP statistical database (2017). In Sri Lanka in late 2016 and early 2017, due damage, particularly for the poor, is often to a severe drought an average of 15 per cent of greater for ‘extensive’ disasters such as droughts, affected households had to reduce expenditures persistent flooding, and small or medium-sized on education for their children to cope with in- storms that deliver low-intensity but recurrent come losses from floods; in Mannar district the shocks. Sectors such as agriculture, health proportion was 44 per cent and in Vavuniya it and education are the hardest hit by extensive was 39 per cent. 26 disasters (Figure 2-11, Figure 2-12). Data from 18 countries in Asia and the Pacific show that Extensive disasters while mortality rates and housing damage are higher for intensive disasters; extensive disasters ‘Intensive’ disasters like earthquakes and make up a higher proportion of the damage in cyclones receive the most attention because productive and social sectors. 28 they cause immediately visible damage to public assets – such as schools, health facilities While intensive disasters attract donor and other infrastructure.27 But the cumulative attention, extensive disasters are underreported Figure 2-11 Distribution of damage between extensive and intensive disasters, 18 Asia-Pacific countries, 2000–2013

Source: DesInventar database (2017). Note: Intensive disasters are those causing more than 30 deaths and destroying more than 600 houses.

34 2000-2012 Damage to agriculture, health, and education from extensive and intensive disasters, Indonesia 2-12 Figure losses. stress, andincome productivity adding toserious psychological to diseaseandimposedenormous increased of housing and food a lack exposure drought. common extensive disasters–flooding and linked withdamage from two ofthemost inNepal, Similarly isclosely absolutepoverty widening inequalities. and intergenerational transmission ofpoverty tomalnutrition,households –andcontributing damage the livelihoods undermining of farming tooverflowriver ofcropresulting inhighlevels banks ofthe Tonle lakeandthe Mekong Sap cause the floods whenheavymonsoonrains Cambodia, example, for recurrent experiences of pests anddiseases. patterns new insecurity, face crop failure, lossoflivestock, and systems, are which already tofood vulnerable worst hitsincetheiragriculture-based livelihood not considered adisaster. The poorest are the was the storm because not forthcoming often is but government support grains harvested poor household’s roof can, example, for ruin and neglected. damage storm toa Severe the United Nations. Disclaimer: andthedesignations usedonthismapThe andnamesshown acceptance donotimply officialendorsementor boundaries by 32 Poorer work women at home so often 31 Disruption of normal education and education ofnormal Disruption 30

29 35 for escaping poverty. escaping for employment prospects andtheiropportunities in turn, their healthand affects reduces their from them tobewithdrawn causes school. This, prospects ifitreduces or ofnutrition theirlevels children’s their alsoaffect will and well-being less abletocopewithsubsequentshocks. This are inpoverty, tobetrapped more likely and ofdisasters Households thatloseassetsbecause 2-14.transmission are in Figure indicated Potential intergenerational for pathways lead tochronic, persistent malnutrition. example, years, last for can a decade, even and insidious.are particularly Droughts, for 2-13). health(Figure child Extensive disasters insecurity,food and eroding both parental and the assetsandresources ofthepoor, increasing be sustainedby disastersthatdepleteordestroy one generation tothenext. Poverty, likewealth, from transmitted isoften Intergenerational transmission livelihoods andwell-being. theirassets, affect housing lossessimultaneously Disaster ResilienceforSustainableDevelopment Asia-Pacific DisasterReport2017 33 34 This process will

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Figure 2-13 Intergenerational poverty: a conceptual map

Disasters widen inequality floods and land-slides (Figure 2-16). Because of the opportunities for trade, many of these Disasters cause disproportionately greater losses cities have developed from ports, and these to poorer countries and people. More frequent infrastructure links make coastal areas attractive and severe disasters will thus exacerbate even today for new economic zones (Figure 2-17). inequalities. A common measure of inequality is the Gini index which ranges from 0 to 1, Many cities are located in the areas where where 1 represents complete inequality. An multi-hazard risks are growing rapidly. In the analysis for 86 countries globally from 1965 Asia-Pacific region by 2015-2030 it is estimated to 2004 found that a natural disaster increased that the population in the ‘extreme-risk’ areas, the Gini coefficient by 0.01 in the next year. is expected to grow more than 50 per cent in Analysis by ESCAP among 19 countries in Asia 26 cities, and by 35 to 50 per cent in 72 cities. and the Pacific suggests a similar significant As a result, the number of city dwellers exposed relationship of 0.13, with disasters potentially to extreme and high risks is likely to increase widening existing inequalities (Figure 2-15) significantly, particularly in East and North- (See Appendix). East Asia, South and South-West Asia, and South-East Asia. Disasters are especially likely to widen inequalities in urban areas. The region’s cities Outside city limits, there are also risks in peri- already have striking disparities between rich urban areas. These are attractive for residents and poor, but disasters are likely to increase these because they have low land and rental rates, still further. Based on the UNEP/UNISDR but they also lack municipal building and multi-hazard risk index, 170 cities across Asia development regulations and, as a result, and the Pacific are located in areas of extreme often have unsafe buildings and inadequate risk, while 314 are in high-risk areas and 154 infrastructure. In practice, they usually operate are in medium-risk areas. This risk emanates as extensions of cities, whose services are still from tropical cyclones/typhoons, earthquakes, called upon to respond to emergencies. These

36 the United Nations. Disclaimer: andthedesignationsusedonthismapThe andnamesshown donotimplyacceptance officialendorsementor boundaries by http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/ Urban Expansion of Available from Atlas and urban extent data from flood regular http://www.icem.com.au/documents/MapCatalogue.pdf,from ICEMfor levels.Available adaptedSource: from ESCAP http://www.mekongcommons.org/stemming-rising-tide-flooding-local-lives-hcmc/August 2017) on23 (accessed 2 UN-Habitat, andCambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute LandPolicy, of 2016. 1 . MekongCommons, Stemming tide: therising Flooding andlocal lives inHCMC, 13March 2016. Availableat . Angeletal., Urban Expansion—2016 of Edition, Atlas Volume 1: andDensities, Areas New York: New York University, Nairobi: Urban Box 2-1 exposed were to regular floodingareas events andup by 2015, thisbuilt area has expandedof to aroundhectares 4,242 hectares. 578 only 1999, In metres). two than less of depth inundation as neighbourhoods continue to develop in low-lying areas that are prone to regular flooding (defined As the available space is limited to accommodate the rapidly growing urban population, residential level. sea above meters 1.5 than less of altitude an at areas, low-lying in is area city the of cent per 63 hectares in 8,430 1989 from to rate 22,015 rapid hectares a in 1999 at and increasing 99,391 been hectares has in Nam 2015. Viet of City Min Chi Ho of extent urban The 2 expansion andincreasedfloodriskinHoChiMinhCity,VietNam

Potential regularfloodingareasinnewsettlements Regular floodingareainnewurbansettlements 37 Disaster ResilienceforSustainableDevelopment 1 Currently, approximately Asia-Pacific DisasterReport2017

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Figure 2-14 Intergenerational transmission of poverty

Reference: Bird K. (2011) Moore K. (2004).

38 countries in Relationship betweennumberofdisasteroccurrencesandGinicoefficientin19selected 2-15 Figure Note: For explanation, further seeAppendix. Source: BasedonEM-DAT and World BankIndicators data. cities that have medium to extreme inequality people) 78percentoftheir inhabitantslive in the group ofninelarge cities(5to10 million extreme areas 2-18). disasterrisk (Figure For andarein located ofin-equality high levels inhabitants live incitiesthathave mediumor million ormore people)56percentoftheir cities. For thegroup ofninemegacities (10 of57Asia-Pacific byillustrated ananalysis inequalities. toexacerbate likely can be This areas areDisasters incitiesandperi-urban between 1989and2015(Box 2-1). to flood increased by more than 24times exposure tofloods. Asa result, the area exposed areas and withhigherrisk settle inperi-urban markets to pushedthepoorandvulnerable In HoChiMinhCity, example, for landand standards.rebuild tomeetplanningandsafety cities itisdifficulttocorrect or constructions subsumedinto areas areperi-urban formally floods, droughts andlandslides. of eroded heighten the risks or mismanaged can thatif services ecosystem provide critical zones areas between urban andrural transitional zones Asia andthePacific 35 Even when 39 to rapid migration.to rapid floatingpopulations due as theneedtosupport densities andmore structures, high-rise aswell areas by the complexities inlandtenure, high management ismade moreurban difficultin ofresourceslack will. andpolitical Disaster from. more andmuch harder destructive torecover tendtobe areas countries urban ofdeveloping countries,with thoseindeveloped disastersin governments are more familiar. And compared events most withwhich different fromrural the very anddisastersareUrban risks often Reducing disasterriskincities the population livingincitiesof0.5-1million. This numberincreases toabout60percentof coupled withextreme disasterrisks.inequality cent ofinhabitantslive incitiesthathave high cities37per In thegroup of23medium-sized and are from athighrisks in-equality disasters. populations,and vulnerable have of highlevels areas. large citiesthathave Butitisnotonly poor highdisasterrisk and are inextremely located 36 development,This is due to poor quality Disaster ResilienceforSustainableDevelopment Asia-Pacific DisasterReport2017

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Figure 2-16 Multi-hazard disaster risks of cities in Asia and the Pacific

Source: ESCAP based on urban data from UN-DESA (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, CD-ROM Edition; and multi-hazard risk index from UNEP/UNISDR (2013). Global Risk Data Platform. Available at http://preview.grid.unep.ch/ (Accessed on 7 August 2017). Disclaimer: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

Figure 2-17 Coastal cities and economic zones in China

Source: Based on “University of Texas Libraries” Disclaimer: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 40 Classification of population in medium-sized and small cities in Asia-Pacific according to inAsia-Pacific cities andsmall inmedium-sized disaster riskandinequality population of Classification 2-19 Figure Classification of population in mega and large cities in Asia-Pacific according to disaster risk and inequality disaster to according Asia-Pacific in cities large and mega in population of Classification 2-18 Figure Notes: Notes: UNEP andUNISDR, 2013. from multiple hazard for index risk Source: Notes: Notes: UNEP andUNISDR, 2013. from multiple hazard for Source:

13 cities of 0.5-1million,13 citiesof Total population =9.9million; than 500,000, 3citiessmaller Total population =1.3million. based cyclones, are on cumulated of Categories risk risk of earthquakes, floodsexpected andlandslides annuallosses unitarea].per The estimated risk index ranges from 1 (low) 1(low) from to 5(extreme). The estimated risk index ranges State of World from GiniIndex based oncity ESCAP Cities2010/2011, UN-DESA, population data 2014, from andestimated 9 Megacities 10 million or more, of Total population=140 million; 5-10 million, 9 Large cities of Total population=73 million; based cyclones, are oncumulated of Categories risk risk of earthquakes, floodsexpected andlandslides annuallosses unitarea].per 23 medium sized cities of 1-5million,23 mediumsizedcitiesof Total population =47million 1(low) from to 5(extreme). The estimated risk index ranges State of World from GiniIndex Based oncity Cities2010/2011,UN-DESA, population data2014, from andestimated index risk 41 Disaster ResilienceforSustainableDevelopment Asia-Pacific DisasterReport2017

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Box 2-2 Disasters and poverty in the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna basin

The Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna basin demonstrates an amalgamation of poverty, in-equality and vulnerability to disaster. This is one of the richest basins in the world in terms of the potential of its natural resources – hydropower generation, fisheries, forestry, irrigated agriculture, navigation, environmental amenities, tourism, minerals, oil and gas. Nevertheless, three of the basin countries are among the poorest nations in the world.45 Average GDP per capita in the basin is less than $2 per day. In India and Bangladesh, for example, national poverty rates are higher in the states and districts surrounding the Ganges basin than elsewhere in the country.46

The basin is perennially hit by hydro meteorological disasters. In the Indian state of Bihar, for example, there have been floods from the basin’s rivers every year since 1979 (with over 20 million people affected in 1987, 2004, and 2007.47 Around 35 million poor people in this area are exposed to flood risks.

Floods and poverty in the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna basin

Source: ESCAP based on Multidimensional poverty index, ESRI, GAR PI, ESRI base map admin boundaries, and Worldpop Disclaimer: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations; Dotted line (in grey) represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

Much emphasis is placed on floods that affect the basin’s rural poor, but it also has large urban areas with high levels of poverty and inequality and which are exposed to high flood risk. Protecting people in the basin will mean building disaster resilience into agriculture, irrigation, infrastructure, water resources management, and urban planning. Recent advances in weather forecasting, based on space applications, have enabled longer lead times of five to eight days for flood forecasts. However, these advances in science rarely reach the communities who live along these vast rivers.

Pro-poor development in the basin will also require solutions that cut across national boundaries. Countries can cooperate on data sharing, joint investments, benefit sharing, joint monitoring, and joint operations and management.

42 Source: UNISDR (2017). change mitigation andadaptation. climate as for reduction,community-based disaster risk as well risk, are butthey alsoemergingasleaders for Asia-Pacific citieshave millionsofpeopleat vulnerabilities.exposed such and Taiwan, Province ofChina, have clearly them. inIndia, Earthquakes Nepal, Indonesia, toenforce thecapacity lack governments often of buildingcodesandregulations, andcity designers may have apoorunderstanding or execute buildingdrawings, contractors and fail to understand workersConstruction often of theregion’s robust. citiesmay notbevery buildingsthat pierce high-rise the skylines many ofmodern buildings ofsuspectquality: Even the not-so-poor are living and working in populations. other segments of urban for risks poor, posedtotheurban risk there are alsoserious much discussion takesplace around the While buildings. high-rise compensation owned dwellers incommonly for populations,identify the affected and work out centres,to assessdamage over 40urban for of2015.earthquake hadThe Government evident,This was for example, the Nepal after Ten essentialsformakingcitiesresilien 2-20 Figure 37

t 43 example, sectorstakeholdergroup, isaprivate management.sector indisasterrisk ARISE, for to involve the private It is also important making citiesresilient 2-20). (Figure for UNISDR hasidentifiedtenessentials of HabitatIII. are efforts reflected in theNewUrban Agenda best practicesindisasterpreparedness. profiling, risk facilitates urban and disseminates reductionin disaster risk and management, Asia-Pacific cities. managers trains city This settlements, withover 35 hasadisastercluster themanagement for ofhuman authorities local CITYNET, example, for theregional network of information aboutfloodingin information real time. gathering,media for and displaying sorting – aswell asChennaiinIndia, tousesocial – Greater Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya isworkingwhich withthree citiesinIndonesia Another exampleisMIT’s UrbanRiskLab disaster-resilientrealize societies. working iscurrently which withUNISDRto andactiveheadquartered in38countries in150, with over 140companies andorganizations, Disaster ResilienceforSustainableDevelopment 39

Asia-Pacific DisasterReport2017 41

40

38 These 42 The

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disaster mapping platform for Indonesia, www. Reducing poverty, inequality and petabencana.id, is based on Google maps and disaster risks – together easily customizable for any city in the world. It uses a simple phone app through which people Building resilience of the poor and vulnerable can log incident reports that then get collated to means ensuring that they have the wherewithal generate decision support data as well as useful and coping capacity to survive and bounce back public information. A similar platform is being from disasters. This will require multi-faceted piloted in India. interventions to enhance their capacity ‘to resist, to absorb, to accommodate and to recover’.44 In recent years, city-to-city partnerships have These interventions are the subject of later been instrumental in sharing experiences and chapters in this report, starting from the next gaining access and knowledge to policy tools for chapter which is concerned with agriculture risk-sensitive and pro-poor urban development. and the rural poor. The partnerships include sharing strategies on strengthening institutions, risk assessments, and effective practices. Such partnerships are particularly beneficial to smaller and more remote cities to bridge technical and other knowledge gaps.43

44 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ENDNOTES Paul, 2010. Hallegatte etal.,2016. Ibid. Patankar et.al., 2016. Brouwer etal.,2007. of Nepal,NPC,2015a&2015b. Government as methodology same the Using Ibid. Vanuatu Daily Post,2015. of Nepal,NPC,2015a&2015b. Government as methodology same the Using UNICEF, 2014. of Nepal,NPC,2015a&2015b. Government as methodology same the Using Government ofFiji,2016. of Nepal,NPC,2015a&2015b. Government as methodology same the Using Ibid. 2011. Bank, World & ADB Pakistan, of Government Ibid. Government ofNepal,NPC, 2015a. CRED andUNISDR,2016. Shepherd etal.,2013. Hallegatte etal.,2016. Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, and VietNam. Lanka, Tonga, Sri Timor-Leste, Tajikistan, Islands, Solomon Philippines, Nepal, the Guinea, Micronesia, New Papua India, Pakistan, Myanmar, PDR, Lao Cambodia, Indonesia, Bhutan, Bangladesh, are countries income lower-middle and Low Ibid. ESCAP, 2016c.

45 28 27 26 25 24 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 es hn 0 hue dsryd (extensive); destroyed houses 600 than less more killed (intensive); or Housing destruction: or 30 (extensive); killed people 30 than less Mortality: at: fixed is threshold the Statistically, disaster destruction. housing and mortality are extensive losses and intensive threshold between the define to used variables The UNISDR, 2015b. Government ofSriLanka &WFP,2017. Gaire etal., 2016. Rodriguez-Llanes, 2016. Ibid. World Bank,2015. Dinar etal., 2007. UNISDR, 2009. ESCAP, 2014. MIT, UrbanRiskLab,2017. UNISDR, ARISE,2017. UNISDR, 2017. UN, 2017. CITYNET, 2017. Government ofNepal,NPC, 2015a. UNISDR, 2015c. ACCCRN, n.d. Bird, 2011. Kabeer, et al.2009. Karna, 2017. Ibid. Phuong et al.,2015. FAO, 2008. databases disaster continues to grow(UNISDR,2015b). national of the as universe even robust proved has threshold 600 or more houses destroyed (intensive). This Disaster ResilienceforSustainableDevelopment Asia-Pacific DisasterReport2017

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