DOCSLIB.ORG

Health Risks and Benefits of Raw Camel's Milk

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Health Risks and Benefits of Raw Camel's Milk THE HEALTH BENEFITS AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH RAW CAMELS MILK Presented By Megan Frost University of the Sunshine Coast Graduating Student 2018 Overview – The Why? ◦ Emerging Health Trend ◦ Public Health Issue ◦ Not regulated ◦ Reported health benefits ◦ Blogs, news articles and social media ◦ Consumption Trends ◦ Increase in immigration and multi cultural communities in Australia, increasing the need for consideration of new food trends ◦ Health Fads ◦ Illegal to sell in Australia ◦ Unpasteurised Overview – The How? ◦ Reviewed International Literature written in English ◦ Comparison was across four countries – Australia, New Zealand and two international countries ◦ International legislation was very hard to find in English ◦ Legislation not specific to ‘raw’ and ‘raw camel’ milk ◦ Journal articles reviewed had minimal citations and majority international research Research Questions What are the health benefits and risks associated with raw camel milk consumption? What current International and Australian legislation and regulations are in place to protect public health from hazards in raw camels milk? What additional information do we need to know to manage risks associated with consumption of raw camel milk? Raw Camel Milk ◦ Not pasteurised ◦ Main studies were conducted in Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia and Sudan for consumption of raw camel milk and other camel products such as meat and fur ◦ Limited studies available from Australia ◦ Sources from social media, health blogs making un substantiated health claims and from producers ◦ A Camel produces up to 12000 liters per lactation period Source :desertfarms.com ◦ Saudi Arabia, Sudan and recently Australia (pasteurized products) are largest producers of raw Camel milk Camels ◦ Dromedaries Camels ◦ World Population of over 70 million ◦ Australia Population over 1 million ◦ Australian Feral Camel Population doubling every 8-9 years ◦ Controlled under the‘National Feral Camel Action Plan: A national strategy for the Source: www.gettyimages.com management of feral camels in Australia’ ◦ Resource availability Health Risks & Benefits Of Raw Camel Milk World Health Organisation Raw Camel Milk is suitable for some consumers if handled well, but the concern was for children, elderly an the immune compromised Ministry Primary Industries The health benefits are negligible and do not outweigh the risks Health Benefits Of Raw Camel Milk ◦ Internationally part of a staple diet - Religious/cultural beliefs ◦ Large productivity in poor environmental conditions ◦ High Anti- oxidants ◦ Dairy Allergies and Lactose intolerance ◦ Low in β − caseins and β − lactoglobulin. ◦ Diabetes ◦ Camels milk is 9-20g lower in lactose Health Claims ◦ Cures Autism ◦ Assists with treatment of tuberculosis, cancer, stomach ulcers ◦ through the killing off of cells that are damaged ◦ Must be raw ◦ Destruction of proteins and nutritional qualities ◦ Improves lactation in breastfeeding ◦ Treats Diabetes Health Risks Of Raw Camel Milk ◦ Exposure to Pathogens ◦ Animal Contamination ◦ Environment Contamination ◦ Human Contamination ◦ Transport and Storage ◦ Australian milking practices V’s International Practices ◦ Health Risks Of Raw Camel Milk ◦ No microbial limits on Camels milk – comparisons in literature made on other animals ◦ Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS CoV) – linked to raw camels milk and Dromedaries' ◦ Three most common pathogens causing health risks ◦ E.coli (STEC) ◦ Listeria ◦ Campylobacter Listeria monocytogenes Growth 30 – 37’ C temperature range 4 – 9.6 - pH range Aerobic and anaerobic Pathogenicity There are multiple strains of monocytogenes and all can be pathogens to human. Can be contaminated into milk through poor udder hygiene, poor milking practices including milking and storage, and mastitis through the milk. Transmitted through faecal -oral route Dose Response 1.9 x 105/g to 1.2 x 109/g Clinical Response Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhoea and dizziness- right though to birth defects, seizures and meningitis causing death (Listeria can cross the blood brain barrier) Campylobacter jejuni/coli 42-43’C – Temperature 6.7-7.5 pH range Gram Negative bacteria Pathogenicity The most common human pathogen strains are C. jejuni and C. coli. Present in the intestinal tract of most animals, and generally, it is not known to cause fatality. Transmitted through faecal -oral route Toxin producing, motile and adhesive bacteria Dose Response Minimum -100 cells but generally up to 800 to cause human infection Clinical Response Symptoms range from diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and dizziness through to possible paralysis Shiga Toxin-Producing E.coli 35-40’C Temperature range 6-7 pH range Pathogenicity Toxic strain of E. coli – STEC, named based on the bloody diarrhea it causes Generally, part of the normal stomach flora in humans Strong acid resistance and able to withstand normal stomach acid Transmitted through faecal -oral route Dose Response Very low dose response of 10-100 cells. Clinical Response There may not be any initial symptoms, but can lead to bloody diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, to extreme cases that can cause kidney failure. International Legislation International Legislation International ◦ CODEX ◦ Code of Hygiene Practice for Milk and Milk Products ◦ Not specific to Camels United Kingdom and India ◦ Countries chosen based on available legislation ◦ Limitations to language ◦ Lacked specific definitions of raw Camel milk ◦ Legislation and regulations on both milk and raw milk but does not relate to raw camel milk Australian Legislation Australia ◦ QLD Food Act 2006 ◦ Unsafe food ◦ Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code ◦ Dairy Standard 4.2.4 (Australia Only) ◦ 2.5.1 – Milk ◦ All milk must be pasteurised for human consumption ◦ Food Production (Safety) Act 2000 ◦ Food Production (Safety) Regulation 2014 ◦ (Does reference Camel) New Zealand Legislation New Zealand ◦ Raw milk for sale to consumers Regulations 2015 ◦ Animal Products Notice: Raw Milk for Sale to Consumers ◦ No legislation that references the regulation of raw ‘Camels’ milk - Camel milk currently assumed Risk Management Strategies Nationally – CODEX Australia and New Zealand ◦ Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) ◦ Exposure to Microbial Hazards Improve hygiene practices Storage and Transport Regulations Education ◦ Children, elderly and immunocompromised ◦ Labelling/Hazard warnings ◦ Health Claims Knowledge Gaps ◦ More research needed into health benefits and risks ◦ Research health risks associated with how camel milk is produced in Australia ◦ Standard for microbial limits specific to Camels Milk ◦ Confirm point of contamination to implement hazard reduction and control measures ◦ Pasteurisation ◦ World Health Organisation recommends, as part of their management of MERS- CoV, milk be pasteurized as there is still nutritional benefit after treatment ◦ Literature claims that this spoils the milk and its nutrient qualities and breaks down proteins ◦ Translation to English of literature and Legislation that may be useful Conclusion ◦ Important and vital part of culture in some countries such as Ethiopia, Sudan and Saudi Arabia, providing a nutrient rich food source all year around in poor environmental conditions ◦ Australia has one of the largest camel populations in the world ◦ Further research needs to be conducted on the exposure to the health risk compared to the health benefits ◦ Cost vs claims ◦ Risk management strategies based on prevention of contamination ◦ Change in consumer trends here in Australia ◦ Legislation may need to move with consumption trends to protect Public Health Thank you References FAO, 2017. Dairy production and products: Camels. [online] Fao.org. Available at: <http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-production/dairy- animals/camels/en/#.WayoOoVOIiS> [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Farah, Z., 2017. Milk. [ebook] Camel Gate, pp.5-8. Available at: <http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-production/dairy-animals/camels/en/#.WayoqoVOIiT> [Accessed 4 Sep. 2017]. World Health Organization, 2011. Milk and Milk Products. Rome: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Martin, L., 2014. Milking it: Camel farm taps new market with dairy offering.References ABC News. [online] Available at: <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-28/camel-feature- wa/5291792> [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017]. Industries, M., 2017. Raw milk. [online] MPI. Available at: <http://mpi.govt.nz/food-safety/food-safety-for-consumers/is-it-safe-to-eat/raw-milk/> [Accessed 4 Sep. 2017]. Anon, 2017. Raw milk. [online] MPI. Available at: <http://mpi.govt.nz/food-safety/food-safety-for-consumers/is-it-safe-to-eat/raw-milk/> [Accessed 4 Sep. 2017]. Industries, M., 2017. Proposed options for the sale of raw milk to consumers. [online] MPI. Available at: <http://mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/consultations/proposed-options- for-the-sale-of-raw-milk-to-consumers/> [Accessed 4 Sep. 2017]. Anon, 2017. Public health warning: consumption of raw milk. [online] Foodauthority.nsw.gov.au. Available at: <http://foodauthority.nsw.gov.au/news/newsandmedia/departmental/2014-12-11-public-health-warning-raw-milk> [Accessed 2 Aug. 2017]. Australian Government - FSANZ, 2007. FOOD STANDARDS AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND RISK ANALYSIS IN FOOD REGULATION - Assessing food-related health risks. Australian Government. Ministries for Primary Industries, 2014. Risk Profile: Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Milk. Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Government. Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014. Risk Profile: Campylobacter jejuni/coli in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pestsmart Report Template
    Discussion paper: Effective citizen action on invasive species The institutional challenge Professor Paul Martin Professor Darryl Low Choy Dr. Elodie LeGal Dr. Kylie Lingard 2016 Discussion paper: Effective citizen action on invasive species The institutional challenge Professor Paul Martin, University of New England Professor Darryl Low Choy, Griffith University Dr. Elodie Le Gal, University of New England Dr. Kylie Lingard, University of New England Contact: Professor Paul Martin University of New England Armidale, 2351 [email protected] 2016 An Invasive Animals CRC Project Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this report reflect those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government, Invasive Animals Ltd, or the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre. The material presented in this report is based on sources that are believed to be reliable. Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation of the report, it is “as is”, without warranty of any kind, to the extent permitted by law. Published by: Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre. Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.invasiveanimals.com Web ISBN: 978-0-9924083-0-5 © Invasive Animals Ltd 2016 This work is copyright. The Copyright Act 1968 permits fair dealing for study, research, information or educational purposes. Selected passages, tables or diagrams may be reproduced for such purposes provided acknowledgement of the source is included. Major extracts of the entire document may not be reproduced by any process. The IA CRC gratefully acknowledges funding support from the Australian Government through its Cooperative Research Centre’s Program. This document should be cited as: Martin P, Low Choy D, Le Gal E and Lingard K.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Camel Diseases in Central Australia
    A REVIEW OF CAMEL DISEASES IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA By Andrew Brown Senior Veterinary Officer Department of Business, Industry and Resource Development Arid Zone Research Institute, Alice Springs, NT April 2004 Agdex 465/650 $8.80 (GST included) ISBN 0 7245 4709 6 DISCLAIMER While all care has been taken to ensure that information contained in this Technical Bulletin is true and correct at the time of publication, changes in circumstances after the time of publication may impact on the accuracy of its information. The Northern Territory of Australia gives no warranty or assurance, and makes no representation as to the accuracy of any information or advice contained in this Technical Bulletin, or that it is suitable for your intended use. You should not rely upon information in this publication for the purpose of making any serious, business or investment decisions without obtaining independent and/or professional advice in relation to your particular situation. The Northern Territory of Australia disclaims any liability or responsibility or duty of care towards any person for loss or damage caused by any use of or reliance on the information contained in this publication. Contents Page Introduction 1 Executive Summary 3 OIE List A Diseases relating to camels 4 Bluetongue 4 OIE List B Diseases relating to camels 6 Bovine brucellosis (Australia is officially free) 6 Bovine tuberculosis (Australia is officially free) 7 Anthrax 8 Hydatidosis 8 Leptospirosis 8 Paratuberculosis 9 Q Fever 10 Bovine babesiosis & anaplasmosis 10 Dermatophilosis 11 Unlisted Diseases 11 Melioidosis 11 Sarcoptic mange 12 Nasal Bots 12 Skin and internal abscesses 13 Internal parasites 13 Clostridial diseases 14 Ringworm 14 Bibliography 15 Appendix 1- Slaughter Numbers of Camels in Australia to 12/05/03 16 (i) INTRODUCTION The camel (Camelus dromedarius) found in Australia is a hardy animal with a unique physiological constitution that enables it to thrive under arid conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloading Or Purchasing Online At
    Emerging animal and plant industries Their value to Australia by Max Foster and the Agricultural Commodities Section, ABARES September 2014 RIRDC Publication No 14/069 RIRDC Project No PRJ-008496 © Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation 2013 All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-685-8 ISSN 1440-6845 Emerging animal and plant industries—their value to Australia Publication No. 14/069 Project No. PRJ-008496 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Outcomes of the Australian Feral Camel Management Project and the Future of Feral Camel Management in Australia
    CSIRO PUBLISHING The Rangeland Journal, 2016, 38,i–iii Guest Editorial http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/RJ16028 Outcomes of the Australian Feral Camel Management Project and the future of feral camel management in Australia Quentin Hart A and Glenn Edwards B,C Ac/- Ninti One Limited, PO Box 3971, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia. BDepartment of Land Resource Management, PO Box 1120, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia. CCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Received 23 March 2016, accepted 29 March 2016, published online 5 May 2016 Overview has improved our level of knowledge and this will play an The 2010 Special Issue of The Rangeland Journal ‘Managing important role in future feral camel management. fi the impacts of feral camels’ (Vol. 32(1)) reported on the outcomes The rst ten papers in this Special Issue are grouped into of Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre (DKCRC) three themes: (i) AFCMP establishment and engagement, fi work. These outcomes included information on feral camel (ii) Feral camel removal, and (iii) Feral camel impacts. The nal demography, distribution and impacts, land manager attitudes to paper summarises the outcomes of the AFCMP and considers feral camel impacts and management, relevant legislation and the future of feral camel management in the absence of a policy, control options and the economics and trade-offs of coordinated national project. different management strategies. Importantly, the DKCRC work provided specific recommendations about management strategy AFCMP establishment and engagement and feral camel density targets to reduce impacts to specific levels. The first four papers are related to the important foundational The rigor and comprehensiveness of the DKCRC project report, issues of establishing the rationale for such a large project, ‘Managing the impacts of feral camels in Australia: a new way developing national collaboration and governance and engaging of doing business’ (Edwards et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequently Asked Questions About Camels, Feral Camels in Australia and the Australian Feral Camel Management Project
    Frequently asked questions about camels, feral camels in Australia and the Australian Feral Camel Management Project. This document is an archive of content that was held on the Australian Feral Camel Management website, 2010–2013. The site is now closed. Further information can be found at http://www.nintione.com.au/business/natural-resource-management/australian-feral-camel. Contents 1. Why are camels a problem? 2. What is the Australian Feral Camel Management Project doing about this problem? 3. What is the government doing about feral camels? 4. Who is Ninti One Limited? 5. What is the Draft National Feral Camel Action Plan doing? 6. Are feral camel numbers really increasing? 7. Isn't it cruel to kill feral camels? 8. Are you trying to kill all the feral camels? 9. Why don't they make pet food out of camel meat? 10. Why don't they export camels to the Middle East? 11. How much greenhouse gas do camels produce? 12. How can I be involved in the management of feral camels? 13. Where are feral camels being managed? 14. Who can be a culler? 15. Why don't we eat more camel meat in Australia? 16. Why can't we just sterilise the camels and stop them breeding? 17. What is the gestation period for camels? 18. What products can you make from camels? 19. Can we move camels away from where people live? 20. There aren't any camels - what are you spending the money on? 21. Why is a research organisation like DKCRC involved in culling camels? Page 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Analysis of Animal-Welfare Outcomes in Helicopter Shooting: a Case Study with Feral Dromedary Camels (Camelus Dromedarius)
    CSIRO PUBLISHING Wildlife Research http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WR13216 Quantitative analysis of animal-welfare outcomes in helicopter shooting: a case study with feral dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) Jordan O. Hampton A,B,G, Brendan D. Cowled C, Andrew L. Perry D, Corissa J. Miller A, Bidda Jones E and Quentin Hart F AEcotone Wildlife Veterinary Services, PO Box 1126, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. BMurdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. CAusVet Animal Health Services, PO Box 1278, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia. DKyabram Veterinary Clinic, 77 McCormick Road, Kyabram, Vic. 3620, Australia. ERSPCA Australia, PO Box 265, Deakin West, ACT 2600, Australia. FNinti One Limited, PO Box 3971, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia. GCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract Context. Helicopter shooting is a common and effective tool for reducing overabundant wildlife populations. However, there is little quantitative information on the humaneness of the method, leading to uncertainty in wildlife-management policy. There is, subsequently, a need for an improved understanding of the welfare implications of helicopter shooting. Aim. A study was undertaken to infer the humaneness of helicopter shooting for a case study species, the feral dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Methods. Seven post-mortem studies (n = 715) and one ante-mortem study (n = 192) were undertaken during routine helicopter shooting programs of free-ranging camels. In these studies, we measured four animal-welfare parameters to allow inference on the humaneness of the technique. These parameters were time to death, instantaneous death rate (proportion of animals for which time to death = 0), wounding rate and location of bullet-wound tract.
    [Show full text]
  • National Feral Camel Action Plan: a National Strategy for the Management of Feral Camels in Australia
    National Feral Camel Action Plan: A national strategy for the management of feral camels in Australia Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council Developed by the Vertebrate Pests Committee Disclaimer The Australian Government, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities has collated and edited this publication for the Natural Resources Management Ministerial Council. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Australian Government and members of the Natural Resources Ministerial Council (and the governments which Council members represent) do not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. © Commonwealth of Australia 2010 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non- commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney General’s Department, Robert Garran Offices, National Circuit, Barton ACT 2600 or posted at www.ag.gov.au/cca Cover images, Front L to R: Collared camel - Department of Agriculture and Food, WA Damaged vegetation at Docker River - Central Land Council, NT Broken toilet - Department of Agriculture and Food, WA Camels around waterhole at Docker River - R. Bugg, NT Camels around waterhole at Docker River - R.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing the Impacts of Feral Camels in Australia: a New Way of Doing Business
    47 Managing the impacts of feral camels in Australia: a new way of doing business Managing the impacts of feral camels in Managing the impacts of Edited by Report feral camels in Australia: GP Edwards 47 a new way of doing business B Zeng WK Saalfeld 2008 P Vaarzon-Morel M McGregor Edited by GP Edwards, B Zeng, WK Saalfeld, P Vaarzon-Morel, M McGregor Vaarzon-Morel, Edwards, B Zeng, WK Saalfeld, P Edited by GP Managing the impacts of feral camels in Australia: a new way of doing business Edited by GP Edwards B Zeng WK Saalfeld P Vaarzon-Morel M McGregor 2008 Contributing author information Enquiries should be addressed to: Glenn Edwards: Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport, PO Box 1120, Alice Springs, Northern Territory 0871, Australia Murray McGregor: Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre and Curtin University of Technology, PO Box 3971, Alice Springs, Northern Territory 0871, Australia Benxiang Zeng: Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport, PO Box 1120, Alice Springs, Northern Territory 0871, Australia Petronella Vaarzon-Morel: Consulting anthropologist, PO Box 3561, Alice Springs, Northern Territory 0871, Australia Keith Saalfeld: Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport, PO Box 1120, Alice Springs, Northern Territory 0871, Australia. Desert Knowledge CRC Report Number 47 Information contained in this publication may be copied or reproduced for study, research, information or educational purposes, subject to inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source. ISBN: 1 74158 093 5 (Print copy) ISBN: 1 74158 094 3 (Online copy) ISSN: 1832 6684 Citation Edwards GP, Zeng B, Saalfeld WK, Vaarzon-Morel P and McGregor M (Eds).
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2012/2013
    Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Annual Report 2012/2013 Contents Message from the Chairperson 3 Introduction 4 Background 4 Powers and Functions of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara 4 Consultation 5 Annual General Meetings and Special Meetings of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara 5 Community Chairpersons Meetings 5 Other General Consultations 5 The Executive Board of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara 6 Executive Board Members 6 Board Meetings Held 7 Summary of Resolutions 7 Permits 8 Administration 9 Executive Positions 9 Administration Positions 10 Operational Positions 12 Apara Springs Case Study 18 Mann Ranges Survey Case Study 19 Atutja Rockhole Case Study 20 Watarru Case Study 21 Mining Tenement Officer 22 Musgrave Minerals 23 PepinNini Minerals 24 Metals Exploration Limited 24 Financial Report 25 Income and Expenditure Statement 26 Balance Sheet 27 Notes to Financial Statements 28 Statement by Members of the Committee 31 Independent Audit Report 32 Disclaimer to the Members of APY 34 Private Information for the Committee of Management 35 Abbreviations 36 Message from the Chairperson It is my pleasure to present the Funding from FaHCSIA allowed APY to The reason the governments allocated Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara recruit a full-time governance officer to these funds was to assist in opening up Annual Report for 2012/2013 fiscal commence work in developing a regional the country to mining interests and hence year. Due to a previous over spend, partnership agreement in consultation assist the South Australian economy. a key focus for APY was to reduce with Anangu. The RPA is a staged process. Fortunately for APY, Division 6 of the expenditure. We did this to ensure The first stage is designed to get us APY Land Rights Act requires that any APY was in a position to deliver going with consultations, make the point road works require APY’s consent.
    [Show full text]
  • Find Doc > Camelids
    1DAISTDH5U0A ~ Doc ~ Camelids Camelids Filesize: 7.76 MB Reviews A really amazing pdf with perfect and lucid reasons. This really is for anyone who statte there was not a worth reading through. Your daily life span is going to be transform when you comprehensive looking at this book. (Malachi Braun) DISCLAIMER | DMCA QSDLDMPAALCH ^ eBook ~ Camelids CAMELIDS Reference Series Books LLC Jan 2013, 2013. Taschenbuch. Book Condition: Neu. 315x255x7 mm. Neuware - Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 32. Chapters: Camel, Llama, Australian feral camel, Alpaca, Camel milk, Dromedary, Camelsfoot Range, Vicuña, Camelid, Bactrian Camel, Guanaco, Howdah, Hemiauchenia, Cria, Berserk llama syndrome, Palaeolama, Guard llama, Vicugna, Ashdown Forest Llama Park, Camelinae, Camelini, Camel Research Farm, Bikaner, Allocamelus, Lamoid, Tülu, Camelus moreli, Accoyo Alpacas, Lamini, Camelopini. Excerpt: A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as humps on its back. There are two species of camels: the dromedary or Arabian camel has a single hump, and the bactrian has two humps. Dromedaries are native to the dry desert areas of West Asia, and Bactrian camels are native to Central and East Asia. Both species are domesticated; they provide milk and meat, and are working animals. The term camel (from the Arabic ¿¿¿, gml, derived from the triconsonantal root signifying 'beauty') is also used more broadly to describe any of the six camel-like creatures in the family camelidae: the two true camels, and the four South American camelids: the llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña. The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years. A fully grown adult camel stands 1.85 m (6 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.15 m (7 1 in) at the hump.
    [Show full text]
  • PROTECTING NATURE for ALL of US Environmental Benefits of Australia’S Indigenous Protected Areas and Indigenous Rangers
    PROTECTING NATURE FOR ALL OF US Environmental benefits of Australia’s Indigenous Protected Areas and Indigenous rangers PROTECTING NATURE FOR ALL OF US Environmental benefits of Australia’s Indigenous Protected Areas and Indigenous rangers Acknowledgements This report, and indeed the Country Needs People campaign, is built on the work of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people around Australia, and the strengths of their representative organisations. Thank you to the organisations whose case studies feature in the report – and the scientists who work with them – for providing information, images and strategic advice. Working in the field, while rewarding, takes a lot of energy and presents many challenges. We appreciate the individuals who gave their precious time and energy to contribute to the report. Beyond those organisations, we acknowledge ranger groups and Traditional Owners around Australia who are working to protect country for all of us. Partner organisations – including state and federal governments, industry, universities and non-government organisations like environment non profit organisations – are also fundamental to environmental achievements in the Outback and helped with the compilation of this report. We also acknowledge The Pew Charitable Trusts and Dr Ian Lunt for their advice and support. Country Needs People is a growing alliance of more than 30 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations from around Australia, and The Pew Charitable Trusts. The campaign is calling for the growth of funding and long term security for Indigenous ranger and Indigenous Protected Area programs because of their unique success in delivering outstanding results for the environment, people, communities and the economy. This report was coordinated by Patrick O’Leary and Sophia Walter for the Country Needs People campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Camels out of Place and Time: the Dromedary in Australia
    ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE Camels out of place and time: The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in Australia AUTHORS Crowley, SL JOURNAL Anthrozoos DEPOSITED IN ORE 25 April 2018 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32609 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication 1 Camels Out of Place and Time: The Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in 2 Australia 3 Sarah L Crowley, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, 4 Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK. E-mail: [email protected] 5 6 Abstract 7 The deserts of the Australian outback are ideal territories for dromedary camels, 8 Camelus dromedarius. Dromedaries’ flexible adaptations allow them to eat 80% of 9 Australian plant species and they obtain much of their water through ingesting 10 vegetation; they thrive where other species perish. In many ways, the dromedary 11 could be said to “belong” in this harsh environment. Yet for numerous Australians, 12 particularly ranchers, conservation managers, and increasingly local and national 13 governments, camels are perceived as pests and unwelcome invaders. Anthropologists 14 studying human classifications of nonhuman animals have suggested that those 15 species or populations that fail to fit neatly into existing classification systems come 16 to be considered “out of place,” particularly when they enter human domains or 17 disturb existing perceptual boundaries of environmental order.
    [Show full text]