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Assessing the Science FAMILY PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY • SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING FAMILY Is there a scientific evidence base demonstrating that the use of family planning contributes to environmental sustainability? This report explores that question based on a two-year collaborative review of more than 900 peer-reviewed research papers from around the world published from 2005 through early 2016. No scientific discipline systematically examines or confirms the influence of voluntary family planning on environmental problems. Looking at pathways that lead through the slowing of population growth and the empowerment of women, however, the Family Planning and Environmental Sustainability Assessment (FPESA) found a wide-ranging literature generally affirming that this influence is both real and constructive. FPESA identified considerable evidence supporting—and very little refuting—the statement that the practice Family Planning and of voluntary family planning promotes environmental benefits and that expanding access to it can help bring about an environmentally sustainable world that meets human needs. The diversity of researchers interested in the family-planning connection to the environment is high, the report also concludes. Environmental Sustainability: The report features the project’s findings, perspectives on major related issues by eight authors, and an annotated bibliography containing assessments of 50 of the most compelling papers relevant to the linkage. ASSESSING THE SCIENCE ASSESSING Assessing Through research and outreach that inspire action, the Worldwatch Institute works to accelerate the transition to a sustainable world that meets human needs. The Institute’s top mission objectives are universal access to renewable energy and nutritious food, expansion of environmentally sound jobs and the Science development, transformation of cultures from consumerism to sustainability, and an early end to population growth through healthy and intentional childbearing. PHOTO CREDITS Photo credits and selected captions: Front cover (left to right): Marie Stopes International [Cambodia]; Pixabay; Pixabay Page iv: Jonathan Torgovnik/Getty Images [Apac, Uganda: Susan Alele, a community health worker, and her daughter near their house at Abelmot-Bung village.] Page x: Paula Bronstein/Getty Images [Ahmedabad, India: Bhavna Ben Ramesh sews handmade purses out of her home.] Page 4: Marie Stopes International [Tanzania] Page 15: K4Health Page 23: Paula Bronstein/Getty Images [Bangkok, Thailand: Tadakorn Suttiporn tends to a community-run garden in her free time.] Page 28: Linda Suttenfield for Pathfinder International [Bussi Island, Uganda: Fausta, a family planning user and member of a tree nursery cooperative supported by the Health of the People and Environment of the Lake Victoria Basin project, led by Pathfinder International and its local partners.] Pages 29-57: Top, Marie Stopes International; bottom, Robert Engelman Page 35: Shutterstock Page 47: Jonathan Torgovnik/Getty Images [Apac, Uganda: Women in the Young Mothers Group react to family planning information from a community health worker. The program is supported by Reproductive Health Uganda.] Page 52: K4Health Page 58: Pixabay Pages 59-106: Top, Robert Engelman; bottom, Robert Engelman Page 64: Marie Stopes International [Cambodia] Page 66: K4Health Page 69: Juan Arredondo/Getty Images [Lima, Peru: New members of the executive board of the Union of Women and Men Domestic Workers of the Lima Region.] Page 73: Still from Love Thy Nature, a film by Sylvie Rokab Page 76: Shutterstock Copyright © 2016 by Worldwatch Institute Page 85: Marie Stopes International [Cambodia] 1400 16th Street, NW Suite 430 Page 92: Shutterstock Washington, DC 20036 www.worldwatch.org Page 95: Pixabay The report is also available at fpesa.net and Page 96: Shutterstock www.worldwatch.org. Page 102: Jonathan Torgovnik/Getty Images [Apac, Uganda: A woman in the local Young Mothers Group studies family planning information.] Back cover (left to right): Paula Bronstein/Getty Images [Bangkok, Thailand: Nattaporn Jetjamnong waters her crops, which she will later sell, in a community-run garden.]; Creative Commons; Jonathan Torgovnik/Getty Images [Tororor, Uganda: Head antenatal nurse Margie Harriet Egessa provides antenatal counseling and checkups for pregnant women at Mukujju clinic.] Family Planning and Environmental Sustainability: Assessing the Science The Summary, Findings, and Annotations sections of this report were written by Robert Engelman, with input from members of the Family Planning and Environmental Sustainability Assessment (FPESA) project team, its assessment network, and others. Authors of the Perspective articles are indicated on each one. All text was edited by Lisa Mastny. All opinions expressed are those of the authors and are not intended to represent the views of the Worldwatch Institute, its Board of Directors, or its funders. The authors wish to thank the United Nations Foundation and its Universal Access Program, the Turner Foundation, and the Wallace Global Fund for financial support of the FPESA project and this report of its findings. The project director wishes to thank his co-authors, consultants, and the project’s network of research assessors (see “Authors, Project Team, and Research Assessors” on page vi). This report is available in hard copy through on-demand printing and as an interactive PDF through fpesa.net and www.worldwatch.org. Reprint and copyright information for one-time academic use of this material is available by contacting Customer Service, Copyright Clearance Center, at www.copyright.com, +1 978-750-8400 (phone), or by writing to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Nonacademic and commercial users should contact the Worldwatch Institute’s Business Development Department by phone at +1 202-745-8092, by fax at +1 202-478-2534, or by email at [email protected]. Recommended citation: Robert Engelman et al., Family Planning and Environmental Sustainability: Assessing the Science (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2016). Design consultant: Gaelle Gourmelon Design by Prographics www.prographic.com Printed on paper that is up to 50 percent recycled, 30 percent post-consumer waste, process chlorine free. ii Contents Note to Readers . v Annotations................................. 59 Authors, Project Team, and Research Assessors . vi Family Planning . 59 Women . 64 Summary .................................... 1 Climate Change . 71 Water . 77 Findings ..................................... 5 Biodiversity . 81 The Search for an Evidence Base . 5 Land and Forests . 85 What Is Family Planning? . 5 Food . 88 What Is Environmental Sustainability? . 6 Consumption . 92 The Peer Review Standard . 7 Environment and Fertility . 95 Methodology: What We Did . 8 Population, Health and Environment Projects . 100 A Network for Collaborative Assessment . 9 Disease . 103 The Assessment Survey . 11 Crosscutting . 105 Looking for Empirical Evidence . 13 What We Found . 14 Figures and tables Observations . 21 Figure 1: FPESA Conceptual Framework . 8 Where We Go from Here . 23 Figure 2: Resources and Population Growth . 16 Understanding Complex Large-scale Processes . 23 Figure 3: Authorship of Highest-ranked Papers . 20 A Deeper Discussion, With Stronger Science . 24 Table 1: Web of Science Search Terms . 10 Table 2: Form for a Collaborative Perspectives ................................ 29 Article Assessment . 12 Shared Values . 29 The Challenge of Showing Causation . 31 Family Planning and the Environment in Communities . 33 Are Women More Environmental? . 36 “Convince Them to Say It” . 39 Research Challenges and Opportunities . 42 African Researchers on the Linkage . 46 Church, Conservation and Family Planning . 48 Research in Latin America and the Caribbean . 50 Experts Reflect on the Research . 53 iii Note to Readers The FPESA project sought to assess recent peer- FPESA project staff will endeavor to correct any errors reviewed scientific research related to family planning brought to our attention in the electronic version and the environment as objectively as possible . of this report, which will be posted on the project Any assessment of the qualities, strengths, and website, fpesa .net . (Current plans include integrating weaknesses of written work requires some degree of this website with that of the Worldwatch Institute, subjective judgment . We applied numerical scores http://www .worldwatch .org, in late 2016 or 2017 .) We and other quantification methodologies from group encourage readers to email fpesa@worldwatch .org assessments provided by project staff, consultants, with any errors they identify and any other comments and network assessors associated with the project . on the report . We hope to continue this work and to While working where possible with these data and publish updates and later reports . Our plans include endeavoring to reflect the diverse viewpoints that we a comprehensive online database of papers annotated assembled, project director Robert Engelman made and described in this report along with others relevant the final judgments on which articles to include in the to the hypothesis that family planning supports annotated bibliography and wrote the annotations . He environmental sustainability . takes final responsibility for the selections of papers and findings and for any opinions expressed in the main text and annotations . Opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and should not be taken
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