DOCSLIB.ORG

The Immediate and Underlying Causes and Consequences of Kenya’S Flawed Election

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

S. HRG. 110–610 THE IMMEDIATE AND UNDERLYING CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF KENYA’S FLAWED ELECTION HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION FEBRUARY 7, 2008 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/index.html U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 45–361 PDF WASHINGTON : 2008 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 13:37 Nov 20, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 KENYA.TXT sforel1 PsN: sforel1 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware, Chairman CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin NORM COLEMAN, Minnesota BARBARA BOXER, California BOB CORKER, Tennessee BILL NELSON, Florida GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio BARACK OBAMA, Illinois LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey JIM DEMINT, South Carolina BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia ROBERT P. CASEY, JR., Pennsylvania DAVID VITTER, Louisiana JIM WEBB, Virginia JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming ANTONY J. BLINKEN, Staff Director KENNETH A. MYERS, JR., Republican Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin, Chairman BILL NELSON, Florida JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia BARACK OBAMA, Illinois NORM COLEMAN, Minnesota BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland DAVID VITTER, Louisiana JIM WEBB, Virginia CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska (II) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 13:37 Nov 20, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 KENYA.TXT sforel1 PsN: sforel1 CONTENTS Page Albin-Lackey, Chris, senior researcher, Africa Program, Human Rights Watch, Washington, DC ...................................................................................... 29 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 31 Almquist, Katherine J., Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Africa, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC ................................. 9 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 13 Barkan, Dr. Joel D., Africa Program, senior associate, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC ...................................................... 40 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 42 Cardin, Hon. Benjamin L., U.S. Senator from Maryland, opening statement ... 3 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 4 Feingold, Hon. Russell D., U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, opening statement ... 1 Frazer, Hon. Jendayi, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of African Affairs, Depart- ment of State, Washington, DC .......................................................................... 5 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 6 Mozersky, David, director, Horn of Africa Project, International Crisis Group, Washington, DC ................................................................................................... 46 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 49 MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD Testimony of Gregory Gottlier, Deputy Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance, Department of State, Washington, DC—Before the House Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health of the Foreign Affairs Committee, Wednesday, February 6, 2008 ...... 68 Letter from Hon. Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka EGH MP, Vice President and Minister for Home Affairs, Republic of Kenya .................................................. 72 Prepared statement of Tavia Nyong’o, Assistant Professor of Performance Studies, New York University, New York, NY .................................................. 74 Prepared testimony of Charles Clements, M.D., M.P.H., CEO and president, Unitarian Universalist Service Committee (UUSC), Cambridge, MA ............. 74 ‘‘Kenyans for Peace’’ Position Paper ....................................................................... 77 ‘‘Breaking the Stalemate in Kenya’’ by Joel D. Barkan—January 8, 2008 ........ 78 ‘‘Too Close to Call: Why Kibaki Might Lose the 2007 Kenyan Election’’ by Joel D. Barkan ..................................................................................................... 81 ‘‘Kenya After Moi’’ by Joel D. Barkan .................................................................... 86 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) Position Paper ......................................... 100 (III) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 13:37 Nov 20, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 KENYA.TXT sforel1 PsN: sforel1 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 13:37 Nov 20, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 KENYA.TXT sforel1 PsN: sforel1 THE IMMEDIATE AND UNDERLYING CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF KENYA’S FLAWED ELECTION THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 2008 U.S. SENATE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Washington, DC. The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:30 a.m., in room SD–419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Russell D. Feingold, chairman of the subcommittee, presiding. Present: Senators Feingold, Bill Nelson, Cardin, and Lugar. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, U.S. SENATOR FROM WISCONSIN Senator FEINGOLD. I would like to call the committee to order. Good morning, everybody. The hearing will come to order. And on behalf of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Subcommittee on African Affairs, I welcome all of you to this hearing on the Im- mediate and Underlying Causes and Consequences of Kenya’s Flawed Election. I am honored to be joined in a little while, by my colleague and the ranking member of this subcommittee, Senator Sununu; and when he arrives, I’ll invite him to make some opening remarks. By now we’ve all seen the gruesome photos and heard the tragic stories of the brutal violence that has erupted throughout Kenya. Hopes were high in the runup to that country’s fourth multiparty elections held on December 27, and Kenyans actually turned out in record numbers to cast their votes in the extremely close race be- tween incumbent President Mwai Kibaki, and the leader of the op- position Orange Democratic Movement, Raila Odinga. Excitement at advancing Kenya’s democratic progress turned sour when results were delayed. Then, when Kenya’s Electoral Commission declared Kibaki the victor and proceeded to hurriedly swear him in 2 days later, that hope and excitement turned to rage as the world watched the entire democratic process begin to un- ravel and historical grievances gave way to outbreaks of brutal vio- lence that continue today. With volatile neighbors like Somalia and Ethiopia and Sudan, Kenya has often been considered relatively stable, and even a model of democratic and economic development in the region. Although even before this crisis the country was not without its problems, Kenya is an important partner for the United States. (1) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 13:37 Nov 20, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 KENYA.TXT sforel1 PsN: sforel1 2 But the lack of progress in addressing a number of deep-rooted problems, including political marginalization, land disputes, and endemic corruption, appear to have taken a toll. By many accounts, the situation in Kenya could still get much worse, and is beginning to have negative repercussions beyond its own borders. That is why it is essential that the United States and wider international community devote the necessary attention, as- sistance, and diplomatic pressure to help pull Kenya from the brink of disaster, and bring that country back to the path toward sta- bility, democracy, and development. Given our strong relationship with Kenya, it’s particularly impor- tant that the administration act in a fair and balanced manner that actively supports the people of Kenya and their right to a gov- ernment that truly represents them, and seeks to address the fun- damental grievances that have contributed to the brutal violence. The administration cannot overlook or ignore the complexities of this crisis; for doing so will only allow them to fester and reemerge again in the future. This hearing will explore both the short- and long-term causes of the recent political and social unrest in Kenya, and what must be done to address these problems, and how the United States can contribute to these solutions. In an attempt to present a balanced assessment of what has gone wrong, and how to fix it, we have invited two panels of distin- guished witnesses, to focus on U.S. policy to date, and how our Government can best support Kenya and international stabilization efforts. First we’ll hear from Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer, who just returned from Africa last night. We will also hear testi- mony from Katherine Almquist, the Assistant Administrator for Africa at the U.S. Agency for International Development. I’ve asked them to explain how the United States has sought to strengthen democratic and judicial institutions, while also consoli- dating the Kibaki government’s commitment to good governance.
Recommended publications
  • Kenya in Crisis

    Kenya in Crisis

    KENYA IN CRISIS Africa Report N°137 – 21 February 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE ELECTION CRISIS ............................................................................................. 2 A. A TIGHT AND TENSE RACE ...................................................................................................2 1. Coalition building ......................................................................................................3 2. The issues...................................................................................................................4 B. THE RIGGING OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ....................................................................6 III. THE SECURITY CRISIS.............................................................................................. 9 A. PROTEST AND REPRESSION....................................................................................................9 B. ESCALATION IN THE RIFT VALLEY ......................................................................................10 1. The rise of Kalenjin warriors in the North Rift .......................................................11 2. The return of Mungiki..............................................................................................13 3. Coast Province: the next theatre of violence?..........................................................15
  • Post-Election Violence in Kenya

    Post-Election Violence in Kenya

    Spontaneous or Premeditated? DISCUSSION PAPER 57 SPONTANEOUS OR PREMEDITATED? Post-Election Violence in Kenya GODWIN R. MURUNGA NORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, UppSALA 2011 Indexing terms: Elections Violence Political violence Political crisis Ethnicity Democratization Kenya The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Language checking: Peter Colenbrander ISSN 1104-8417 ISBN 978-91-7106-694-7 © The author and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2011 Production: Byrå4 Print on demand, Lightning Source UK Ltd. Spontaneous or Premeditated? Contents Contents ..............................................................................................................................................................3 Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................5 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................7 Post-Election Violence: Overview of the Literature .............................................................................8 A Note on the Kenyan Democratisation Processes ............................................................................13 Clash of Interpretations ................................................................................................................................17 The Ballot Box and
  • 2005 / 2006 the Racewalking Year in Review

    2005 / 2006 the Racewalking Year in Review

    2005 / 2006 THE RACEWALKING YEAR IN REVIEW COMPLETE VICTORIAN RESULTS MAJOR INTERNATIONAL RESULTS Tim Erickson 11 November 2006 1 2 Table of Contents AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITY GAMES, QLD, 27-29 SEPTEMBER 2005......................................................................5 VICTORIAN SCHOOLS U17 – U20 TRACK AND FIELD CHAMPIONSHIPS, SAT 8 OCTOBER 2005...................6 VRWC RACES, ALBERT PARK, SUNDAY 23 OCTOBER 2005...................................................................................7 CHINESE NATIONAL GAMES, NANJING, 17-22 OCTOBER 2005 ..........................................................................10 VICTORIAN ALL SCHOOLS U12-U16 CHAMPIONSHIPS, OLYMPIC PARK, 29 OCTOBER 2005 .....................12 VRWC RACES, ALBERT PARK, SUNDAY 13 NOVEMBER 2005.............................................................................13 PACIFIC SCHOOLS GAMES, MELBOURNE, NOVEMBER 2005..............................................................................16 AUSTRALIAN ALL SCHOOLS CHAMPS, SYDNEY, 8-11 DECEMBER 2005..........................................................19 VRWC RACES, SUNDAY 11 DECEMBER 2005...........................................................................................................23 RON CLARKE CLASSIC MEET, GEELONG, 5000M WALK FOR ELITE MEN, SAT 17 DECEMBER 2005.........26 GRAHAM BRIGGS MEMORIAL TRACK CLASSIC, HOBART, FRI 6 JANUARY 2006..........................................28 NSW 5000M TRACK WALK CHAMPIONSHIPS, SYDNEY, SAT 7 JANUARY 2006...............................................29
  • Kenya Election History 1963-2013

    Kenya Election History 1963-2013

    KENYA ELECTION HISTORY 1963-2013 1963 Kenya Election History 1963 1963: THE PRE-INDEPENDENCE ELECTIONS These were the last elections in pre-independent Kenya and the key players were two political parties, KANU and KADU. KADU drew its support from smaller, less urbanized communities hence advocated majimboism (regionalism) as a means of protecting them. KANU had been forced to accept KADU’s proposal to incorporate a majimbo system of government after being pressured by the British government. Though KANU agreed to majimbo, it vowed to undo it after gaining political power. The majimbo constitution that was introduced in 1962 provided for a two-chamber national legislature consisting of an upper (Senate) and lower (House of Representative). The Campaign KADU allied with the African People’s Party (APP) in the campaign. KANU and APP agreed not to field candidates in seats where the other stood a better chance. The Voting Elections were marked by high voter turnout and were held in three phases. They were widely boycotted in the North Eastern Province. Violence was reported in various parts of the country; four were killed in Isiolo, teargas used in Nyanza and Nakuru, clashes between supporters in Machakos, Mombasa, Nairobi and Kitale. In the House of Representative KANU won 66 seats out of 112 and gained working majority from 4 independents and 3 from NPUA, KADU took 47 seats and APP won 8. In the Senate KANU won 19 out 38 seats while KADU won 16 seats, APP won 2 and NPUA only 1. REFERENCE: NATIONAL ELECTIONS DATA BOOK By Institute for Education in Democracy (published in 1997).
  • Heel and Toe 2010/2011 Number 48

    Heel and Toe 2010/2011 Number 48

    HEEL AND TOE ONLINE The official organ of the Victorian Race Walking Club 2010/2011 Number 48 29 August 2011 VRWC Preferred Supplier of Shoes, clothes and sporting accessories. Address: RUNNERS WORLD, 598 High Street, East Kew, Victoria (Melways 45 G4) Telephone: 03 9817 3503 Hours : Monday to Friday: 9:30am to 5:30pm Saturday: 9:00am to 3:00pm Website: http://www.runnersworld.com.au/ AUSTRALIAN ROADWALK CHAMPIONSHIPS, CANBERRA, SUNDAY 21 AUGUST 2011 David Armstrong of AthsVic TV has released their video from last weekend's Australian Roadwalking championships in Canberra. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whqBzxa8RZk. Well done to AthsVic for another great video production. David has now produced so many walking videos (13 in total) that I thought it time I put a quick link up via a webpage. I have added links to our own VRWC YouTube videos as well for completeness. See http://www.vrwc.org.au/vrwcvideos.html. VRWC ROADWALKS, MIDDLE PARK, SATURDAY 27 AUGUST 2011 I was not at Middle Park on Saturday so thanks to Mark Donahoo for forwarding the results to me for this week's newsletter. I was quite surprised to see 63 walkers in action the week after the National Championships - this must be some sort of a record for this late in the season. Conditions were excellent and the races look to have been keenly contested. Thanks also to Terry Swan for the many fine photos, some of which I have used. See http://vrwc.org.au/coppermine/. This week I will reverse the order and give our younger walkers the star billing.
  • Ethiopia, the TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University

    Ethiopia, the TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks at WMU Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU International Conference on African Development Center for African Development Policy Research Archives 8-2001 Ethiopia, The TPLF and Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor Paulos Milkias Marianopolis College/Concordia University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive Part of the African Studies Commons, and the Economics Commons WMU ScholarWorks Citation Milkias, Paulos, "Ethiopia, The TPLF nda Roots of the 2001 Political Tremor" (2001). International Conference on African Development Archives. Paper 4. http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive/4 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for African Development Policy Research at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on African Development Archives by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ETHIOPIA, TPLF AND ROOTS OF THE 2001 * POLITICAL TREMOR ** Paulos Milkias Ph.D. ©2001 Marianopolis College/Concordia University he TPLF has its roots in Marxist oriented Tigray University Students' movement organized at Haile Selassie University in 1974 under the name “Mahber Gesgesti Behere Tigray,” [generally T known by its acronym – MAGEBT, which stands for ‘Progressive Tigray Peoples' Movement’.] 1 The founders claim that even though the movement was tactically designed to be nationalistic it was, strategically, pan-Ethiopian. 2 The primary structural document the movement produced in the late 70’s, however, shows it to be Tigrayan nationalist and not Ethiopian oriented in its content.
  • Hansard Report Is for Information Purposes Only

    Hansard Report Is for Information Purposes Only

    June 23, 2020 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DEBATES 1 PARLIAMENT OF KENYA THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY THE HANSARD Tuesday, 23rd June, 2020 The House met at 10.00 a.m. [The Deputy Speaker (Hon. Moses Cheboi) in the Chair] PRAYERS Hon. Deputy Speaker: Hon. Members, you know it is not very easy now to confirm the quorum. That is because we also have to know the number of Members who are in other holding areas. So, we will allow a few more members to come in and then we can make the final confirmation. Order Members, it is now confirmed that we have the required quorum and, therefore, business will begin. COMMUNICATION FROM THE CHAIR CHANGES IN THE MAJORITY PARTY LEADERSHIP Hon. Members, Standing Order 19(1) provides leeway for the largest party or coalition of parties in the National Assembly to elect a Member of the party or coalition of parties to serve as the Leader of the Majority Party. Further, Standing Order 19(3) outlines the procedure for removal of a Leader of the Majority Party. In this regard, Hon. Members, and pursuant to the provision of Standing Order 19(4), I wish to inform the House that I have received a letter from the Majority Party Chief Whip communicating that the Jubilee Coalition held a Parliamentary Group meeting on June 22nd, 2020 at the Kenyatta International Convention Centre (KICC). The letter also conveys that, the Meeting, which comprised of Members of the Coalition in the National Assembly and chaired by the Party Leader, His Excellency the President of the Republic of Kenya and Commander-in-Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces – (i) removed Hon.
  • Parliamentary Strengthening and the Paris Principles: Tanzania Case Study

    Parliamentary Strengthening and the Paris Principles: Tanzania Case Study

    Parliamentary Strengthening and the Paris Principles Tanzania case study January 2009 Dr. Anthony Tsekpo (Parliamentary Centre) and Dr. Alan Hudson (ODI) * Disclaimer: The views presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of DFID or CIDA, whose financial support for this research is nevertheless gratefully acknowledged. Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7922 0300 Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 www.odi.org.uk i Parliamentary strengthening and the Paris Principles: Tanzania case study Acknowledgements We would like to thank all of the people who have shared with us their insights and expertise on the workings of the Parliament of Tanzania and about the range of parliamentary strengthening activities that take place in Tanzania. In particular, we would like to thank those Honourable Members of Parliament who took the time to meet with us, along with members of the Secretariat and staff members from a number of Development Partners and from some of the key civil society organisations that are engaged in parliamentary strengthening work. Our hope is that this report will prove useful to these people and others as they continue their efforts to enhance the effectiveness of Tanzania’s Parliament. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). ii Parliamentary strengthening and the Paris Principles: Tanzania
  • Page 1 of 2 Allafrica.Com: Kenya: Is It Possible Raila Is Being Set up For

    Page 1 of 2 Allafrica.Com: Kenya: Is It Possible Raila Is Being Set up For

    allAfrica.com: Kenya: Is It Possible Raila is Being Set Up for Failure? Page 1 of 2 HOME Kenya: Is It Possible Raila is Being Set Up for Failure? Makau Mutua 5 June 2010 OPINION Nairobi — This is a warning to Prime Minister Raila Odinga. Call it a yellow card. Mr Odinga needs to remember the biblical proverb that "pride cometh before a fall". It is a law of gravity that whatever goes up must come down. He should know that it's a bad omen to count one's chickens before they hatch. The exuberance in the Yes camp is irrational because it belies some irreconcilable contradictions. Some senior PNU members - who are ostensibly in the Yes camp - are setting Mr Odinga up for a hard fall. They are fattening his ego for slaughter. Mr Odinga must remember that the leopard never changes its spots. It's now a fact that the referendum is a contest to succeed President Kibaki. It is no longer only about reform. The leader of the camp that wins the referendum will easily jog to State House in 2012. This is where Mr Odinga becomes an endangered species. There is no doubt that he is the clear leader of the Yes camp. Nor is there any question about President Kibaki's unequivocal support for the proposed constitution. Mr Kibaki is fully behind Mr Odinga. But the two plausible PNU presidential candidates - Vice-President Kalonzo Musyoka and Finance minister Uhuru Kenyatta - have only given tepid support to the proposed constitution. Mr Musyoka has refused to unequivocally back the constitution, or vigorously campaign for it.
  • Environments of Human Evolution: the Isotope Evidence!

    Environments of Human Evolution: the Isotope Evidence!

    Environments of Human Evolution: The Isotope Evidence! Thure Cerling! University of Utah! open.jorum.ac.uk! Thanks to:! • Samuel Andanje, Michael Bird, Frank Brown, Kendra Chritz, Jim Ehleringer, Patrick Gathogo, Bereket Haileab, John Harris, John Hart, Glynis Jehle, Prince Kaleme, David Kimutai, Francis Kirera, Louise Leakey, Meave Leakey, Richard Leakey, Naomi Levin, William Mace, Anthony Macharia, Kyalo Manthi, Emma Mbua, Benjamin Passey, Christopher Remien, Kevin Uno, Jonathan Wynn! • Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization, Kenya Wildlife Service, Leakey Foundation, National Museums of Kenya, National Science Foundation, Packard Foundation, Stable Isotope Ratio Facility for Environmental Research (SIRFER), Turkana Basin Institute, University of Addis Ababa, University of Utah! The! Turkana Basin! • Images: National Fossils! Musuems of Kenya! The! Geology! The ! People! Brown and Mcdougall, 2012! Shungura -Usno -Kibish -Nkalabong Awash sites! Hadar Gona Dikika Nachukui Aramis Olduvai Gorge Koobi Fora 100 km! Loien- 100 km! galani Lothagam 100 km! -Kanapoi Brown 2012! Shungura -Usno -Kibish -Nkalabong Nachukui Koobi Fora Loien- galani Lothagam 100 km! Brown 2012! -Kanapoi How hot?! What kind of! ?! vegetation?! ?! ?! How dry?! ?! ?! ?! ?! What did animals How much ! eat?! shade?! ?! Elements are defined by the number of protons in the nucleus:! 1=H, 2=He, 3 = Li, 4 = Be, 5 = B, 6 = C, 7 = N, 8 = O, and so on . .! Isotopes are the different numbers of neutrons for a given proton configuration! Isotope protons neutrons! 12C 6 6! 13C 6 7! 14C 6 8! Isotope terminology! 13 12 • Rphase = C/ C ratio in “phase”! 13 • ! C (‰) = (Rphase / Rstandard -1)*1000! • On Earth, 13C ranges from 1.04% to about 1.14% (ca.
  • Who Owns the Land? Blood and Soil Issues in the Kenyan Rift Valley

    Who Owns the Land? Blood and Soil Issues in the Kenyan Rift Valley

    WHO OWNS THE LAND? BLOOD AND SOIL ISSUES IN THE KENYAN RIFT VALLEY PART 1: The passion with which millions of citizens valued their presidential vote in the stolen 2007 presidential elections can be reflected in scenes of the bloody post-election clashes today that engulfed Rift Valley, Nyanza, Coast, Nairobi, Western and to a less extent in other parts of the country. Nakuru was the latest epicenter of inter ethnic murders. The violent reactions to rigged elections may reflect the pain of deep and historically rooted injustices some of which predate Kenya’s independence in 1963. They are in fact motivated and exacerbated by landlessness, joblessness, and poverty believed to be heavily contributed towards by the prevailing political status quo that has dominated Kenya since independence. This is a system that has continuously perpetrated, in successive fashion, socio- economic injustices that have been seamlessly transferred from one power regime to the next. The Land issue With a fast growing population in Kenya, limited resources including land and jobs, have severely been put in extreme pressure. Responsive political operatives cognizant of this reality have appreciated the importance of incorporating progressive policies that seek to aggressively address poverty, landlessness, unequal distribution of resources and unemployment, as a matter of priority (in their party manifestoes) if any social stability is to be maintained in Kenya. Without doubt, the opposition party ODM sold an attractive campaign package that sought to address historic land injustices, unemployment, inequitable resource sharing and poverty through a radical constitutional transformation, under the framework of the people-tailored Bomas Constitution Draft.
  • Somalia Terror Threat

    Somalia Terror Threat

    THECHRISTOPHER TERROR February 12, THREAT FROM THE TERROR THREAT FROM SOMALIA THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF AL SHABAAB CHRISTOPHER HARNISCH APPENDICES AND MAPS BY KATHERINE ZIMMERMAN FEBRUARY 12, 2010 A REPORT BY THE CRITICAL THREATS PROJECT OF THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE THE TERROR THREAT FROM SOMALIA CHRISTOPHER HARNISCH February 12, 2010 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 IMPORTANT GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN SOMALIA 3 NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS 4 INTRODUCTION 8 ORIGINS OF AL SHABAAB 10 GAINING CONTROL, GOVERNING, AND MAINTAINING CONTROL 14 AL SHABAAB’S RELATIONSHIP WITH AL QAEDA, THE GLOBAL JIHAD MOVEMENT, AND ITS GLOBAL IDEOLOGY 19 INTERNATIONAL RECRUITING AND ITS IMPACT 29 AL SHABAAB’S INTERNATIONAL THREATS 33 THREAT ASSESSMENT AND CONCLUSION 35 APPENDIX A: TIMELINE OF MAJOR SECURITY EVENTS IN SOMALIA 37 APPENDIX B: MAJOR SUICIDE ATTACKS AND ASSASSINATIONS CLAIMED BY OR ATTRIBUTED TO AL SHABAAB 47 NOTES 51 Maps MAP OF THE HORN OF AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST 5 POLITICAL MAP OF SOMALIA 6 MAP OF ISLAMIST-CONTROLLED AND INFLUENCED AREAS IN SOMALIA 7 www.criticalthreats.org THE TERROR THREAT FROM SOMALIA CHRISTOPHER HARNISCH February 12, 2010 Executive Summary hree hundred people nearly died in the skies of and assassinations. Al Shabaab’s primary objectives at TMichigan on Christmas Day, 2009 when a Niger- the time of the Ethiopian invasion appeared to be ian terrorist attempted to blow up a plane destined geographically limited to Somalia, and perhaps the for Detroit. The terrorist was an operative of an al Horn of Africa. The group’s rhetoric and behavior, Qaeda franchise based in Yemen called al Qaeda in however, have shifted over the past two years reflect- the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).