DOCSLIB.ORG

Felidae, Machairodont

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Felidae, Machairodont e390-11 Siliceo.qxd 30/1/12 14:20 Página 277 Estudios Geológicos, 67(2) julio-diciembre 2011, 277-290 ISSN: 0367-0449 doi:10.3989/egeol.40605.189 Comparative anatomy of the frontal sinuses in the primitive sabre-toothed felid Promegantereon ogygia (Felidae, Machairodontinae) and similarly sized extant felines Anatomía comparada de los senos frontales en el félido dientes de sable primitivo Promegantereon ogygia (Felidae, Machairodontinae) y felinos actuales de tamaño similar G. Siliceo1, M.J. Salesa1, M. Antón1, J.F. Pastor2, J. Morales1 ABSTRACT In the present work, the frontal sinuses of the sabre-toothed felid Promegantereon ogygia are analysed, in comparison to those of the extant felines Acinonyx jubatus, Puma conocolor and Panthera pardus, of similar body weight. The study was carried out using 3D virtual models obtained from CT Scan images, a non-destructive technique that has revealed as a powerful tool for accessing to all kind of intracranial information. Our study shows that the frontal sinuses of P. ogygia were more similar to those of P. concolor, both in the presence of several struts reinforcing the dorsal part, and in the devel- opment of a remarkable caudal expansion. This caudal expansion would act as a thermal insulator of the brain, and would indicate a more open environment than previously supposed for this species, whereas the struts would be related to biomechanical stresses produced during the “canine shear-bite”, the killing method of the machairodontines. Keywords: frontal sinus, pneumatisation, skull, Felidae, Felinae, Machairodontinae. RESUMEN En el presente trabajo, se analizan los senos frontales del félido dientes de sable Promegantereon ogy- gia, en comparación con los de los felinos actuales Acinonyx jubatus, Puma conocolor y Panthera pardus, de similar peso corporal. El estudio se llevó a cabo utilizando modelos virtuales 3D obtenidos por tomogra- fía axial computerizada, una técnica no destructiva que se ha revelado como una poderosa herramienta para acceder a todo tipo de información intracraneal. Nuestro estudio muestra que los senos frontales de P. ogygia eran más similares a los de P. concolor, tanto en la presencia de varios puntales óseos de refuerzo de la parte dorsal, y en el desarrollo de una notable expansión caudal. Esta expansión caudal actuaría como un aislante térmico del cerebro, y podría indicar un entorno más abierto de lo que se supo- ne para esta especie, mientras que los puntales óseos se relacionarían con tensiones biomecánicas pro- ducidas durante el mordisco típico de los macairodontinos, el método de ataque de los machairodontinos. Palabras clave: seno frontal, pneumatización, cráneo, Felidae, Felinae, Machairodontinae. Introduction groups. The study of these structures is very inter- esting for the analysis of cranial morphology and The cranial sinuses are air-filled spaces located functional anatomy, but their functionality has been within the skull of Vertebrates, highly variable in widely debated and several hypotheses have been shape and development among the different proposed (Blanton & Biggs, 1968; Blaney, 1990; 1 Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales - CSIC, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006. Madrid, Spain. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain. Email: [email protected] e390-11 Siliceo.qxd 30/1/12 14:20 Página 278 278 G. Siliceo, M.J. Salesa, M. Antón, J.F. Pastor, J. Morales Witmer, 1997). Frontal sinuses are included in a Paulli, 1900; Nemours, 1931; Shea, 1936; Buhler, complex system of cranial cavities (pneumatisa- 1972; Davis et al., 1996), increasing surface area of tions) called paranasal sinuses, which include, olfactory mucosa (Braune & Clasen, 1877; Negus, besides the frontal sinuses, all the sinuses located 1957, 1958), humidifying and warming the inspired within the ethmoidal, maxilar and sphenoidal bones air (Proetz, 1922, 1938; O’Malley, 1924; Gannon et (Barone, 2010; Evans, 1993; Joeckel, 1998; al., 1997), thermoregulation of the brain (Bignon, Edinger, 1950). These cavities may extend to adja- 1889; Bremer, 1940; Proetz, 1953; Verheyen, 1953; cent bones, such as the temporal bone (Sherwood, Dyce et al., 2002), or producing nitric oxide gas 1999). In Mammals, the paranasal sinuses derive (Lundberg et al., 1994). Nevertheless, no one of from diverticula of the nasal cavity formed by these hypotheses is completely satisfactory or wide- means of a pneumatisation process. Thus, these ly applicable. For example, a function related to res- sinuses are connected with the nasal cavity, and piratory physiology (humidifying and warming the covered with a thin epithelial tissue, which is a inspired air) has been refuted based on the evidence continuation of the nasal mucosa. The maxillary that the sinus epithelium is almost devoid of glan- sinus derives from the respiratory portion of the dular tissue and the sinus ostium (the opening that nasal cavity, whilst the ethmoidal, frontal and sphe- connects a sinus to the nasal cavity itself) is situated noidal sinuses, derive from the olfactory portion of out of the path of the respiratory currents (Proetz, the nasal cavity (Witmer, 1997, 1999). The most 1953; Blanton & Biggs, 1968; Witmer, 1997). The widely accepted hypothesis for the origin of the humidification and warming of the inspired air is cranial pneumatisation states that this process is provided by the epithelium of the maxilloturbinates, produced when the mucous epithelial tissue from which is placed in the line of the respiratory current the nasopharyngeal cavity expands into different (Hillenius, 1992). Besides this, for other authors the cranial bones, which are close to the nasal cavity; paranasal sinuses are simply functionless structures this mucosa is very rich in osteoclasts, which are resulting from a process of unnecessary bone tissue responsible for the resorption of the cranial bony removal, followed by deposition of necessary bone tissue (Witmer, 1997; Smith et al., 2005). This to maintain a strong structure that supports biome- process of bone remodelling is restricted by several chanical stress (Weidenreich, 1941; Edinger, 1950; structural and biomechanical constrains, which are Witmer, 1997). different depending on the bone in which the cavity Anyway, in order to assess the functionality of is being developed. Thus, in the case of frontal the paranasal pneumatisation, it is necessary to sinuses, they grow as separate left and right entities study the different groups of sinuses as separated from the middle nasal meatus, as their development entities, with similar formation processes, but with is confined laterally by the orbits, and rostro-cau- different structural constrains and physiological fea- dally by the inner and outer tables of the frontal tures. Thus, although primarily paranasal sinuses bone (Zollikofer & Weissmann, 2008). could have been formed as a result of a bone Besides, this process of pneumatisation requires remodeling process, they have probably developed certain equilibrium between bone resorption and a set of secondary functions, different in each group deposition, in order to keep the sinus biomechani- of vertebrates. cally stable (Sherwood, 1999; Witmer, 1997). This equilibrium results in a sinus structure with cham- bers and bony struts, the latter supporting the cavity, General morphology of the frontal sinuses in as they are located in areas of high biomechanical mammals demands (Witmer, 1997). Several hypotheses have been proposed to The frontal sinuses are located between the exter- explain the function of these cranial pneumatisa- nal and internal tables of the frontal bone. These tion, most of them related to physiology or architec- two tables contact by means of several struts devel- ture, development and biomechanics of the skull, oped along the sinus, forming an irregular trans- such as: imparting resonance to the voice (Cleland, verse partition; rostrally and medially, the naso- 1862; Bignon, 1889; Leakey & Walker, 1997; Dyce frontal opening connects the sinus with the nasal et al., 2002), protection of the brain from shocks cavity (Barone, 2010; Evans, 1993). The sinuses are (Rui et al., 1960; Schaffer & Reed, 1972; Davis et subdivided into a series of chambers by a variable al., 1996), reducing cranial weight (Cleland, 1862; number of bony struts, which can be from more or Estudios Geológicos, 67(2), 277-290, julio-diciembre 2011. ISSN: 0367-0449. doi:10.3989/egeol.40605.189 e390-11 Siliceo.qxd 30/1/12 14:20 Página 279 Comparative anatomy of the frontal sinuses in the primitive sabre-toothed felid Promegantereon ogygia 279 less cylindrical structures to bony sheets. Some the 3D morphology of these cavities, mostly species have relatively simple frontal sinuses, with because these structures usually have complex a low number of struts, such as felids; others devel- shapes, with prolongations and connections to other op complex frontal sinuses, such as some bovids, cavities. Also, the very nature of the destructive whose sinuses have a great number of struts and a techniques drastically reduces the available fossil complicated system of interconnected chambers skulls, so they were used only when relatively large (Farke, 2010). There are also intermediate mor- samples were available. phologies, such as that seen in canids, which show The development of non-invasive and non- frontal sinuses
Load more

Recommended publications
  • O Ssakach Drapieżnych – Część 2 - Kotokształtne
    PAN Muzeum Ziemi – O ssakach drapieżnych – część 2 - kotokształtne O ssakach drapieżnych - część 2 - kotokształtne W niniejszym artykule przyjrzymy się ewolucji i zróżnicowaniu zwierząt reprezentujących jedną z dwóch głównych gałęzi ewolucyjnych w obrębie drapieżnych (Carnivora). Na wczesnym etapie ewolucji, drapieżne podzieliły się (ryc. 1) na psokształtne (Caniformia) oraz kotokształtne (Feliformia). Paradoksalnie, w obydwu grupach występują (bądź występowały w przeszłości) formy, które bardziej przypominają psy, bądź bardziej przypominają koty. Ryc. 1. Uproszczone drzewo pokrewieństw ewolucyjnych współczesnych grup drapieżnych (Carnivora). Ryc. Michał Loba, na podstawie Nyakatura i Bininda-Emonds, 2012. Tym, co w rzeczywistości dzieli te dwie grupy na poziomie anatomicznym jest budowa komory ucha środkowego (bulla tympanica, łac.; ryc. 2). U drapieżnych komora ta jest budowa przede wszystkim przez dwie kości – tylną kaudalną kość entotympaniczną i kość ektotympaniczną. U kotokształtnych, w miejscu ich spotkania się ze sobą powstaje ciągła przegroda. Obydwie części komory kontaktują się ze sobą tylko za pośrednictwem małego okienka. U psokształtnych 1 PAN Muzeum Ziemi – O ssakach drapieżnych – część 2 - kotokształtne Ryc. 2. Widziane od spodu czaszki: A. baribala (Ursus americanus, Ursidae, Caniformia), B. żenety zwyczajnej (Genetta genetta, Viverridae, Feliformia). Strzałkami zaznaczono komorę ucha środkowego u niedźwiedzia i miejsce występowania przegrody w komorze żenety. Zdj. (A, B) Phil Myers, Animal Diversity Web (CC BY-NC-SA
    [Show full text]
  • On the Socio-Sexual Behaviour of the Extinct Ursid Indarctos Arctoides: an Approach Based on Its Baculum Size and Morphology
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC On the Socio-Sexual Behaviour of the Extinct Ursid Indarctos arctoides: An Approach Based on Its Baculum Size and Morphology Juan Abella1,2*, Alberto Valenciano3,4, Alejandro Pe´rez-Ramos5, Plinio Montoya6, Jorge Morales2 1 Institut Catala` de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona. Edifici ICP, Campus de la UAB s/n, Barcelona, Spain, 2 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain, 3 Departamento de Geologı´a Sedimentaria y Cambio Medioambiental. Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC, UCM), Madrid, Spain, 4 Departamento de Paleontologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias Geolo´gicas UCM, Madrid, Spain, 5 Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Vale`ncia, Paterna, Spain, 6 Departament de Geologia, A` rea de Paleontologia, Universitat de Vale`ncia, Burjassot, Spain Abstract The fossil bacula, or os penis, constitutes a rare subject of study due to its scarcity in the fossil record. In the present paper we describe five bacula attributed to the bear Indarctos arctoides Depe´ret, 1895 from the Batallones-3 site (Madrid Basin, Spain). Both the length and morphology of this fossil bacula enabled us to make interpretative approaches to a series of ecological and ethological characters of this bear. Thus, we suggest that I. arctoides could have had prolonged periods of intromission and/or maintenance of intromission during the post-ejaculatory intervals, a multi-male mating system and large home range sizes and/or lower population density. Its size might also have helped females to choose from among the available males.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimizing Phylogenetic Supertrees Using Answer Set Programming Laura Koponen1, Emilia Oikarinen1, Tomi Janhunen1, and Laura Säilä2 1 HIIT / Dept
    Optimizing Phylogenetic Supertrees Using Answer Set Programming Laura Koponen1, Emilia Oikarinen1, Tomi Janhunen1, and Laura Säilä2 1 HIIT / Dept. Computer Science, Aalto University 2 Dept. Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki Computational logic day 2015 — Aalto, Finland Outline Introduction — the supertree problem ASP Encodings — trees, quartets and projections Experiments — Felidae data Conclusions Koponen et al., Optimizing Phylogenetic Supertrees Using ASP Computational logic day 2015 2/31 I Several measures can be used used I Optimal tree not necessarily unique I Output: a phylogenetic tree that covers all taxa from input and reflects the relationships in input as well as possible The supertree problem I Input: a set of overlapping, possibly conflicting phylogenetic trees (rooted, leaf-labeled) Koponen et al., Optimizing Phylogenetic Supertrees Using ASP Computational logic day 2015 3/31 The supertree problem I Input: a set of overlapping, possibly conflicting phylogenetic trees (rooted, leaf-labeled) I Output: a phylogenetic tree that covers all taxa from input and reflects the relationships in input as well as possible I Several measures can be used used I Optimal tree not necessarily unique Koponen et al., Optimizing Phylogenetic Supertrees Using ASP Computational logic day 2015 4/31 Solving the supertree problem I Typically heuristic methods are used, e.g. matrix representation with Parsimony (MRP) [Baum, 1992; Ragan,1992] I input trees encoded into a binary matrix, and maximum parsimony analysis is then used to construct
    [Show full text]
  • 'Felis' Pamiri Ozansoy, 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Upper Miocene Of
    1 Re-appraisal of 'Felis' pamiri Ozansoy, 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the upper Miocene of 2 Turkey: the earliest pantherin cat? 3 4 Denis GERAADS and Stéphane PEIGNE 5 Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (UMR 7207), Sorbonne 6 Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP 38, 8 rue Buffon, 75231 PARIS Cedex 05, France 7 8 Running head: 'Felis' pamiri from Turkey 9 10 Abstract 11 Although the divergence of the Panthera clade from other Felidae might be as old as the 12 earliest middle Miocene, its fossil record before the Pliocene is virtually non-existent. Here we 13 reassess the affinities of a felid from the early upper Miocene of Turkey, known by well-preserved 14 associated upper and lower dentitions. We conclude that it belongs to the same genus 15 (Miopanthera Kretzoi, 1938) as the middle Miocene 'Styriofelis' lorteti (Gaillard, 1899), and that 16 this genus is close to, if not part of, the Panthera clade. 17 18 Keywords: Carnivora – Felidae – Pantherini – Phylogeny – Upper Miocene – Turkey 19 20 Introduction 21 The Felidae can be divided in two subfamilies (Johnson et al. 2006; Werdelin et al. 2010) 22 Felinae (= Pantherinae, or big cats, plus Felinae, or smaller cats, in e.g., Wilson and Mittermeier 23 2009) and Machairodontinae, although their monophyly is hard to demonstrate, the second one 24 being extinct. The Neogene fossil record of the Machairodontinae, or saber-toothed felids, is 25 satisfactory, but that of other members of the family, conveniently called conical-toothed felids 26 (although several of them have compressed, flattened canines) is much more patchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Endemism and Migration in the Kochkor Basin? Identification and Description of Adcrocuta Eximia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Hyaenidae) and C.F
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Endemism and migration in the Kochkor Basin? Identification and description of Adcrocuta eximia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Hyaenidae) and c.f. Paramachaerodus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) fossils at the Miocene locality of Ortok, Kyrgyzstan Sophie A. Miller, Paul Z. Barrett, Win N.F. McLaughlin, and Samantha S.B. Hopkins ABSTRACT Dentition from a Miocene hyaenid and a saber-toothed felid are described from the Chu Formation of Kyrgyzstan. Identified as Adcrocuta eximia (UOMNH F-70508) and c.f. Paramachaerodus (UOMNH F-70509), these represent one of the only formal- ized descriptions of fossil taxa from the Miocene in Kyrgyzstan. These specimens were recovered from the Ortok locality at the northwestern corner of the Kochkor Basin, the youngest of the known bone-bed localities in the Chu Formation. Using bio- and mag- netostratigraphy, the Chu Formation is attributed to the late Miocene to Pliocene, deposited approximately at 8 to 4 Ma. The Adcrocuta specimen consists of a partial dentary with condylar and angular processes, one upper, five lower teeth, and the par- tial root and alveoli of a fifth mandibular tooth. The c.f. Paramachaerodus specimen includes a partial M1, P4, and C1, and exhibits the features of the “scimitar-toothed” machairodontines. Preserved diagnostic characters place the Kyrgyz specimen closest to P. ogygia, although with certain features similar to that of P. transasiaticus, such as incipient crenulations on the canine. However, the age of the Kyrgyz specimen, approximately 6 Ma, is substantially younger than what is known for either of these taxa. We therefore hypothesize this Paramachaerodus specimen could be evidence of an endemic taxon in Kyrgyzstan from earlier migrating Asian species, potentially due to geological uplift with the Tien Shan Mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)
    A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) Steven C. Wallace1*, Richard C. Hulbert Jr.2 1 Department of Geosciences, Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America, 2 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America Abstract South-central Florida’s latest Hemphillian Palmetto Fauna includes two machairodontine felids, the lion-sized Machairodus coloradensis and a smaller, jaguar-sized species, initially referred to Megantereon hesperus based on a single, relatively incomplete mandible. This made the latter the oldest record of Megantereon, suggesting a New World origin of the genus. Subsequent workers variously accepted or rejected this identification and biogeographic scenario. Fortunately, new material, which preserves previously unknown characters, is now known for the smaller taxon. The most parsimonious results of a phylogenetic analysis using 37 cranio-mandibular characters from 13 taxa place it in the Smilodontini, like the original study; however, as the sister-taxon to Megantereon and Smilodon. Accordingly, we formally describe Rhizosmilodon fiteae gen. et sp. nov. Rhizosmilodon, Megantereon, and Smilodon ( = Smilodontini) share synapomorphies relative to their sister-taxon Machairodontini: serrations smaller and restricted to canines; offset of P3 with P4 and p4 with m1; complete verticalization of mandibular symphysis; m1 shortened and robust with widest point anterior to notch; and extreme posterior ‘‘lean’’ to p3/p4. Rhizosmilodon has small anterior and posterior accessory cusps on p4, a relatively large lower canine, and small, non-procumbent lower incisors; all more primitive states than in Megantereon and Smilodon.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT How Sabertoothed Felids Have Evolved Their Iconic Morphology Remains Unclear Because of the Patchy Fossil Record of Early Machairodontines
    Journal of Mammalian Evolution https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-021-09541-0 Accepted: 8 March 2021 Morphometric analysis of the mandible of primitive sabertoothed felids from the late Miocene of Spain Short title: Morphometric analysis of early sabertoothed felids Narimane Chatar1,*, Valentin Fischer1, Gema Siliceo2, Mauricio Antón2, Jorge Morales2, and Manuel J. Salesa2 1 Evolution and Diversity Dynamics Lab, Université de Liège, Belgium 2 Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. 28006 Madrid, Spain * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT How sabertoothed felids have evolved their iconic morphology remains unclear because of the patchy fossil record of early machairodontines. Batallones localities in the Madrid region (Spain) have the potential to clarify this as two sites have yielded hundreds of fossils of the early machairodontines Promegantereon ogygia and Machairodus aphanistus. Previous analyses suggested that these two sites are not contemporaneous and a morphological drift between cavities was described for these two species; characterizing intraspecific variability is thus important to better understand the evolution of machairodontines. To tackle this issue, we modelled 62 felid mandibles in 3D using a laser scanner. We applied 3D geometric morphometrics (3D GM) and linear morphometrics on these models to test for differences in populations and to better characterize the morphology of early machairodontines. Both linear measurements and 3D data reveal an absence of morphological changes in mandible shape between the two sites. Batallones machairodontines are closer to felines than to other, more derived machairodontines in mandibular morphology, suggesting the existence of rapid shift in the mandibular shape between primitive and derived members of the clade.
    [Show full text]
  • A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Morphological Evolution and Locomotor Performance of the Carnivoran Forelimb
    A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Morphological Evolution and Locomotor Performance of the Carnivoran Forelimb Alberto Martı´n-Serra*, Borja Figueirido, Paul Palmqvist Departamento de Ecologı´a y Geologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Ma´laga, Ma´laga, Spain Abstract In this study, three-dimensional landmark-based methods of geometric morphometrics are used for estimating the influence of phylogeny, allometry and locomotor performance on forelimb shape in living and extinct carnivorans (Mammalia, Carnivora). The main objective is to investigate morphological convergences towards similar locomotor strategies in the shape of the major forelimb bones. Results indicate that both size and phylogeny have strong effects on the anatomy of all forelimb bones. In contrast, bone shape does not correlate in the living taxa with maximum running speed or daily movement distance, two proxies closely related to locomotor performance. A phylomorphospace approach showed that shape variation in forelimb bones mainly relates to changes in bone robustness. This indicates the presence of biomechanical constraints resulting from opposite demands for energetic efficiency in locomotion –which would require a slender forelimb– and resistance to stress –which would be satisfied by a robust forelimb–. Thus, we interpret that the need of maintaining a trade-off between both functional demands would limit shape variability in forelimb bones. Given that different situations can lead to one or another morphological solution, depending on the specific ecology of taxa, the evolution of forelimb morphology represents a remarkable ‘‘one-to-many mapping’’ case between anatomy and ecology. Citation: Martı´n-Serra A, Figueirido B, Palmqvist P (2014) A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Morphological Evolution and Locomotor Performance of the Carnivoran Forelimb.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus/Species Skull Ht Lt Wt Stage Range Abacinonyx See Acinonyx Abathomodon See Speothos A
    Genus/Species Skull Ht Lt Wt Stage Range Abacinonyx see Acinonyx Abathomodon see Speothos A. fossilis see Icticyon pacivorus? Pleistocene Brazil Abelia U.Miocene Europe Absonodaphoenus see Pseudarctos L.Miocene USA A. bathygenus see Cynelos caroniavorus Acarictis L.Eocene W USA cf. A. ryani Wasatchian Colorado(US) A. ryani Wasatchian Wyoming, Colorado(US) Acinomyx see Acinonyx Acinonyx M.Pliocene-Recent Europe,Asia,Africa,N America A. aicha 2.3 m U.Pliocene Morocco A. brachygnathus Pliocene India A. expectata see Miracinonyx expectatus? Or Felis expectata? A. intermedius M.Pleistocene A. jubatus living Cheetah M.Pliocene-Recent Algeria,Europe,India,China A. pardinensis 91 cm 3 m 60 kg Astian-Biharian Italy,India,China,Germany,France A. sp. L.Pleistocene Tanzania,Ethiopia A. sp. Cf. Inexpectatus Blancan-Irvingtonian California(US) A. studeri see Miracinonyx studeri Blancan Texas(US) A. trumani see Miracinonyx trumani Rancholabrean Wyoming,Nevada(US) Acionyx possibly Acinonyx? A. cf. Crassidens Hadar(Ethiopia) Acrophoca 1.5 m U.Miocene-L.Pliocene Peru,Chile A. longirostris U.Miocene-L.Pliocene Peru A. sp. U.Miocene-L.Pliocene Chile Actiocyon M-U.Miocene W USA A. leardi Clarendonian California(US) A. sp. M.Miocene Oregon(US) Adcrocuta 82 cm 1.5 m U.Miocene Europe,Asia A. advena A. eximia 80 cm 1.5 m Vallesian-Turolian Europe(widespread),Asia(widespread) Adelphailurus U.Miocene-L.Pliocene W USA, Mexico,Europe A. kansensis Hemphillian Arizona,Kansas(US),Chihuahua(Mexico) Adelpharctos M.Oligocene Europe Adilophontes L.Miocene W USA A. brachykolos Arikareean Wyoming(US) Adracodon probably Adracon Eocene France A. quercyi probably Adracon quercyi Eocene France Adracon U.Eocene-L.Oligocene France A.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae
    PalZ (2017) 91:409–426 DOI 10.1007/s12542-017-0371-7 RESEARCH PAPER A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) from the late Miocene of China and Bulgaria, and revision of Promegantereon Kretzoi, 1938 and Paramachaerodus Pilgrim, 1913 1,2 3 Yu Li • Nikolai Spassov Received: 17 March 2016 / Accepted: 10 June 2017 / Published online: 18 August 2017 Ó Pala¨ontologische Gesellschaft 2017 Abstract New Machairodontinae material from the late Keywords Machairodontinae Á Paramachaerodus Miocene localities of Hezheng (China) and Hadjidimovo transasiaticus sp. nov. Á Promegantereon Á Late Miocene Á (Bulgaria) represents a new species of Paramachaerodus China Á Bulgaria Pilgrim. Both localities are similar in age and suggest that the new species had a very large geographic range Kurzfassung Neues Material von Machairodontinae aus extending from northwestern China adjacent to the Tibetan den obermioza¨nen Fundstellen Hezheng (China) und Plateau (Gansu Province) to southeastern Europe or prob- Hadjidimovo (Bulgarien) repra¨sentiert eine neue Art, die ably to all of southern Europe. The new species—Para- der Gattung Paramachaerodus Pilgrim zugeordnet werden machaerodus transasiaticus sp. nov is characterized by a kann. Die beiden Fundstellen sind altersgleich und deuten combination of features of ‘‘Promegantereon’’ and Para- darauf hin, dass die neue Art ein sehr ausgedehntes Areal machaerodus. This specific morphology, as well as the age von Nordwest-China, im benachbarten Hochland von Tibet of the Hezheng and Hadjidimovo (early Turolian, after the (Provinz Gansu), bis Su¨dost-Europa oder mo¨glicherweise European Land Mammal Ages) put the new species in auch ganz Su¨deuropa besiedelt hat. Die neue Art – Para- intermediary position between ‘‘Promegantereon’’ and machaerodus transasiaticus sp.
    [Show full text]
  • A Genomic Exploration of the Early Evolution of Extant Cats and Their Sabre-Toothed Relatives [Version 1; Peer Review: 2 Approved]
    Open Research Europe Open Research Europe 2021, 1:25 Last updated: 30 SEP 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE A genomic exploration of the early evolution of extant cats and their sabre-toothed relatives [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Michael V Westbury 1, Ross Barnett 1, Marcela Sandoval-Velasco1, Graham Gower 1, Filipe Garrett Vieira 1, Marc de Manuel2, Anders J Hansen 1, Nobuyuki Yamaguchi 3, Lars Werdelin4, Tomas Marques-Bonet2,5-7, M Thomas P Gilbert 1,8*, Eline D Lorenzen1* 1The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark 2Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 4Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden 5Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain 6CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 7Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain 8Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway * Equal contributors v1 First published: 24 Mar 2021, 1:25 Open Peer Review https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13104.1 Latest published: 21 Jun 2021, 1:25 https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13104.2 Reviewer Status Invited Reviewers Abstract Background: The evolutionary relationships of Felidae during their 1 2 Early–Middle Miocene radiation is contentious.
    [Show full text]
  • Säbelzahnkatzen: Von Machairodus Bis Zu Smilodon
    Säbelzahnkatzen: Von Machairodus bis zu Smilodon von Ernst Probst Erstauflage Diplomica Verlag 2015 Verlag C.H. Beck im Internet: www.beck.de ISBN 978 3 95850 976 4 schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei beck-shop.de DIE FACHBUCHHANDLUNG Leseprobe Textprobe: Kapitel, Machairodus: Die Säbelzahnkatze am Ur-Rhein: In Europa, Asien, Afrika und Nordamerika lebten vom Mittelmiozän vor ca. 15 Millionen Jahren bis zum Ende des Pliozäns vor etwa 2,6 Millionen Jahren verschiedene Arten der Säbelzahnkatze Machairodus. Sie hat also rund zwölf Millionen Jahre und somit länger existiert als alle anderen Gattungen der echten Säbelzahnkatzen. Die geologisch jüngsten Funde von Machairodus kamen in Nordafrika (Tunesien) zum Vorschein. Die Gattung Machairodus wurde 1833 von dem Zoologen und Paläontologen Johann Jakob Kaup (1803–1873), der am großherzoglichen Naturalienkabinett in Darmstadt arbeitete, wissenschaftlich untersucht und erstmals beschrieben. Ihm hatte dabei ein oberer Eckzahn (Fangzahn bzw. Caninus) aus Eppelsheim bei Alzey in Rheinhessen vorgelegen. Der Gattungsname Machairodus beruht auf dem griechischen Wort „máchaira“ für ein schwertähnliches, im klassischen Griechenland als Schlachtmesser eingesetztes Gerät und dem Begriff „odon“ (Nebenform von „odoús“) für Zahn. Damit heißt Machairodus zu deutsch etwa so viel wie „Schlachtmesserzahn“. Für die Gattung Machairodus sind krummsäbelige Eckzähne mit fein gezähnelten Kanten charakteristisch. Diese Kanten nutzten sich bereits innerhalb weniger Jahre ab. Die Eckzähne von Machairodus im Oberkiefer
    [Show full text]