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Early Diversification of Seeds and Seed-Like Structures Cyrille Prestianni

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Early Diversification of Seeds and Seed-Like Structures Cyrille Prestianni Early diversification of seeds and seed-like structures Cyrille Prestianni To cite this version: Cyrille Prestianni. Early diversification of seeds and seed-like structures. Carnets de Geologie, Carnets de Geologie, 2005, CG2005 (M02/06), pp.33-38. hal-00167621 HAL Id: hal-00167621 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00167621 Submitted on 22 Aug 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology - Memoir 2005/02, Abstract 06 (CG2005_M02/06) Early diversification of seeds and seed-like structures. [Diversification précoce des graines et structures assimilées] Cyrille PRESTIANNI 1 Key Words: Seeds; diversity; Devonian; Lower Carboniferous; evolution PRESTIANNI C. (2005).- Early diversification of seeds and seed-like structures. In: STEEMANS P. & JAVAUX E. (eds.), Pre-Cambrian to Palaeozoic Palaeopalynology and Palaeobotany.- Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology, Brest, Memoir 2005/02, Abstract 06 (CG2005_M02/06) Mots-Clefs : Graines ; diversité ; Dévonien ; Carbonifère inférieur ; évolution The seed habit is one of the most important A. Moresnetia-type evolutionary acquisition in plant evolution. It The first type of preovule is the Moresnetia- allowed colonisation of new ecological niches, type. It is characterised by a four unit cupule leading to a level of diversification never formed by two successive cruciated observed before. The seed habit involves dichotomous divisions. Within this group, we occurrence of a single functional megaspore notice a progressive fusion of the within an indehiscent megasporangium integumentary lobes, ranging from completely (nucellus), development of an endosporic dissected in the Belgian taxon Moresnetia megagametophyte, enclosure of the nucellus by zalesskyi STOCKMANS (1948), emend. FAIRON- an integument, and capture of pollen before DEMARET et SCHECKLER (1987) [West European dispersal from the sporophyte. VCo biozone] to a nearly completely fused integument in Archaeosperma arnoldii PETTITT et Early ovulate structures are better regarded BECK (1968) [North American LE-LN biozone]. as preovules (sensu STEWART & ROTHWELL, 1993) Xenotheca devonica ARBER et GOODE (1915), as their nucellus is surrounded by unfused or emend. HILTON et EDWARDS (1999) [West partially fused integumentary lobes, and they European LL biozone] and Elkinsia polymorpha consequently lack a well-defined micropyle. The ROTHWELL et alii (1989), emend. SERBET et functions of the micropyle were than assumed ROTHWELL (1992) [North American VH biozone] by modifications of the nucellar apex. have an intermediate degree of fusion. The Many preovules are known from Upper degree of fusion of the integument can be Devonian deposits (see Fig. 1). They show a observed only on perfectly preserved variety of morphologies, but they all share the specimens. This led HILTON (1999) to doubt the same set of modifications of the nucellar apex: justification of a distinction between the genera the hydrasperman syndrome (ROTHWELL, 1986; Moresnetia, Elkinsia and Xenotheca. ROTHWELL & SCHECKLER, 1988). The nucellar apex We also include in the Moresnetia-type two is modified into a pollen chamber (sensu slightly different taxa: Kerrya mattenii ROTHWELL GORDON, 1941) closed by a plinth (sensu et WIGHT (1989) [West European LE/LN GORDON, 1941) and extended by a cylindrical biozone] and Lenlogia krystofovichii PETROSYAN structure (HILTON, 1996), the salpinx (sensu in LEPEKHINA et alii (1962) emend. KRASSILOV et GORDON, 1941). The pollen chamber contains a ZAKHAROVA (1995) [LL Biozone]. Kerrya mattenii central parenchymatous column. We here call possesses a six unit cupule, but its overall lagenostome (sensu SCOTT, 1917) the whole organisation conforms to the Moresnetia-type. modification of the nucellar apex, pollen Lenlogia krystofovichii is poorly understood, but chamber plus apex. may be provisionally included in this group All these Upper Devonian types show various because of its apparent structural resemblance. degrees of fusion of the integumentary lobes The Moresnetia-type comprises the most and/or characteristics of the cupule, a set of ancient type of preovules. Its first vegetative segments that usually encloses the representatives are found in the upper Frasnian pre-ovulate structure. On the basis of the of Russia (IURINA et alii, 1988). This early characteristics of these parts, the Upper occurrence may be a partial explanation for its Devonian preovules can be classified in the wide geographic distribution by late Famennian following types. times (see Fig. 2). This type ranged across the D/C boundary, for it is represented by the Carboniferous lagenostomalean seeds ovules (CLEAL, 1993; LONG, 1975). 1 Doctorant F.R.I.A., Département de Géologie, Laboratoire de Paléobotanique, Paléopalynologie et Micropaléontologie, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 août, B18, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège (Belgium) [email protected] 33 Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology - Memoir 2005/02, Abstract 06 (CG2005_M02/06) Figure 1: Stratigraphic distribution of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous ovules and ovule-like structures. Dotted line separates preovules (left) from ovule-like structures (right). See text for references. Stratigraphic scale modified from DREESEN et alii (1993) and STREEL et alii (1987). AD. Acinosporites acanthomammilathus - Densosporites evonicus; BJ. Verrucosisporites bulliferus - Cirratriradites jekhowskyi; BM. Verrucosisporites bulliferus - Lophozonotriletes media; P. Spelaeotrilete balteatus - Rugospora polyptycha; CM. Schopfites claviger - Auroraspora macra; GF. Grandispora gracilis - G. famenensis; GH. Grandispora gracilis - A. hirtus; HD. Kraeuzelisporites hibernicus - Umbonatisporites distinctus; LE. Retispora lepidophyta - Indotriradites explanatus; LL. Retispora lepidophyta - Knoxisporites literatus; TA. Samarisporites triangulatus - Acyspora var. ancyrea; TCo. Samarisporites triangulatus - Chelinospora concinna; L; M; PC. Spelaeotriletes pretiosus - Raistrickia clavata; VCo. Diducites versabilis - Grandispora cornuta; VI. Vallatisporites allatus - Retusotriletes incohatus; LN. Retispora lepidophyta - Verucosiporites nitidus; VH. Apiculiretusispora verrucosa - Vallatisporites hystricosus. 34 Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology - Memoir 2005/02, Abstract 06 (CG2005_M02/06) D. Condrusia-type B. Aglosperma-type The fifth type is the Condrusia-type The second type of preovule is the acupulate represented by three described species, C. Aglosperma-type. It includes: Aglosperma rumex STOCKMANS (1948), C. minor STOCKMANS quadrapartita HILTON et EDWARDS (1996) [West (1948) and C. brevis PETROSYAN in LEPEKHINA et European LL-LE biozone] and Aglosperma alii (1962). They differ from all the others in the avonensis HILTON (1998) [West European VI characteristics of their cupule which is Biozone]. Their integument is formed by three composed of two flat bilaterally symmetrical to four flat lobes fused up to their lower third. wings adpressed against each other. In the two species currently under investigation, C. rumex C. Warsteinia and Dorinnotheca-types and C. minor, the integument is not dissected An adaptation to anemochory may be into lobes and shows a complex organisation observed in the third and fourth types: the with three layers, the middle one consisting of Warsteinia-type and the Dorinnotheca-type. large sclerified cells. The nucellus appears to be Warsteinia paprothii ROWE (1997) [West fused with the integument. Its apex is modified European LE biozone] is acupulate. Its into a very long salpinx protruding above both integument is made of four winged lobes the integument and the cupule wings. adnate or fused to the nucellus. The Dorinnotheca-type, represented by E. Other preovules and seed-like Dorinnotheca streelii, FAIRON-DEMARET (1996) structures [West European VCo], is putatively In addition, two new types of preovules anemochoreous too. Its cupule is composed of occur in the Irish Hook Head locality (KLAVINS & eight parts fused proximally so that they form a MATTEN, 1999; KLAVINS, 2000). They are both cup, the segments of which divide to form at radially symmetrical and present the least 40 free endings. Each cupule contains only hydrasperman-type of reproduction. Their one central ovule. The integument is composed integument is made of four lobes fused basally of four free terete lobes (FAIRON-DEMARET, and curving inward over the ovule apex. One of 1996). Figure 2 (modified from SCOTESE, 2002): In red the geographic area covered by the Moresnetia-type during the late Famennian. Data from PETTITT & BECK (1968), FAIRON-DEMARET & SCHECKLER (1987), IURINA (1988), ROTHWELL et alii (1989), ROTHWELL & WIGHT (1989), KRASSILOV & ZAKHAROVA (1995) and HILTON & EDWARDS (1999). 35 Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology - Memoir 2005/02, Abstract 06 (CG2005_M02/06) the two new preovules presents an integument iterative (sensu BATEMAN & DIMICHELE, 1994) composed of three distinct layers. However, aspect of heterospory. without published description or illustration, further
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