Union Wages and Hours: the Baking Industry, July 1, 1950 : Bulletin Of

Union Wages and Hours: The Baking Industry July 1,1950

Bulletin No. 1014 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Maubice J. Tobin, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clagce, Commissioner

July 1,1950

Bulletin No. 1014 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR M aurice J. Tobin, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner

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U nited States D epartment of Labor, B ureau of Labor Statistics, W a sh in g to n , D. C., February 1 , 1 9 5 1 . The Secretary of Labor: I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report on union wages and hours in the baking industry in 74 cities as of July 1, 1950. This report was prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wage Statistics by Annette Y. Sherier, under the direction of John F. Laciskey.

E wan Clague, Commissioner. Hon. M aurice J. T obin, Secretary of Labor. (in)

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Contents Page Summary______1 Scope and method of study______1 Trends in union wage scales______1 Rate variations by industry branch______2 City and regional rate variations______4 Standard workweek______'______6 Union scales of wages and hours, by city______6 Tables: 1. Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly hours in the baking industry, 1939-50______1 2. Average union wage rates in the baking industry, July 1, 1950, and in creases since July 1, 1949, by type of baking______2 3. Percent increases in union wage rates and percent of workers affected, by type of baking, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950_.______2 4. Cents-per-hour increases in union wage rates and percent of workers affected, by type of baking, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950______2 5. Distribution of union members in the baking industry, by type of baking and by hourly wage rates, July 1, 1950______3 6. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake hand shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950______3 7. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake machine shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950______4 8. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in pie and pastry shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950______4 9. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in Hebrew bake shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950______5 10. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in other nationality bake shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950______5 11. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in cracker and cooky shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950______5 12. Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by population group and by type of baking, July 1, 1950______- ______6 13. Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by region and by type of baking, July 1, 1950______6 14. Distribution of union members in the baking industry, by straight-time weekly hours, and type of baking, July 1, 1950______6 15. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950______7 (V)

Summary quotations for the various occupations in both years, weighted by the membership reported in Hourly wage scales of unionized workers ad 1950. vanced 4 percent between July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Trends in Union Wage Scales twelfth annual survey of union scales in the baking industry. On July 1, 1950, union hourly scales Between June 1, 1939, and July 1, 1950, the for all bakery workers averaged $1.37, an increase index of union hourly scales of bakery workers of 6 cents an hour over the previous July. Con advanced 92.4 percent.1 Nearly three-fourths of tract negotiations effective in the 12 months this upward movement occurred after July 1945. ending July 1, 1950, provided wage increases for The 4-percent increase in wage scales of unionized 77 percent of all bakery workers studied. The bakery workers in the year ending July 1, 1950, straight-time workweek remained unchanged from was the smallest annual gain recorded since VJ- the previous year, averaging 40.7 for all workers. day and was substantially below the increases The 40-hour straight-time work schedule was the achieved in the 2 years immediately following the most prevalent in the industry and affected five of cessation of hostilities in 1945, when advances of every six unionized bakery workers studied. 15 and 13 percent were registered. (See table 1.)

T able 1.— Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly Scope and Method of Study hours in the baking industry, 1989-50 The information presented in this report is [June 1,1939=100] based on union scales in effect on July 1, 1950, Year Index of hourly Index of weekly and covered approximately 75,000 union bakery rates hours workers in 74 cities ranging in population from 193Q- .Trine 1 100.0 100.0 194.0* .Tune 1 102.7 99.5 40,000 to over 1,000,000. Data were obtained 1941- June>1 . 106.1 99.2 1049.* Inly 1 116.3 99.1 primarily from local unions by mail questionnaire; 1Q43* .Tilly 1 121.2 98.6 1Q44* Inly 1 122.0 98.6 in some cities local union officials were visited by 1945: July 1______123.6 98.6 1946: July 1______141.6 98.3 Bureau representatives for the desired information. 1Q47* Inly 1 160.6 98.2 1948r Tilly 1 . ______173.4 98.2 Union scales are defined as the minimum wage 1Q4Q: Inly 1 184.5 97.8 rates, or maximum schedules of hours agreed upon 10K0! Inly 1 192.4 97.8 through collective bargaining between employers and trade-unions. Rates in excess of the nego Three of every four union bakery workers in the tiated minimum which may be paid for special cities included in the survey had upward adjust qualifications or other reasons are not included. ments in their pay scale between July 1, 1949, and Average hourly rates presented in this report July 1, 1950. The proportion of workers receiving are designed to show current levels and are based increases in bake shops producing nationality on all rates reported in effect on July 1, 1950; products other than Hebrew—which employed individual union rates are weighted by the number about 2 percent of all workers studied—was con of union members reported working at each rate. siderably below that of the other five branches of These averages are not measures for yearly com the industry. Only one-ninth of the other nation parisons because of annual changes in union mem ality bakers had scale advances, as compared with at bership and in classifications studied. Average cents-per-hour and percentage changes from July 1 In the index series designed for trend purposes, year-to-year changes in union scales are based on comparable, quotations for the various occupations

1, 1949, to July 1, 1950, are based on comparable in both years, weighted by the membership reported j' t . 1950.

(1)

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T a b le 2.—Average union wage rates in the baking industry, had their scale advanced from 5 to 10 percent. July 1 , 1 9 5 0 , and increases since July 1 , &2/ a/ baking (See table 3.) Although individual wage adjust ments ranged up to 30 cents an hour, raises gen Amount of increase erally varied from 5 to 10 cents an hour. (See Average July 1,1949-July rate per 1,1950 2 table 4.) Type of baking hour July 1,1950 1 Cents per Percent hour Rate Variations by Industry Branch

All b a k in g , , $1.37 4.3 6 Wage scales in the bakery industry are generally Bread and cake: affected by such factors as product, baking process, H a n d _ . 1.63 1.4 2 M an hin a 1.35 5.2 7 extent of mechanization and specialized or more Pip and pastry _ _ 1.23 4.1 5 Nationality baking: standard baking. Most of the baked goods are H e b r e w . ______1.93 3.2 6 O th e r 1.65 .5 1 now standardized and produced by mass-produc Cracker and cooky______1.11 5.1 5 tion techniques in large and highly mechanized 1 Average rates are based on all rates in effect on July 1, 1950; individual establishments. Specialized baking is found rates are weighted by the number of union members reported at each rate. 2 Based on comparable quotations for 1949 and 1950; weighted by the primarily in bread and cake hand shops and in membership reported in 1950. shops producing Hebrew, French, Italian, and other nationality baked goods. least half in each of the other types of shops; over Over three-fourths of the workers included in four-fifths of the workers in machine bread and the study were employed in the highly mechan cake shops, and cracker and cooky establishments, ized mass-production shops, and a large proportion which had 75 percent of the total employment in of these workers performed routine tasks which the survey, were affected by upward scale revisions. require relatively little training. In specialized Of those receiving increases between July 1, or hand shops, the labor force is composed mainly 1949, and July 1, 1950, about three of every five of skilled all-round journeymen.

T a b le 3.—Percent increases in union wage rates and percent of workers affected, by type of baking, July 1,1949, to July 1, 1950

Percent of union workers affected by— Percent of workers affected by increase of— Type of baking Less 5 and 10 and 15 and 20 and 25 and 30 per No Increase Decrease than 5 under 10 under 15 under 20 under 25 under 30 cent and change percent percent percent percent percent percent over

All baking------21.9 77.3 0.8 24.5 45.6 4.4 2.5 0.2 0) 0.1 Bread and cake: Hand______43.4 51.6 5.0 30.1 17.0 3.6 .1 .3 0) .5 Machine______13.0 86.6 .4 25.3 53.2 5.2 2.7 .1 .1 Pie and pastry 34.1 65.6 .3 21.0 36.4 4.7 3.5 Nationality baking: H e b r e w _ _ 45.6 54.0 .4 13.4 39.0 1.6 O th e r 88.8 11.2 6.3 4.9 Cracker and cooky______15.8 84.2 24.8 50.4 4.0 4.0 .6 0) .4

i Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

T a b le 4.— Cents-per-hour increases in union wage rates and percent of workers affected, by type of baking, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950

Percent of Percent of workers affected by increase of— union Type of baking workers 5 and 10 and 15 and 20 and 25 and affected by Less than under 10 under 15 under 20 under 25 under 30 30 cents increase 5 cents cents cents cents cents cents and over

All baking _ _ _ 77.3 8.6 50.8 13.7 3.8 0.2 0.1 (0 Bread and cake: Hand ______51.6 6.5 35.9 5.1 3.2 .1 .8 M aobinp. _ _ _ . , - ______86.6 7.6 56.5 18.7 3.7 .1 (*) <9 Pie and pastry ...... _ 65.6 10.9 40.0 8.4 6.3 Nationality baking: Hp.brp.w 54.0 5.6 9.3 38.2 .2 .7 Other _ ____ 11.2 10.2 1.0 Cracker and cooky______84.2 13.5 62.6 2.2 5.2 .6 .1 0)

Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

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T a b le 5.— Distribution of union members in the baking industry, by type of baking and by hourly wage rates, July l t 1950

Percent of union members whose rates (in cents) per hour were— Average Type of baking rate per 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 hour Un and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 230 der under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under and 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 over

All baking______$1.367 0.7 2.2 8.2 12.5 10.8 11.0 11.6 11.3 8.7 6.1 4.6 4.8 2.7 3.1 0.9 0.4 0.4 Bread and cake: Hand______1.632 .1 .7 1.4 1.8 4.2 4.8 6.6 6.1 11.4 22.2 18.5 8.0 2.0 7.6 1.4 1.6 1.6 Machine______1.352 .3 1.2 6.7 8.4 10.8 13.5 16.1 17.1 11.9 4.6 2.1 3.5 3.4 .3 .1 ___ Pie and pastry______1.232 1.4 9.3 11.7 13.4 14.5 13.6 9.7 9.6 7.0 4.9 2.4 .3 .4 .6 .6 ___ ” 6 Nationality baking: Hebrew______1.925 .1 .2 .2 .1 ___ 2.2 .4 2.0 1.9 1.9 6.2 26.7 10.5 31.6 10.0 3.8 2.2 O th e r 1. 652 9.3 1. 5 .4 14.1 27. 6 31. 7 14. 9 .5 Cracker and cooky______1.108 2.3 4.7 17.8 31.5 17.5 10.8 8.5 4.8 1.5 .3 .3 0) 0)

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

Since the study included all union workers bread and cake hand shops to $1.93 for bakers of engaged in preparing or processing bakery pro Hebrew products. In contrast, in the mechanized ducts, the over-all level of hourly scales is affected standard bake shops, with their large proportion by the different occupational structures in special of lower skilled workers, the average hourly scales ized and standard bake shops. On July 1, 1950, varied from $1.11 in cracker and cooky plants average union hourly scales of workers in each to $1.35 in bread and cake machine shops. branch of specialized shops exceeded the $1.37 In each type of baking hourly scales of individual industry average, and ranged from $1.63 for workers clustered heavily around the average, even though in each type, except other nation ality, the hourly scales varied from less than 80 T ab le 6.—Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake hand shops, by city, July 1, cents to $2 or more an hour. (See table 5.) 1949, to July 1, 1950 Indexes of Union Hourly Wage Rates and Weekly Amount of increase Average rate July 1,1940-July 1,1950 City per hour July 1,1950 Percent Cents per hour

New York, N. Y______$1.852 -1.6 -3.0 San Francisco, Calif______1.770 4.8 8.1 Portland, Oreg______1.670 3.0 5.0 Oakland, Calif______1.667 4.2 7.0 Los Angeles, Calif______1.655 3.1 5.0 Baltimore, Md______1.653 0 0 Average, all cities_ ____ 1.68& 1.4 9.S Miami, Fla______1.625 0 0 Cleveland, Ohio______1.606 9.2 13.5 Rochester, N. Y______1. 574 6.8 10.0 Chicago, 111______1. 569 .9 1.4 Washington, D. C______1. 550 6.9 10.0 Springfield, Mass...... 1. 522 3.5 5.2 Newark, N. J___ „ ____ 1.505 0 0 Denver, Colo______1.444 3.6 5.0 Butte, Mont______1.395 0 0 Houston, Tex______1.392 0 0 Duluth, Minn______1.387 3.7 5.0 Toledo, Ohio______1.376 21.3 24.1 Pittsburgh, Pa______1.361 0 0 Phoenix, Ariz 1.359 2.8 3.7 South Bend, Ind... ______1.347 2.2 3.0 New Haven, Conn______1.338 2.3 3.0 Peoria, 111______1.329 2.4 3.1 St. Paul, Minn______1.321 4.0 5.0 Minneapolis, Minn______1.310 3.9 4.9 Rock Island (111.) District1___ 1.303 10.8 12.7 Providence, R. I______1.288 0 0 St. Louis, Mo______1.252 0 0 Scranton, Pa______1.235 5.9 6.9 Manchester, N. H______1.196 3.8 4.4 Youngstown, Ohio______1.193 4.4 5.0 Salt Lake City, Utah 1.169 0 0 Boston, Mass______1.168 3.3 3.7 Milwaukee, Wis______1.144 0 0 Chattanooga, Tenn______.996 0 0

1 Includes Rock Island and Moline, 111., and Davenport, Iowa.

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T a b l e 7.—Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake machine shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950

Amount of increase July 1 Amount of increase July 1, 1949-July 1,1950 Average rate Average rate 1949-July 1,1950 City per hour City per hour July 1,1950 Cents per July 1,1950 Cents per Percent hour Percent hour

Oakland, Calif $1.956 1.3 2.5 Cleveland, Ohio_ _ $1.285 15.8 17.5 San Francisco, Calif______1.804 1.4 2.5 Rock Island (111.) District1 *_____ 1.282 8.5 10.0 Los Angeles, Calif 1.705 3.0 5.0 Des Moines, Iowa_ 1.279 4.1 5.0 Washington, T), C 1.641 6.5 10.0 Columbus, Ohio 1.278 7.0 8.3 Spnkane, Wash 1.616 4.7 7.2 Worcester, Mass 1.277 4.3 5.3 Bnt.te, Mont _ 1.578 0 0 Dallas, Tex ' 1.268 6.3 7.5 Cincinnati, Ohio 1.538 8.2 11.7 Portland, Maine...... 1.268 4.1 5.0 Portland, Oreg 1.525 1.2 1.9 Omaha, Nehr 1. 264 8.6 10.0 Rochester, N, V 1.477 6.6 9.2 New Haven, Conn 1.259 2.4 3.0 Newark, "NT .T 1.458 6.6 9.0 Wichita, TCans 1.236 5.8 6.8 •NTaw York 1ST V 1.453 6.4 8.8 Louisville, K y 1.231 3.8 4.5 Seattle, Wash 1.441 5.2 7.1 Milwaukee, Wis _ _ _ 1. 220 9.6 10. 7 Peoria, Til 1.440 4.6 6.3 Reading, Pa 1.217 7.5 8.4 Tlanvar, Coin ...... 1.425 3.6 6.0 Scranton, Pa.... _ 1. 210 4.7 5.5 Phoenix, Ariz 1.419 3.7 5.0 Syracuse, N . Y 1.209 2.5 3.0 Kansas City, Mn 1.417 7.6 10.0 Grand Rapids, Mich _ _ _ 1.205 4.2 4.8 Youngstown, Ohio______1.417 6.6 8.7 Providence, R. I______1.205 2.5 3.0 Dayton, Ohio 1.395 7.9 10.3 Little Rock, Ark 1. 204 6.2 7.0 Buffalo, N Y _ 1.378 7.1 9.2 Springfield, Mass 1.203 3.4 4.0 Tolado, Ohio 1.361 7.9 10.0 New Orleans, La _ _ 1.188 4.4 5.0 A vp.rngp.t all. citipn 1.852 6.2 6.7 Charleston, WT Va _ 1.175 13.0 13.5 St Lnnis, Mo 1.346 0 0 Richmond, Va _ _ _ 1.149 7.6 8.1 Oklahoma City, Okla______1.340 8.1 10.0 Memphis, Tenn______1.130 6.9 7.3 Dnlnth, Minn_ .. .. 1.335 5.3 7.0 San Antonio, Tex 1.128 0 0 Pittsburgh, Pa______1.315 0 0 Chattanooga, Term______1.081 6.1 6.2 Salt Lake. City, Utah 1.314 4.8 6.0 Atlanta, Ga _ 1.059 5.8 5.8 Minneapolis, Minn 1.306 5.9 7.2 Birmingham, Ala 1.058 4.9 5.0 South Band, Tnd 1.306 5.6 6.9 Baltimore, Md 1.037 5.4 5.3 Chicago, TU 1.302 4.2 5.2 El Paso, Tex _ _ _ 1.004 0 0 Datmit, Mich 1.300 4.2 6.2 Knoxville, Tenn _ ___ 1.003 0 0 Boston, Mass 1.298 2.8 3.6 Charlotte, N . C__ .997 3.1 3.0 St, Paid, Minn 1.296 5.7 7.0 Jacksonville, Fla _ .984 2.2 2.1 Indianapolis, Tnd 1.287 6.5 7.9 Jackson, Miss . .975 (2) (3) TT017ston, Tav 1.286 0 0 Norfolk, Va . _ .954 0 0 Philadelphia, Pa______1. 286 5.9 7.2 Miami, Fla______.935 .4 .3

i Includes Rock Island and Moline, 111., and Davenport, Iowa. * Less than 0.05 of 1 percent. » Less than 1 mill.

T a b l e 8.—Average union hourly wage rates and wage in City and Regional Rate Variations creases in pie and pastry shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950 Scale negotiations in the bakery industry are Amount of increase July 1, generally conducted locally and wage scales, 1949-July 1,1950 Average rate City per hour therefore, tend to vary from city to city. There July 1,1950 Cents per was no consistent relationship between the scale Percent hour levels in the various branches within a city. San Francisco, Calif...... $1.792 5.6 9.4 New York City, for example, had the highest Los Angeles, Calif 1.425 4.1 5.8 Dayton, Ohio _ 1.405 7.7 10.0 average scale for bread and cake hand shops, New York, N. Y ______1.346 5.1 6.5 Detroit, Mich __ .... 1.336 5.5 7.0 the eleventh for bread and cake machine shops, Toledo, Ohio______1.276 4.1 5.0 Tndianapolis, Tnd 1.271 6.7 8.0 the eighth for cracker and cooky plants, and the Cleveland, Ohio 1.261 15.8 17.2 Avp.rn.np, all r.itips _ 1.232 U 18 lowest for other nationality baking. Philadelphia, Pa______1.219 2.4 2.9 Omaha, Nehr 1.204 9.1 10.0 For the 71 cities studied with mechanized Colnmhns, Ohio 1.191 9.6 10.4 Worcester, Mass______1.184 2.3 2.6 bread and cake shops, which employed over half Boston, Mass _ ... 1.132 1.7 1.8 Scranton, Pa______1.108 0 0 of the bakery workers studied, July 1 , 1950, York, Pa______1.108 4.1 4.3 Syracuse, N. Y 1.071 0 0 levels were highest in Pacific Coast cities and Buffalo, N. Y ______1.056 6.1 6.1 South Bend, Ind______1.012 5.2 5.0 lowest in Southeastern cities, and ranged from 94 Chicago, TU 1.003 0 0 Providence, R. I ______.982 0 0 cents in Miami to $1.96 in Oakland. Dnlnth, Minn .970 5.0 4.6 Baltimore, Md .... .962 5.6 5.1 Among the 42 cities having cracker and cooky Chattanooga, Tenn . .843 4.8 3.9 plants, union scales varied from 84 cents in Dallas

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T able 9.— Average union hourly wage rates and wage in city size except for the 40,000 to 100,000 size group creases in Hebrew bake shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950 which averaged slightly above the next larger size classification. Among the individual branches, Amount of increase July 1, average scales generally followed a somewhat Average rate 1949-July 1,1950 City per hour similar pattern. In pie and pastry shops and July 1,1950 Cents per Percent hour other nationality baking, the average for cities with a population of 500,000 to 1,000,000 exceeded Detroit, Mich . $2.184 0 0 those with populations of 1 million or more by 11 Los Angeles, Calif 2.000 0 0 C h ic a g o , Til ...... _ ...... 1.997 0 0 and 9 cents an hour, respectively. (See table 12.) New York, N. V 1.995 4.5 8.7 Rochester, N. Y ...... 1.990 5.3 10.0 Average, all cities _ ...... 1 .9 2 5 S .2 5 .9 T able B o s to n , M a ss. ... 1.823 0 0 11.— Average union hourly wage rates and wage Providence, R. I 1.819 13.6 21.8 increases in cracker and cooky shops, by city, July l t New Haven, Conn 1.804 1.7 2.9 1949, to July 1, 1950 Newark, N . .T 1.801 0 0 Philadelphia, Pa 1.787 0 0 Cleveland, Ohio 1. 752 2.5 4.4 Worcester, Mass 1.634 6.7 10.2 Am ount of increase July 1, 1949-July 1,1950 Minneapolis, Minn 1.525 5.5 8.0 Average rate Springfield, Mass ____ 1.523 0 0 C it y p e r h o u r Miami, Fla . ____ 1.500 0 0 July 1,1950 C e n ts p e r Denver, Colo 1.431 3.6 5.0 P e rce n t Pit.tsTmrgh, Pa _ 1. 425 3.0 4.1 h o u r Milwaukee, Wis 1. 411 0 0 St. Louis, Mo ______1.394 8.3 10.6 Newark, N. .T __ $1.405 6 .8 9 .0 Rochester, N. Y 1.337 7 .2 9 .0 San Francisco, Calif _ 1.300 4 .7 5.8 Oakland, Calif______1.218 3 .3 3 .9 to $1.41 in Newark; in nearly half of the cities, H o u s to n , T e x ______1.177 6 .6 7.3 Philadelphia, Pa 1.175 4 .4 4 .9 scales averaged between $1.05 and $1.20 an hour. P itts b u r g h , P a ______1.173 15.8 16.0 New York, N. Y 1.169 4 .4 4. 9 Average union scales in bread and cake hand C h ica g o Til 1.167 4 .9 5 .4 Buffalo, N. Y 1.164 5 .4 5 .9 shops ranged from $1 in Chattanooga to $1.85 in Atlanta, Ga 1.155 5 .0 5 .5 Dayton, Ohio 1.155 4 .3 4 .8 New York. Levels below $1.25 applied to 7 of Duluth, Minn 1.148 5. 5 6 .0 Detroit, Mich 1.140 5.1 5. 6 the 37 cities in this group. Kansas City, Mo 1.131 11.6 11.8 Cleveland, Ohio ...... 1.122 27.2 24.0 In the other branches of the baking industry Boston, Mass 1.113 4 .2 4. 5 Seattle, Wash. 1.113 4 .3 4 .6 Detroit led in Hebrew baking with a scale of $2.18 Cincinnati, Ohio 1.111 7.0 7 .3 A v era g e, all cities______1 .1 0 8 5 .1 5 . 4 and San Francisco ranked highest in pie and Omaha, Nebr. 1.100 4 .8 5 .0 Y o r k , P a 1.095 5.0 5 .2 pastry shops and other nationality baking with D e s M oin es, Towa_ _ 1.094 4 .9 5.1 St. Louis, Mo 1.079 6 .8 6 .9 levels of $1.79 and $1.77, respectively. The Toledo, Ohio ... 1.066 0 0 Milwaukee, Wis 1. 026 9 .2 8. 7 lowest city level reported for these branches of the Portland, Oreg 1. 010 0 0 Denver, Colo ...... ______1.008 6 .8 6 .4 industry was 84 cents an hour for pie and pastry Los Angeles, Calif ______1.003 0 0 St. Paul, Minn .... ______1.003 0 0 workers in Chattanooga. Columbus, Ohio _ ...... 989 0 0 R ic h m o n d , Va . _ „ .984 3 .1 3 .0 When the cities included in the survey were Spokane, Wash ...... 973 3 .4 3 .2 Baltimore, M d .970 GO 00 grouped according to population, the average Rock Island (111.) D is t r ic t 1_____ .967 5 .6 5.1 S cra n to n , P a ____ ...... 946 4 .0 3 .7 union hourly scale for all branches of the industry Minneapolis, Minn .942 5 .2 4 .7 Charleston, S. C...... 912 0 0 combined was highest in the more densely popu Birmingham, Ala .895 7 .5 6 .2 Salt Lake City, TTt.ah .883 2 .9 2. 5 lated centers and descended in accordance with D a lla s, T e x .... .844 0 0

1 Includes Rock Island and Moline, 111., and Davenport, Iowa. T able 10.— Average union hourly wage rates and wage in 2 Data not available for 1949. creases in other nationality bake shops, by city, July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950 On a regional basis, hourly scales averaged Amount of increase July 1, highest on the Pacific Coast and lowest in the Average rate 1949-July 1,1950 Southeast. Only two regions, the Pacific ($1.54) City per hour July 1,1950 and Middle Atlantic ($1.49), had levels exceeding Percent Cents per hour the $1.37 national hourly average. (See table 13.)

San F ra n cisc o , C a lif _ .... $1.772 0 0 Of the three branches represented in all regions, Chicago, Til 1. 734 0 0 Detroit, Mich 1.710 0 0 average hourly scales were highest for bread and Ane.rn.gp., n il c itie s 1 .6 5 2 .6 . 8 Buffalo, N V 1.604 5.0 7.7 cake machine shops on the Pacific Coast and for Los Angeles, Calif 1. 538 4.8 7.0 New Vork, N. Y 1. 505 .3 . 5 bread and cake hand shops and cracker and cooky shops in the Middle Atlantic States.

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T a b l e 12.— Average union wage rates in the baking industry, Standard Workweek by 'population group and by type of baking, July 1, 1950 Changes in straight-time weekly hours between Population group July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950, affected relatively Cities Cities Cities few bakery workers. The average standard work Type of baking Cities Cities with with with with with 250.000 100,000 40.000 week consisted of 40.7 hours, the same as the 1,000,000 500,000 to to to to or more 1,000,000 500.000 250,000 100.000 previous year. Over 98 percent of all workers in three branches All baking______$1.490 $1.358 $1.277 $1.206 $1,223 of the industry— cracker and cooky, pie and Bread and cake; Hand______1.742 1. 556 1.523 1.277 1.337 pastry, and bread and cake machine shops—were Machine______1.421 1.347 1.349 1.248 1.241 Pie and pastry______1.236 1.350 1.093 1.083 • 1.108 covered by agreements stipulating standard work Nationality baking: Hebrew______1.975 1.717 1.743 1.670 weeks of 40 hours or less on July 1, 1950. Two- O th e r 1.638 1.730 Cracker and cooky______1.140 1.137 1.084 1.063 1.065 thirds of the Hebrew bakers and over two-fifths of the union members in bread and cake hand

T a b le 13.— Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by region 1 and by type of baking, July jf, 1950

United New Eng Middle Border Great Middle South Moun Type of baking States land Atlantic States Southeast Lakes West west tain Pacific

All baking______------$1.367 $1.306 $1,486 $1. 212 $1.067 $1.296 $1.257 $1.207 $1.196 $1.535 Bread and cake; Hand______1.632 1.246 1.786 1. 589 1.059 1.506 1.252 1.392 1.349 1.721 Machine______1.352 1.264 1.376 1.253 1.057 1.315 1.341 1.237 1.408 1.640 Pie an<1 pastry ...... 1.232 1.120 1.267 .962 .843 1.139 1.204 1.527 Nationality baking; Hebrew _ . 1. 925 1.787 1.950 1.500 1.885 1.394 1.431 2.000 other ... . . 1.652 1.516 1.723 1.691 Cracker and cooky______1.108 1.113 1.175 .980 1.096 1.107 1.110 1.076 .995 1.110

i The regions used in this study include: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Penn sylvania; Border States: Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; S ou th ea st: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Missis sippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West: Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; S ou th w est: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; M o u n ta in : Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Mon tana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; P a cific: California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.

T a b le 14.— Distribution of union members in the baking shops had straight-time weekly schedules exceed industry, by straight-time weekly hoursf and type of baking, July 1, 1950 ing 44 hours. (See table 14.)

Percent of weekly hours— Union Scales of Wages and Hours, by City Aver age Table 15 presents union scales of wages and Type of baking hours Un Over Over per der 40 40 and 44 44 and 48 hours in effect on July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950, week 40 under under 44 48 for each classification of bakery workers, by type All baking______40.7 2.4 82.6 4.0 0.4 5.1 5.5 of baking, in each of the 74 cities included in the Bread and cake: study. Where more than one union rate was in Hand______43.5 .9 35.8 16.6 2.3 15.7 28.7 Manhinft 40.0 4.4 93.9 .5 0) .3 .9 effect for the same occupation in a particular city, Pip and pastry 40.0 99.7 .3 Nationality baking; all the rates are listed with the letters A, B, C, Hebrew______44.3 9.0 24.3 49.1 17.6 Othp.r 42.1 62.6 11.0 5.7 20.7 etc., designating the various effective agreements. ("V^.(»ker a n d nnnlry 40.0 100.0 The sequence of the letters does not indicate the 1 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent. relative importance of the agreements or rates.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950

[Hours are 40 per week for both years unless otherwise indicated]

July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

ATLANTA. GA. ATLANTA, GA.—Continued ATLANTA, GA.—Continued Bread and cake—Machine shops: Bread and cake—Machine shops— Crackers and cookies—Continued Agreement A: Continued Agreement B: Bread mixers and ovenmen.. $1.350 $1.350 Agreement C—Continued Foremen______$1.175 $1. 225 1.300 1.300 Shipping: Mixers .975 1.025 Checkers, wrapping-ma- Shipping Clerks . $1.240 $1.320 Ovenmen, loaders______.825 .875 chine operators, dividers__ 1.200 1.200 Agreement D: Wrapping-machine opera Mixers’ helpers and molders. 1.150 1.150 Bread: tors, cuttermen, scalers__ .775 .825 Selectors _ 1.050 1.050 Foremen...... 1.440 1.520 Dumpers, enrobers, squeeze Bench hands______.940 .940 Dough mixers, ovenmen, bagmen (icers), hand Twisters, panners, oven shipping and receiving wrappers, packers, women loaders, bread rackers, clerks __ 1.240 1.320 helpers .725 .775 dumpers, wrapping-ma- Dividers______.... 1.160 1.240 chine operators’ helpers, Eoll-machine operators, women icers and wrappers, benchmen, molders____ 1.130 1.210 DAJLi 1 liYIV/uu, JTl U , grease-machine operators.. .920 .920 Wrapping-machine opera- Packers______.870 .870 tors 1.110 1.190 Bread and cake—Hand shops: Agreement B: Checkers______1.080 1.160 Agreement A: Bread: Oven loaders and dumpers. .940 1.010 Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 1 1. 756 1 1.756 Foremen____ 1.440 1.520 Dough mixers’ helpers, Benchmen i 1.689 1 1. 689 Dough mixers, ovenmen__ 1.240 1.320 pan greasers, bread rack- Agreement B: Dividers _ _ 1.160 1.240 ers, bread panners, flour Dough mixers______3 1.125 3 1.125 Benchmen, rolling-m a- dumpers, wrapping-ma- Journeymen bakers------3 1.125 3 1.125 chine men, moldermen. _ 1.130 1.210 chine helpers; after 6 Helpers______2.794 3. 794 Wrapping-machine oper- months______.880 .950 Bread and cake—Machine shops: ators______1.100 1.190 Hand wrappers, truck load- Agreement A: Bun - wrapping - machine ers and helpers______.830 .900 Bread department: operators------1.080 1.160 Cake: Mixers, oven operators Dumpers .940 1. 010 Foremen______1.370 1.450 thread t.ravs') 1.250 1.315 Truck loaders and helpers. .930 1.000 Mixers, ovenmen, and icing Ingredient scalers______1.225 1. 290 Bread rackers, oven help- mixers_ _ 1. 220 1. 300 Bench hands______1.220 1.285 ers, pan greasers (after 6 Ingredient scalers, scaler Divider operators, molder months); wrapping-ma operators and checkers_ 1. 010 1.090 operators------__ 1.125 1.190 chine operators’ helpers. .880 .950 Women wrapping-machine Bread wrappers, machine__ 1.050 1.115 Grease machine operators. .840 .910 operators, hand icers, Wrapping-machine helpers. 1. 050 1.115 Bun trayers, hand wrap- packers, wrappers, cutters. .850 .920 Mixers’ helpers, oven feed pers------.830 .900 Grease machine operators. .840 .910 ers, oven dumpers, oven Cake: Cake dumpers______.750 .820 helpers, molder oper Foremen. . . . 1.370 1.450 Crackers and cookies: ators (women V 1.025 1.090 Mixers and ovenmen____ 1.220 1. 300 Agreement A: Bread wrappers (women) __ .955 1.020 Ingredient scalers, check Sponge and sweet mixing: Bread packers______.950 1. 015 ers, foreladies, and scal Head mixers______1. 450 1.505 Flour blenders (bread and ing-machine operators__ 1.010 1.090 Mixers 1.350 1.405 cakel .925 .990 Supervisors (women) .890 .960 Mixers’ helpers _. 1.200 1. 255 Pan greasers, bakery help Icers, checkers, wrappers, Sponge baking: ers (men and women) _ _. .913 .978 packers, cutters; after 6 Head bakers______1. 490 1.545 Cake and sweet department: months, cake-wrapping- Machine captains 1.390 1.445 Mixers, ovenmen (first machine operators _ .850 .920 Bakers (including sweet class) 1. 250 1. 315 Pan greasers and cake baking)______1.330 1.385 Ingredient mixers’ helpers. 1. 225 1. 290 dumpers .750 .820 "Roller man 1.280 1. 335 Bench hands 1.220 1.285 Shipping: Sweet baking: Cooky mixers, icing mixers. 1.200 1.315 Shipping elerks _ _ 1.240 1.320 Machine captains 1.390 1.445 Cake decorators (men and Checkers___ _ 1.080 1.160 Ovenmen 1.200 1. 255 women) 1.175 1. 240 Agreement C: Dough feeders, pan clean Ovenmen (second class)__ 1.150 1. 215 Bread: ers and feeders______1.150 1.205 Dividers (depositor oper Foremen______1.440 1.520 Icing: ators) ...... _ _ 1.100 1.165 Ovenmen, dough mixers... 1.240 1.320 Head mixers______1. 375 1.430 Oven feeders.______1.000 1.065 Dividers 1.160 1.240 Mixers 1.300 1. 355 Cake packers .975 1.040 Molders, bench hands, Mixers’ helpers 1. 250 1.305 Packers. ______.975 1.040 benchmen, roll-machine Base cake weighers___ _ 1.200 1.255 Pan greasers, bakery help operators. 1.130 1. 210 Floormen 1.100 1.155 ers, bakers’ helpers____ .913 .978 Wrapping-machine opera Machine operators, women Bench helpers (women)__ .825 .850 tors___ . 1.110 1.190 helpers 1.000 1.055 Cake icers (women) ______.800 .825 Checkers _ 1.080 1.160 Packing: Cake wrappers (women). _ .775 .800 Oven loaders and dump Supervisors and supply- Agreement B: ers, panners _ .940 1. 010 men. 1. 250 1.305 Bread department: Mixers’ helpers, wrapping- Pastemen. 1.200 1.255 Mixers, ovenmen______1.240 1.290 machine operators’ help Machine set-up men, Set-up men______1.180 1.230 ers, rackers, pan greasers, wrapping-machine oper Dividermen. ______1.130 1.180 after 6 months ... .880 .950 ators, head elerks 1.150 1.205 Oven dumpers______1.050 1.100 Packers and slicers (wom Floormen _ 1.100 1.155 Moldermen _ 1.025 1.075 en), after 6 months____ .850 .920 Women: Ovenmen’s helpers, cool- Dough mixers’ helpers, Supervisors______1.120 1.175 ermen, bake-shop help first 6 months; and hand Sponge packers, hand ers, pan greasers______.970 1.020 wrappers, after 6 months. .830 .900 bundlers______1.020 1.075 Wrapping-machine feeders. .890 .940 Cake: Scalers and weighers__ 1.010 1.065 Wrapping-machine feeders Foremen 1. 370 1.450 Formers, stitchers, (women) . 770 .820 Mixers, ovenmen______1. 220 1. 300 wrapping-machine op Cake department: Scaling-machine operators, erators, helpers 1.000 1.055 Mixers, ovenmen 1.240 1.290 checkers, ingredientmen. 1.010 1.090 Sweet packers, carton Icing makers______1.240 1.290 Wrapping-machine opera formers, weighers and Ingredient scalers, sugar tors, packers and icers closers .990 1.045 grinders __ 1.050 1.100 (women); after 6 months. .850 .920 Shipping: Oven dumpers______.970 1.020 Wrapping-machine help Supervisors and stockmen. 1.250 1. 305 Flour blenders______.945 .995 ers, first 6 months .830 .900 Assemblymen _ .. 1.200 1.255 Pan greasers, packers and Dumpers, scaling-machine Car loaders. 1.150 1.205 shippers .870 .920 operators’ helpers_____ .750 .820 Clerks (women)______1. 090 1.145 Tray and mold boys_____ .855 .905 1 45-hour workweek. 3 48-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8

T a b l e 15.'— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 19J+.9, and July 1, 1950— Con.

BALTIMORE, MD.—Con. BALTIMORE, M D—Con. BIRMINGHAM, ALA—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops— Crackers and cookies—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops— Con. Baking department—Con. Con. Agreement B—Continued Cuttermen______(3) $1.300 Agreement C: Cake department—Con. Ovenmen and reliefmen___ (3) 1.225 Bread: Wrappers and icers (worn- Rollermen______(3) 1.150 Mixers______$1.300 $1.350 en)______$0.770 $0.820 Fig grinders, ingredient Ovenmen______1.265 1.315 Agreement C: scaler helpers______(8) 1.125 Divider operators______1.200 1.250 ftprip.rfll iitilit.ymp.n 1.200 1.275 Stackars (3) 1.100 Molder operators______1.125 1.175 Mixers______1.150 1.225 Cracker-meal miller helpers, Wrapping-machine operators. 1.095 1.145 Ovenmen______1.125 1.200 pan cleaners, pan feeders, Oven feeders and dumpers. 1.030 1.080 Machine operators, bread fig grinder helpers, Utility- (8) .950 Checkers...... 1.005 1.055 wrapping-machine opera- Other men workers (after 30 Roll panners______1.000 1.050 tors, depositor operators___ 1.100 1.175 days)------CO .875 Sugar grinders, flour Cake bench hands, oven Icing department: dumpers, pan greasers, loaders and dumpers____ 1.050 1.125 Working foremen, machine packers______.950 1.000 Ingredient scalers, bread operators, enrobing- Slicers, feeders, wrapping- benchmen, bread panners machine operators, marsh- machine helpers______.875 .925 pnH rpnlrprs 1.000 1.075 mallow operators (8) 1. 225 Cake: Dough mixers’ helpers, cake Icing mixers______CO .975 Mixers______1. 220 1.300 oven helpers______.975 1.050 Working supervisors Ovenmen______1.190 1. 265 Pan greasers______... .850 .925 (women), sample room Icing mixers______1.200 1. 250 Hand icers (women), hand girls, packers A______CO .955 Depositors______1.105 1.200 bread wrappers (women) __ .850 .900 Trolley stickers and dippers. (3) .905 Wrapping-machine opera Rrpflfl nhp.clrfirs .775 .850 Flnnrmp.n CO .875 tors______.990 1.040 Checkers, packers and wrap- Machine operators (women), Head icers______.955 1.040 pers (women)______.750 .800 D. L. operators, packers Oven feeders and dumpers. 1.030 Agreement D: on D. L., scalers, weighers, Pan greasers, bake-shop Bread department: caddie girls, depositor feed helpers______.885 .950 Oven operators, dough ers, other women machine Icers, wrappers______.895 .945 mixers, doughnut-ma- operators______(8) .855 Agreement D: chine operators______1.320 1.345 Delmarvia operators, hand Bread: All-round bench hands, dippers, strappers, stencil Mixers______1.300 1. 350 molder operators, divid- feeders and fillers, floor Ovenmen______1.265 1.315 er operators, wrapping- girls, other women help on Divider operators______1. 200 1. 250 machine operators, roll- D. L. machines...... CO .805 Molder operators______1.125 1.175 machine operators ___ 1.270 1.295 Utility girls, caddie girls, Wrapping-machine opera Ingredient scalers, oven helpers, other women help tors______1.095 1.145 feeders and dumpers, (after 30 days)------CO .755 Oven feeders and dumpers. 1.030 1.080 mixers’ helpers, dough Packing department: Checkers______1.005 1.055 nut-room men______1.220 1.245 Hp.qrl fi norm fin CO 1.325 Packers______.950 1.040 Pan rackers (loaders), pan Utilitymen______CO 1.150 Sugar grinders, flour greasers, molders’ help Wrapping-machine operators dumpers, pan greasers, ers, bread packers, se and setters______(3) 1.075 and bake-shop helpers. _. .950 1.000 lectors and order packers. 1.170 1.195 Checkers.______CO 1.005 Slicers, feeders, wrapping- Flour handlers, pan wash Wrapping-machine opera machine helpers______.875 .925 ers 1.120 1.145 tor.^ flnnrmp.n A CO .975 Cake: Panners and fillers, dough Sponge packers, bundlers, Mixers______1.300 1. 350 nut trav packers .950 .975 n^rihnn fr.rmp.rs CO .955 Ovenmen______1.265 1.315 Helpers /women') .930 .955 nrppkpr-mp.nl pn.pkp.rs CO .950 Icing mixers, depositor Agreement E: Carton helpers______CO .905 operators______1.200 1. 250 Bakers, first class______(3) 1.175 Floormen B, other male help. CO .875 Depositors’ helpers_____ 1.115 1.165 Bakers, second class______(3) 1.025 Sweet packers, weighers, Head icers, wrapping-ma General helpers (3) .875 phnt.p t.pnflp.rs CO .855 chine operators______.990 1.040 Women workers______(3) .750 B ppp.kprs CO .825 Oven feeders and dumpers. 1.030 Agreement F: Sealers, caddie formers, Pan greasers and bake- Dough mixers______(3) 1.380 staplers, relief girls— pack shop helpers______.950 1.000 Divider operators______(3) 1.305 ing gang, other women Packers------.915 .965 Dough mixers’ helpers __ (3) 1.230 helpers (after 30 days), ma Icers and wrappers______.895 .945 Molder operators______(3) 1.230 chine operators—women Crackers and cookies: Wrapping-machine feeders.__ (3) 1.020 fillers______CO .755 First floor: General helpers: Mixing room: Starting rate______(3) 1.015 BIRMINGHAM, ALA. Head mixers______1.090 1.180 After 6 months______(3) 1.043 Mixers______.990 1.060 After 1 year______(3) 1.093 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Pie and pastry: Agreement A: Mixers’ helpers______.920 Doughnut shops: Mixers______$1.095 1.095 Bake shop: Agreement A: Ovenmen, head------.995 .995 Machine operators, sponge Doughnut-machine opera Ovenmen______.970 .970 peelers, sponge-oven tors______1.075 1.100 Dividers, and head roll- bakers______1.090 1.180 Bakfirs’ hoi pars .905 .930 machine operators______.945 .945 Sponge-oven helpers_____ 1.020 1.080 Head packers (women)__ .825 .850 Molders and benchmen____ .920 .920 Sponge-oven traymen...... 1.080 Packers (women) . 775 .800 Roll-machine operators____ .870 .870 Sponge peelers: Agreement B: Machine wrappers and util 1 to 6 months______1.000 1.060 Foremen 1.350 1.450 itymen______.820 .820 Dough rollers, sweet-oven Mixers, machine operators. 1.100 1.200 Pan greasers and bake-shop bakers______.960 1.030 Bakery helpers .900 .975 helpers______.770 .770 Sweet-oven helpers______.940 1.010 Hearl packers (3) .900 Packers and shippers_____ .745 .745 Machine feeders______.940 1.000 Packers and helpers (wom Agreement B: Stackers______.920 .980 en) .800 .850 MiYPrp 1.300 1.350 Machine helpers______.720 .750 Crackers and cookies: Ovenmen------1.265 1.315 Stackers: Mixing department: Divider operators------1.200 1.250 1 to 3 months______.670 .750 Working foremen (3) 1.375 Molder operators______1.125 1.175 Second floor: Mixers______(3) 1.325 Wrapping-machine operators. 1.095 1.145 Wrapping-machine opera Mixers’ helpers______(3) 1.125 Oven feeders and dumpers_ 1.030 1.080 tors, checkers______.940 1.000 Floor dompers (3) .950 Checkers______1.005 1.055 Pan and tray dumpers____ .870 .930 Baking department: Packers, sugar grinders, flour Pan feeders______.840 .930 Sponge peelers______(3) 1.375 dumpers, pan greasers and Sponge packers, sample Bakers, peelers, cracker-meal flfilpp.rs .950 1.000 women, large carton mak millers, ingredient scalers, Slicers, feeders, wrapping- ers, large wafer-machine machine captains______(3) 1.325 machine helpers______.875 .925 operators______.850 .910 3 Information not available for rate and hours op July 1, 1949.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, City and occupation 1949, 1950, City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

BIRMINGHAM, ALA—Con. BOSTON, MASS.—Continued BOSTON, M ASS.—Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops— Pie and pastry shops—Con. Second floor—Con. Continued Agreement B: Pan greasers______$0.840 $0,900 Agreement B—Con. Mixers, ovenmen, bench Wrapping-machine bundlers. .800 .850 Checkers and rackers: hands______$1,290 $1.290 Helpers: 1 to 3 years______$1.210 $1.240 Helpers------1.080 1.080 Men______.720 .750 Over 3 years______1.300 1.330 Cutters, pie table______.970 .990 Women______.670 .750 Bakery helpers, pan greasers, Agreement C: Packers______.670 .750 flour dumpers, floormen... 1.270 1.300 Mixers, ovenmen______1.380 1.410 Third floor: Agreement C: Pie fillers, dough cutters----- 1.240 1. 270 Head mixers______1.060 Mixers______1. 510 1.540 Hebrew baking: Icing mixers, sirup cookers. .920 .980 Benchmen, benchwomen, Foremen______1.999 1.999 Trayers, cold-room packers, divider operators, oven Second hands______1.853 1.853 machine feeders______.910 men______1.400 1.430 Third hands______1. 706 1.706 Cappers______.800 .850 Mixers’ helpers, molder op Crackers and cookies: Icing mixers’ helpers, general erators, oven loaders and helpers...... 720 .750 dumpers.______1.350 1.380 Agreement A: Caddy and carton formers, Wrapping-machine opera Dog food department: women helpers...... 670 .750 tors, checkers, stale Mixers______1.210 1.240 Shipping room: checkers, wrapping-ma Bakers, machine captains__ 1.185 1.215 Stock checkers______.940 1.020 chine helpers, floormen Reliefmen______1.155 1.185 Stock room: (shipping), conveyor Dough feeders______1.110 1.140 Issue clerks______.920 men: Oven firemen______1.085 1.115 Helpers______.870 .920 1 to 3 years______1.210 1.240 Pan feeders------1.060 1.090 Fruit cake: Over 3 years______1.300 l! 330 Bakers’ helpers______1.040 1.070 Mixers______1.020 Bakery helpers, pan greasers. 1.270 1.300 Kibblers______1.000 1.030 Scalers, bakers______.910 .960 Agreement D: Packing department: Packers, scalers, checkers, Ovenmen, icing mixers, mix Floormen______1.070 1.100 pan washers, toppers’ ers______1.400 1.430 Handlers of broken and helpers______.750 Shippers______1.300 1.330 rejected goods______.845 .875 Wrappers...... 670 .750 Ingredient scalers...... 1. 250 1.280 Scalers, weighers, packers. .835 .865 Bakery helpers______1.150 1.180 Shipping department: BOSTON, MASS. Shippers’ helpers: Shippers______1.160 1.190 1 to 2 months______1.100 1.130 Car checkers______1.125 1.155 Bread and cake—Hand shops: Over 2 months______1.150 1.180 Car assemblers______1.105 1.135 Agreement A: Table head (women)______1.100 1.130 Head car loaders______1.100 1.130 Dough mixers______* 1.510 21.555 Wrappers (women): Assemblers______1.075 1.105 Ovenmen, bench hands, di 1 to 2 months______.950 . 980 Assistant car loaders_____ 1.060 1.090 vider operators______2 1.400 2 1.445 Over 2 months______1.000 1.030 Stock clerks, stockmen___ 1.040 1.070 Molders______2 1.350 2 1.395 Agreement E: Wrapping-machine opera Mixers______1.480 1.510 Agreement B: tors, wrapping-machine Ovenmen______1.420 1.450 Machine captains______1.405 1.445 helpers, packers, shippers Ingredient scalers______1.350 1. 380 Saltine mixers, sweet mixers. 1. 325 1. 365 2 1.300 1 Dough feeders, dough rollers, (after 3 years)______21.345 Scalers______1.330 .360 ovenmen, bakers...... Packers______2 1.300 21.345 Helpers______1.210 1.240 1.305 1. 345 Bakers’ helpers______21.210 21.255 Checkers, packers, wrappers, Marshmallow mixers, spray- Agreement B: cutters, icers (women): machine operators______1. 255 1.295 Foremen, second hands____ 1.500 1. 540 Up to 1 year______.930 .950 Mixers’ helpers______1.155 1.195 Shipping clerks______1.270 1.310 1 to 3 years______.970 * 990 Supplymen______1.105 1.145 Ovenmen (bread and pies)_ 1.260 1.300 Over 3 years______1.010 1.030 Weighers, general workers, Mixers______1.240 1.280 Agreement F: beaters, stockmen, ma Ovenmen (cakes)______1. 230 1.270 Working foremen______1.615 1.665 chine feeders______1.055 1.095 Frosting makers______1. 220 1.260 Doughnut-machine opera Feeders______1.005 1.075 Head benchmen______1.210 1. 250 tors, fondant mixers, mix Wrapping and packing de Benchmen______1.160 1.200 ers______1. 515 1,565 partment: Filling cooks______1.120 1.160 Divider operators, depositor Wrapping-machine opera Greasers, helpers, cleaners, operators, roll-machine op tors ______1.255 1.295 frosters______.900 .940 erators, benchmen, receiv Sponge packers, relief girls, Agreement C: ers and stockmen, doco- wrapping-machine feed First hands______1.465 1.495 machine operators______1.465 1. 515 ers______1.035 1.075 Ovenmen, dough mixers___ 1.355 1.385 Molder operators, ingredient Breakers, box makers, Benchmen______1. 300 1. 330 scalers, selectors, mixers’ bundlers, weight girls, Frosters (women)______.940 .960 helpers, steam-box men, sweet packers, box lin Agreement D: ovenmen, blenders______1.415 1.465 ers, box and label girls, Foremen______1. 270 1.270 Molders’ helpers, pan greas box closers, stitchers, Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 1.165 1.165 ers, rackers, DeVelbiss- sweet goods, bundler- Benchmen______1.115 1.115 machine operators, wrap tapers______1.005 1.075 Agreement E: ping-machine operators, BUFFALO, N. Y. Foremen______* 1.450 4 1. 510 conveyor beltmen, frost Dough mixers, benchmen, ing-machine operators, Bread and cake—Machine shops: ovenmen, shipping clerks.. < 1. 300 4 1. 360 head foreladies, fondant- Bread and cake—Machine shops: machine helpers______1. 365 1.415 Agreement A (semimachine Agreement A: Geneial bakery helpers, in shops): Mixers______1. 510 1.540 spectors, foreladies______1. 295 1.345 Foremen______1.500 1.575 Dividermen______1.400 1.430 Icers and decorators______1.100 L 130 Oven hands and mixers____ 1.450 1.525 Mixers’ helpers, ingredient Doughnut-tray packers, Bench hands______1.395 1.470 scalers, moldermen, oven cake-cutting machine op Checkers, wrapping-ma feeders______1. 350 erators, hand icers, pan- chine operators, helpers Wrappers, packers, floormen ners and make-up workers. 1.030 1.060 and pan greasers______1.140 1. 215 (after 3 years)______1.300 1.330 General bakery helpers____ 1.010 Hand wrappers______.950 1.185 Flour blenders, molders’ Pie and pastry shops: Agreement B: helpers, rackers, pan greas Agreement A: Foremen______1.630 1.730 ers______1.270 1.300 Doughnut-machine opera Oven hands and mixers____ 1. 570 1.670 Agreement B: tors ______1.350 1. 380 Bench hands______1.460 1.560 Mixers______1. 510 1.540 Doughnut mixers______1.290 1. 320 Scalers and machine oper Machinemen, ovenmen, Cleaners______1.220 1.250 ators______1.380 1.480 benchmen______1.400 1.430 Packers: Ingredientmen______1. 320 1.420 Mixers’ helpers, ingredient 1 to 2 years______.930 .950 Packers and checkers______1. 270 1.370 scalers, molder operators, 2 to 3 years______.970 .990 Oven dumpers______1.260 1. 360 ovenmen’s helpers______1.350 1.380 Over 3 years______1.010 1.030 Molders (women)______1. 230 1.330 2 48-hour workweek. 4 44-hour workweek

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10

T a b l e 15.'— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, City and occupation 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

BUFFALO, N. Y.—Continued BUFFALO, N. Y.-Continued BUFFALO, N. Y.—Continued Bread and cake—Machine shops— Bread and cake—Machine shops— Continued Continued Continued Agreement B—Continued Agreement D—Continued Agreement J—Continued Helpers and pan greasers, Rollette department—Con. Dividermen, benchmen...... $1.345 $1.445 flour dumpers (women) General machine helpers . $1.175 $1.275 Machine and moldermen___ 1.315 1.415 and blenders (women)___ $1,200 $1,300 Wrappers, rollers, boxers Mixers’ helpers______1.265 1.365 Machine operators, bread (women)______1.005 1.105 Oven feeders and dumpers, and pan stackers______1.250 1.350 Agreement E: assembly helpers______1.240 1.340 leers and wrappers (women). 1.030 1.130 Mixers, ovenmen______1.435 1.535 (Theelrers 1.235 1.335 Agreement C: Cake decorators______. 1.415 1.515 Bench helpers, wrapping- Bread department: Assemblymen, fried - cake- machine operators, flour Working foremen______1.528 1.628 machine operators______1.365 1.465 sifters and blenders 1.225 1.325 Mixers______1.415 1.515 Bench hands, dividermen... 1.345 1.445 Wrapping and slicer helpers, Traveling-oven men, as Moldermen, peelmen______1.315 1.415 flour handlers, packers, semblymen______1.390 1.490 Doughnut fryers, icing-ma icers, roll slicers, cooler- Dividermen, bench hands. 1. 345 1.445 chine operators, mixers’ men______1.200 1.300 Machine and moldermen— 1.315 1.415 helpers, packers______. 1.265 1.365 Pan greasers, machine help Doughnut-machine oper Wrapping-machine operators. . 1.245 1.345 ers______1.175 1.275 ators ______1.280 1.380 Bench helpers, cooky-ma Agreement K: Oven feeders and dump chine operators, oven help Working foremen______1.528 1.628 ers, oven helpers, wrap ers, flour sifters and blend Mixers______1.415 1.515 ping-machine operators.. 1.240 1.340 ers— 1.225 1.325 O v e n m e n 1.390 1.490 Checkers______1.235 1.335 Bake-shop helpers, flour Assemblymen______1.365 1.465 Bench helpers______1.225 1.325 sifters and blenders’ help Dividermen, benchmen____ 1.345 1.445 Wrapping- and slicing-ma ers, doughnut fillers_____ . 1.175 1.275 Machine and moldermen___ 1.315 1.415 chine helpers, flour han leers, wrappers and packers Doughnut-machine opera dlers, packers______1.200 1.300 (women)______1.005 1.105 to rs 1.280 1.380 Coolermen______1.200 1.300 Agreement F: Mixers’ helpers______1.265 1.365 Pan greasers, machine Male workers______. 1.140 1.140 Oven feeders and dumpers.. 1.240 1.340 hand helpers______1.175 1.275 Agreement G: Checkers______1.235 1.335 Cake department: Working foremen______. 1.550 1.625 Bench helpers, wrapping- Foremen______1.528 1.628 Mixers, ovenmen, benchmen, machine operators______1.225 1.325 Mixers______1.415 1.515 dividermen, fried - cake- Foreladies______1.220 1. 320 Assemblymen, traveling- machine operators______. 1.450 1.525 Wrapping and slicer helpers, oven men______1.390 1.490 Bench helpers, checkers, flour handlers, packers___ 1.200 1.300 Scalers______1.335 1.435 flour dumpers, molder Pan greasers, machine help Pie mixers______1.280 1.380 men, oven loaders and ers______1.175 1.275 Wrapping-machine opera dumpers, wrapping-ma Packers, wrappers (women). 1.005 1.105 tors______1.240 1.340 chine operators______. 1.300 1.375 Pie and pastry shops: Oven helpers______1.240 1.340 Pan greasers, bread rackers, Agreement A: Foreladies______1.220 1.320 bread panners, wrapping- Mixers, ovenmen, cookers__ 1.205 1.305 Machine helpers______1.215 1.315 machine helpers______1. 200 1.275 Icing mixers, ingredient Pan greasers______1.175 1.275 Hand icers, checkers, pack scalers, auxiliary workers.. 1.055 1.155 Pie-machine boys—after 6 ers, wrappers and cutters Foreladies______.955 1.055 months______1.105 1.205 (women)______. 950 1.075 Rp.lpp.rs fwom en) .905 1.005 Cake decorators—after 6 Agreement H: Agreement B: months (women)_____ 1.025 1.125 Foremen______1.630 1. 730 Scaling-machine operators, leers, packers, wrappers Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 1.570 1.670 machine operators______1.195 1.195 (women)______1.005 1.105 Benchmen______1.460 1. 560 Paelrers, eheekers 1.060 1.060 1.005 1.105 Dividermen______. 1.380 1.480 Flnnrladies Pie machine (women)___ Ingredient scalers______1.030 1.030 Agreement D: 1.320 1.420 Packers and wrappers (wom 1. 260 1.360 en) ______.950 .950 Bread department: Moldermen______. 1.230 1.330 Working foremen______1.528 1.628 Pan greasers, flour dumpers. 1.200 1.300 Hebrew and Polish baking: Mixers______1.415 1. 515 Bread rackers, wrapping- First hands, ovenmen, mixers. _ 1.600 1.750 Ovenmen______1.390 1.490 machine operators______. 1.170 1.270 Second hands, bench hands__ 1.500 1.550 Assemblymen______1.365 1.465 Hand icers (women)------.970 1.070 Crackers and cookies: Dividermen, bench hands. 1.345 1.445 Agreement I: Agreement A: Machine and molderman.. 1.315 1.415 Working foremen______. 1.660 1.760 Mixing department: Mixers’ helpers______1.265 1.365 Oven operators, doughnut- Head mixers------1.460 1.545 Assembly helpers, oven machine operators, potato Sponge mixers______1.375 1.460 feeders and dumpers___ 1. 240 1.340 chip operators, mixers___ 1.460 1. 560 F lo u r d u m p e rs ... . _ ...... 1.275 1.330 Checkers______1.235 1. 335 Benchmen, divider deposi Mixers’ helpers______1. 275 1.360 Bench helpers, wrapping- tors— - 1.410 1.510 Baking department: machine operators____ 1.225 1.325 Ingredient scalers, wrap Machine captains______1.375 1.460 Packers______1.205 1.305 ping-machine operators, Oven firemen, bakers Wrapping- and slicing-ma molder operators, mixers’ (traveling- and reel- chine helpers, coolermen, helpers, head selectors, oven)______1.305 1.360 flour handlers______1.200 1.300 filling cookers, floorladies.. . 1.360 1.460 Cuttermen______1.285 1.340 Pan greasers, machine Selectors, oven feeders and Floormen (class A), sponge hand helpers______1.175 1.275 dumpers, stock handlers, rollermen, mixers’ help Cake department: muffin grillers, open-kettle ers______1.275 1.360 Foremen______1. 528 1. 628 fryers______1.310 1.410 ■Rollermen 1.215 1.300 Mixers______1.415 1. 515 Production workers______1.260 1.360 Graham oven feeders. 1.205 1.290 Ovenmen______1.390 1.490 Oliver-wrapper operators, Tenant-machine operators. 1.185 1.240 Depositors______1.335 1.435 roll- and sweet yeast- Floormen (class B), pan Ingredient scalers______1.325 1. 425 machine operators______1.095 1.195 feeders and greasers 1.155 1.240 Foreladies______1.220 1. 320 Icers and decorators, cake- Spray-machine operators, Machine helpers______1.205 1.305 pan washers and greasers, and inspectors, oven Pan greasers______1.195 1.295 sweet yeast make-up pan- feeders' and takers-out, General helpers______1.175 1.275 ners, chip bagging- dough feeders, pan clean Icing - machine operators machine operators, chip ers, and feeders______1.155 1.210 (women)______1.040 1.140 fryers, order packers, Forming-machine opera leers, packers, wrappers doughnut tray packers, tors 1.035 1.090 (women)______1.005 1.105 general helpers______. 1.060 1.160 Icing department: Rollette department: Agreement J: TTead miyp.rs 1.460 1.545 Mixers______1.355 1.455 Working foremen______1.528 1.628 Maohine eaptains 1.375 1.460 Jam coolers______1.270 1.370 Mixers______. 1.415 1. 515 Machine set-up men, ma- Foreladies______1.220 1.320 Ovenmen______. 1.390 1.490 chinemen, jelly and Mixers’ helpers______1.205 1.305 Assemblymen.__..... ____ - 1,365 1.465 marshmallow men------1.275 1.330

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11

T a b l e 15.'— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

July 1 July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1 July 1, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, 1949 1950, City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

BUFFALO, N. Y.—Con. CHARLESTON, W. YA. CHARLOTTE, N. C.—Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops: Bread and cake—Machine shops— Agreement A—Con. Agreement A: Con. Icing department—Con. Bread: Agreement B—Continued leers (women), other help Mixers No. 1______2$1.350 2 $1.500 General helpers: ers (women)______$1,015 $1.070 Mixers No. 2, dividers, Less than 90 days’ service.. 0.875 $0.875 Machine operators (wo wrapping-machine oper With 90 days’ service____ .900 .925 men) ______1.035 1.090 ators, shipping clerks__ 2 1. 200 2 1.350 Shipping: Packing department: Proof-box operators_____ 2 1.150 2 1. 300 Shipping and receiving Working supervisors_____ 1.135 1.190 Bakers’ helpers, first class. 2 1.100 2 1.250 clerks______1.080 1.120 Sponge packers------1.055 1.110 Molders______2 1.000 2 1.150 Selectors______1.020 1.060 Hand bundlers, filling- Bakers’ helpers, second machine operators_____ 1.035 1.090 class______2 .950 2 1.100 CHATTANOOGA, TENN. Sweet packers______1.025 1.080 Dividers (women)______2 1. 200 2 1.350 Carton formers (machine), Agreement B: Bread and cake—Hand shops: sealers and weighers___ 1.015 1.070 Bread: Head bakers______3 1.146 21.146 Agreement B: Dough mixers, sponge Second bakers______2.938 *. 938 Mixing department: setters------2 1.400 2 1.470 Helpers______2.625 J. 625 Head mixers...... 1.475 1.530 Wrapping-machine opera Bread and cake—Machine shops: Enrobers______1.345 1.400 tors ______2 1.400 2 1.470 Agreement A: Sponge mixers______1. 345 1.400 Dividermen, moldermen.. 2 1. 230 2 1.300 Bread: Sweet mixers______1.315 1. 370 Ovenmen, oven loaders Dough mixers...... 1.035 1.110 Jelly and marshmallow- and dumpers, bread Ovenmen______.980 1.050 men______1.245 1.300 rackers, truck loaders Benchmen______.960 1.030 Flour dumpers, filling-ma and helpers, shipping Twisters, bench and ma chine operators______1.195 1.250 and receiving clerks____ 3 1.220 * 1.290 chine helpers, wrapping- Baking department: Pan greasers, bread pan- machine operators_____ .905 .970 Machine captains______1.415 1.470 ners, feeders, dough pan- Wrapping-machine helpers. .850 .920 Cuttermen______1.325 1.380 ners______2 1.080 2 1.150 Cake: Sponge rollermen------1.275 1.330 Bread rackers...... * 1. 050 2 1.120 Mixers______1.035 1.100 Pan feeders and greasers, Bakers’ helpers______(*) * 1.050 Machine operators______.905 .910 general helpers...... 1.195 1. 250 Hand icers______.795 .800 Icing and cello-bag depart CHARLOTTE, N. C. Checkers, wrappers, pack ment: ers, cutters______.740 .780 Head mixers______1.325 1. 380 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Agreement B: Machine set-up men, paper Agreement A: Bread: cutters, icing mixers’ Bread: Foremen______1. 610 1.690 helpers______1. 275 1.330 Foremen______1.200 1.200 Mixers and ovenmen------1.350 1.430 General helpers______1.195 1. 250 Mixers, head ovenmen___ 1.050 1.050 Head benchmen and di Forming-machine opera Machinemen______.975 .975 vider operators______1.270 1.350 tors, carton formers Wrapping-machine opera Benchmen, machinemen, (women)______1.055 1.110 tors and ovenmen_____ .950 .950 assistant mixers, dump Sealers, weighers (women). 1.005 1.060 Helpers: ers, wrapping-machine Packing department: First 3 months______.750 .750 operators______1.200 1.280 General helpers______1.195 1.250 After 3 months______.800 .800 Set-up men and wrapping- 1.095 1.150 Hand wrappers and ma machine tailers______1. 060 1.140 Hand bundlers, and"carton chine helpers: Doughnut-machine oper formers (machine table), First 3 months______.750 .750 ators______1.020 1.100 sweet packers carton After 3 months______.800 .800 Bread twisters______1.000 1.080 formers (hand), “Q” Cake: Helpers: formers, cover stitchers, Foremen______1.200 1.200 Less than 3 months____ .820 .890 repack girls, breakage Mixers and ovenmen_____ 1.050 1. 050 3 to 6 months______.850 .920 girls______1.045 1.100 Machinemen______.950 .950 Over 6 months...... 940 1.010 Foreladies______.900 .900 Shipping: Wrapping-machine opera Shipping clerks______1.240 1.320 BUTTE, MONT. tors______.850 .850 Agreement C: Experienced icers______.850 .850 Cake: Bread and cake—Hand shops: Oven loaders and dumpers. .850 .850 Foremen______1.110 1.150 Foremen, mixers------* 1. 673 4 1. 673 Pan washers and greasers.. .825 .825 Mixers------.950 .990 Ovenmen______< 1. 628 4 1. 628 Icers, wrappers and box Ovenmen______.940 .940 Benchmen______* 1. 537 4 1. 537 makers: Foreladies______.865 .895 Wrappers, hand (women)____ * .830 4.830 First 2 months______.700 .700 Scalers and icing mixers... .840 .880 Bread and cake—Machine shops: From 2 to 4 months...... 750 .750 Helpers, men______.750 .750 Foremen, dough mixers_____ « 1.748 « 1.748 After 4 months...... 800 .800 Cutting-machine opera Roll-machine operators, ma- Helpers: tors, icers and wrappers. .740 .780 chinemen______s 1. 748 * 1. 748 First 3 months______.750 .750 Wrapping-machine oper Ovenmen______s 1. 700 « 1. 700 After 3 months______.800 .800 ators______.720 .780 Bench hands______5 1.605 5 1.605 Shipping: Inexperienced helpers, Wrapping-machine operators, Snipping clerks______1.050 1.050 women______.570 .750 wrappers (men)______4 1.182 4 1.182 Freight handlers and Pie and pastry shops: Wrappers (women)______4.830 4.830 stock helpers------.900 .900 Foremen______1.110 1.150 Checkers and packers... .850 .850 Mixers, and first cooks___ .950 .990 Agreement B: Ovenmen______.940 .940 CHARLESTON, S. C. Ovenmen, mixers and Cookers______.800 .840 doughnut-machine opera Shipping clerks______.750 .790 Crackers and cookies: tors______1.230 1.270 Wrappers, boxers, crust- Foremen, mixers (cake)_____ 1.150 1.150 Dividers, roll-machine op machine operators, pie Ovenmen dough mixers, icing erators, depositor opera fillers and toppers_____ .740 .780 mixers (cake)______1.050 1.050 tors, and bread wrapping- Pie glacers and helpers, Shipping and receiving clerks. .950 .950 machine operators------1.180 1.220 men______.750 Dividermen, moldermen, Scalers, molder operators, stockmen, roll-machine op stockmen and mixers’ CHICAGO, ILL. erators, scaling-machine op helpers______1.130 1.170 erators, wrapping-machine Cake wrapping-machine op Bread and cake—Hand shops: operators______.900 .900 erators______1.100 1.140 Retail—Bread: Oven loaders and dumpers, First hands______51.650 «1.650 Oven loaders and dumpers__ .850 .850 cake-icing-machine opera Second hands— ______* 1.600 »1.600 Benchmen, bread rackers, tors______1.020 1.060 Icers, after 1 year______»1.245 8 1.245 cleaners, icers, and packers Production employees and General bake-shop helpers, (women)______.750 .750 cake icers, hand...... 950 .975 after 1 year______» 1.175 81.175 3 48-hour workweek. a vailable for rate and hours on July 1, 1949. 4<4 44-hour work week. » 42-hour workweek. 929630— 51------3

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950—Con.

July l, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

CHICAGO, ILL—Continued CHICAGO, ILL.—Continued CHICAGO, ILL.—Continued Bread and cake—Hand shops— Bread and cake—Machine Crackers and cookies—Con. Continued shops—Continued Agreement B—Continued Retail—Bread—Continued Agreement D: Sponge-baking department: Pan cleaners and greasers, Bread only: Machine captains______$1.550 $1.550 after 6 months______«$1,055 »$1,055 Working foremen______$1.615 $1.665 Peelers-in______1.490 1.490 Retail—Bread and cake: Mixers, ingredient scalers, Rollermen______1.460 1.460 First hands, spongers, oven- ovenmen______1.510 1.560 Draw boys______1.320 1.320 men______«1.650 » 1.650 Soft roll (scaling-machine), Stackers______1.270 1.270 Second hands______81.600 « 1.600 dividermen______1.460 1.510 Sweet-mixing department: Molders, traveling-oven Mixers______1.470 1.470 Third hands: dumpers and feeders, Mixers’ helpers______1.370 1.370 First 6 months______«. 950 5.950 bench hands, dough Sweet-baking department: 7 to 24 months______«1.140 «1.140 dumpers______1.410 1.460 Sweet-oven captains_____ 1.470 1.470 25 to 36 months______8 1.440 81.440 Bake-shop helpers------1.250 1.300 Machinemen______1.370 1.370 Wholesale—Bread: Helpers, sorters______1.140 1.190 Ovenmen’s helpers______1.320 1.320 First hands, mixers, oven- Checkers, wrappers, pack Pan feeders and greasers... 1.150 1.150 men, spongers______1.525 1.575 ers, cutters (women): Icing department: Second hands, bench or ma Start______.810 Mixers______1.420 1.420 chine hands, molders or After 30 days______.860 .910 Machinemen, mixers’ help dividers, ingredientmen 1.475 1.525 After 6 months______.910 .960 ers______1.320 1.320 Bread and cake—Machine shops: After 1 year______.960 1.010 Packers, machine feeders.. 1.020 1.020 After 3 years______1.010 1.060 Packing and wrapping de Agreement A: Doughnut shops: Bread only: partment: 1.620 1.670 Doughnut and chocolate en- Machinemen______1.320 1. 320 Working foremen------robing-machine operators.. 1.360 1.410 Fiber-case scalers.______Ovenmen, mixers______1.510 1.560 Utility men------1.220 1. 220 Ingredient scalers, travel 1.160 1.210 Fiber-case stitchers______1.170 1.170 ing-oven feeders and Foremen (women)______1.000 1.050 Sponge packers; under 16- dumpers, soft-roll scal Packers (women): oz. carton, bundlers____ 1.120 1.120 ing-machine men, bench Start______.830 .880 Sweet packers, pans_____ 1.120 1.120 After 1 month______.850 .900 Sponge packers, 16-oz. hands, dividermen____ 1.460 1.510 After 6 months______.900 Dough dumpers, molders.. 1.360 1.410 .950 carton and over______1.070 1.070 After 1 year______.950 1.000 Sweet packers, cartons___ 1.070 1.070 Bake-shop helpers: Pie and pastry shops: Carton and caddy formers First 90 days______1.140 1.190 Pie shops: (women)______1.070 1.070 After 90 days______1.250 1.300 Ingredientmen, ovenmen, Bag fillers, conveyors____ 1.070 1.070 Sorters, inspectors cooks, dough mixers_____ 1.290 1.290 1.130 1.180 Sweet packers, caddies, (women)______Dough breakers, fruit mix feeders______1.020 1.020 Agreement B: ers, servicemen, helpers__ 1.060 1.060 Glassine packers (women). 1.020 1.020 Bread department: Pie-machine operators_____ .970 .970 Packers, cases______.970 .970 Working foremen------1.620 1.670 Toppers, wrappers, cream- Bag fillers, dump pack___ .970 .970 Mixers, ovenmen------1.510 1.560 pie fillers, cake icers, fruit cleaners, women helpers, Agreement C: Dividermen, soft-roll scal Ovenmen______1.295 1.380 ing-machine operators, plate washers, sorters, in ingredient scalers, bench spectors______.890 Icing department: hands, traveling-oven Hebrew baking: Machinemen______1.245 1.330 dumpers and feeders___ 1.460 1.510 Foremen or first hands______2.023 2.023 Head mixers______1.145 1.230 Dough dumpers______1.360 1.410 Second hands______1.952 1.952 Packers______1.005 1.090 Bake-shop helpers______1.250 1.300 Bohemian baking—Bread: Head sample girls...... 1.065 Helpers______1.140 1.190 Small shops—Hand: Stitchers (women), cello Sorters, women inspectors. 1.130 1.180 First hands______1.715 1.715 phane packers, sample helpers______.935 1.020 Cake department: Second hands______1.645 1.645 Working foremen______1. 620 1.670 Large shops—Machine: Packing department: Mixers______1. 510 1.560 First hands______1.850 1.850 Stacking-machine cap Second hands------1.775 1.775 tains: Scajers, cake and yeast First 3 months______1.020 1.105 oven feeders and dump Polish baking: Next 3 months...... 1.245 1.330 ers, cooky-machine oper Retail shops: After 6 months______1.345 1.430 ators, bench hands____ 1.510 Day work: Wrapping-machine oper General bakery helpers, Foremen, spongers______* 1.729 a 1.729 ators______1.195 1.280 an washing machine Second hands______» 1.604 * 1.604 Scalers______1.095 1.180 Eelpers, pan greasing Wholesale shops: machine helpers, ship General helpers______1.045 1.130 1.140 1.190 Day work: Carton formers, bundlers, ping-room helpers___ Foremen, spongers______1.835 1.835 sponge packers______1.015 1.100 Women employees: Second hands------1.710 1.710 Sweet packers______.975 1.060 Foreladies______1.130 1.180 Crackers and cookies: Trolley dippers, panners, leers, dough handlers__ 1.060 1.110 Agreement A: tailors and packers...... (3) 1.060 Machine feeders, wrap Men employees: Women carton and caddy pers, packers, box First mixers______1.350 1.400 stitchers, scalers______.935 1.020 workers, miscellaneous- 1.010 1.060 Stacker feeders (women)_ .905 " .990 unskilled______.940 .990 Second mixers------1.100 1.150 Skilled (inexperienced). 1.010 1.060 Other men helpers: Receiving department: Skilled (experienced).. 1.110 Start------(3) Flour unloaders. . . ______1.215 1.300 1 to 3 months______.900 .950 Order fillers and stockmen. 1.175 1.260 Agreement C: 3 to 12 months______1.000 Receiving clerks______1.175 1.255 Cake only: 1 to 2 years______1.050 Paper cutters and sugar Cake mixers, icing mixers, 2 to 3 years______1.050 1.100 grinders______1.120 1.205 ovenmen, first scalers, Over 3 years______(3) 1.125 Shipping department: doughnut mixers, head Women employees: Head shipping clerks...... 1.395 1.480 cookers, ingredientmen.. 1.440 1.520 Start______.850 Men-in-charge, wholesale de- Mixers’ helpers, oven help 1 to 3 months______partment...______1.245 1.330 ers, second scalers, 3 to 12 months______.950 Order fillers______1.145 1.230 dumpers, truckers...... 1.180 1.260 1 to 2 years______1.000 Stockmen______1.095 1.180 Pan cleaners______1.040 1.150 2 to 3 years______1.000 1.050 Agreement D: Women employees: Over 3 years______(») 1.100 Sweet-mixing department: First month______.810 .860 Foremen (women)______1.100 1.150 Mixers______1.385 1.435 After 30 days______.860 .910 Agreement B: Helpers______1.290 1.340 After 6 months______.910 .960 Sponge-mixing department: Sweet-baking department: After 1 year______.960 1.010 Mixers______1.420 1.420 Machinemen______1.435 1.485 After 3 years______1.010 1.060 Mixers’ helpers------1.320 1.320 Ovenmen______| 1.300 1.350

* 48-hour workweek. * Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949. • 42-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

CHICAGO, ILL.—Con. CINCINNATI, OHIO—Con. COLUMBUS, OHIO Crackers and cookies—Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops: Agreement D—Con. Assistant mixers, order check Agreement A: Sweet-baking department- ers, spray-machine operators, Mixers, ovenmen______$1,400 $1,500 continued auto-brake operators______$1,230 $1.310 Oven feeders and dumpers... 1.300 1.400 Oven relievers______$1.260 $1.310 Small power truck operators, Bench and machine opera Oven helpers______1.195 1.230 repairmen, marshmallow tors, checkers, wrapping- Pan feeders and greasers___ 1.095 1.430 beaters, order filler, flour machine operator (set-up). 1.270 1.370 General helpers— ____ .985 1. 015 dumpers, warehouse store Bake-shop helpers, bread Icing department: keepers______1.190 1.270 rackers, packers, flour Assistant foremen...... 1.450 1.500 Sirup mixers, enrober helpers, blenders______1.150 1.250 Machinemen______1.300 1.350 grinding mill operators, slot- Women rackers, packers Mixers______1.250 1.300 ting-machine operators, or (buns)______1.150 1.250 Packers______.990 1.030 der chaser, car packers, cheese Agreement B: Cello baggers and makers.. .930 .960 and fig grinders, spray-ma Machine feeders...... 920 .950 chine cleaners, shortening Bread department: Sweet-packing department: 1.150 1.230 Mixers, oven operators___ 1.400 1.500 weighers______Mixers’ helpers, oven load Floor boys______1.040 1.075 Women employees: Packers______.990 1.030 ers and unloaders, divid- Cello baggers______.930 .960 Inspectors, box tapers, oven ermen and molder oper Floor girls______.765 .795 tenders, packers, ingredi ators______1.270 1.370 ent weighers, machine Pan rack washers______1.100 1.200 Carton and caddy forming: operators (class A)______1.030 1.100 Women employees______.940 .970 Machine operators (class B), Roll department: Agreement E: breakers, (stackers) vari Mixers, oven operators___ 1.400 1.500 Mixing and baking depart able scalers, dump fillers, Machinemen and ingredi ment: bundlers, magazine feed ent scalers, wrapping- Mixing supervisors------1.505 1.560 ers, machine feeders, stock machine operators____ 1.270 1.370 Baking supervisors______1. 505 1.560 clerks, nesting makers___ 1.050 Branch loaders and ship- Machine captains______1.485 1.540 Carton weighers, general 1.200 1.300 Peelers, mixers______1.425 1.480 helpers, supply girls, car Roll panners, wrapping- Working supervisors, draw- ton handlers and assem machine helpers______1.150 1.250 men______1.405 1.460 blers, machine helpers and Hand icers and wrappers Rollermen, cuttermen, re- machine operators (class (women)------1.080 liefmen______1. 395 1.450 C), scrap pickers______.930 1.000 Cake department: Bakers______1.325 1.380 Mixers, ovenmen, decora Oven firemen______1.295 1.350 tors______1.400 1.500 Flour dumpers, pan CLEVELAND, OHIO Machinemen, depositors. __ 1.270 1.370 dumpers______1.265 1.320 Cooky-machine operators 1.150 1.250 Battermen, pan cleaners Bread and cake—Hand shops: Machine helpers______1.100 1.200 and feeders______1.215 1.270 Hand icers and wrappers.. .980 1.080 Machine set-up men, Agreement A: dough feeders______1.185 1.240 First hands______2 1.625 31.668 Shipping department: Second hands______Wrapping-machine opera Wrapping and packing de 2 1.563 a 1. 603 tors______1.270 1.370 partment: Male bake-shop helpers and Wrapping-machine help Tally clerks (women)------1.105 1.160 shipping clerks______21.187 21.229 Women, all classes______ers, packers and shippers. 1.150 1.250 Sponge packers______1.045 1.100 i. 933 Order fillers______1.050 1.150 Sweet packers, carton Agreement B: formers, weighers, scal Warehouse department: Ovenmen______21.625 2 1.668 Stock-room and receiving ers, hand bundlers, ma Mixers. 21.625 chine operators______1.025 1.080 2 1.668 clerks______1.160 1.260 Benchmen______a 1.563 2 1.603 Freight handlers and flour Icing department: Bake-shop helpers______21.167 * 1.229 Head mixers______1.505 1.560 dumpers______1.110 1.210 Enrobermen______1.345 1.400 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Agreement C: Stackers______1.315 1.370 Ovenmen, mixers, ingredient- Mixers, ovenmen______1.400 1.500 Icing mixers______1.285 1.340 men, cake decorators______1.450 1.550 Oven helpers, feeders and Helpers------1.265 1.320 Bench or machine hands, dumpers______1.300 1.400 Jelly and marshmallowmen. 1.235 1.290 doughnut-machine operators. 1.400 1.500 Dividers, molders, head Scrappers------1.125 1.180 Mixers’ helpers, oven feeders, wrappers, mixers’ helpers.. 1.270 1.370 Spreaders______1.025 1.080 helpers and dumpers, wrap Molders’ helpers, pan greas General bakery workers: ping and slicer adjusters___ 1.280 1.380 ers, bread rackers, flour Ritz forming-machine op Bake-shop helpers, shipping- blenders, wrapping- erators______1.205 1.260 room helpers, bread wrap machine helpers______1.150 1.250 General help______1.185 1.240 pers and slicers______1.180 1.280 Agreement D: Floormen______1.135 1.190 Pie-machine operators (wo Mixers______1. 350 1.400 Working supervisors men) ______1.080 Oven operators______1.325 1. 375 (women)______1.105 1.160 Hand icers (women)______.960 1.060 Dividers, tray-oven feeders Women helpers______1.025 1.080 Women employees______.910 1.010 and dumpers, doughnut- General help (women)___ 1.005 1.060 Pie and pastry shops: machine operators, icing Dough mixers, ovenmen____ 1.450 1.550 mixers______1.270 1.320 CINCINNATI, OHIO Bake-shop helpers______1.180 1.280 Bench hands, tunnel oven Wrapper girls______.850 1.010 feeders and dumpers, ship Bread and cake—Machine shops: Hebrew baking: pers, molders, depositors... 1.220 1.270 Foremen or first bakers_____ 1.560 1.665 Order workers______Ovenmen, mixers______1.465 1. 578 First hands...... 11.777 11.820 1.160 1.210 Bench hands______1.390 1.510 Second hands______11.660 U.710 Helpers, panners, pan set Crackers and cookies: Cake bakers’ helpers...... U.244 11.290 ters, pan greasers, blend Head mixers, cutting-machine ers, packers______1.100 1.150 Other nationality baking: Agreement E: operators______1.435 1.515 Ovenmen, mixers______Reel-oven operators______1.385 1.465 3 1.625 »1.668 Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 1.400 1.500 Machine set-up captains, peel Benchmen______* 1.563 21.603 Oven loaders and dumpers.. 1.300 1.400 ers______1.355 1.435 Bake-shop helpers______2 1.167 3 1.229 Dividermen, moldermen, Upright and brake rollerman, Crackers and cookies: wrapping-machine opera mixers (baking and icing), Mixers, ovenmen, peelers, tors, bread panners, ship band ovenmen...... 1.335 1.415 cracker ovenmen, machine- ping and receiving clerks, Assistant cutting-machine op men______1.430 1.500 checkers------1.270 1.370 erators, marshmallow depos Rollers______1.350 1.430 Dough mixers’ helpers_____ 1.270 1.370 itor operators, receiving Cake-oven helpers, mixers’ Bread rackers, pan greasers, clerks, truck shipping clerks, helpers______1.260 1.330 flour dumpers, bench and assistant reel-oven operators, Bake-shop helpers______1.230 1.300 machine helpers, truck inspectors, checker captains. 1.295 1.375 All other helpers (women)___ .930 1.000 loaders and helpers_____ 1.150 1.250 145-hour workweek. 2 t48-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 14

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1 July 1, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

COLUMBUS, OHIO—Con. DALLAS, TEX.—Con. DAYTON, OHIO—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops— Bread and cake—Machine shops— Bread and cake—Semimachine Continued Continued shops—Continued Agreement F; Agreement B—Continued Agreement B—Continued Working foremen------$1.550 $1,650 Bread—Co ntinued Doughnut-machine opera Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 1.400 1.500 Machine operators, slicing- tors______$1,335 $1.435 Oven loaders and dumpers__ 1.300 1.400 and wrapping-machine Mixers’ helpers______1.325 1.425 Dough mixers’ helpers, di- operators, shipping Flour blenders______1.305 1.405 vidermen, moldermen, clerks______i $1,310 » $1.385 Pan greasers______1.260 1.360 roll-machine operators, Helpers, after 6 months__ 11.020 i 1.095 Wrappers and packers, bread bread panners, shipping Pan greasers, rackers, slic rackers, wrapping-machine and receiving clerks, ing- and wrapping-ma helpers, other helpers____ 1.210 1.310 checkers, wrapping- chine feeders: leers, wrappers, and packers. 1.040 1.140 machine operators------1.270 ‘ 1.370 First 3 months______(’) i .995 Crackers and cookies: Flour dumpers, bench and After 3 months______00 1 1.045 Agreement A: machine helpers, wrap After 6 months______00 1 1.095 Machine captains______1.180 1.260 ping-machine helpers, Cake: Mixers: truck loaders and helpers, Foremen______1 1.680 1 1.655 First 2 weeks______1.020 1.100 pan greasers, bread rackers. 1.150 1.250 Mixers______(3) 1 1. 545 3 to 4 weeks______1.070 1.150 Pie and pastry shops: Ovenmen______(3) i 1. 495 After 1 month______1.160 1.240 Pie cookers and pie mixers, in Bench hands, machine Packers and wrappers: gredient scalers, and scoop- operators______1 1. 310 » 1. 385 First 2 weeks______.780 .830 ers______1.270 1.370 Ingredient scalers______(3) 1 1.385 3 to 4 weeks______.830 .880 Ovenmen______1.150 1.250 Floor ladies______(3) 1 1. 265 After 1 month______.920 .970 Rollers, fillers, toppers and Helpers: Handlers, shippers: trimmers .980 1.080 First 3 months______(3) 1.995 First 2 weeks______.970 1.050 Crackers and cookies: After 3 months______(3) 1 1.045 3 to 4 weeks______1.020 1.100 Head mixers.______1.350 1.400 After 6 months______1 1.020 1 1.095 After 1 month______1.110 1.190 Ovenmen, pan pullers______1.325 1.375 Wrapping-machine opera Agreement B: Machine operators, dough tors______1 1.055 Head mixers, after 12 months. 1.465 1. 515 mixers...... 1.270 1.322 leers, wrappers: Senior machinemen______1.440 1.490 Receiving clerks, machine First 6 months...... (3) 1.825 Head machinemen (packing feeders, band-oven tenders__ 1.220 1.270 After 6 months______(3) 1.875 and band-oven), mixers, Dough break roll feeders, mix After 12 months______2.910 i .985 band-oven operators and ers’ helpers______1.160 1.210 Agreement C: machinemen, mixers, re Ingredient scalers, stockmen__ 1.100 1.150 Bread and cake: ceiving clerks______1.415 1.465 Ingredient scalers (women), Foremen______1 1.550 i 1.625 Band-oven laminators, after packers, feeders, greasers, Mixers______i 1.440 1 1.515 1 year______1.365 1.415 dumpers, cleaners, helpers Ovenmen______1 1.420 1 1.495 Cello-bag machine operators. 1.315 1.415 (men): Bench hands______* 1.330 1 1. 405 Ovenmen, reel______1.340 1.390 After 30 days...... 1.030 1.080 Wrapping-machine opera Car and truck checkers, cut- Pull and catch pans, helpers, tors______(3) 1 1.405 termen______1.335 1.385 first 30 days------.960 1.010 Helpers______1 1.010 i 1. 085 Receiving clerks’ helpers, re- Scrap pickers, packers, tray Crackers and cookies: liefmen, band-oven men, and carton sealers, box Machine captains______1.280 1. 280 junior machinemen, sirup formers, machine tenders, Mixers______1.255 1.255 mixers, store stockmen, wrappers______.900 .950 Ovenmen______1.190 1.190 rippled wheat cookers...... 1.315 1.365 Stitchers, packers, magazine Machine set-up men______1.105 1.105 Reel-oven men’s helpers, car feeders______.870 .920 Icing mixers (head)______1.100 1.100 loaders and unloaders____ 1.290 1.340 Women helpers, first 30 days__ .820 .870 Jelly- and marshmallow-men.. 1.050 1.050 Pan feeders______1.265 1.315 Forming-machine operators__ 1.005 1.005 H. P. A. machinemen_____ 1.260 1.310 DALLAS, TEX. Pan dumpers______.915 .915 Assistant machinemen, Pan cleaners and feeders____ .890 .890 packing and band-oven__ 1.240 1.310 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Floor men______.860 .860 Truck loaders______1. 250 1.300 Agreement A: Scalers and weighers______.765 .765 Paper cuttermen______1.175 1.290 Bread: Enrobermen______.740 .740 Icing mixers, chocolate mix Foremen------1.520 1.595 Women workers: ers, sirup mixers’ helpers.. 1.220 1.270 Sponge mixers, dough Machine operators______1.005 1.005 Machine cleaners______1.200 1.250 mixers______1.410 1.485 Tally clerks------.910 .910 Stockmen______1.190 1.240 Ovenmen______1.390 1.465 Hand bundlers, carton form Utensil washing-machine Benchmen, second bakers, ers______.780 .780 operators, carton loaders.. 1.180 1. 230 twisters, dividers, slic Scalers and weighers______.765 .765 Power truck operators_____ 1.100 1.280 ing- and wrapping-ma Sponge packers and sweet Assortment stockmen_____ 1.160 1.210 chine operators, check packers______.755 .755 Grinders, dough feeders, ers (head), molders____ 1.300 1.375 spray machinemen, sack Helpers, packers, pan cleaners______1.155 1.205 rackers, pan greasers----- .980 1.055 DAYTON, OHIO Carton formers______1.130 1.180 Floormen______1.130 1.180 Cake: Bread and cake—Semimachine Bundlers______1.050 1.130 Foremen______1.520 1.595 shops: Sweet packers______1.Q80 1.130 Icing mixers______1.410 1.485 Agreement A: Sponge packers______1.050 1.100 Ovenmen______1.390 1.465 Mixers, ovenmen______1.425 1.525 Weight checkers...... 1.030 1.080 Second bakers, ingredient Oven feeders and dumpers, Women on base rate...... 940 .940 scalers, loaders, ship molders, dividers, bench- ping clerks, bench hands. 1.300 1.375 men, wrapping-machine DENVER, COLO. Floor ladies______1.060 1.135 set-up men, panners_____ 1.375 1.475 Miscellaneous employees Doughnut-machine oper Bread and cake—Hand shops: (men)______.980 1.075 ators______1.335 1.435 Foremen______2 1.490 3 1.540 Helpers, wrapping-ma Mixers’ helpers______1.325 1.425 Dough mixers, ovenmen_____ 21.400 * 1.450 chine operators, dumpers. .980 1.055 Wrapping-machine helpers, Bench hands______2 1.350 3 1.400 Hand icers, packers, wrap other helpers, packers___ 1.210 1.310 Bread and cake—Machine shops: pers, cutters: leers, wrappers, packers Foremen______1.490 1.540 First 6 months...... 730 .805 (women)______1.040 1.140 Dough mixers, spongers, oven After 6 months------.790 .865 Agreement B: men______1.400 1.450 After 12 months------.910 .985 Mixers, ovenmen______1.425 1.525 Bench hands, machine oper Agreement B: Benchmen, machinemen, ators______1.350 1.400 Bread: head wrappers, head ship Hebrew baking—Cake and pastry: Foremen______i 1.580 i 1.655 pers, moldermen, panners, Foremen______1.490 1.540 Mixers______i 1.470 i 1.545 oven feeders and dumpers, Dough mixers, spongers, oven Ovenmen______» 1.420 i 1.495 set-up men, dividers____ 1.375 1.475 men______1.400 1.450 145-hour workweek. 2 48-hour wo: * Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

DENVER, COLO.—Con. DES MOINES, IOWA—Con. DETROIT MICH.—Con. Hebrew baking —Cake and Crackers and cookies—Con. Bread and cake—M achine pastry—Con. Packing department: shops—Con. Bench hands, machine oper- Machinemen______$1.105 $1.155 Agreement B: ators______$1.350 $1,400 Floormen______1.055 1.105 Bread and roll mixers: Crackers and cookies: Sponge packers, stock boys__ 1.030 Starting rate______$1.310 $1.310 Agreement A: Machine feeders, sample After 2 months______1.460 1.460 Machine captains______1.330 1.385 room attendants, bun- Ovenmen, icing and filling Head sponge and sweet dlers, carton formers------.930 .980 cookers, cake mixers: mixers______r„ 1. 280 1.335 Women helpers (first 30 Starting rate______1.290 1.290 Bakers,______1.250 1.305 days)______.905 After 2 months______1.440 1.440 Peelers______1.230 1. 335 Women helpers (after 30 Doughnut fryers, after 3 Mixers, rollermen, drawmen. 1.230 1. 285 days)______.905 .955 months______1.440 1.440 Mixers’ helpers______1.135 1.190 Shipping and receiving de Bakers—expert bench hands Stackers.,.______1.130 1.190 partment: (after 2 months), ingredi General helpers (men)_____ 1.040 1.190 Order clerks______1.205 1.255 ent scalers______1.410 1.410 Packing and icing depart Helpers.______1.105 1.155 Formula men, experienced.. 1.400 1.400 ments: Pie crust mixers: Icing mixers______1.230 1.285 DETROIT, MICH. Starting rate______1.260 1.260 Wrapping-machine set-up After 2 months______1.380 1.380 men______1.180 1. 235 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Stockmen receivers______1.370 1.370 Floormen______1.020 1.140 All-round bakers, bench- Women employees: Agreement A: men: Working supervisors___ .975 1.030 Bread: After 2 months...... 1.360 1.360 Sponge packers______.980 1.035 Mixers, oven operators___ 1.490 1.560 Bread divider operators; Bundlers, machine op Flour blenders, ingredient bread wrapping-machine erators, hand bun scalers, mixers’ helpers, operators (startingrate).— 1.170 1.170 dlers, scalers, and dividermen, twisters and Bread divider operators; weighers______.955 1.010 panners, benchmen, oven after 2 months, bread oven Agreement B: feeders, and dumpers, loaders; after 3 months, Baking department: molders______1.390 1.460 cake depositor operators; Machinemen, sponge____ 1.360 1.410 Pan setters, pan rackerg, stockmen, bread wrap Machinemen, sweet_____ 1.340 1. 390 molders’ helpers, pan greas ping-machine operators; Peelers, overimen, sponge— 1.300 1.350 after 2 months------Ovenmen (sweet), sponge ers, fried goods___!____ 1.340 1.410 1.310 1.310 reliefmen------1. 280 1.330 Bread rackers...... 1.250 1.320 Cake decorators: Dough mixers, rollermen __ 1. 230 1.280 Bun panners______1.140 1.210 Starting rate______1.030 1.030 Dough feeders______1.160 1. 210 Cake: After 3 months______1.190 1.190 Mixers’ helpers______1.130 1.280 Dough mixers, icing mixers, After 6 months______1.290 1.290 Sponge ovenmen’s helpers. 1.120 1.170 cooks, oven operators__ 1.490 1. 560 Pan pullers to washing ma Pan greasers______1.100 1.150 Ingredient scalers, depos chine, washing-machine Icing room: itor operators, dough operators, baking utility- Machinemen; jelly, cream nut-machine operators— 1.390 1.460 men, shipping-room serv and icing mixers______1.230 1.280 Mixers’ helpers, depositors’ icemen______1.290 1.290 Jelly, cream and icing helpers, oven feeders and Machine operators (not mixers’ helpers______1.080 1.130 dumpers, icing-machine otherwise specified), Hab- Packing department: operators______1.340 1.410 amfa machine operators, Wrapping and labeling Pan greasers, cutters------1.270 1.340 bread and roll mixers’ machinemen______1.300 1.350 Decorators------1.240 1.310 helpers______1.260 1.260 Wrapping- and labeling- Pan washers, all other Bread panners (after 3 machine helpers______1.130 1.180 help—male------1.230 1.300 months)------1.240 1.240 General helpers (women) : leers, all other help____ — 1.070 1.140 Pan conditioners, general First month______.770 .820 bakery workers, bakery Next 2 months______.820 .860 Sweet yeast goods: helpers, oven helpers, Second 3 months______.840 .900 Dough mixers, bakers, bread rackers (after 3 Third 3 months______.880 .940 proofers, bench leaders.. 1.490 1.560 months)______1. 210 1.210 Thereafter..______.910 .980 Benchmen, doughnut fry Decorators______1.030 1.030 General helpers (men); ers, doughnut glacers___ 1.440 1. 510 Bread packers, shipping- First month______.880 .930 Flour blenders, ingredient room (women): Next 2 months______.930 .980 scalers, icing mixers and Starting rate------.770 .770 Second 3 months------.950 1.020 cookers, depositors, and After 1 month______.830 .830 Third 3 months______.970 1.060 dividermen______1.390 1.460 After 3 months______.880 .880 Thereafter______1.010 1.110 Oven feeders, pan greasers. 1.340 1.410 After 6 months______.990 .990 Dough feeders, scalers___ 1.290 1.360 Order girls: DES MOINES, IOWA All other help—male------1.230 1.300 Starting rate______.770 .770 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Panners, dumpers------1.140 1.210 After 6 months______.990 .990 Working foremen______1. 550 1.600 Packers, icers, all other Finishing department (wom Dough mixers, ovenmen, pan help______1.070 1.140 en)—general icing work setters, pan dumpers______1.450 1.500 Pie: ers, layer cake icers, Benchmen, machinemen, Working leaders, pie bak bench girls, panners, shipping clerks...... 1. 330 1.380 ers, cooks No. 1------1.490 1. 560 order helpers, general Helpers: Pie dough mixers, icing or bakery workers: First 3 months______.930 .980 meringue mixers, ingre Starting rate------.770 .770 After 3 months------1.050 1.100 dient scalers, raw ma After 1 month------.830 .830 Miscellaneous employees: terial stockroom leaders. 1.390 1.460 After 3 months...... 880 .880 First 3 months______.930 .980 Cooks No. 2, pie peelers. — 1.340 1.410 After 6 months...______.990 .990 After 3 months______1.000 1.050 All other help—male.,----- 1.230 1.300 Agreement C: Crackers and cookies: All other help—female,.---- 1.070 1.140 Mixing- and baking depart Bread and roll department: ment: Wrapping: Mixers______1.430 1.516 Head mixers______1.370 1.420 Wrapping-machine set-up Moldermen______1.270 1.346 Machinemen______1.360 1. 410 men______1.390 1.460 Bench helpers______1.205 1.276 Peelers______1.310 1. 360 Bread wrappers______1.250 1.320 Panners (women)______.935 .990 Mixers’ helpers______1.275 1.325 Cake wrappers, bun wrap Cake department: Reliefmen______1.260 1. 335 pers, and packers------1.070 1.140 Mixers------1.430 1.516 Bakers______1.240 1.315 Shipping, receiving: Icers ------1.335 1.415 Drawmen______1.230 1. 280 Checkers______1.340 1.410 Depositors______1. 270 1.345 Rollermen______1.180 1. 230 Packers______1.290 1.360 Depositors’ helpers, icers’ Stackers______1.135 1.185 Receiving and stockroom helpers______1.205 1.275 Pan passers, floormen...... 1.125 1.175 men______1,240 1,310 Icers (women)______| .950 1.005

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 16

T a b l e 15.*— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 19J+9, and July 1, 1050— Con.

DETROIT, MICH.—Con. DETROIT, MICH.—Con. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.— Con. Bread and cake —M achine Crackers and cookies—Con. shops—Con. Agreement C—Con. Bread and cake—M ach in e Agreement C—Con. Packing department—Con. shops—Con. Coffee cake department: Head carton formers, ma Agreement A—Con. Benchmen ...... _ $1.385 $1.470 chine operators______$1,110 $1.160 Shipping clerks, wrapping- Mixers’ helpers______1.205 1.275 Sweet packers, hand car machine set-up operators, Muffin girls______.970 1.030 ton formers, ‘*Q” form molders_____ *______$1,200 $1.350 Finishers, general utility, ers, stitchers, weighers, Doughnut-machine oper leaders (women)______.965 1.050 closers, hand bundlers, ators______1.150 1.350 Fried cake department: cripple pickers, filling- Order fillers______1.200 1.300 Fried cake makers______1.485 1.575 machine operators, seal- Observers______1.200 1.250 Fried cake helpers______1.205 1.275 ' ers, staplers, sample- Stockmen______1.100 1.250 Scaling and flour blending room weight clerks, “S” Women cake-shop employees. .980 1.080 department: packers and “S” formers. 1.100 1.150 Agreement B: Oven No. 1, leaders_____ 1.450 1.615 Bread department: Scalers, leaders______1.340 1.445 DULUTH, MINN. Foremen, mixers, divider- Scalers, blenders______1.270 1.345 men, head ovenmen___ 1.370 1.420 General utility______1.180 1.345 Bread and cake—Hand shops: Oven feeders and dumpers. 1.270 1.320 Panners (women)______.935 .990 Foremen______* 1.556 *1.606 Benchmen, molders, ma Specialty department: Mixers, ovenmen______*1.304 *1.354 chine wrappers______1.220 1.270 Decorators______1.445 1.530 Bench hands______*1.246 *1.296 Pan rackers, hand wrap General utility______1.115 1.180 Hand wrappers and packers: pers (women), mixers’ Decorator No. 1 (women).. 1.060 1.125 First 100 days______2.738 *.788 helpers, ingredientmen, Decorator No. 2 (women).. 1.000 1.060 After 100 days______2.799 *.849 an greasers, general Decorator No. 3 (women).. .935 .990 Foremen (women)______2.942 *.992 Eelpers, bread rackers... 1.120 1.170 Panners (women)...... 935 .990 Helpers: Agreement C: Cooky department: After 600 days______21.043 2 1.093 Bread department: Mixers.______1.430 1.515 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Dough mixers? oven oper Depositors______1.270 1.345 Working foremen______1.570 ators, wrapping-machine Packing leaders (women) .985 1.090 Dough mixers, ovenmen__ i__ 1.420 set-up men, bun- and Packers (women)______.935 .999 Bench hands, doughnut- roll-machine operators. __ 1.450 1.475 General utility women...... 895 .990 machine operators______1.350 Divider operators______1.350 1.375 Hebrew baking: Machinemen (dividers and Oven dumpers and loaders. 1.300 1.325 First hands (1 or 2 ovens)...... i 2.333 i 2.333 molders), wrapping-machine- Checkers, molders------1. 250 1.275 Second hands______i 2.222 i 2.222 operators______1.270 1.340 Pan catchers, ingredient Helpers i 1.667 i 1.667 scalers, loaders, flour Polish baking: Stockmen, receiving clerks___ 1.190 1.240 dumpers______1.200 1.225 First hands (either handling Helpers: Dough mixers’ helpers, 2 ovens or mixing dough)__ 1.825 1.825 After 600 days______1.165 1.215 molders’ helpers, bread First hands (1 oven)______1.775 1.775 Dishwashers______.910 .930 boxers, pan greasers...... 1.150 1.175 Second hands and partial Hand wrappers and packers: Miscellaneous help: dough mixers______1.680 1.680 First 100 days...... (8) .910 Starting rate------.850 .875 Second hands (1 oven)______1.605 1.605 After 100 days______(3) .990 After 60 days______.900 .925 Crackers and cookies: Shipping department: After 6 months______1.000 1.025 Agreement A: Shipping clerks (when only Cake department: Mixers ...... 1.470 1.490 1 clerk on duty in a plant) _ 1.300 1.420 Mixers______1.450 1.475 Workers (women): Shipping clerks, after 90 Wrapping-machine oper Starting rate______.950 .990 days------1.185 1.235 ators______1.400 1.425 After 1 month______1.050 1.070 Pie and pastry shops: Doughnut-machine opera Bakers------1.300 1.370 tors, depositor operators. 1.350 1. 375 Agreement B: Oven dumpers------1. 300 1. 325 Mixers: Women employees: Oven loaders______1.200 1.225 Starting rate______1.370 1.390 First 150 days______.735 .775 Miscellaneous help: After 1 month______1.470 1.490 After 150 days______.870 Starting rate______.850 .875 Helpers (men): Crackers and cookies: After 60 days------.900 .925 Starting rate______1.110 1.140 Men employees: After 6 months______1.000 1.025 After 1 month______1.200 1.230 Foremen______1.550 1.640 Agreement D: Helpers (women): Inexperienced______1.215 1.285 Ovenmen, cake mixers_____ 1. 360 1.440 Starting rate______.950 .990 Experienced______1.385 1.465 Ingredient scalers------1.310 1. 390 After 1 month______1.050 1.070 Women employees: Wrapping-machine opera Agreement C: Foremen______.980 1.050 tors______1.260 1.340 Baking, mixing and assem Inexperienced (first 300 days) .845 .875 Benchmen______1.210 1. 290 bly department: Experienced (after 300 days). .890 Oven loaders and dumpers, Machine captains______1.490 1.540 depositor operators, Peelers______1.460 1.510 EL PASO, TEX. cooky-machine operators, Sponge or sweet mixers___ 1.430 1.480 pan greasers, order fillers, Bakers, sponge______1.410 1.460 Bread and cake—Machine shops: stockroom helpers______1.160 1.240 Sponge-roller men, sweet- Dough mixers______1.280 1.280 Bread rackers, wrapping- oven men, oven firemen. 1.380 1.430 Ovenmen______1.210 1.210 machine operators’ help Assemblymen No. 1, Dividers, scalers, and machine ers, foremen (women)...... 1.110 1.190 sponge drawmen 1.360 1.410 bread wrappers______1.110 1.110 Pan rackers, shop helpers__ 1.060 1.140 Flour dumpers______1.310 1.360 Oven helpers, and doughnut Cake icers and wrappers Ritz mixers______1.380 1.430 fryers______1.070 1.070 (women)______.980 1.060 Stackers, pan cleaners, Bench hands______1.040 1.040 Miscellaneous helpers Ritz-roller men, pan Molders______.970 .970 (women)______.960 1.040 feeders, mixers’ helpers.. 1.260 1.310 Bread rackers (oven)______.950 .950 Agreement E: Icing department: Molders’ helpers, twisters, pan- Mixers, doughnut-machine Working assistant foremen.. 1.510 1.560 ners, dough mixers’ helpers.. .930 .930 operators, stockmen_____ 1.330 • 1.330 Head mixers (icing)_____ 1.460 1.510 Wrapping-machine helpers, Divider operators, cake-oven Machine operators______1.110 1.160 cake wrappers, bench work operators, bench hands, Icing packers______1.090 ers, pan greasers, icers and bread-oven dumpers_____ 1.280 1.280 1.140 helpers______.910 .910 Shipping clerks______1.255 1.255 Other helpers______1.080 1.130 Molders, oven feeders and Packing department: GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. dumpers, depositor oper Working supervisors (men). 1.360 1.410 ators, wrapping-machine Machine set-up men_____ 1.360 1.410 Bread and cake—Machine shops: set-up operators,order fillers. 1.230 1.230 Floormen______1. 260 1.310 Agreement A: Helpers______1.180 1.180 Working supervisors (wom Mixers______1.350 1.450 Doughnut packing-machine en) ______1.160 1.210 Divider operators______1.250 1.400 operators (women)..,___ 1.060 1.060 145-hour workweek. * 48-hour workweek 3 Information ijot available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17

T a b l e 15.-— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, 1949, 1960, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.— INDIANAPOLIS, IND.—Con. INDIANAPOLIS. IND.—Con. Con. Bread and cake —M achine Bread and cake—Machine shops— Bread and cake —M achine shops—Con. Con. shops—Con. Agreement E—Con. Agreement B—Con. Agreement F—Con. Cake-shop employees Bread only—Con. Bread only—Con. (women)______$ 1.010 $ 1.0 10 Bread checkers______$1,300 $1.380 Wrapping-machine opera Bread and bun panners__ 1.250 1.330 tors’ helpers, bread rack HOUSTON, TEX. Bread rackers, pan greas ers, pan greasers, carton Bread—Hand shops: ers, bread carton fillers, fillers, order fillers_____ $1.150 $1.230 Foremen______1.575 1.575 order fillers, helpers, Flour dumpers, stockroom Dough mixers______1.400 1.400 wrapping-machine oper helpers______1.100 1.180 Ovenmen______1.350 1.350 ators’ helpers______1.150 1.230 Bun wrappers, cleaners Benchmen______1.300 1.300 Flour dumpers, stockroom and pan-room helpers, Bread and cake—Machine shops: helpers______1.100 1.180 bun slicers______1.050 1.130 Foremen______1.575 1.575 Cleaners, pan-room help Agreement G: Dough mixers, icing mixers, ers, bun wrappers_____ 1.050 1.130 Oven operators, lead men__ 1.555 1.620 spongers______1.400 1.400 Agreement C: Dough mixers, doughnut- Ovenmen______1.350 1.350 Bread only: machine operators______1.455 1.520 Benchmen, machinemen, Mixers, oven operators__ 1.400 1.480 Roll-machine operators, di counters, checkers, oven Bread shipping supervi viders, molders, oven feed dumpers or loaders, weigh- sors, machine make-up ers and dumpers, wrap up men, scaling-machine op supervisors______1.400 1.480 ping-machine operators, erators, cake dumpers, ingre Wrapping-machine opera selectors, reliefmen______1.355 1.420 dient scalers______1.300 1.300 tors, machine and bench Pan greasers______1.305 1.370 Wrappers______1.150 1.150 hands______1.350 1.430 Flour blenders______1.235 1.300 Pan and bread rackers, greas Ingredientmen...... 1.320 1.400 Stock handlers, Oliver wrap ing-machine operators_____ 1.125 1.125 Helpers______1.150 1.230 pers______1.185 1.250 Women workers: Stockroom helpers______1.100 1.180 Bread rackers and panners __ 1.135 1.200 Checkers______1.300 1.300 Cleaners and pan-room General helpers (women)__ 1.085 1.150 Cake-wrapping-machine op helpers______1.050 1.130 Agreement H: erators______.980 .980 Agreement D: Bread department: Hand icers______.910 .910 Bread department: Dough mixers, ovenmen__ 1.400 1.480 Crackers and cookies: Scalers, oven operators, Bench hands, dough mix Mixers, sponge______1.505 mixers______1.400 1.480 ers’ helpers, oven loaders Bakers______1. 505 Dividermen, ovenmen___ 1.350 1.430 and dumpers, machine Machinemen______1.400 1.405 Molders, machinemen___ 1.300 1.430 and bench hands, divid Mixers, icing______1.300 1.405 Shipping-room and other ers, molders, roll- Rollermen______1.270 1. 355 helpers______1.150 1.230 machine operators, Mixers’ helpers (icing)______1.220 1.305 wrapping-machine oper Dough feeders______1.270 1.305 Cake department: ators______1.350 1.430 Mixers’ helpers______1.200 1.305 Ingredient scalers, mixers, Oven helpers, bread pan Machine set-up men______1.170 1.305 icing mixers, depositor- ners______1.250 1.330 Floormen (packing and icing). 1.150 1.205 men, ovenmen, wrap Bread helpers, pan greas Floormen (baking)______1.120 1.205 ping-machine operators— 1.400 1.480 ers and setters, bread Scalers and weighers______1.015 1.105 Depositors’ helpers, dump rackers, wrapping- Women workers: ers______1.200 1.280 machine operators’ Working supervisors______1.100 1.205 Shipping-room and other helpers______1.150 1.230 Machine operators______1.010 1.105 helpers______1.150 1.230 Roll helpers______1.050 1.130 Packers: Women workers: Icers and wrappers______1.020 1.100 First 60 days______1.010 1.065 Starting______.940 1.020 Cake department: After 60 days______1.030 1.085 After 4 months______.980 1.060 Mixers, oven operators___ 1.400 1.480 Helpers, icing______.990 1.065 After 8 months______1.020 1.100 Bench and machine hands. 1.350 1.430 1 year or more______1.060 1.140 Order fillers______1.150 1.230 INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Agreement E: General helpers, pan-room Bread and cake—Machine shops: Bread department: helpers, stockroom help Agreement A: Dough mixers, oven opera ers______1.050 1.130 Bread department: tors, bread shipping su Icers______1.020 1.100 Oven leadmen______1.500 pervisors______1.400 1.480 Pie and pastry shops: Mixers______1.400 1.480 Machine and bench hands, Pie filling cookers, oven Oven feeders and dump oven helpers, bread ma operators______1.350 1.430 ers, dividermen, molder- chine wrappers______1.350 1.430 Ingredient scalers, machine men, bench and machine Bread checkers______1.300 1.380 operators______1.320 1.400 hands, roll-machine op Order fillers, wrapping- Rollers, fillers, trimmers, top erators, head wrappers, machine helpers______1.150 1.230 pers______1.020 1.100 slicers______1.350 1.430 Stockroom helpers______1.100 1.180 Twisters______1.250 1.330 Cleaners and pan-room Bake-shop helpers, wrap helpers...... 1.050 1.130 JACKSON, MISS. pers and sackers, pack Cake department: ers, pan greasers, flour Mixers, cake and icing___ 1.400 1.480 Bread and cake—Machine shops: dumpers______1.150 1.230 Depositor operators, bench Bread: Cleaners______1.050 1.130 hands, scaling-machine Foremen______1.130 1.130 Cake department: operators, oven helpers.. ■ 1.350 1.430 Dough mixers, ovenmen Bench hands, ovenmen, Ingredient scalers______1.320 1.400 (head)______1.110 1.110 doughnut-machine oper Checkers______1.300 1.380 Dividermen, roll-machine ators, regular mixers___ 1.400 1.480 Foremen (women)______1.220 1.300 operators, head wrapping- Scaling-machine operators. 1.350 1.430 Helpers______1.150 1.230 machine operators______1.070 1.070 Dumpers, pan boys, help Pan cleaners______1.050 1.130 Oven loaders and dumpers.. 1.040 1.040 ers______1.150 1.230 Icers______1.020 1.100 Molders______1.020 1.020 Wrappers and icers Agreement F: Panners______1.000 1.000 (women)______1.020 1.100 Bread only: Wrapping-machine opera Agreement B: Dough mixers, make-up tors______.980 .980 Bread only: supervisors, oven opera Roll-oven men______?950 .950 Oven operators, dough tors______1.400 1.480 Pan greasers, bread rackers. _ .890 .890 mixers, make-up super Machine bench hands, Cake: visors______1.400 1.480 oven helpers, molders, Foremen, head mixers_____ 1.090 1.090 Molders, dividers, roll- dividers, roll-machine Mixers______1.030 1. 030 machine operators, ma operators, wrapping- Ovenmen______.930 .930 chine and bench hands, machine operators------1.350 1.430 Depositor operators, greas oven helpers, wrapping- Bread checkers______1.300 1.380 ing-machine operators___ .830 .830 machine operators_____ 1.350 1.430 Panners______1.250 1.330 Foreladies______.820 .820

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 18

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 194,9, and July l y 1950—Con.

JACKSON, MISS.—Con. KANSAS CITY, MO.—Con. KANSAS CITY, MO.—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops— Crackers and cookies: Crackers and cookies—Con. Con. Agreement A: Agreement C—Con. Cake—Con. Head mixers $1.450 $1.530 Packing department—Con. Icers, packers, wrappers: Head icing-mom men 1.310 1.380 Sweet packing—Con. First 4 weeks______$0.790 $0.790 Head machinemen. ______1.300 1.400 Tally clerks, cello-bag From 4 weeks to 6 months. .800 .800 Ovenmen, mixers. 1.190 1. 300 operators, supply girls, R.nllermen 1.140 1.140 scalers, machine feed After 6 months______.860 .860 Mixers’ helpers Bread and cake: 1.095 1.200 ers______$0.950 $ 1.020 Helpers: Wrapping-machine operators. .990 1.140 Caddy stitchers, general First 4 weeks______.790 .790 Sandwich-machine feeders. __ .990 1.000 workers, repackers___ .850 .900 Second 4 weeks______.800 .800 Cracker packers______.945 Label room: After 8 weeks______.860 .860 Sweet-work wrappers and Machinemen______1.350 1.410 bundlers (women) _ .905 1.000 Assistant machinemen_ 1.300 1.360 Shipping: Cookv packers _ Foremen______.950 .950 .865 Truckmen, supplymen._ 1.150 1.200 Checkers______.890 .890 Agreement B: Scalers______1.090 1.160 Machine captains, head mix Bundlers______.970 1.040 JACKSONVILLE, FLA. ers 1.290 1.450 Closing-machine opera Working supervisors (men).. 1.290 1.345 tors, machine opera Mixers tors and feeders_____ .950 1.020 Bread and cake—Machine shops: 1.250 1.410 Stack caddies, general Agreement A: Peelers 1.240 1.400 Paper stockmen 1.190 1.380 workers (casers, hand Oven operators, mixers, wrappers)______.850 .900 doughnut-machine operators. 1.200 1.250 Icing mixers .... . 1.190 1.350 Shipping department: Dividers, depositors, bench- Bakers 1.190 1. 350 Receiving clerks 1.120 1. 330 Head checkers...... 1.220 1.280 men, wrapping-machine Checkers------1.170 1.210 operators______1.150 1.200 A ssem b lers 1.160 1.320 Carloaders, order fillers, Checkers, molders, roll-ma Drawers (sponge and sweet), rollermen _ 1.155 1.315 packers, checkers, stock- chine operators------1.100 1.150 men______1.150 1.210 Benchmen (second class), Cone bakers, machine oper ators______1.140 1.300 Receiving and warehouse: ingredient scalers, icers, Checkers______1.270 1. 280 decorators, stock clerks__ 1.050 1.100 Mixers’ helpers, assemblers’ helpers 1.120 Requisition clerks, paper Oven loaders and dumpers, cutters______1.170 1.210 shipping selectors, icing- Warehousemen 1.100 Car unloaders______machine operators______.975 1.000 Cone mixers 1.090 1.250 1.150 1. 210 Cake icers, panners, flour Dough feeders, flour dump KNOXVILLE, TENN. dumpers, pan greasers, ers 1.090 1.250 twisters, molders’ helpers, Sack binders, car loaders, Bread—Machine shops: bread rackers------.900 .925 machine set-up men 1.070 1.230 Working supervisors (wom Mixers, head ovenmen______1.170 1.170 Bakers’ helpers, doughnut en), stackers . Head machinemen______1.110 1.110 packers and catchers, 1.040 1.200 Wrapping-machine operators, cake cutters, packagers, Pan cleaners, pan dumpers, automatic roll-machine oper wrappers, sugar-machine graham-pan feeders, con- ators, loaders, dumpers, operators, carton makers, veyormen______1.020 1.180 Cone packers .990 1.150 shipping clerks______1.000 1.000 catchers: Panners------.960 First 6 months...... 875 Women icing-machine oper (3 ators, sponge packers____ .965 1.125 Mixers’ helpers______.920 .920 After 6 months...... 00 Roll panners, pan rackers____ .860 After 12 months------.900 Women machine carton formers, packers, sealers, Wrapper feeders, bread rack Agreement B: weighers, sweet packers__ .945 1.105 ers, shipping clerks' helpers. .810 .810 Bread: Women helpers Foremen, working------1.280 1.280 .920 LITTLE ROCK, ARK. Mixers------1.180 1.180 Agreement C: Wrapping-machine opera Bake shop (sponge): Bread and cake—Machine shops: tors------1.080 Machinemen, head sponge Agreement A: Ingredient scalers, divi mixers 1.360 1.430 Bread: ders, benchmen------1.060 1.060 Sponge mixers 1.310 Foremen______1.400 1.480 Molder operators...... 1.000 1.000 Ovenmen _ 1.250 Mixers, ovenmen, checkers Feeders and dumpers____ Mixers’ helpers______1.200 1.260 (head)______1.290 1.370 Wrapping-machine help Dough feeders 1.150 1.200 Dividers______1.220 1.290 ers— .970 .970 Tally clerks 1.130 1.190 Benchmen, molding-ma Helpers______.870 .870 Sack cleaners, miscellane chine operators, ma Cake: ous floor workers______1.040 1.090 chinemen, wrapping- Mixers, icing makers_____ 1.180 1.180 Bake shop (sweet): machine operators_____ 1.160 Ovenmen______1.140 1.140 Machinemen _ 1.385 1.430 Stockroom clerks, assist Scalers------1.060 1.060 Head mixers 1.360 1.43Q ant checkers______^ 1.110 1.180 Foreladies______1.020 1.020 Ovenmen. _ . 1.250 1.4Q0 Assistant wrapping-ma Wrapping-machine opera Mixers’ helpers 1.200 1.260 chine operators______1.030 1.090 tors (women)______.920 .920 Dough feeders 1.150 1.2b0 Helpers: Helpers (women), icers__ .870 .870 Miscellaneous workers___ 1.040 1.090 First 6 months______.910 Shipping: Icing department: 7 to 12 months______.920 .980 Checkers, helpers______.870 .870 Machinemen 1.280 1.360 After 12 months...... 970 1.030 Icing mixers _ ...... 1.230 1.310 Cake: KANSAS CITY, MO. Cooks . _ 1.210 1.310 Mixers, ovenmen______1.170 1.260 Tray washers 1.050 1.090 Scalers, ingredientmen___ 1.110 1.180 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Supply girls. .950 1.020 Deposit-machine helpers_ 1.030 1.070 Foremen------1.750 1.850 Packing department: Women workers: Ovenmen, drawers, mixers, Sponge packing: Floorladies______spongers______1.640 1.740 Packers No. 22 cartons Pan girls, boxers, icers, Bench hands______1.550 1.650 (standard crews)____ 1.005 1.070 checkers, wrappers, Auxiliary foremen______1.290 1.390 Conveyor packers packers: Foremen (women)------1.210 1.310 (standard crews), First 3 months...... 740 .800 Wrappers, irfgredientmen, icing packers from packing Second 3 months______.810 .860 makers, head checkers...... 1.190 1.290 tables .980 1.070 After 6 months______.910 Men helpers, cake dumpers, Caddy workers ___ .980 1.050 Agreement B: pan greasers, bread rackers, Sweet packing: Bread: flour dumpers, checkers------1.090 1.190 Flourmen truckers 1.150 1.200 Foremen______1.400 1.480 Women helpers, checkers, cut Graham packers .980 1.070 Mixers, ovenmen, check ters, auxiliary workers, hand Regular packers, hand ers (head)______1.370 icers, packers, wrappers------1.010 1.110 carton formers______.980 1.050 Dividers______1.220 1.290 * Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19

T a b l e 15. — Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950—Con.

LITTLE ROCK, ARK.—Con. LOS ANGELES, C ALIF.-Con. LOUISVILLE, KY.—Con. Bread and cake—Machine Bread and cake—Machine Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued shops—C ontinued shops—Continued Agreement B—Continued Agreement C—Continued Agreement B—Continued Bread—Continued Women employees: General helpers, packers, Benchmen, molding-ma leers______$1,240 $1,290 order fillers, wrappers’ chine operators, wrap Machine wrappers______1.190 1.240 helpers------$1.130 $1.200 ping-machine operators. , $1,160 $1.230 Experienced help______1.130 1.180 Flour blenders------1.000 1.050 Stockroom clerks, assist Inexperienced help______1.000 1.050 Agreement C: ant checkers______1.110 1.180 Pie and pastry shops: Mixers______1.355 1.425 Assistant wrapping-ma Foremen______1.820 1.870 Dividers, molders, deposi chine operators______1.030 1.090 Head ovenmen______1.720 1.770 tors, oven feeders and Helpers: Head cream cooks, fruit cooks. 1.720 1.770 dumpers, doughnut- First 6 months______.860 .910 Dough mixers______1.720 1. 770 machine operators, bread 7 to 12 months...... 920 .980 Head checkers______1.450 1.500 ingredient scalers, ship After 12 months...... 970 1.030 Second ovenmen...... 1.450 1.500 ping clerks, checkers...... 1.305 1.375 Agreement C: Topping baggers______1.450 1.500 Stockkeepers, twisters_____ 1.230 1.250 Bread: Second cream cooks______1.450 1.500 General helpers______1.100 1.120 Foremen______1.400 1.480 Scalers______1.400 1.450 Flour dumpers, machine Mixers, ovenmen, check Rollermen______1.400 1.450 cleaners______1.060 1.120 ers (head)______1.290 1.370 Toppers______1.290 1.340 Women helpers (cake shop).. .960 1.000 Dividers_____..______1.220 1.290 Foremen (women)______1.190 1.240 Agreement D: Benchmen, molding-ma Helpers.______1.180 1.280 Head mixers______1.375 1.425 chine operators, wrap Packers and wrappers______1.080 1.130 Mixers, ovenmen, feeders, ping-machine operators.. 1.160 1.230 Hebrew baking—Bread: shipping and receiving Stockroom clerks, assistant First hands______»2.071 »2.071 clerks______1.355 1.405 checkers...... 1 110 L 180 Second hands______«1.906 «1.906 Machinemen, head checkers, Assistant wrapping-ma French baking—Machine shops: head wrappers and slicers chine operators...... 1.030 1.090 Foremen, ovenmen, mixers---- 41. 770 4 1.840 (machine)______1. 295 1.345 Helpers: Mixers, ovenmen under a fore Dumpers______1.265 1.315 First 6 months...... RfiO .910 man______4 1. 620 41.690 Flour dumpers, general help 7 to 12 months______.920 . 980 Benchmen______41. 520 41. 590 ers______1.195 1.245 After 12 months______.970 1.030 Machine operators, hand wrap Wrapping- and slicing- Cake: pers______41.320 41.390 machine helpers, pan rack Ovenmen, mixers______1.290 1.370 Helpers: ers, greasers, mixers’ help Depositor operators_____ 1.160 1.290 First year______4 1.170 4 1.240 ers...... 1.185 1.235 Dividermen (cinnamon Second year______41.270 4 1.340 Bread rackers, bench and roll)______1.120 1.290 Crackers and cookies: machine helpers______1.145 1.195 Icing-machine operators, Head mixers, icing______1.505 1.505 Agreement E: cinnamon - roll - machine Ovenmen, cuttermen, relief- Dough mixers------1.405 1.430 operators______1.160 1.230 men, peelers______1.455 1.455 Batchmen, ingredientmen, Floorladies______. 980 1.040 Mixers______1.413 1.413 oven operators______1.395 1.420 leers, wrappers, pan girls, Rollermen______1.390 1.390 Utilitymen, dough mixers’ packers, checkers, boxers. .860 .910 Flour dumpers, dough feeders, helpers______1.335 1.360 pan cleaners and feeders, Head packers and checkers.. 1.305 1.330 LOS ANGELES, CALIF. pan dumpers______1.293 1.293 Dividers, roll-machine oper Forming-machine operators, ators— 1.285 1.310 Bread—Hand shops: sponge packers, spreaders, Ovenmen, feeders and 1 1 >7CC 9 1 QAK sponge stackers, head bun- dumpers------1.255 1.280 Working foremen______4 1. (OO J9 1.I oUO 7AC dlers, scalers, weighers____ .978 .978 Wrapping-machine operators Mixers, ovenmen______4 1. OOO * 1. /UO Sweet packers______.940 .940 (bread)______1.255 1.280 Benchmen______21. 525 21. 575 Roll-machine helpers, pan- Helpers______21. 255 21.305 LOUISVILLE, KY. ners, reliefmen after 60 Bread and cake—Machine shops: days, pan greasers, pan Agreement A: Bread and cake—Machine shops: rackers, molders____ ,___ 1.235 1.260 Foremen______2.000 2.050 Agreement A: Flour blenders, dumpers___ 1.185 1. 210 Ovenmen, dough mixers___ 1.900 1.950 First mixers______1.340 1.400 Packers’ helpers...,.______1.155 1.180 Benchmen______1.810 1.860 Ovenmen, dumpers, feeders.. 1.310 1.370 Wrapping-machine operators Second cake mixers, wrap (rolls)------1.145 1.170 Agreement B: ping-machine operators, Wrapping-machine opera Foremen______2.000 2.050 first hands, divider opera tors’ helpers (bread)_____ 1.135 1.160 Dough mixers, ovenmen, tors, molders, utilitymen, Bakery helpers, mixers’ doughnutmen______1.900 1.950 first slicers, roll benchmen. 1.290 1.350 helpers------1.125 1.150 Machine and bench hands._. 1.810 1.860 Head packers and checkers.. 1.260 1. 320 Wrapping-machine helpers Dough mixers’ helpers____ 1.810 1.860 Cake benchmen______1.240 1. 300 (rolls), women bread rack Twisters, moldermen, oven Mixers’ helpers, pan rackers ers______1.095 1.120 dumpers______1.810 1.860 stockmen, packers and Krum employees, roll boxers. .995 1.020 Oven feeders, ingredientmen. 1.810 1.860 checkers, first class------1.210 1.270 Agreement F: Machinemen______1.640 1.690 Bread panners, twisters, set Oven operators______1.470 1. 520 Machine and bench-hand ters, flour dumpers______1.120 1.180 Mixers______1.420 1.470 helpers, flour dumpers, Rackers, pan greasers, help Divider operators, molder bread rackers______1.490 1. 540 ers (men), after 4 months.. 1.050 1.110 operators, benchmen, roll- Pan washers, greasers...... 1.490 1. 540 Foremen (women)______1.000 1.050 machine operators, bread Hand wrappers______1.470 1.520 Women production workers, feeders and dumpers, cake- Conveyormen, tailers, bun after 4 months______.970 1.020 oven feeders______1. 320 1. 370 slicers, packers______1.420 1.470 Women icers, wrappers and Wrapping-machine opera Agreement C: finishers______.950 1.000 tors, ingredient scalers, Foremen______2.000 2.050 Agreement B: cake depositors, pan greas Ovenmen, mixers, icing mix Ovenmen, cake______1.430 1.480 ers, shipping clerks and ers______1.900 1.950 Mixers______1.330 1.380 checkers...... 1.270 1.320 Bench hands______1.810 1.860 Dividers, ovenmen, feeders Selectors, bread rackers, ma Machine operators, deposi and dumpers, machine chinemen, pan rackers, tors______1.810 1.860 operators______1.280 1.330 bread packers______1. 220 1.270 Ingredient scalers______1.650 1.700 Mixers’ helpers, molders, re Cake dumpers, stock han Oven helpers______1.490 1.540 liefmen______1.230 1.280 dlers, flour dumpers, mix Auxiliary workers______1.450 1.500 Bread rackers______1.180 1. 230 ers’ helpers, general pro Packers and helpers______1.400 1.450 Pan spotters, machine pan duction workers______1.150 1.200 Pan washers, unskilled help. 1.290 1.340 greasers______1.150 1.200 Foremen (women)...... 1.125 1.150 2 48-hour workweek. 4 44-hour workweek. s 42-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, 1950, 1949, 1950, 1949, City and occupation City and occupation 1949, 1950, City and occupation rate per rate per rate per rate per rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

LOUISVILLE, KY.—Con. MIAMI, FLA. MILWAUKEE, WIS.—Con. Bread and cake—M achine Bread—Machine shops: Bread and cake— M achine shops—Continued Foremen______$1.250 $1.250 shops—Continued Agreement F—Continued Dough mixers, ovenmen_____ 1.150 1.150 Agreement E—Continued Wrapping-machine feeders Dividermen, moldermen, roll- Dividermen, molders, and helpers, cake wrap machine operators______1.040 1.040 benchmen, roll-machine pers and icers, cooky and Clerks, shipping and receiving. .980 .980 operators, doughnut-ma doughnut girls, roll and Oven loaders and dumpers___ .950 .950 chine operators______$1.250 $1,360 bread panners______$1.025 $1.050 Wrapping-machine operators_ .930 .980 Miscellaneous helpers: General bakery helpers, cake. .975 1.000 Dough mixers’ helpers______.900 .900 Men______1.050 1.160 Pan greasers, bread rackers, Women______.840 .950 MANCHESTER, N. H. flour dumpers, wrapping- Agreement F: machine helpers, truck load Mixers, ovenmen, cake deco Bread and cake—Hand shops: ers and helpers______.770 .770 rators______1.330 1.440 Foremen______11.333 11.377 Hebrew baking: Wrapping-machine opera Mixers______11.200 U . 244 Benchmen, third hands...... 1.500 1.500 tors, dividermen, bench Ovenmen, bench hands___ il.lll 11.155 Ovenmen______1.625 1.625 hands, doughnut-ma Hand icers (women)______•.900 •. 946 chine operators, molders, MILWAUKEE, WIS. flour dumpers, ingredi MEMPHIS, TENN. ent scalers, depositor Bread and cake—Hand shops: operators______1.270 1.380 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Shipping-room workers__ 1.050 1. 280 Agreement A: Agreement A: Miscellaneous helpers: Foremen______21.470 2 1.470 Bread: First hands______* 1.380 21.380 Men______1.050 1.160 Foremen______1.630 1.710 Benchmen: Women______.850 .960 Mixers, ovenmen, ingredi First hands______21.300 2 1.300 Agreement G: ent scalers, lead men___ 1.350 1.430 Second hands______21.200 21.200 Mixers, ovenmen______1. 310 1.420 Divider operators and Third hands______21.090 21.090 Wrapping-machine operators. 1.250 1.420 bun-machine operators. . 1.240 1.320 Agreement B: Bench hands, depositor op Wrapping-machine and Foremen and mixers______1.350 1.350 erators______1. 250 1.360 set-up operators, ma Ovenmen, benchmen______1.300 1.300 Roll-machine operators, chine pan greasers, bench Clerks, shipping and receiv doughnut-machine opera hands, pan dumpers, ing— 1.100 1.100 tors______1.250 1.360 molder operators, oven Helpers, bench and machine. 1.010 1.010 Miscellaneous workers: helpers______1.190 1.270 Decorators______.950 .950 Men______1.050 1.160 Clerks, checkers______1.160 1.240 Women______.840 .950 Shipping and receiving Pan cleaners______.930 .930 Bread only—Machine shops: 1.210 Checkers, wrappers, cutters, clerks______1.130 packers (women)______.800 .800 Foremen..______1.360 1.470 Bread rackers______1.050 1.130 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Mixers, ovenmen______1.310 1.420 Bun wrappers, hand pan Agreement A: Oven loaders and dumpers, greasers, helpers (shop), Mixers, ovenmen, doughnut- wrapping-machine operators, packers, wrapping-ma machine operators______1.425 1.500 moldermen, dividermen___ 1.250 1.360 chine operators’ helpers.. .950 1.020 Depositor operators, divider- Stockroom workers______1.110 1.360 Helpers: men, ingredient scalers, Miscellaneous helpers (men)_ 1.050 1.160 First 3 months______.850 .920 oven feeders and dumpers Cake only—Machine shops: After 3 months______.900 .970 1.325 1.400 Foremen______1.410 1.470 After 9 months______.950 1.020 (bread)______Mixers______1.310 1.420 .850 Clerks, shipping and receiv Flour dumpers______.800 ing— 1.325 1.400 Ovenmen______1.250 1.420 Cake: Oven feeders and dumpers Depositor operators______1.250 1. 360 Foremen______1.470 1.550 (cake), bench hands, wrap Miscellaneous helpers: Mixers (dough and icing).. 1.330 1.410 Men______1.050 1.160 Ovenmen______1.270 1.350 ping-machine operators, Women______.840 .950 Doughnut-machine oper moldermen______1.245 1.310 Bench and machine helpers.. 1.125 1.190 Hebrew baking—Bread and ators______00 1.330 cake: 1.150 1. 230 Miscellaneous helpers: Ingredient scalers______1.125 1.190 Cake bakers, bread workers__ i 1.440 1 1.440 Scaling-machine opera Men______Dough mixers, benchmen____ 1 1.360 1 1.360 tors and bench hands__ 1.120 1.200 Women______.955 1.010 Crackers and cookies: 1.100 1.180 Agreement B: Checkers______Working foremen______1.670 1.720 Sponge department: Foreladies______1.050 1.130 1.470 Head mixers______1. 350 1.450 Icing-machine operators... .990 1.060 Mixers, shipping clerks__ 1.420 1-270 Dividermen______1.370 1.410 Ovenmen______1. 370 Scaling-machine operators’ 1.360 Mixers, relief rollermen, peel- helpers______.950 1.020 Ovenmen, molders______1.320 ers-in______1.250 1. 350 Wrapping-machine opera Wrapping-machine operators. 1.200 1.240 Rollermen, peelers-out_____ 1.150 1. 250 .930 1.000 Miscellaneous helpers, ship Mixers’ helpers------1.120 tors______ping-room workers______1.130 1.170 1. 220 Helpers: Agreement C: Packers______.890 .970 First 3 months______.850 .920 1.420 Sweet department: After 3 months------.900 .970 Mixers, ovenmen______1.310 Mixers______1. 250 1.350 After 9 mouths______.950 1.020 Dividermen, moldermen, Machinemen, ovenmen____ 1. 200 1.300 Helpers (women): bench hands, doughnut- Mixers’ helpers______1.120 1. 220 First 3 months______.770 .840 machine operators, stock- Ovenmen’s helpers------1.050 1.150 room workers______1.250 1.360 After 3 months______.820 .890 Miscellaneous helpers: Pan feeders, greasers, general After 9 months______.870 .940 1.160 helpers------.970 1.070 Agreement B: Men______1.050 Packers______.860 .940 Mixers, ovenmen (bread)__ 1.175 1.225 Women______.840 .950 Icing room: Ovenmen (cake)______1.100 1.150 Agreement D: Machinemen______1.200 1.300 Dividermen, roll-machine Mixers______1.310 1.420 Packers______.860 .940 operators______1.080 1.130 Ovenmen, wrapping-ma Feeders and stackers------.810 .890 Bench hands (cake)...... 1.050 1.100 chine operators______1.250 1.420 Packing department: Moldermen______1.035 1.085 Dividermen, bench hands, Floormen______1.100 1.200 Wrapping-machine operators. 1.020 1.070 doughnut-machine opera Floormen’s helpers______1.000 1.100 Bread rackers, bench and tors, moldermen, stock- Scalers______.860 .940 machine helpers, hand room workers______1.250 1.360 Women employees______.810 .890 icers.------.825 .875 Miscellaneous helpers: Wrapping and cellophane de Wrapping-machine opera Men______1.050 1.160 partment: tors’ helpers______.820 .870 Women______.840 .950 Women employees: Helpers: Agreement E: Checkers______(3) 1.000 First 3 months______.780 .830 Mixers, ovenmen______1.310 1.420 Carton-forming machine After 3 months______.820 .870 Wrapping-machine operators. 1. 250 1.420 operators....------00 .940 i 45-hour workweek. 2 48-hour workweek. * Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949. • 43-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July l y 1950—Con.

MILWAUKEE, WIS.—Con. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN — NEWARK, N. J— Continued Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. Bread and cake— Machine Wrapping and cellophane de Crackers and cookies—Con. shops—Con. partment—Continued Sponge department—Con. Agreement A—Continued Women employees—Con. Take-out men______$1.160 $1.210 Icing-machine operators, Machine girls, packers, Laminator sheet feeders------1.160 1.210 scaler-feeders’ helpers____ $1.350 $1.440 bundlers______$0.860 $0.940 Stackers______1.100 1.150 Checkers (bread)______1.330 1.420 Carton-caddy and cases... .840 .920 Sweet department: Flour dumpers, sifters, ma Feeders______.810 .890 Oven firemen______1.275 1.325 chine helpers, pan greasers, Ovenmen and machinemen— 1.215 1.265 cake dumpers, auxiliary MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. O venmen’s helpers and relief- 1.160 1.210 workers, packers and help Panmen, hand______1.080 1.120 ers (cake)______1.290 1.380 Inexperienced workers Slicers, wrappers, packers Bread and cake—Hand shops: (men): (bread)______1.290 1.380 Foremen______11.422 i 1.470 First 30 days______.900 .900 Cake wrapping-machine op Mixers, ovenmen, bench hands. i 1.311 i 1.360 Second 30 days______.950 .950 erators (women), machine Wrapping-machine operators. _ 11.074 11.130 After 60 days______1.000 1.000 operators (women)______1.215 1.305 Helpers: Icing department: Icers (women)______1.075 1.165 First 1,000 hours______i. 787 i. 820 Mixers, machinemen______1.215 1.265 Hand wrappers (women)__ 1.050 1.140 Second 1,000 hours______i. 852 1.890 Mar shm alio wmen: Agreement B: Third 1,000 hours______918 1.950 First 30 days______.940 .940 Bread department: Fourth 1,000 hours______K 983 i 1.020 Second 30 days______.990 .990 Dough mixers, proof-box Fifth 1,000 hours______i 1. 049 i 1.090 Third 30 days______1.040 1.040 workers, ovenmen_____ 1.685 1.775 Sixth 1,000 hours______i 1.178 i 1. 230 Experienced______1.080 1.120 Pan dumpers, divider- Women hand icers.______K 967 11.030 Floormen: men, molders, roll-ma Bread and cake—Machine shops: First 30 days______.850 .850 chine operators, bench- Foremen______1.640 1.760 Second 30 days______.900 .900 men, machinemen, Doughnut-machine operators— 1.470 1.570 Third 30 days______.950 .950 dough mixers’ helpers, Icing and batter mixers______1.470 1.570 Experienced______1.000 1.040 ingredient scalers______1.565 1.655 Sponge and dough mixers, Icing sandwich operators Keymen (wrapping ma oven operators and oven (women)______.980 1.020 chine) ______1.530 1.620 men______1.470 1.570 Checkers (women)------.960 1.000 Checkers______1.365 1.455 Depositors, and/or drop-ma- Packers (chill room)______.930 .970 Pan greasers, flour dump machine operators------1.390 1.460 Packers______.910 .950 ers, stockmen, bench Dividers, molders, bench Enrober operators (women) __ .880 .915 ana machine helpers 1.325 1.415 hands, bun-machine opera Weighers and baggers------.825 .860 Wrapping-machine helpers. 1.325 1.415 tors______1.390 1.460 Tray feeders (women)------.825 .860 Bread rackers______1.295 1.415 Cake ingredient scalers, fruit Miscellaneous girls______.795 .830 Hand wrappers (women)— 1.085 1.175 cookers, kettle fryers______1.340 1.460 Inexperienced workers Cake department: Traveling-oven feeders and (women): Ingredient scalers and dumpers, doughroom men, First 30 days______.645 .750 scaling-machine opera slicing- and wrapping-ma Second 30 days------.695 .775 tors______1. 565 1.655 chine operators______1.340 1.460 After 60 days______.745 .795 Depositor operators, help Foremen (women), twisters, Packing department: ers______1.385 1.475 dough panners, oven and Wrapping-machine men------1.180 1.230 Dumpers, grease-machine bench helpers______1.200 1.250 Assistant stock clerks_____ 1.175 1.225 operators, auxiliary Jell- or icing-machine opera Stock-room helpers______1.125 1.175 workers______1.325 1.415 tors, cake wrappers, and Helpers—men: Hand wrappers (women)— 1.085 1.175 semiautomatic cake wrap First 30 days______.850 .850 Hebrew baking: pers______1.170 1.250 Second 30 days______.900 .900 Foremen, ovenmen ...... i 2. 067 i 2.067 Helpers: After 60 days------.950 .950 Second hands, mixers______11. 933 i 1.933 First 8 weeks______1.070 1.100 Inexperienced workers Bread carriers, helpers______11. 267 i 1. 267 After 8 weeks______1.170 1. 250 (women): Crackers and cookies: Women employees: First 30 days------.645 .750 Doughnut-machine operators, Finishers, wrappers, packers: Second 30 days______. 695 .775 mixers______1. 650 1.740 First 8 weeks------.890 .900 After 60 days______.745 .795 Ovenmen______1.650 1.740 After 8 weeks______.970 1.000 Case sealers______1.115 1.165 Icing mixers______1. 530 1.620 Hebrew baking: Floormen______1.000 1.040 Ingredient scalers______1.530 1.620 Hand shops: Sponge packers (cartons Cake wrapping-machine op Foremen, all-round cakemen. 1 1. 530 11.610 and 1 pound Krispies), erators, forklift operators, General cakemen, mixers, checkers and relief scaling-machine operators__ 1.350 1.440 ovenmen------1 1.386 i 1.466 (women)------.960 1.000 Grease-machine operators____ 1.290 1.380 Bench hands, machinemen— 1 1. 333 i 1.413 Sponge packers------.940 .980 Cake dumpers and feeders, de Helpers, inexperienced------1.932 i 1.012 Graham packers______.940 .980 positor operators______1.290 1.380 Machine shops: Sweet packers______.910 .950 Auxiliary workers______1.290 1.380 Foremen, all-round cakemen. 1.763 1.843 Carton formers, caddy stitch Packers and helpers______1.265 1.355 General cakemen, mixers, ers, senior (women)______.870 .905 Checkers______1. 215 1.305 ovenmen------1. 513 1. 593 Bundlers______.870 .905 Checkers, packers (women)__ 1.215 1. 305 Bench hands, machinemen— 1.453 1. 533 Helpers: NEWARK, N. J. NEW HAVEN, CONN. First 6 months______1.007 1.087 7 to 12 months______1.058 1.138 Bread and cake—Hand shops: Bread and cake—Hand shops: 1 to 1^ years------1.108 1.188 Foremen, oven workers, dough Agreement A*. to 2 years------1.158 1.238 mixers______21.646 21.646 Foremen______*1.360 4 1.410 Bench workers, second hands— 21.479 21.479 Assistant foremen, mixers, After 2 years______1.208 1.288 Third hands______21.292 21.292 Crackers and cookies: and ovenmen______* 1.330 4 1.380 Bread and cake—Machine shops: B e n c h m e n ...... < 1.280 4 1.330 Baking department: Agreement A: Agreement B*. Sponge mixers______1. 270 1.320 Keymen (ovenmen)______1.700 1.790 Foremen______41.360 1.360 Senior sweet mixers______1.260 1.310 Ovenmen, mixers______1.650 1.740 Assistant foremen, mixers, Sweet mixers______1.215 1.265 Keymen (checkers, cake), and ovenmen _ 4 1.330 1.330 Assembly sweet mixers____ 1.175 1.225 molders, benchmen, di B e n c h m e n 41.280 1.280 Sirup mixers______1.155 1.205 viders, peelers, scalers, Bread and cake—Machine shops: Assistant sweet mixers_____ 1.080 1.120 oven dumpers, mixers’ Agreement A: Sponge department: helpers, scaler-feeders, Foremen. _ 1.585 1. 615 Ovenmen______1. 350 1.400 icing makers______1. 530 1.620 Dough mixers______1.450 1.480 Peelers______1. 330 1. 380 Roll panners______1. 530 1.620 Dough mixers’ helpers, di Laminator operators, ma Keymen (wrapping-machine viders, ovenmen 1.340 1.370 chinemen______1.215 1.265 operators), checkers (cake). 1.490 1. 585 Molders, checkers, wrappers, Lead ovenmen------1.210 1.260 Keymen (checkers, bread)__ 1.405 1.495 head packers______1.290 1.320 1 46-hour workweek. 2 48-hour workweek. 4 44-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 22

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950- ■Con.

July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, C i t y and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

NEW HAVEN, CONN.—Con. NEW YORK, N. Y.—Con. NEW YORK, N. Y.—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops— Bread and cake—Hand shops— Bread and cake—Machine shops— Continued Continued Continued Agreement A—Continued Agreement E: Agreement E—Continued Receiving clerks, wrapping- First hands, ovenmen_____ *$2,000 *$2.000 Oven loaders and dumpers.. $1.305 $1.395 machine helpers, bench Second hands______* 1.867 i 1.867 Flour dumpers______1.285 1.375 and machine helpers, pan Helpers______11.467 * 1.500 Head wrappers and slicers, rackers, pan greasers_____ $1.210 $1,240 Agreement F: checkers______1.255 1.345 Krum girls______1.090 1.120 First hands______1.719 1.769 General helpers______1.245 1.335 Agreement B: Second hands______1.656 1. 706 Packers______1.215 1.305 Foremen______1.430 1 460 Helpers______1.406 1.456 Agreement F: Dough mixers______1.380 1.410 Cake and pastry—Hand shops: Mixers, ovenmen______1.585 1.675 Ovenmen______1 330 L 360 First hands______2.125 2.125 Dividermen______1.485 1.575 Icing mixers______1 260 \ 290 Second hands______1. 938 1.938 Benchmen______1.485 1.575 Receivers, stock clerks_____ l! 240 1.270 Frankfurter rolls—Hand shops: Mixers’ helpers, ingredient Shippers’ helpers (after 1 Mixers______1. 730 1.840 scalers, molder operators__ 1.435 1.525 year)______1 160 L190 Ovenmen______1.665 1. 765 Oven loaders and dumpers.. 1.405 1.495 Dumpers______1 140 L 170 Bench hands, packers______1.440 1.500 Flour dumpers______1.385 1.475 Utilitymen (after 1 year), Retail—Hand shops: Head wrappers and slicers, pan greasers (after 1 year). 1.120 1.150 First hands______i 2.000 *2. 000 checkers______1.355 1.445 Wrappers (women), icers Second hands------i 1. 875 1 1.875 Packers, general helpers___ 1.315 1.405 (women)______.890 .920 Third hands______i 1. 500 i 1.500 Agreement G: Restaurants—Hand shops: Mixers, ovenmen______1.485 1.575 Hebrew baking: First hands______* 2. 350 * 2. 350 Dividermen______1.395 1.485 Foremen, ovenmen______* 1.833 * 1.875 Second hands------* 2.150 * 2.150 Miners’ helpers, ingredient Second hands______* 1. 730 * 1.750 Third hands______* 1. 750 * 1. 750 scalers, molder operators__ 1.335 1.425 Cafeteria—Hand shops: • Oven loaders and dumpers.. 1.305 1.395 NEW ORLEANS. LA. First hands______* 2.250 * 2.250 Flour dumpers------1.285 1.375 Second hands______* 1. 850 * 1.850 Head slicers or wrappers, Bread and cake—Hand and ma Bread and cake—Semimachine checkers______1.255 1.345 chine shops: shops: General helpers______1.245 1.335 Bread: Foremen______1. 850 1.940 Packers______1.215 1.305 Foremen______1 600 U550 Ovenmen, mixers------1.706 1. 770 Agreement H: Ovenmen, mixers, reliefmen. 1.280 1.330 Bench hands------1. 575 1. 640 Ovenmen------1.598 1.685 Machinemen, roll-machine Packers...... ______1.193 1.270 Dough mixers______1. 585 1. 675 operators, bench hands, Bread and cake—Machine shops: Dough mixers’ helpers_____ 1.535 1.625 molders, dividers, wrap Agreement A: Dividermen______1.498 1.588 ping-machine operators— 1.170 1.220 Bread department: Ingredientmen______1.475 1. 565 Ingredientmen------1.120 1.170 Mixers, ovenmen------1. 585 1. 675 Moldermen______1.435 1.525 Mixers’ helpers, panners, Dividermen______1.495 1. 585 Oven dumpers______1.395 1.485 flour blenders______1.050 1.100 Benchmen______1.485 1.575 Wrapping-machine opera Pan greasers, wrapping- Ingredient scalers, molder tors, flour dumpers------1.385 1.475 machine operators’ helpers. .930 .980 operators______1.435 1. 525 General bake-shop helpers__ 1.360 1.450 Rackers, general helpers, Oven loaders and dumpers. 1.405 1.495 Packers------1.310 1.400 truck loaders, hand wrap Flour dumpers------1.385 1.475 Agreement I: pers— .920 Wrappers, head packers Tray-oven operators------1.485 1. 575 .870 and checkers______1.355 1.445 Mixers______1.465 1.555 Cake: General helpers______1. 345 1.435 Scaling-machine operators ... 1.440 1.530 Foremen______1.600 1.650 Cake department: Confectioners______1.435 1. 525 Ovenmen, mixers______1.280 1.330 Mixers and ovenmen_____ 1.565 1.655 Ovenmen______1.430 1. 520 Depositor operators, wrap Depositors, ingredient Oven helpers______1.425 1.515 ping-machine operators, scalers, benchmen, fryers. 1.465 1. 555 Icing mixers______1.405 1.495 bench men______1.170 1.220 General helpers______1.315 1. 405 Depositor operators, ring Ingredient scalers------1.120 1.170 Helpers (women)______1.110 1.200 makers, flour blenders___ 1.395 1.485 Pan greasers, icers, packers, Agreement B: Ingredient scalers, kitchen hand wrappers, helpers— .870 .920 Mixers______1. 585 1. 675 helpers, bench hands____ 1.375 1.465 Shipping: Dividers, molders______1.485 1.575 Packers and helpers, pan Checkers, shipping and re Oven loaders and dumpers_ 1.445 1.535 greasers------1.290 1.380 ceiving clerks______1.050 1.100 Mixers’ helpers______1.440 1.530 General helpers (women)__ 1.085 1.175 Checkers______1.390 1.480 Agreement J: NEW YORK, N. Y. Flour dumpers______1.385 1.475 Assistant foremen------1.613 1.703 Wrapping-machine operators. 1.360 1.450 Dough mixers and ovenmen, Bread and cake—Hand shops: Pan greasers______1.345 1.435 bread------1.583 1. 673 Agreement A: Bakery helpers______1.325 1.415 Dough mixers, cake; cooks— 1.575 1.665 First hands, oven workers Agreement C: Muffin platemen------1.508 1. 598 (foremen)______1.665 1.740 Mixers______1. 589 1.679 Jelly doughnut-machine Second hands______1.554 1. 630 Ovenmen______1.585 1. 675 helpers______1.505 1.595 Helpers_____ 1.385 1.410 Dividers 1. 509 1.599 Dividermen______1.485 1. 575 Shippers and packers_____ 1.115 1.190 Flour dumpers. . . 1.492 1.582 Bench hands______1.475 1.565 Shippers and packers (wo- Molders------1.451 1.541 Dough mixers’ helpers and .975 1.025 Oven dumpers______1.442 1.532 ingredient scalers, cake___ 1.425 1. 515 Agreement B: Mixers' helpers______1.441 1.531 Head checkers, bread______1.378 1.468 First hands, oven workers, Bakery helpers------1.390 1.480 Flour dumper, bread______1.375 1.465 mixers______1 782 1.832 Checkers______1.355 1.445 Doughnut-machine helpers.. 1.370 1.460 Second hands______1.665 1.720 Wrapping-machine operators. 1.350 1.440 Scaling-machine helpers----- 1.358 1.448 1.425 Agreement D: Bread checkers, wrapping- Helpers______1.375 Mixers______1.615 1.705 machine operators______1.338 1.428 Packers (men and women).. 1.275 1.325 Dividers------1.495 L 585 Bench and machine helpers, Agreement C; Flour dumpers------1.455 1.545 bread______1.335 1.425 Foremen------, *1.750 * 1. 781 Mixers’ helpers, molders___ 1.435 1.525 Packers and helpers______1.288 1.378 Bench and second hands__ , * 1.625 * 1.656 Oven loaders and dumpers— 1.405 1.495 Agreement K: Third hands______. * 1. 500 * 1.531 Checkers______1.355 1.445 Tray-oven operators, oven Agreement D: Oven and bakery helpers, operators______1.490 1.580 First hands, oven workers, pan greasers______1.345 1.435 Mixers______1.480 1. 570 mixers______1.850 1.950 Wrapping-machine operators. 1.315 1.405 Mixers’ helpers------1.465 1.555 Oven loaders and dumpers.. 1.751 1.851 Agreement E: Dividermen______1.435 1. 525 Second hands------1.746 1.844 Mixers, ovenmen______1.485 1. 575 Tray-oven operators’ help Wrapping-machine operators., 1.720 1.820 Dividermen______1.395 1.485 ers, depositors------1.425 1.515 Helpers______. 1.576 1.691 Mixers’ helpers, molder op Dough brake operators------1.415 1.505 Miscellaneous workers_____ . 1.539 1.639 erators, ingredient scalers— 1.335 1.425 Icing makers______1.405 1.495 1 45-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23

j, July 1, 1949, and July 1 , 1 9 5 0 - —Con.

NEW YORK, N. Y —Con. NEW YORK, N. Y.—Con. NEW YORK, N. Y.—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops— Bread and cake—Machine shops— Pie and pastry shops—Con. Continued Continued Doughnuts only—Con. Agreement K—Continued Agreement S—Continued Agreement B—Continued Ring makers, blenders_____ $1.395 $1.485 Molders, mixers’ helpers, in Packers, belt attendants: Kitchen operators, bench- gredient scalers______$1. 435 First year______$1.038 $1.120 men, finishers, sealers____ 1.375 1.465 Oven loaders and dumpers.. 1.405 Over 1 year______1.068 1.150 Packers, pan greasers------1.290 1.380 Checkers______1.388 Agreement C: Foremen (women)______1.265 1.355 Flour dumpers______1. 385 Foremen______2.600 2.600 General helpers (women)— 1.085 1.175 General helpers______1. 325 Bench hands______1.500 1.600 Agreement L (cakes, pies, Slicers, wrappers, packers, Packers, helpers______1.100 1.200 cookies): key slicers______1.315 1.405 Checkers, packers, wrap Ovenmen, mixers______1.475 1.585 Agreement T: pers (women)______1.050 1.100 Benchmen, icing makers, Bread department: Hebrew baking—Machine shops: cookers______1.375 1.485 Mixers, ovenmen______1.585 Agreement A: Checkers______1.285 1.395 Benchmen, dividermen__ 1.498 First hands______» 2.000 « 2.143 Sweet yeast men------1.275 1.385 Molder operators, mixers’ Second hands______»1.857 *2.000 Packers and floormen_____ 1.245 1. 355 helpers______1.435 Helpers______* 1.429 81.571 Bake-shop helpers______1.235 1.345 Oven feeders and dumpers, Agreement B: Wrappers and ieers (women). 1.000 1.110 pan greasers______1.405 First hands______12.000 1 2.000 Agreement M: Checkers, head slicers, Second hands______1 1.867 1 1.867 Ovenmen, dough mixers___ 1. 585 1. 675 bread wrappers______1.355 Helpers______1 1.467 1 1.467 Icing makers------1.485 1. 575 Rack pushers, helpers___ 1.345 Hebrew baking—Hand shops: Dough scalers______1.435 1. 525 Wrappers (restaurant)___ 1. 325 Agreement A: Checkers, shippers------1. 395 1. 485 Cake department: Foremen, first hands______*2.375 * 2. 375 General helpers______1.345 1.435 Mixers, ovenmen______1.585 1.675 Swingmen, jobbers______2 2.313 a 2.313 Cookers______1.325 1.415 Depositors, dough scalers, Second hands, third hands.. * 2. 250 >2.250 Women workers------1.110 1. 200 ingredient scalers_____ 1.495 Agreement B: Agreement N: Icing mixers______1. 485 First hands, ovenmen_____ 1 2.000 1 2.143 Bread department: Oven feeders and delivery. 1.395 Second hands______1 1 .867 1 2.000 Ovenmen______1. 550 1.650 General helpers______1.345 Third hands______1 1.467 2 1.500 Mixers______1. 500 1. 600 Wrappers and packers Agreement C: Dividers, molders, oven (women)______1.110 1.200 First hands, ovenmen_____ a 1.875 2 2.000 helpers, panners, bench- Second hands______a 1.750 *1.867 Agreement U: Agreement D: men, general helpers...... 1. 400 1.500 Head ovenmen______Mixers’ helpers______1.255 1.355 1.635 Ovenmen, mixers______2 1.750 * 1.781 Mixers______1.585 Bench hands______2 1.625 Cake department: Dividermen, bread______* 1.656 Mixers______1.500 1.600 1. 535 Third hands______a 1 .500 * 1.531 Ovenmen, icing mixers, Dividermen and platemen, Agreement E: icers, decorators------1.400 1.500 English muffins______1.518 Foremen, first hands...... 1.994 2.044 Benchmen______1.295 1.395 Molder operators, bread___ 1.460 Mixers, ovenmen..______1.931 1.981 Doughnut men, decora Mixers’ helpers, ingredient Second hands______1.831 1.881 tors’ helpers, oven help scalers...... 1 435 Helpers in traveling-oven ers------1. 255 1.355 Roundermen, English muf shops______1.669 1.719 Icers (women)______1.210 1.310 fins______1.410 Third hands (helpers)...... 1.606 1.656 Pan washers, wrappers; Flour handlers, bread wrap Bohemian baking—Hand shops: fruit-room workers_____ 1.045 1.145 pers— 1.385 Dough mixers, ovenmen_____ 1.830 1.900 Agreement O: Pan greasers, bread rackers.. 1.345 Benchmen______1.730 1.800 Foremen______2.000 2.100 Box carriers, general helpers, French baking: Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 1.790 1.860 packers.______1.335 Bread: Dividermen______1.685 1.805 Helpers (women)______1.160 Agreement A: Benchmen------1. 685 1. 750 Agreement V: Day work: Miscellaneous workers_____ 1.100 1.155 Foremen______1.940 First hands______1.706 1.770 Agreement P (bread and Ovenmen, mixers______1.740 Bench hands...... 1.575 1.640 doughnuts): Bench hands______1.640 Agreement B: Mixers______1.465 1. 555 Helpers______1.540 Day work: Dividers______1.345 1. 435 Agreement W: Foremen______1.690 1.690 Mixers’ helpers, molders___ 1. 285 1.375 Mixers, benchmen, ovenmen. 1.550 Second hands______1.643 1.643 Checkers------1.268 1. 358 Second class packers, helpers- 1.150 Third hands______1.595 1.595 Oven feeders and dumpers_ 1.255 1.345 Third class packers______1.050 Italian baking: Flour dumpers______1.235 1. 325 Pie and pastry shops: Day work: Hand wrappers and packers. 1.205 1.295 Agreement A: First hands______2 1.500 * 1.500 General helpers, pan greasers. 1.195 1.285 Foremen______1.700 Second hands______* 1.250 * 1.250 Machine cleaners------1.175 1.265 First hands______1.525 Scandinavian baking: Agreement Q: Second hands, mixers_____ 1.400 Foremen______a 1.770 * 1.770 Oven tenders------1.590 1.680 Third hands______1.300 Helpers______Second hands______»1.667 * 1. 667 Mixers______1. 530 1.620 1.125 Bench hands______2 1. 583 a 1. 583 Dividermen______1.480 1.570 Agreement B: Helpers______a 1.250 a 1 .250 Oven helpers, blenders, pan Men______1.100 ners— 1.430 1.520 Women______1.000 Crackers and cookies: Checkers------1.410 1.500 Agreement A: Flour handlers, floormen---- 1.380 1.470 Doughnuts only: Bakers______1.625 1.650 Bread wrappers...... 1.360 1.450 Agreement A: Packers______.875 .875 Assistant foremen______1.498 Packers (women)______.800 .800 Agreement R: Mixers, cruller fryers, cooks. 1.465 Agreement B: Foremen------1.960 2.050 Benchmen______1.365 Beltmen______1.540 1.590 Mixers, ovenmen______1.585 1.675 Ingredient scalers...... 1.315 Head flourmen______1.440 1.490 Depositor operators______1.495 1.585 Doughnut-machine oper Bakers______1.400 1.450 Icing mixers______1.485 1.575 ators______1.275 Icing and sugar mixers____ 1.390 1.440 Ingredient scalers______1.435 1. 525 Checkers, helpers______1.268 Flour dumpers______1.375 1.425 Oven dumpers______1.405 1.495 Packers, sugarers______1.198 Batter mixers______1.365 1.415 Checkers______1. 350 1.440 Agreement B: Cutters, washers, plate set Packers, helpers______1.345 1. 435 Foremen______1.508 ters______1.350 1.400 Wrapping-machine operators Machine operators____ 1.408 Fig and jam mixers, marsh (women)------1.120 1.210 Foremen (women)____ 1.288 mallow beaters, mixers’ Helpers (women)______1.110 1.200 Mixers______1.258 helpers______1.325 1.375 Agreement S: Shippers, helpers_____ 1.258 Grinders, cheese and crack Mixers, peelers, ovenmen, Assistant foremen (women) 1.238 ers______1.300 1.350 relief mixers______1.593 1.683 Box makers______1.143 Icing and sugar mixers’ Dividers______1.495 1.585 Packers (beginners)___ 1.038 helpers______1.290 1.340 145-hour workweek. 8J 48-hour workweek. * 42-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 24

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, City and occupation 1949, 1950, City and occupation 1949, 1950, City and occupation 1949, 1950, rate per rate per rate per rate per rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

NEW YORK, N. Y —Con. OAKLAND, CALIF.—Con. OM AHA, NEBR.—Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. Pie and pastry shops—Con. Agreement B—Con. Agreement B—Con. Fruit cookers______$1.220 $1.320 Flour dumpers’ helpers____ $1.275 $1.325 Cellophane or wax wrap Miscellaneous helpers______.990 1.090 Flourmen______1.270 1.320 ping-machine operators---- $1. 540 $1.580 Pie fillers and wrappers_____ .910 1.010 Broken men______1.250 1.300 Floor women. ______1.170 1.210 Crackers and cookies: Bake-shop utility men_____ 1.225 1.275 Icing women, sweet packers . 1.070 1.110 Baking department: Bake-shop general helpers. 1.200 1.250 Agreement C: Machine captains______1.300 1.350 Checkers, utility______1.075 1.125 Baking supervisors______2.040 2.090 Ovenmen______1.250 1.300 Feeders, sugar wafers______1.050 1.100 Mixing supervisors, machine Reliefmen______1.210 1.260 Feeders______1.025 1.075 captains______1.750 1.800 Peelers-in, rollermen______1.190 1.240 Weighers and checkers Mixers, reliefmen, head icing Edgers, drawmen______1.120 1.170 (women)______1.025 1.075 mixers______1.690 1.740 Pan loaders, take-out men, General helpers------.955 1.005 Mixers’ helpers, bakers, rol pan feeders and greasers. __ 1.100 1.150 ler-men, oven helpers, Flour dumpers, utility mix NORFOLK, VA. wrapping-machine opera ers and helpers______1.100 1.150 tors, set-up men, oven Mixing department: Bread and cake: feeders, icing helpers_____ 1.540 1.590 Head mixers______1.240 1.290 Mixers, scalers______1.280 1.280 Dough feeders, pan feeders, Dough-up men, No. 2 mixers. 1.190 1.240 Checkers------1.230 1.230 fig grinders, table feeders, Sponge setters, assembly- Oven supervisors------1.180 1.180 cel lo p h an e-b a g-machine men______1.155 1.205 Truck loaders______1.090 1.090 operators, rack and pan Mixers’ helpers, assemblers’ Wrapping-machine setters___ 1.080 men, jelly- and marsh helpers______1.100 1.150 Molder operators, divider oper mallow-men’s helpers____ 1. 390 1.440 Icing department: ators, roll-machine operators. 1.030 1.030 Floormen 1.340 1.390 Machinemen, mixers______1.200 1.250 Oven feed and delivery------1.005 1.005 Women: Women helpers______.880 .930 Flour blenders______.985 Working supervisors_____ 1.270 1.300 Shipping department: Mixers’ helpers, wrapping- Sweet packers, weighers Head stockmen, head car machine feeders______.955 .955 and baggers, cellophane- loaders, head load assem Bakery helpers: bag formers, enrobers__ 1.070 1.100 blymen, checkers, labelers. 1.140 1.190 First 60 days------.855 .855 Assistant foreladies______1.070 1.100 Order fillers______1.110 1.160 After 60 days______.905 .905 Packing department: Roll baggers: OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLA. Machine operators______1.140 1.190 First 60 days______.700 .700 Machine operators’ helpers.. 1.120 1.170 After 60 days______.750 .750 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Paper-cutting-machine oper Agreement A: ators______1.045 1.095 OAKLAND, CALIF. Foremen _ 1.575 1.675 Casers______.990 1.040 Ovenmen, mixers, icing mix Reliefwomen______.920 .970 Bread—Hand shops: ers______1.425 1.525 Women helpers______.880 .930 Foremen, ovenmen______s 1.800 8 1.870 Bench and machinemen, Receiving and storage depart Bench hands______81.640 fi 1.710. cake depositors______1.325 1.425 ment: Scalers______1.300 1.400 Head stockmen______1.180 1.230 Pan cleaners------(3) 81.050 Helpers______1.100 1.150 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Foremen of wrapping de Foremen, dough mixers, oven- partment______1. 275 1.375 PEORIA, ILL. men— 71.960 81.985 First foremen (women)____ 1.200 1.300 Dividers, molders, roll- Wrapping-machine operators. 1.175 1.275 Bread and cake—Hand shops: 71.870 8 1.895 Checkers______1.150 1.250 machine operators______Second foremen (women)__ 1.100 1.200 Foremen______2 1.417 21.448 Crackers and cookies: Cake wrapping-machine op Ovenmen______21.292 21.323 Agreement A: erators______1.075 1.175 Benchmen______* 1. 229 2 1.260 Mixing supervisors, mixers... 1.700 1.740 Cake icers, hand wrappers, Hand icers (women)______2.885 2.915 Ovenmen______1.640 1.680 labelers, boxers______.975 1.075 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Laminator men______1.560 1.600 Bread handlers, helpers: Foremen______1.660 1.720 Mixers’ helpers: Class A______1.075 1.175 Ovenmen, spongers______1.530 1.590 First 3 months______1.400 1.440 Class B______1.000 1.100 Oven loaders and dumpers, Second 3 months...... 1.450 1.490 Class C______.875 .975 ingredientmen______1.530 1.590 Third 3 months...... 1.500 1.540 Agreement B: Benchmen, machine operators. 1.460 1. 520 After 9 months______1.550 1.590 Foremen______81. 575 81.675 Dividermen, molders, roll-ma Head icing-machine mixers __ 1.490 1.530 Bench and machinemen___ »1.325 »1.425 chine operators, twisters, Wax-and cellophane-machine Wrapping-machine operators. # 1.175 81.275 bread panners______1.460 1. 520 operators______1.480 1. 520 Shipping and receiving clerks.. 41.260 81.320 Enrobermen______1.435 1.475 Men workers: Icing helpers______1.435 1.475 OMAHA, NEBR. Wrapping-machine set - up Women assemblers______1.300 1. 340 operators______41.260 «1.320 Flour dumpers______1.250 1.290 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Bake-shop helpers_____ 4 1.140 81. 200 Dough feeders______1.250 1.290 Working foremen______1.540 1.640 Wrapping-machine feeders Floormen: Cake decorators______1.500 1.600 and take-off men______4 1.090 8 1.150 First month______1.100 1.140 Dough mixers, ovenmen, cake Men workers (first 2 weeks): Second month______1.150 1.190 mixers______1.400 1.500 Wrappers______4 1.030 »1.140 Third month______1.200 1.240 Benchmen______1.330 1.430 Bake-shop workers______4 1.090 81.200 After 3 months______1. 250 1. 290 Machinemen______1.310 1.410 Hand wrappers (women)____ 41.030 «1.090 Marshmallow women______1.150 1.190 Ingredient scalers______1.300 1.400 Women supervisors, working. 1.115 1.155 DO.ugh-room helpers, checkers, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Women tally clerks______1.115 1.155 oven dumpers______1.220 1.320 Women machine carton Bake-shop helpers and pack Bread and cake—Machine shops: formers, package-machine ers: Agreement A: operators______1.100 1.140 After 1 year______1.100 1.200 Head ovenmen______1.550 1.620 Sugar-wafer oven girls_____ 1.070 1.110 Stockmen______1.100 1.200 Cake decorators, peel-oven- Scalers and weighers (wom Coolermen, wrapping-machine men______1.475 1.545 en) ______1.040 1.080 operators (women)______1.050 1.150 Dough mixers, icing mixers.. 1.450 1.520 Filling-machine operators Pan greasers______.990 1.090 Bench and machinemen, (women)______1.040 Women cake-machine opera steam-box tenders, ingre Sponge packers, wrappers, tors, twisters and panners... .990 1.090 dient scalers______1.410 1.480 bundle weighers and car Traveling-oven feeders and Hand wrappers and icers 1.455 ton formers______1.040 1.080 (women): deliverymen______1.385 Sweet packers______1.040 After 1 year______.910 1.010 Bread coolers, mixers' help Agreement B: ers, dough punchers_____ 1.360 1.430 Ovenmen, machinemen, Pie and pastry shops: Route packers, pastry pack mixers______1.700 1.785 Pie mixers______1.350 1.450 ers, bread wrappers and Mixers’ helpers, reliefmen— 1.575 1.615 Working foremen (women)___ 1.180 1.280 1 packers______1.325 1.395 * 48-hour workweek. 4 44-hour workweek. 7 38-hour work-week. * Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949. 8 42-hour workweek. 8 37^-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 25

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950— Con.

PHILADELPHIA, PA.—Con. PHILADELPHIA, PA—Con. PHILADELPHIA, PA.—Con. Bread and cake— M achine Pie and pastry shops—Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. shops—Continued Agreement B: Agreement B—Continued Agreement A—Continued Working foremen------$1.500 $1. 550 Stockroom packing mate Flour pilers, dumpers; bak Head order packers, oven- rials—Continued ing helpers, pan greasers—. $1.245 $1,315 men, cooks, dough mixers, Loaders______$1.305 $1.360 Wrappers, icers (women)___ .960 1.030 custard mixers------1.400 1. 450 Dumpers______1.250 1.305 Agreement B: Order packers, ingredient Icing, wrapping, and pack Tray- and traveling-oven scalers______1.250 1. 250 ing department: supervisors, oil-oven men, Cooks’ helpers, ovenmen’s Machinemen______1.400 1.455 reel- and rotary-oven men, helpers------1.200 1.250 Wrapping department mixers, icing makers_____ 1.415 1.495 Toppers and fillers------1.100 1.150 helpers______1.320 1.325 Tray- and traveling-oven Pie makers, shell makers---- 1.150 1.150 Icing mixers______1.275 1.380 feeders, deliverymen_____ 1.365 1.445 Dish washers, helpers wrap Supervisors (women)____ 1.245 1.300 Bench hands, machine oper pers, utilitymen and clean Miscellaneous packing- ators, steam-box tenders, ers______1.025 1.050 room helpers (women), depositor operators, ingre Pie wrappers, crown makers. .845 .900 icing-room helpers, mag dient sealers______1.325 1.405 Floorladies------1. 215 1. 300 azine feeders (women)... 1.095 1.100 Flour blenders______1.290 1.345 Hebrew baking: Packers, bundlers, weigh Mixers’ helpers______1.290 1.370 Bread and cake: ers, stitchers, inspectors, Wrapping-machine opera Foremen, oven hands_____ i 1.933 i 1. 933 stitching-machine opera tors, route packers______1.265 1.345 Second hands, dough mixers. 1 1.867 i 1. 867 tors, sugarers, baggers Reel-oven helpers, bakery Third hands, helpers------i 1. 733 i 1. 733 and crimpers of lady helpers, bench helpers, Fourth hands------1 1.267 i 1. 267 fingers, machine opera oven helpers, depositor Cake only: tors, hand carton formers. 1.045 1.100 helpers, wrappers, pilers, Foremen, ovenmen______1 1.356 i 1. 356 handlers, roll baggers and Second hands, dough mixers. i 1. 222 i 1. 222 PHOENIX, ARIZ. wrappers, pan greasers___ 1.160 1.240 Auxiliary workers------i 1.000 i 1.000 Floorladies------1.025 1.105 Bread and cake—Hand shops: Wrappers and icers (women). .925 1.005 Crackers and cookies: Foremen______< 1. 545 41.591 Agreement C: Agreement A: Mixers, ovenmen______4 1.447 41.447 Head benchmen______1.580 1.630 Sponge and sweet baking: Working supervisors_____ (*) 1. 580 Machine and bench hands___ 41.347 41.392 Mixers, traveling-oven oper Machine captains------1.425 1.480 Wrapping-machine operators_ 41.197 4 1. 243 ators, tray-oven operators, Mixers______1.400 1. 455 Pan washers and greasers____ 4.898 4.943 head cake decorators, in Bakers, reel or travel------1.375 1.430 Hand wrappers: ventory stockmen______1.495 1.545 Rollermen______1.305 1. 360 First 6 months______4.773 4.818 Steam-box tenders______1.455 1.505 Sewing-machine operators. 1. 360 Next 6 months______4.898 4.943 Decorators, oven feeders, (3) Thereafter______4.997 41.043 Ovenmen, reel______(3) 1. 340 deliverymen______1.445 1.495 Mixers’ helpers------1.275 1. 330 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Divider operators, molder- Ovenmen, gas______1.265 1. 320 Baking department: men, greasing-machine Pan feeders (fast)______1. 225 1.280 Foremen______1.730 1.780 operators, icing-machine Dough feeders______1.195 1. 250 Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 1.620 1.670 operators, depositor opera Nabisco department: Machinemen, bench hands_ 1. 500 1.550 tors, roll dividers, ingre Pan washers, etc______1.010 1.060 dient scalers, benchmen, Mixers, bakers, machine Wrapping department: adjusters------(3) 1. 375 doughnut fryers, filling Grinders, mixers’ helpers, Foremen______1.450 1.500 cooks______1.405 1.455 Machine operators______1.350 1.400 Working supervisors (wom spreaders and trimmers.. (3) 1. 280 Floormen______C3) 1.250 Machine helpers: en)______1. 390 1.440 Packing and icing depart First 3 months______.960 1.010 Mixers’ helpers______1.375 1.425 Second 3 months...... 1.010 1.060 Selectors, flour blenders, as ment: Thereafter______1.120 1.170 semblers, wrapping- Pin trolley operators------(3) 1.480 Working foremen______(3) 1.430 Flour dumpers______1.120 1.170 machine operators______1.345 1.395 1. 305 Rack and pan washing- Tally clerk______1.360 PITTSBURGH, PA. machine operators______1.320 1. 370 Supply men.______1. 275 1.330 Cake cutters______1.310 1. 360 Pan dumpers (fast)_____ (3) 1. 320 Bread and cake—Hand shops: General baking helpers, pan Machine set-up men_____ (3) 1.280 Foremen______1. 570 1. 570 greasers, pan washers, ma Paste makers, icing mixers’ Ovenmen______1.470 1.470 chine helpers, dumpers, helpers------1.225 1.280 Dough mixers, benchmen____ 1.420 1.420 rolls and sweet goods Stockmen------(3) 1.260 Helpers______1.300 1.300 washers, roll panners, Pan dumpers (slow), ritz Wrappers and icers______.990 .990 rackers, pan feeders, baking machine opera Bread and cake—Machine shops: bread packers, carton tors______(3) 1. 230 Working foremen______1. 570 1.570 makers, Vienna and rye Tallymen------1.175 1. 230 Mixers, ovenmen, ingredient cutters, depositor helpers__ 1.260 1. 310 Cutting-machine opera scalers, cookers______1.470 1.470 Hand icers, cake rackers, tors______(3) 1. 225 Molders, dividers, benchmen, doughnut tray packers Scalers and weighers____ 1.165 1. 220 machine hands, bread pan- (women)------1.055 1.105 Floormen______1.155 1. 210 ners______1.420 1.420 Pan liners, cake hand wrap Women employees: Oven feeders, dumpers______1.360 1.360 pers, roll packers (women) - 1.015 1.065 Working foreladies_____ (3) 1.280 Mixers' helpers, bake-shop Agreement D: Working supervisors___ 1.125 1.180 helpers, packers and truck Working foremen______1.400 1.450 1.065 1.120 loaders______1.300 1.300 Dough mixers, ovenmen, in First class packers_____ • 1.035 1.090 Checkers and shipping clerks, gredient scalers______1. 300 1. 350 Second class packers___ 1.005 1.060 wrapping-machine operators. 1.250 1. 250 Benchmen______1.200 1. 210 Agreement B: Wrapping-machine helpers___ 1. 210 1.210 Depositor operators, icing- Mixing department: Helpers (women)______.990 .990 machine operators, cut Dough mixers, mixers’ Hebrew baking: ting-machine operators, assemblers______1.400 1.455 Bread: wrapping-machine opera Assemblers______1.325 1.360 First hands, ovenmen_____ 2 1. 667 21.708 tors _ ...... 1.180 1.210 Dough mixers’ helpers___ 1.325 1.330 Second hands, mixers_____ 21. 604 * 1.645 Pan greasers’ helpers...... 1.050 1. 050 Mixing-room helpers_____ 1.200 1.225 Third hands, bench hands_ 21. 521 21. 562 Floorladies______.900 .940 Bake house: Wrappers______2.958 2.999 Wrappers and icers (women). .845 .900 Machinemen______1.400 1.455 Pan greasers______*.854 2.895 Pie and pastry shops: Ovenmen______1.350 1.405 Wrappers and helpers Agreement A: Dough rollers______1.305 1.360 (women)______*.708 a.749 Working foremen______1.544 1.600 Reliefmen______1.290 1.345 Cake: Mixers, ovenmen, first hands. 1.500 1. 500 Bake-house helpers_____ 1.250 1.255 First hands______21.604 21.645 Second hands______1.410 1. 410 Stockroom packing mate Second hands, bench hands.. 21.521 21. 562 Packers______1. 325 1. 325 rials: Dumpers, icers, wrappers Third hands______1.245 1.245 Supervisors______1.520 1.575 and packers (women)____ 2.729 * Information not available for rate and hours on July 1,1949. 4 44-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and 1, 1950— Con.

July l, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, July 1, 1949, 1950, City and occupation 1949, 1950, 1949, 1950, City and occupation rate per rate per rate per rate per City and occupation rate per rate per hour hour hour hour hour hour

PITTSBURGH, PA.—Con. PORTLAND, OREG.—■Con. PROVIDENCE, R. I.—Con. Bread and cake—Retail shops: B read and cake—Machine Bread and cake—Machine Foremen______*$1.729 * $1.770 shops—Continued shops—Continued Dough mixers______* 1.667 * 1.708 Agreement A—Continued Agreement C—Continued Benchmen...... »1.583 * 1.625 Wrapping-machine operators. 9$1.580 9 $1.630 Ingredient scalers, mixers’ Pan greasers______*. 875 *.916 Ingredient scalers, cake; flour helpers______$ 1. 220 $1.250 Hand icers (women)______*.708 *.749 blenders______91.490 91.540 Flour dumpers...... 1.175 1.205 Crackers and cookies: Scaling-machine operators, Molders’ helpers, ovenmen’s Agreement A; dumpers______91.410 91.460 helpers, checkers...... 1.170 1.200 Mixing supervisors______1.415 1.525 Helpers: Wrappers______1.125 1.155 Peelers------1.285 1.440 First year______91.170 91.220 Packers...... 1.120 1.150 Rollermen______1.245 1.405 Second and third year____ 91.410 91.460 Pan greasers______1.110 Ovenmen______1.195 1.355 Cake wrapping-machine op Agreement D: Flour dumpers______1.165 1.325 erators’ helpers______91.351 91.400 Working foremen______1.740 1.770 Cutter men, reliefmen_____ 1.125 1.285 Women icers, hand; cake- Mixer scalers...... 1.390 1.420 Dough feeders, pan cleaners wrapping machine opera Mixers______1.340 1.370 and feeders, pan dumpers__ 1.095 1.255 tors______9.919 9.944 Ovenmen______1.290 1.320 Scalers and weighers______(*) 1.105 Agreement B: Divider operators, first Floormen______1.045 1.205 Cake and pie workers: benchmen______1.215 1.245 Women workers: Foreladies-in-charge of 4 or Molders______1.165 1.195 Working supervisors_____ .945 1.105 more girls______91.306 1.235 Wrapping-machine opera Sponge packers------.925 1.085 Cake decorators...... •1.246 1.175 tors, checkers, pan greasers. 1.115 Sweet packers, carton Women icers______91.098 1.070 Oven helpers, general help formers, scalers, weighers. .885 1.015 Women with 1 year of ers, benchmen, shipping- Agreement B: experience______91.098 1.045 room helpers...... 1.065 1.095 Mixing supervisors...... 1.400 1.560 Crackers and cookies: Agreement E: Mixers and machine cap Agreement A; Mixers (cake)...... 1.430 1.460 tains______1.350 1. 510 Mixers______1.400 1.400 Ovenmen______1.345 1.375 Peelers______1.270 1.430 Peelers------1.325 1.325 Scalers, fried cake mixers, Head icing mixers______1.250 1.410 Ovenmen______1.275 1.275 icing mixers, fryers, icing- Rollermen______1.230 1. 390 Mixers’ helpers______1.190 1.190 and cutting-machine oper Oven firemen______1. 220 1.380 Stackers______1.130 1.130 ators______1.235 1.265 Drawmen, ovenmen______1.180 1.340 Other helpers______1.125 1.125 Floormen, cake and fried Floormen.______1.050 1. 290 Women employees: cake helpers (after 2 Dough feeders______1.130 1.290 Packers______.885 .885 months)______1.125 1.155 Cuttermen and reliefmen__ 1.110 1.270 Other helpers______.850 .850 Stock clerks, pan greasers, Pan cleaners and feeders___ 1.080 1.240 Agreement B: pan washers, pan paper Machine set-up men______1.050 1.210 Machine captains______1.353 1.353 ing, cake and fried cake Scalers, weighers------.900 Mixers______1.315 1.315 helpers (first 2 months)__ 1.045 1.075 Women workers: Peelers.______1.300 1.300 Women helpers: Sponge packers______.930 1.090 Ovenmen______1.250 1.250 First 2 months...... 905 .925 Scalers, weighers, sweet Rollermen, head mixers After 2 months...... 975 packers, hand bundlers, (cone department)______1.225 1.225 Agreement F: machine operators, car Scalers and weighers______1.203 1.203 Head mixers and scalers___ 1.520 1.550 ton formers______.900 1.060 1.165 Traveling-oven men______1.345 1. 375 Mixers’ helpers______1.165 Dividers------1.320 1. 350 PORTLAND, MAINE Dough feeders______1.125 1.125 Head wrapping-machine op Miscellaneous workers (cone erators— 1.295 1.325 Bread and cake—Machine shops: department)______1.100 1.100 Molders______1.270 1.300 Agreement A: Pan cleaners and feeders___ 1.100 1.100 First benchmen------1.245 1. 275 Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 1.350 1.400 Packers (women)______.880 .880 Mixers’ helpers------1.250 Dividermen, roll-machine Hand bundlers (women)___ .835 .835 Ovenmen, roll-oven men, operators, ingredientmen, ovenmen’s helpers, bench- benchmen______1.290 1.340 PROVIDENCE, R. I. men______1.195 1.225 Dough mixers’ helpers, oven Benchmen’s helpers, check loaders and dumpers, Bread and cake—Hand shops: ers, molders’ helpers_____ 1.170 1.200 moldermen, wrapping-ma Working foremen, mixers, Wrapping-machine operators. 1.125 1.155 chine operators, shipping ovenmen______1.365 1.365 Packers------1.120 1.150 and receiving clerks...... 1.230 1.280 General helpers______1.165 1.165 Pan greasers______1.075 1.105 Pan greasers, bread rackers,. 1.150 1.200 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Pie and pastry shops: Flour dumpers______1.100 1.150 Agreement A: Cooks______1.230 1. 230 Twisters (women)______1.000 Mixers______1.400 1.450 Bakers------1.180 1.180 Agreement B: Dividers------1.350 1.400 Filling mixers, dough breakers, Dough mixers______(») 1.400 Molders, traveling-oven men. 1.300 1.350 helpers------1.130 1.130 Dough mixers’ helpers_____ (») 1.350 Hand wrappers, baking me Women employees: Dividermen, wrapping-ma chanics, bread wrappers, Beginners------.750 .750 chine operators______0) 1.300 machine adjusters______1.275 1.325 After 3 months______.790 .790 Moldermen, ingredientmen (*) 1.250 Doughnut mixers______1.275 1.305 After 9 months...... 830 .830 Twisters (women)______(3) .950 Helpers, packers, utilitymen, After 12 months______.900 .900 doughnut wrappers------1.175 1.205 After 18 months______.950 .950 PORTLAND, OREG. Wrapping-machine helpers_ 1.175 1.225 Hebrew baking: Agreement B: Working foremen------* 1.778 * 1.889 Bread and cake—Hand shops: Mixers, head ovenmen_____ 1.420 1.450 Second hands______i 1.667 * 1.778 Foremen------1.880 1.930 Divider operators, head Ovenmen, mixers...... 1.770 1.820 benchmen, roll-oven men__ 1.320 1.350 READING, PA. Bench hands.______1.640 1.690 Molder operators______1.270 1.300 Head checkers...... 1.440 1.490 TJtilitymen— ...... 1.245 1.275 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Assistant checkers______1.270 1.320 Ingredient scalers, mixers’ Agreement A: Packers, hand wrappers_____ 1.240 1.290 helpers______1.220 1.250 Mixers______1.360 Helpers: Benchmen, head wrappers__ 1.200 1.230 Oven feeders, bread; oven First year______1.080 1.130 Roll-oven helpers______1.190 1.220 men, cake and sweet; all Second year______(*) 1.180 Flour dumpers______1.175 1.205 round bakers______1.340 1.365 Third year______1.290 1.340 Ovenmen’s helpers, molders’ Dividers, molders, bench Breadand cake—Machine shops: helpers, checkers...... 1.170 1.200 hands, batter scalers, oven Agreement A: Wrappers______1.125 1.155 deliverymen, bread-wrap- Foremen______91.970 9 2.020 Packers______1.120 1.150 ping-machine operators, Ovenmen, mixers______• 1.860 91.910 Agreement C: machinemen, roll-machine Bench hands, cake...... • 1.760 91.810 Mixers______1.420 1.450 operators (bread), relief- Machinemen, bench hands, Dividers______1.320 1.350 men, depositor operators, bread; depositor operators. •1.760 91.810 Molders______1.270 1.300 auxiliary workers------1.290 1.315 * 45-hour workweek. * 48-hour workweek. * Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949. 9 36-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July l y 1949, and July 1, 1950—Con.

READING, PA.—Con. RICHMOND, VA.—Con. RICHMOND, VA—Con. Bread and cake—Machine Bread and cake—Machine Crackers and cookies—Con. shops—Continued shops—C ontinued Machinemen (head), enrobers, Agreement A—Continued Agreement C—Continued ovenmen______$1.125 $1.155 Ingredient scalers, mixers’ Wrappers and automatic car helpers, bread checkers---- $1.265 $1.290 Cake: ton formers______1.100 1.130 Cake checkers, bread rack- Mixers (cake and icing)---- $1.190 $1.330 Dough rollers------1.075 1.105 ers, blenders______1.215 Ovenmen______1.140 1.280 Stockmen______1.050 1.080 Bench or machine helpers, Depositor operators_____ 1.090 1.180 Finished goods stockmen, ic cake dumpers, pan rack- Wrapping-machine opera ing-machine men and mixers. 1.025 1.055 ers, wrapped loaf stackers, tors (women)______.990 1.180 Receiving clerks, mixers’ and sweet-bun icers, semiauto Grease-machine operators. .990 1.130 bakers’ helpers______1.000 1.030 matic wrappers, helpers Helpers, men------.990 1.080 Dough rollers’ helpers______.950 (oven and other)------1.140 1.165 Wrappers, icers (women)__ .940 1.030 Shippers, stockmens’ helpers, Women employees: Agreement D: icing helpers, packing de Icing mixers, cake deco Bread: partment helpers______.925 .955 rators, pan greasers and Foremen, working and Women employees, after 6 washers, cake-wrapping- shipping______1.500 1.550 months______.900 .930 machine operators_____ 1.140 1.165 Mixers 1.320 1. 370 Checkers, packers, wrap Receiving clerks______1.300 1.350 ROCHESTER, N. Y. pers and cutters, cake Divider operators, bench- icers______.960 .985 men, roll-machine opera Bread and cake—Hand shops: pake and sweet wrappers.. .920 .945 tors, molder operators, First hands, working foremen, Agreement B: relief men, wrapping- decorators______1.580 1.680 Foremen______1.365 1.390 machine operators_____ 1.240 1. 290 Second hands, ovenmen, mix Mixers, ingredient scalers, Mixers’ helpers, oven feed ers, feeders, dumpers______1.480 1.580 oven supervisors______1.340 1.365 ers and dumpers______1.180 1.230 Third hands, fryers, bench Ovenmen, benchmen, mold- Selectors------1.120 1.170 hands______1.430 1.530 ers, divider operators, Molders’ helpers, wrap Bread and cake—Machine shops: bread panners, flour ping-machine helpers, Agreement A: dumpers, wrapping-ma packers, flour blenders, First hands, working fore chine operators, checkers.. 1.290 1.315 order packers------1.080 1.130 men, decorators------1.710 1.810 Bench or machine helpers... 1.210 1.235 Bench and machine help Second hands, mixers, oven Bread and cake helpers, pan ers______1.040 1.090 men, feeders, dumpers___ 1.600 1.700 greasers, bread rackers, Sweet yeast and roll pan Third hands, moldermen, oven helpers______1.140 1.165 ners— 1.000 1.050 bench hands______1.550 1.650 Women employees: Cake and doughnut: Wrappers, machine______1.430 1.530 Cake decorators______1.290 1.315 Foremen------1.500 1.550 Women employees: Hand icers______.900 .925 Mixers, head cake decora Foreladies, decorators...... 1.230 1.330 Hand wrappers, helpers... .880 .905 tors______1.320 1.370 Icers, general helpers------1.030 1.130 Oven tenders, mixers (ic Agreement B: RICHMOND, VA. ing and filling)------1.300 1.350 Mixers______1.480 1.570 Doughnut-machine opera Dividermen______1.430 1.520 Bread and cake—Machine shops: tors, foreladies______1.240 1.290 Ovenmen, oven dumpers Cake decorator (women), and feeders. 1.430 1.520 Agreement A: stockmen______1.180 1.230 Oven loaders and dumpers.. 1.430 1.520 Mixers______1.320 1.418 Wrapping-machine opera Moldermen, roll-machine Dividers______1. 240 1. 330 tors (women), depositor operators, benchmen, in- Molders______1.190 1.330 operators (women)____ 1.090 1.140 gredientmen, machine- Wrapping-machine opera Icing- and enrobing-ma- men, assemblymen, batch- tors, cake mixers______1.190 1.280 chine operators------1.080 1.130 men______1.380 1.470 Oven feeders and dumpers_ 1.170 1. 260 Doughnut tray packers, Flour blenders and dumpers, Ovenmen______1.140 1. 230 depositors’ helpers, hand mixers’ helpers______1.330 1.420 General helpers______.990 1.080 icers (women), cake Wrapping-machine opera Icers and wrappers (women). .940 1.030 slicers------1.000 1.050 tors, checkers 1.280 1.370 Agreement B: Helpers (women)______.950 1.000 Pan greasers, bread or pan Bread: Agreement E: rackers______1.230 1.320 Mixers______(3) 1.410 Bread: Wrapping and slicing helpers. 1.205 1.295 Divider operators, molder Mixers______1. 320 1.410 Hebrew baking: operators, ovenmen____ (3) 1.330 Dividermen, ovenmen___ 1.240 1. 330 Ovenmen, mixers, first cake Wrapping-machine opera Moldermen______1.190 1.330 bakers______1 1.978 i 2.078 tors, mixers’ helpers----- © 1.280 Roll-machine operators, Bench hands, second cake Oven feeders and dumpers. (3) 1.260 wrapping-machine oper bakers______i 1.833 11.933 Flour dumpers------(3) 1.180 ators 1.190 1.280 Crackers and cookies: Helpers______(3) 1.080 Dough mixers’ helpers___ 1.190 1.270 Agreement A: Cake: Oven feeders and dumpers. 1.170 1.260 Shop foremen, dough mixers. 1.380 1.470 Dough mixers------1.320 1.410 Flour dumpers, wrappers, Batch scalers, machine oper Cake mixers, icing mixers.. 1.190 1.330 feeders______1.090 1.180 ators, oven feeders, deposi Ovenmen______1.140 1.280 General helpers______.990 1.080 tor operators______1.330 1.420 Doughnut-machine opera Cake and doughnut: Cooky dumpers, pan clean tors— 1.190 1.280 Mixers (cake and icing)---- 1.190 1. 330 ers, carton packers and Depositor operators_____ 1.090 1.180 Doughnut-machine opera helpers______1.180 1.270 Ingredient scalers______1. 040 1.180 tors ...... 1.190 1.280 Women employees: Foreladies, bench hands. _. .990 1.180 Ovenmen______1.140 1.280 Foreladies______1.180 1.270 Grease-machine operators. .990 1.130 Machine wrappers (cake).. .990 1.180 Wrappers and packers___ 1.030 1.120 Helpers______.990 1.080 Depositor operators, fore Agreement B: Hand icers and wrappers ladies______1.090 1.180 Mixers______1.480 1.570 (women)------.940 1.030 Ingredient scalers...... 1.040 1.180 Dividermen______1.430 1.520 Agreement C: Grease-machine operators. .990 1.130 Moldermen, ovenmen, bench- Bread: General helpers, icing- men, feeders, assembly- Mixers______1.320 1.410 machine operators, cake men, batchmen, dumpers, Ovenmen, divider opera counters______.990 1.080 foremen, dough mixers___ 1.470 tors, moldermen______1.240 1.330 Cake cutting, machine Flour blenders, mixers’ help Wrapping-machine opera operators______.940 1.080 ers, batch scalers, ma tors, mixers’ helpers___ . 1.190 1.280 Cake dumpers, icers, hand chine operators, feeders, Roll-machine men______1.190 1.280 wrappers, general help dumpers, pan cleaners, Oven feeders and dumpers.. 1.170 1.260 ers (women)______.940 1.030 carton packers and helpers. 1.330 1.420 Foreladies______. 1.040 1.180 Crackers and cookies: Wrapping-machine opera Flour dumpers______1.090 1.180 Dough mixers _ 1.175 1.205 tors______1.280 1.375 General helpers______. .990 1.080 Checkers______1.150 1.180 Flour handlers______1.255 1.345 i 45-hour workweek. 3 Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 8

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950—Con.

ROCHESTER. N. Y.— ST. LOUIS, MO.—Continued ST. LOUIS, MO.—Continued Continued Cake—Machine shops: Crackers and cookies—Continued Crackers and cookies—Continued Leadmen______$1,753 $1.753 Agreement B—Continued Agreement B—Continued Ovenmen, mixers______1.643 1.643 Receiving department: Pan greasers, bench helpers, Machine hands______1.533 1.533 Working supervisors_____ $1.180 $1,230 pan rackers, checkers and Cake counters______1.368 1.368 Receivers______1.100 1.150 packers______$1,230 $1. 320 Helpers______1.340 1.340 Receivers’ helpers, loaders Wrapping and slicing helpers. 1.205 1.295 Icing mixers, ingredient scal and unloaders...... 1.050 1.100 Cooky dumpers, rack pullers. 1.180 1.270 ers...... 1.309 1.309 Shipping department: Women employees: Car crews: Working supervisors, men„ 1.180 1.230 Floor ladies______1.100 1.190 Inexperienced...... 1.160 1.160 Checkers, men...... 1.100 1.150 Wrappers and helpers____ 1.030 1.120 Experienced______1.235 1.235 Assemblers and loaders, Miscellaneous helpers: men______1.0.50 1.100 ROCK ISLAND (ILL.) DIS Inexperienced (first 6 months) 1.035 1.035 Agreement C: TRICT Experienced (after 6months). 1.111 1.111 Baking and mixing depart Leadladies...... 1.060 1.060 ments: Women helpers: Head mixers...... 1.300 1.505 (Includes Rock Island and Mo Inexperienced (first 6 months) .935 .935 Bakers------L 220 1.455 line, 111., and Davenport, Iowa) Experienced (after6months). 1.010 1.010 Sponge mixers______1.220 1.405 Hebrew baking—Hand shops: Rollermen______1.200 1.305 Bread—Hand shops: Assemblymen______1.220 1.275 Foremen______Leadmen, bakers, ovenmen__ *1.563 * 1.726 Mixers’ helpers, stackers, First bakers______Second hands------* 1.354 2 1.417 general help______1.100 # 1,255 Second bakers, benchmen___ 2 i i4g 2 L 292 Miscellaneous helpers______2.750 2.813 Packing department: *. 833 * 1.021 Crackers and cookies: Floormen______1.100 1.155 Agreement A: Women employees: Working foremen______1. 520 1.620 Leadmen______1.525 1.575 Working supervisors___ 1.100 1.155 Dough mixers, ovenmen_____ 1.420 1.520 Oven operators______1.525 1.575 Packers, sponge______1.000 1.055 Bench or machinemen, wrap- Cracker-dough mixers, Tally clerks....______.980 1.035 ping-machine operators------1.370 1.470 sweet-dough mixers, gra Machine operators...... 950 1.085 Checkers, shipping clerks, roll ham-dough mixers, dough- Other helpers...... 950 1.005 panners, pan rackers______1.170 1.270 machine set-up and oper ators sponge mixers, en- Flour dumpers, stockmen, ST. PAUL, MINN. packers, wrapping-machine robing-machine set-up and nelpers, rackers, open-kettle operators------1.500 1.550 fryers, pan greasers, icing- Marshmallow-machine set Bread and cake—Hand shops: machine operators, helpers, up and operators, icing- Foremen, supervising 6 or women cake wrapping-ma machine set-up and oper more workers______11.488 11.540 chine operators------1.020 1.120 ators______1.475 1.525 Foremen, supervising 5 or less Cake dumpers______.970 1.070 Head stockkeepers______1.350 1.400 workers, first hands...... 11.377 11.430 Woman hand wrappers and Dough-break roll feeders___ 1.325 1.375 Ovenmen, mixers______»1.311 11.360 icers: Wrapping-machine set-up Bench hands______i 1.266 11.315 1 to 6 months___ .820 .920 men______1.210 1.260 Wrappers______* 1.066 11.166 7 to 12 months___ .870 .970 Agreement B: Helpers: After 1 year...... 920 1.020 Sponge mixing department: First 6 months______1.866 i 916 Crackers and cookies Head mixers------1.310 1.360 After 6 months______i .977 11.037 Machine captains— 1.180 1.240 Sponge and dough mixers,, 1.200 1.250 Bread and cake—Semimachine Batch assemblers. __ 1.180 1.230 Mixers’ helpers______1.100 1.150 shops: Mixers, experienced ovenmen._ 1.100 1.150 Sweet mixing department: Foremen, supervising 6 or Ovenmen, after 6 months.. 1.080 1.130 Head mixers------1.310 1.360 more workers______io l. 566 io 1.630 Enrobers______1.070 1.130 Mixers______1.200 1.250 Foremen, supervising 5 or less Oven firemen______1.045 1.150 Mixers’ helpers______1.100 1.150 workers______io 1.458 io 1.510 Dough feeders, head icing mix Baking department: Ovenmen, dough mixers_____ io 1.388 io 1.440 ers, experienced jelly- and Machinemen______1.300 1.350 Bench hands______io 1.341 io 1.390 marshmallow men, ship- Peelers.______1.260 1.310 Wrapping-machine operators_ io 1.129 io 1.182 ping-room helpers------1.030 1.080 Ovenmen------1.200 1.250 Men helpers: Beginner ovenmen, pan clean Oven take-out men______1.160 1.210 First 6 months______io. 917 io. 970 ers and feeders, floormen___ .960 1. 010 Sheeters and laminators, After 6 months______io 1.036 io 1.090 Beginner jelly- and marsh relief men (sweet)______1.130 1.180 Women hand workers: mallow men______.930 .980 Stackers, men______1.110 1.160 First 6 months______10.870 10.920 Scalers and weighers______.860 .910 Cost and raw material After 6 months______io. 988 io 1.040 Trolley men______.825 .875 checkers------1.080 1.150 Bread—Machine shops: Women workers: General help, semiskilled,, 1.030 1.080 Foremen______1.640 1.740 Working supervisors------.960 1.020 Sponge and sweet-packing Sponge and dough mixers, Machine operators______.890 .940 department: ovenmen______1.470 1. 570 Sponge packers, hand bund- Supplymen------1.070 1.120 Bench hands, dividers, mold- lers, tally clerks...... 860 .910 General help, semiskilled, ers, bun-machine operators.. 1.390 1.460 Sweet packers, carton for men______1.030 1.080 Oven feeders and dumpers, mers______.825 .875 Working supervisors, slicing- or wrapping-ma women______.980 1.005 chine operators______1.340 1.460 Checkers, women______.940 .965 Stockmen______1.310 ST. LOUIS, MO. General help, semiskilled, Twisters, panners, oven help women______.780 .805 ers, bench helpers...... 1.250 Bread and cake—Hand shops: Icing department: Helpers: Leadmen or first hands------* 1.296 > 1.296 Mixers, machinemen_____ 1.200 1.250 First 8 weeks______1.070 1.100 Second hands, benchmen------* 1.193 * 1.193 Marshmallow and icing After 8 weeks______1.170 1.250 Bread—Machine shops: mixers------1.145 1.220 Women workers: Leadmen...... 1.753 1.753 General help, semiskilled, Foremen______1.200 1.250 Oven hands------1.643 1.643 men______1.030 1.080 Finishers, packers, wrappers: Assistant spongers------1.588 1.588 Women employees: First 8 weeks______.890 .900 First bench hands, scalers----- 1.560 1.560 Machine operators_____ .965 .990 After 8 weeks______.970 1.000 Bench and machine hands----- 1.533 1.533 Machine feeders______.860 .885 Pies and doughnuts: Bread counters______1.368 1.368 General help, semiskilled D oughnut-machine operators.. 1.470 1.570 Helpers, pan greasers------1.340 1.340 women, trolley girls___ .780 .805 Fruit and kettle fryers______1.340 1.460 Ingredient scalers..______1.223 1.223 Carton and caddy forming Cake—Machine shops: Wrapping- and slicing-machine and wrapping depart Foremen______1.740 operators...... 1.148 1.148 ment: Mixers, ovenmen, doughnut- Beltmen: Machinemen (set-up and machine operators______1.470 1.570 First 6 months------1.073 1.073 adjusters)______1.230 1.280 Depositors, drop-machine op Experienced______1.148 1.148 Machine operators, men... 1.170 1.220 erators, fruit cooks______1.390 1.460 i 45-hour workweek. 3 48-hour workweek. i° 42J^-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 29

T a b l e 15. — Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950—Con.

ST. PAUL, MINN.—Continued SAN ANTONIO, TEX. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.— Continued Cake—Machine shops—Con. Bread—Machine shops: Kettle fryers______$1,390 $1,460 Foremen______$1.400 $1.400 Pie and pastry shops—Con. Ingredient scalers______1.340 1.460 Dough and sponge mixers, Journeymen pie-makers...... *$1,870 $1,960 Icing-machine operators, ovenmen and shipping clerks. 1.175 1.175 Helpers, after first year______* 1.550 1.630 wrapping-machine opera Dividers, wrapping-machine Pan cleaners...... «1.370 1.540 tors, semiautomatic______1.170 1.250 operators, receiving clerks Wrappers, packers______«1.370 1.470 Helpers: and molders______1.050 1.050 French and Italian baking: First 8 weeks______1.070 1.100 Foremen, ovenmen, mixers__ 1.860 1.860 After 8 weeks______1.170 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. Molders,dividers, bench hands. 1.740 1.740 Women workers: Bench and machine helpers, Foremen______1.200 Bread and cake—Hand shops: after 6 months...... 1.490 1.490 Finishers, wrappers, packers: Dairy lunches, restaurants, Crackers and cookies: First 8 weeks______.890 .900 cafeterias: Mixing supervisors______1.655 1.713 After 8 weeks______.970 Foremen, ovenmen______1.857 1.857 Sweet dough mixers______1.655 1.713 Bench hands______1.732 1.732 Machinemen______1.655 1.713 Crackers and cookies: Retail bread and cake: Mixers______1.600 1.658 Head sweet-dough mixers___ 1.360 1.360 Bread: Peelers and ovenmen______1.600 1.658 Peelers, reliefmen, sponge- Foremen______1.940 » 2.018 Cuttermen and reliefmen____ 1.600 1.658 oven men, foremen______1.330 1.330 Dough mixers, ovenmen__ 1.867 ii 1.942 Rollermen______1.520 1.578 Head sponge mixers______1.280 Benchmen______1.783 ii 1.854 Oven drawmen______1.485 1.543 Rollermen______1.260 Bench and machine help- Mixers’ helpers______1.485 1.543 Assistant sweet- and sponge- 1.514 ii 1.575 Sponge stackers______1.330 1.388 dough mixers______1.240 Machine operators, wax paper. 1.440 1.498 Machinemen, marshmallow Foremen______ii 2.018 Dough feeders, pan cleaners... 1.405 1.463 mixers, sweet-oven men, oven Mixers, ovenmen______1.867 ii 1.942 Assemblymen______1.380 1.438 firemen, drawmen______1.200 1.200 Bench hands______1.783 ii 1.854 Flour dumpers...... 1.300 1.358 Pan greasers, flour dumpers, Helpers: Wax-wrapping-machine help dough scalers, sweet-oven First year______1.367 ii 1.422 ers (men)______1.290 1.348 reliefmen, cracker stackers__ 1.160 1.160 After first year______1.514 ii 1.575 Bench boys______1.200 1.258 Helpers: Pan cleaners______1.367 ii 1.422 Working supervisors______1.130 1.188 Start______.970 .970 Retail cake only: Sponge packers, hand bundlers. 1.030 1.088 After 3 months...... 1.040 1.040 Foremen______*1.848 1.940 Carton formers, scalers and After 6 months______1.110 1.110 Mixers, ovenmen______*1.778 1.867 weighers______1.030 1.088 Women workers: Bench hands______*1.698 1.783 Sweet packers______1.010 1.068 Floorladies______.950 Helpers: Cracker packers______First year______*1.352 1.420 Second year______*1.442 1.514 SCRANTON, PA. Helpers: Hand icers, women______«1.442 1. 514 Start...,______.770 .770 Packers, wrappers, cutters. * 1.307 1.373 Bread and cake—Hand shops: After 3 months______.820 .820 Pan cleaners______* 1.302 1.367 Agreement A: After 6 months______.870 .870 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Ovenmen, dough mixers, sec Bread department: ond hands______*1.285 *1.460 SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH Foremen______7 2.020 8 2.045 Bench hands______* 1.173 *1.233 Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 71. 960 Helpers______*.923 *.993 Dividermen, molders, toll- Agreement B: Bread and cake—Hand shops: machine operators, ingre- Mixers, ovenmen, first hands. *1.240 *1.240 Foremen______*1.410 21.410 dientmen, benchmen, Bench hands, oven helpers__ *1.115 *1.115 Ovenmen, dough mixers____ * 1.250 21.250 bread packers, pan greas Wrappers, utilitymen______*.948 *.948 Bench hands, ingredient scal ing-machine operators, Helpers------*.750 *.750 ers______* 1.230 21.230 women bench helpers____ 71.870 81.895 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Checkers______a 1.070 * 1.070 Flour dumpers______71.780 81.805 Agreement A: Women hand icers______a 1.040 1.040 Bench-machine helpers: Bread and rolls department: Helpers: First year______71.500 81. 525 Mixers, molders______1.403 1.403 First year______2.850 2.850 Second year______71.580 81.605 Proof-box men______1.403 1.473 Second year______2.930 2.930 Pan greasers______71.400 8 1.425 Third mixers______1.403 1.403 Third year______2 1.040 21.040 Cake department: Dividers______1.393 1.463 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Foremen______7 2.020 8 2.045 Flour blenders, molders’ Foremen______1.600 Mixers, icing mixers, oven helpers, mixers’ helpers.. 1.288 1.288 Dough mixers, ovenmen____ 1.460 1.520 men______71.960 81.986 Molding-machine helpers. . 1.288 1.358 Ingredient scalers______1.390 1.450 Ingredient scalers, scaling- Pan setters______1. 273 1.343 Machine and henchmen_____ 1.340 1.400 machine operators, cake Ovenmen______1.263 1.333 Head wrappers______1.270 1.330 dumpers, bench hands, Wrappers, pan greasers___ 1.238 1.238 Checkers______1.220 1.280 grease-machine operators, Packers______1.225 1.295 Bread rackers, pan greasers, women auxiliary workers— 7 1.870 81.895 Bench hands______1.225 1.225 women foremen______1.110 1.170 Helpers: Hand wrappers______1.188 1.258 First year______71.500 81.525 General helpers______1.125 1.193 Helpers: Second year______71.580 8 1. 605 Cake department: First year------1.000 1.060 Pan cleaners______7 1.400 81.425 General utilitymen______1.358 1.420 Second year______1.110 1.170 Women workers: Flour blenders, molders Women wrapping-machine op Cake wrapping-machine and helpers______1.288 1.388 erators______.980 1.040 operators______71.274 71.300 Ovenmen, mixers______1.220 1.295 Women wrappers, packers, Wholesale cake: Depositor operators, pan labelers, sweet-roll panners, Agreement A: greasers______1.170 1.240 and icers------.930 Foremen______7 2.042 8 2.069 Helpers______1.108 1.178 Crackers and cookies: Mixers, ovenmen______71.968 8 1.995 Women employees: Machine captains______1.175 1.200 Bench hands______71.858 8 1.883 Machine operators------.970 1.040 Ovenmen______1.150 1.175 Pan greasers______71.326 81.344 Icers______.920 .990 Rollermen, assistant icing fore Agreement B: Other jobs______.920 1.000 men______1.100 1.125 Foremen______7 2.020 8 2.047 Agreement B: Out-panners______1.075 1.100 Mixers, ovenmen______71.960 81.986 Bread department: In-panners______1.050 1.075 Bench hands, women aux Mixers, scalers, reliefmen.. 1.475 1.475 Pan cleaners, feeders______.975 1.000 iliary workers______7 1.870 81.894 Tray-oven feeders and Cracker edgers______.925 .950 Helpers______7 1.580 81.601 dumpers______1.425 1.425 Sponge packers______.900 .925 Pan cleaners______7 1.400 8 1.419 Mixers’ assistants______1.350 1.350 Women machine operators___ .850 .875 Packers, wrappers, cutters Bread rackers______1.325 1.325 Scalers and weighers______.835 .860 (women)______71.211 7 1.237 Dividers, molder operators. 1.300 1.300 Sweet packers______.800 .825 Pie and pastry shops: Flour blenders, wrapping- Cellophane-machine operators. .775 Foremen______»2.050 2.150 machine operators...... 1.275 1.275 Filling-machine operators____ .775 .800 Ovenmen, mixers______fi 1.980 2.080 Pan greasers------1.150 1.150

* 48-hour workweek. * 44-hour workweek. «42-hour workweek. 7 38-hour workweek. 8 37 1 ^-hour workweek. u 38%-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected citiesf July 1, 19J+9, and July 1, 1950—Con.

SCRANTON, PA.—Con. SCRANTON, PA.—Con. SEATTLE, W ASH.—Con. Bread and Cake—Machine Pie and pastry shops—Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. shops—Con. Helpers______$1.075 $1.075 Agreement C—Con. Agreement B—Continued General helpers .950 .950 Sealers and wrappers.... $1.280 $1.330 Cake department: Crackers and cookies: Scalers, weighing------1.280 1.330 Working foremen __ $1,650 $1.550 Mixers 1.360 1.410 Tcing helpers. 1.230 1.300 Mixers “and scalers, icing Marshmallow mixers___ 1.120 1.170 Other male helpers: mixers______1.475 1.475 Peelers, machinemen, assist- First month______1.080 1.130 Ovfmmfln ...... _ 1 425 1.425 ant mixers, nvenmen 1.080 1.130 Second month. 1.130 1.180 Depositors 1.350 1.350 Assistant, machinemen___ 1.055 1.105 Thereafter______1.230 1.280 Wrapping-machine opera- Ovenmen’s helpers______1.035 1.085 tors______1.275 1.275 Stackers, pan feeders, dough SOUTH BEND, IND. Oyen helpers. ... . 1.250 1.250 rollers, oven feeders .970 1.020 Depositors’ helpers, ingre- Pan catchers and greasers, Bread and cake—Hand shops: dientmen______1.225 1.225 flour blenders, sugar grind- Working foremen______31.630 3 1.630 Packers, dumpers______1.200 1.200 ers, general helpers______.935 .985 First class bench hands______31.400 3 1.470 Pan grousers _ . 1.200 1.200 Women emplovees: Hheekers (3) 31.230 Rnx sorters .. . _ 1.125 1.125 Working foremen .835 .860 Bench helpers 8.980 31.000 Women employees: Box makers------.825 .850 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Wrapping-machine oper- Machine operators and han- Agreement A: at-ors _ ... _ .975 1.000 dlers___ .810 .835 Dividermen, benchmen____ 31.400 31.400 Wrappers, packers, box Packers, bundlers, stackers, Ovenmen______31.300 31.300 makers, icers and gen- all others .800 .825 Wrappers 31.080 3 1.080 eral helpers, after 3 Agreement B: months . _ ...... 925 1.000 SEATTLE, WASH. Mixers, ovenmen __ 1.420 1.520 leers and general helpers, Dividers, head benchmen, first 3 months...... 850 .950 Bread—Hand and machine molder operators, receiv Variety department: shops: ing clerks______1.420 1.470 Sponge and dough mixers, Foremen _ _ ®2.016 »2.106 Benchmen ...... 1.370 1.420 ‘sealers __ 1.475 1.475 Mixers, ovenmen, machine- Traveling-oven dumpers 1.320 1.370 Traveling-oven feeders and men" _ ®1.891 «1.981 Stockroom men _ _ . 1.320 1.370 dumpers 1.425 1.425 Bench hands_ ®1.814 91.904 Mixers’ helpers 1.290 1.370 Wrapping-machine opera- Control-room men______»1.515 »1.605 Molders’ helpers______1.290 1.340 tors 1.275 1.275 Helpers: Pheclrers 1.270 1.320 Bun-machine operators---- 1.200 1.200 1 year’s experience______®1.509 »1.599 Bake-shop helpers, conveyor- Biscuit dough rollers, as 9 years’ experience 91.631 91.721 men 1.250 1.300 sistant bench hands, Bread and cake—Machine shops: Packers, machine setters___ 1.250 1.300 machine packers, ma Men-in-charge of miscellaneous. 1.185 1.250 Slicers, wrappers______1.170 1.220 chine operators------1.175 1.175 Miscellaneous help: Agreement C: Bun packers, variety rack- 1 to 6 months______1.000 1.050 Dough mixers, dividers, ers, pan greasers and 7 to 12 months______1.050 1.100 ovenmen______1.450 1.550 rackers 1.125 1.125 After 1 year______1.130 1.190 Sponge mixers. 1. 350 1.450 Agreement C: Women employees: Moldermen______1.340 1.440 Reliefmen 1.455 1.505 Floor ladies 1.110 1.170 Wrappers. 1.270 1.370 Doughnut-machine opera Assistant floor ladies______1.060 1.120 Oven feeders’ helpers 1.200 1.300 tors, oven operators, mix Machine operators, experi Checkers______1.120 1.220 ers 1.380 1.430 enced 1.050 1.110 Molders’ helpers, bread pan- Wrapping-machine opera General workers: ners------1.090 1.190 tors, scalers, divider opera 1 to 6 months.. __ ___ .800 .850 Slicers, flour dumpers, wrap tors, molder operators___ 1.330 1.380 7 to 12 months _ .850 .900 ping-machine helpers 1.050 1.150 Industrial pan washers____ 1.280 1.330 After 1 year . _ .930 .990 Bake-shop helpers, loaders, Tray-nyenmen 1.280 1.330 Crackers and cookies: boxers fear tons} _ 1.000 1.100 Pan rackers______1. 255 1.305 Agreement A: Pie and pastry shops: Cake depositors------1.255 1.305 First mixers, machinemen__ 1.605 1.660 Ovenmen, loaders, dough Flour blenders, doughnut- Second mixers, peelers_____ 1.455 1.530 mixers, cookers, ingredi machine helpers 1.255 1.305 First ovenmen______1.485 1.510 ent-men 1.120 1.170 Depositor helpers, bench- Ppcond ovenmen 1.405 1.460 Pie table operators _ _ 1 090 1.140 men 1. 255 1.305 Rnllermen 1.355 1.430 Oven helpers_ 1.040 1.090 Mixers’ helpers, oven dump Scalers, wrappers------1. 355 1.410 Fruit mixers, pie fillers, ers and feeders, oven bread Pan cleaners, feeders, other wrappers______1.020 1.070 rackers, cake dumpers___ 1.230 1.280 helpers: Dongh feeders .970 1.020 Bread packers, pan greasers. 1.185 1.235 First 3ft da vs. . _ 1.000 1.050 Receivers’ helpers. .910 .960 General baking helpers____ 1.085 1.210 Second 3ft davS _ 1.100 1.150 Women supervisors .880 .930 Women employees: Thereafter______1.225 1.280 Miscellaneous women workers. .840 .890 Working foremen------1.185 1.285 Women workers: Depositor helpers______1.000 1.100 Experienced sponge pack SPOKANE, WASH. Pan greasers 1.000 1.050 ers 1.005 1.030 Bench helpers______.950 1.050 Hand bundlers------.955 1.030 Bread and cake—Hand and ma Doughnut-machine help Plain sweet packers_____ .955 .980 chine shops: ers______.950 1.100 Agreement B: Foremen, mixers, ovenmen, Cake cutters, machine Machinemen ... _ ___ 1.565 1.660 cake ingredient scalers. . 71.830 71.910 wrappers...... 1.000 1.100 Mixers______1.480 1.660 Machine hands, dividers, Selectors, floor girls, icers.. .950 1.050 Peelers______1.465 1.530 molders, machine cake de Bread only—Machine shops: Ovenmen ... 1.415 1.510 positors ... . 71.770 71.850 Peel-ovenmen, molders, di Rollermen______1.365 1.430 Bench hands, hand cake de vider operators, mixers 1.445 1.480 Feeders and other helpers: positors 7 1.710 71.790 Utilitymen------1.445 1.470 First 30 days______(*) 1.050 Flour dumpers, bread rackers, Miters’ helpers .. . 1.345 1.380 Second 3ft days (8) 1.150 machine wrappers, bread Flour blenders______1.335 1.360 After 60 days______(3) 1.280 and cake packers______1.300 1.360 Machine wrappers 1.295 1.330 Teers’ helpers _ _ _ _ 1.305 1.360 Pan greasers, cleaners and Molders’ helpers, pan greasers. Women: helpers______1.160 1.220 traveling-oven feeders and Experienced sponge pack Bread packers and cutters, dumpers _ _ 1.295 1.320 ers .960 1.030 cake dumpers and wrappers. .970 1.030 Bread rackers and pick ups: Plain sweet packers...... 915 .980 Crackers and cookies: First 3 months------1.170 1.195 Hand bundlers------.960 1.030 Machinemen------_ ___ 1.400 1.430 After 3 months------1.295 1.320 Agreement C: Mixers______1.370 1.400 Pie and pastry shops: Machinemen 1.600 1.650 Peelers 1.320 1.350 Fruit cookers------1.550 1.550 Mixers______1.480 1.530 Machinemen’s helpers______1.270 1.300 Oven men 1.287 1.287 Ovenmen 1.350 1.400 Ovenmen 1.270 1.300 Fruit cookers’ helpers...... 1 1.100 1.100 Mixing helpers------1.320 1 1.370 Ovenmen’s helpers______1.220 1 1.250 * Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949. * 42-hour workweek. 7 38-hour workweek. * 36-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 31

T a b l e 15. — Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950 ■Con.

SPOKANE, W ASH.—Con. SYRACUSE, N. Y —Con. TOLEDO, OHIO—Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. Bread and cake—M a c h i n e Bread and cake—Machine Mixers’ helpers______$1.190 $1.220 shops—Con. shops—Con. Laminator operators______1.190 1.220 Agreement B—Con. Agreement B: Rollermen’s helpers, dough Bread department—Con. $1.180 * $1.180 Bread only: feeders______1.120 1.170 Pan greasers______1.120 * 1.120 Dough mixers, ovenmen___ $1.470 $1.570 Stackers, icing helpers, pan General helpers______Shipping clerks, receiving cleaners and feeders, other Hand wrappers and other .960 i*.960 clerks______1.370 1.470 helpers______1.120 1.150 helpers (women)______Wrapping-machine opera Miscellaneous workers______1.050 1.080 Cake department: 1.455 3 1.455 tors, oven loaders and Women: Foremen______1.405 31.405 dumpers, dividers, mold First 30 days______.650 .750 Mixers, ovenmen______1.305 a 1.305 ers, roll-machine opera Second 30 days______.700 .775 Bench hands______tors, bread panners____ 1.340 1.440 Third 30 days______.750 .800 Ingredient scalers, scaling- 1.255 a 1.255 Pan greasers______.... 1.290 1.390 Fourth 30 days______.800 .825 machine operators_____ 1.105 ia 1.105 Flour dumpers______1.250 1.350 Fifth 30 days______.850 .850 Decorators (women)____ Bread rackers, checkers__ 1.220 1.320 Thereafter______.870 .900 Assistant decorators (wo 1.070 131.070 Female helpers______1.015 1.115 Instructors______1.020 1.050 men) ______Agreement C: Working supervisors______1.040 1.070 Wrappers, packers, check n.960 Smaller shops: ers (women)______Foremen______1.470 1.620 SPRINGFIELD, MASS. Agreement C: 1.375 1.415 First mixers, foremen, cake Foremen______1.265 1.315 mixers, head oven opera Bread and cake—Hand shops: Ovenmen, mixers______1.185 1.235 tors— 1.470 1.570 Foremen------* 1. 550 31.602 Benchmen______.895 .945 Cake and real-oven men, Second hands, dough mixers, Helpers______.825 .875 second______1.380 1.480 bench hands------3 1.450 21. 502 Helpers (women)______Yeast raised products fry- Bread and cake—Machine shops: Pie and pastry shops: 1.222 a 1.222 men, bread bench hands, Agreement A: Foremen______1.084 a 1.084 roll bench hands, cake Working foremen, cake____ 1.450 1.490 Cooks______1.063 a 1.063 benchmen______1.360 1.460 Dough mixers______1.390 1.430 Bakers______1.038 3 1.038 Dividers, molders, mixers’ Ovenmen, cake------1.310 1.350 Ovenmen______1.015 3 1.015 helpers, bread panners, Shipping room______1.270 1.310 Machinemen, mixers______second fill, puller and Oven dumpers, bench hands. 1.250 1.290 shover, wrapping-ma Dividers, molders, relief- TOLEDO, OHIO chine operators______1.320 1.420 men, oven helpers______1.230 1.270 Ingredientmen, bench and Machine wrappers______1.140 1.180 Bread and cake—Hand shops: machine helpers______1.270 1.370 Cake icers (women)______.960 1.000 Bread: 4 1.450 1. 590 Rackers, helpers, wrap- Helpers (women)______.910 .950 Dough mixers______4 1.330 1.590 ping-machine helpers__ 1.220 1.320 Agreement B: Ovenmen______4 1.450 1.510 Agreement D: Foremen______1.450 1.490 Bench foremen______4 1.290 1.460 Smaller shops: Dough mixers, ovenmen Benchmen______4 1.340 1.440 Bread bench foremen____ 1.410 1.510 (bread)______1.390 1.430 Utilitymen______41.090 1.190 Shipping and receiving Cake mixers______1.350 1.390 Hand wrappers______clerks______1.370 1.470 Ovenmen, cake______1.310 1.350 Cake: 41.390 1.550 Stock clerks______1.360 1.470 Bench hands______1.250 1.290 Mixers______41.190 1.410 Yeast raised products fore Dividers, flour blenders, Bench hands______41.190 1.320 men, bread bench hands, molders, scalers______1.230 1.270 Women shippers______41.090 1.240 bread bench foremen___ 1.360 1.470 Dough-room helpers______1.210 1.250 Women hand icers__...... 4 1.040 1.150 Wrapping-machine opera Floor ladies (cake)______1.070 1.110 Women helpers______tors— 1.320 1.420 Hand cake icers (women)__ .960 1.000 Cleaners: 4.910 1.190 Cake bench helpers_____ 1.270 1.370 Agreement C: First 3 months______4.960 1.240 Automatic-machine fry- Foremen______1.450 1.490 4 to 6 months______41.030 1.310 men, cake and doughnut- 1.260 1.360 Dough mixers______1.390 1.430 After 6 months______Women foremen, hand Bench hands, ordermen (re Bread and cake—Machine shops: wrappers______1.200 1.300 tail shops), oven dumpers. 1.250 1.290 Agreement A: Pan greasers, cleaners____ 1.150 1.250 Dividers, scalers, floormen, Major shops—Bread divi Final decorators______1.140 1.240 flour blenders, molders, sion: Conveyor women, bread_ 1.050 1.150 reliefmen..______1.230 1.270 First and second mixers, 1.490 1. 590 Women helpers______1.050 1.150 Dough-room helpers______1.210 1.250 oven operators______1.440 1.540 Pie and pastry shops: Packers, slicers, icers, ma Head shipping clerk_____ Working foremen, shipping chine wrappers, helpers clerks______1.380 1.430 (men)______1.140 1.180 Mixers’ helpers, dividers, Piemaker ovenmen, class A__ 1.340 1.390 Helpers (women)______.910 .950 molders, traveling- Bench hands, fillers, (class B), Hebrew baking—Hand shops: ovenmen, wrapping- male helpers after 90 days.. 1.240 1.290 Foremen------1.639 1.639 machine set-up men, 1.340 1.440 Women helpers, after 90 days.. 1.110 1.160 Second hands, dough mixers... 1. 523 1. 523 bread benchmen______Crackers and cookies: Bench hands______1.406 1.406 Flour blenders, ingredient- 1.390 Mixing department: men______Head mixers______1.330 1.330 SYRACUSE, N. Y. Bake-shop helpers, helpers Sponge mixers, flour dump in packing, wrapping 1.340 ers, assistant mixers_____ 1.260 Bread and cake—Machine shops: and shipping rooms____ Mixers’ helpers______1.180 1.180 Agreement A: Baking department: Ovenmen______1.475 1.475 Women wrappers and 1.040 1.140 Dough mixers______1.370 1.370 helpers______Oven No. 1: Dividers______1.320 1.320 Cake division: Machinemen______1.410 1.410 Molders______1.303 1.303 Ingredient scalers, dough Peelers-in______1.305 1.305 Wrapping-machine opera mixers, icing mixers, 1.450 1. 550 Ovenmen, spray-machine 1.245 1.245 ovenmen______operators______1.280 1.280 tors______1.340 1.440 Peelers-out, rollermen___ 1.260 1.260 Ingredientmen______1.220 1.220 Oven helpers______Flour dumpers______1.190 1.190 Intermediate rollermen__ 1.200 1.200 Oven loaders and dumpers. _ 1.140 1.140 Dumpers, depositors’ help 1.240 1.340 Tray and panmen______1.160 1.160 Bread rackers, packers, gen ers______1.230 1.330 General labor______1.090 1.090 eral helpers______1.120 1.120 Stockroom men______Oven No. 2: Agreement B: Checkers, loaders, miscel 1.300 Machinemen______1.410 1.410 Bread department: laneous helpers______Peelers-in______1.330 1.330 Foremen, ovenmen______1.455 21.455 Women workers: Rollermen, ovenmen____ 1.280 1.280 Benchmen, head...... 1.405 2 1.405 Cake wrapping-machine Peelers-out______1.260 1.260 Flour blenders, wrapping- operators, wrappers, Intermediate rollermen__ 1.200 1.200 machine operators ____ 1.255 21.255 packers, helpers, icers Traymen------1.180 1.180 Oven loaders and dumpers. 1.205 *1.205 (hand)______1.040 1.140 General labor______1.090 1.090 a 48-hour workweek. 4 44-hour workweek. w 46-hour workweek.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 32

T a b l e 15.— Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949, and July 1, 1950 Con.

TOLEDO. OHIO—Con. WORCESTER, MASS.—Con. WORCESTER. MASS—Con. Crackers and cookies—Con. Bread and cake—Machine shops— Pie and pastry shops—Con. Baking department—Con. Con. Apple- and pie-machine opera- Oven No. 3: Agreement A—Con. tors (women), packers Oven and machinemen__ $1,445 $1,445 Dividermen, ovenmen, re- (women)______$1.010 $1,030 General labor______1.090 1.090 liefmen------$1.310 $1.360 Hebrew baking: Icing department: Mixers' helpers, moldermen Foremen______11.778 * 1.778 Men workers: and machine operators Second hands______11.667 11.667 Machinemen______1.310 1.310 (shipping)------1.260 1.310 First cake bakers, mixers____ 11.556 11.556 Chocolate mixers______1.280 1.280 General helpers______1.180 1.230 Second cake bakers, bench Icing and marshmallow Agreement B: hands------11.444 11.444 mixers______1.160 1.160 Working foremen______1.580 1.630 Supply clerks______1.055 1.055 Mixers______1.420 1.470 YORK, PA. Women workers: Bench hands, divider oper Working leaders______1.190 1.190 ators, ovenmen, reliefmen__ 1.310 1.360 Pie and pastry: Marshmallow - machine Mixers' helpers, molder op Head ordermen, cooks, pack packers and feeders, car erators, ingredient scalers, ers, dough mixers, custard ton formers, scalers...... 1.020 1.020 oven feeders, dumpers, mixers, ovenmen------1.325 1.400 Sandwich-machine packers wrapping-machine opera Ingredient scalers, cooks’ help and feeders, caddy and case tors, checkers______1.260 1.310 ers, washing-machine men, formers, su p p ly and Pan greasers, molder help ovenmen’s helpers, order lining clerks______1.000 1.000 ers, rackers, bench helpers. 1.180 1.230 packers______1.125 1.200 Separators, crimp pack Doughnut department: Pie makers, shell makers, top operators, general labor.. .975 .975 Head machine operators... 1.370 1.420 pers and fillers______1.075 1.100 Packing department: Mixers, machine operators. 1.260 1.310 Utilitymen and helpers, dish Men workers: Packers, boxers______1.050 1.100 washers______.950 1.020 Machine operators...... 1.380 1.380 Agreement C: Pie wrappers and crown Scalers______1.160 1.160 Bakery shift foremen______1.580 1.635 makers, women______.810 .900 General labor______1.090 1.090 Shift foremen, sweet goods__ 1.580 1.630 Crackers and cookies: Women workers: Mixers______1.420 1.475 Machine captains------1.310 Working leaders...... 1.190 1.190 Dividermen______1.310 1.360 Dough mixers______1.180 1.235 No. 2 bundlers______1.090 1.090 Moldermen, oven loaders, Flour dumpers______(*) 1.180 Machine bundlers, tin oven dumpers, mixers’ Cookermen, ovenmen______1.165 1.170 wrappers______1.060 1.060 helpers, batchmen, ma Dough brakemen.______1.155 1.210 Sponge packers, carton chine wrappers______1.310 Machine set-up men______1.135 1.190 formers, scalers______1.040 1.040 Bakery helpers, bread rack Kilnmen______1.115 1.170 Caddy and case formers, ers, flour blenders...... 1.180 1.230 Mixers’ helpers______(3) 1.165 sweet packers, wrapper Women employees: Dough feeders______1.100 1.155 feeders------1.000 1.000 Bench helpers, icing-ma Supervisors, women______1.025 1.080 Stackers.______.975 .975 chine operators______1.180 1.230 Helpers, women______.945 1.000 General helpers______.915 .915 leers, packers, wrappers, Receiving department: cleaners______1.100 Stock clerks 1.260 1.260 Agreement D: YOUNGSTOWN. OHIO Stock handlers______1.160 1.160 Head benchmen______1.490 1.540 Shipping department: Mixers______1.420 1.470 Bread and cake—Hand shops: Order fillers...... 1.363 1.363 Bench hands, dividermen. __ 1.310 1.360 Bread: Stockmen______1.300 1.300 Molders, tray ovenmen, mix Foremen______1.460 1.510 Shipping laborers______1.195 1.195 ers’ helpers, wrapping-ma Dough mixers, ovenmen___ 1.370 1.420 Conveyormen______1.055 1.055 chine operators, shipping Bench hands______1.310 1.360 packers, ingredient scalers. 1.260 1.310 Wrapping-machine opera WASHINGTON, D. C. Bread rackers, pan greasers, tors— 1.220 1. 270 general helpers (men)____ 1.180 Dough mixers’ helpers, Bread—Hand shops: Agreement E: benchmen______1.100 1.150 Day work: Foremen------1.750 1.750 Hand wrappers______.800 .850 Journeymen______1.650 1.750 Cake bakers, benchmen____ 1.280 1.330 Cake: Helpers______1.250 1.350 Dough mixers______1.200 1.250 Working foremen______1.460 1.510 Miscellaneous workers____ 1.150 1.250 Dividermen______1.180 Ovenmen, mixers______1.370 1.420 Bread and cake—Machine shops: Wrapping-machine operators. 1.150 1.200 Bench hands______1.310 1. 360 Day work: Cake decorators______1.100 1.150 Checkers------1.220 1.270 Journeymen______1.650 1.750 Rotary-ovenmen______1.070 1.150 Helpers (oven)______1.100 1.160 Helpers______1.250 1.350 Tray-ovenmen______1.150 Hand icers, women______.800 .850 Miscellaneous workers_____ 1.150 1.250 Pie girls------Bread and cake—Machine shops: Cake wrappers (women)___ 1.050 1.150 Bench and machine helpers: Agreement A: Rate A______.940 Foremen______1.590 1.680 WICHITA, KANS. Rate B------.850 Mixers, ovenmen------1.490 1.580 Doughnut-machine opera Mixers’ helpers, benchmen, Bread and cake—Machine shops: tors______.895 1.000 machinemen, oven dump Foremen______1.465 1.545 Moldermen______.850 1.000 ers and feeders, dividers, Dough mixers, spongers, oven Bread panners______.820 1.000 twisters, bread panners__ 1.480 men, head pastry men_____ 1.325 1.405 Checkers: Wrapping-machine opera Shipping and receiving clerks.. 1.260 1.340 Rate A______.940 .990 tors, checkers, shipping Dividers, panners, bench Rate B______.920 .990 and receiving clerks...... 1.290 1.380 hands, machinemen______1.210 1.290 Hand icers------.920 .970 Pan greasers, flour dumpers. 1.240 1.330 Second pastry men...... 1.210 1.250 Pan greasers, bread rackers-- .950 Bread rackers, wrapping- Bread twisters______1.150 1.230 Pie and pastry shops: machine helpers, truck Checkers______1.030 1.110 Working foremen______1.540 1.570 loaders and helpers______1.210 1.300 Pan greasers, bake-shop help Mixers, dough dividers, oven Hand wrappers______1.040 1.100 ers______.980 1.020 men, head shippers______1.410 Agreement B: Wrapping-machine operators: Head machine washer, assist Bread: First 3 months______1.000 1.040 ant mixers, dough dividers’ Foremen______1.680 After 3 months______... 1.210 1.290 helpers, machine feeders____ 1.310 Dough mixers, ovenmen__ 1.490 1.580 Wrapping-machine helpers___ .980 1.020 Checkers______1.240 1.270 Oven loaders and dump Mixers’ helpers, fillers’ helpers, ers, dividers, benchmen checkers’ helpers, apple-ma and machinemen, bread WORCESTER, MASS. chine operators, homogen- panners______1.480 izers______1.180 1.210 Shipping and receiving Bread and cake—Machine shops: Pie machine and cake fillers clerks, checkers, wrap Agreement A: (women)------1.060 1.080 ping-machine operators.. 1.290 1.380 Working foremen______1.580 1.630 Apple-machine helpers, fruit Pan greasers______1.240 1.330 Dough mixers______1.420 1.470 cleaners, pie packers, boxers— 1.050 1.080 Flour dumpers.______1.230 1.320 145-hour workweek. * Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1949.

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 33

T a b l e 15. — Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1949 y and July 1, 1950—Con.

YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO— YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO— YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO— Continued Continued Continued Bread and cake—Machine shops— Bread and cake—Machine shops— Bread and cake—Machine shops— Continued Continued Continued Agreement B—Continued Agreement B—Continued Bread—Continued Agreement B—Continued Bread rackers, wrapping- C ake—C ontinued C ake—C ontinued machine operators’ help Mixers, ovenmen______$1.490 $1.580 Checkers, cake-wrapping- ers _ . $1.210 $1.300 Ingredient scalers, scaling- machine operators Hand wrappers ___ 1.040 1.100 (women) _ _ $1,290 $1.380 machine operators, de Packers and helpers 1.210 1.300Cake: Foremen _ 1.590 1.680 positor operators 1.390 1.480 Hand icers__ 1.040 1.100

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1981

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis