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Rutilus Rutilus) and Ide (Leuciscus Idus) in the Stream Oknebäcken, Sweden

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Rutilus Rutilus) and Ide (Leuciscus Idus) in the Stream Oknebäcken, Sweden Bachelor thesis Phenotypic correlates of spawning migration behaviour for roach (Rutilus rutilus) and ide (Leuciscus idus) in the stream Oknebäcken, Sweden. Author: Emma Lindbladh & Johanna Eriksson Supervisor: Anders Forsman Co-supervisor: Carl Tamario Examiner: Jarone Pinhassi Term: VT2020 Subject: Biology Level: Bachelor Course code: 2BIO1E Abstract Migration occurs among many animal species for the purpose of, among other things, finding food or to reproduce. Spawning migration is a form of migration that occurs among many fish species where they move to another site for reproduction. The movement can be obstructed by migration barriers like road culverts. Barriers to migration pose one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functions in freshwater. They impair the connectivity of watercourses and may prevent fish from improving reproductive success or completing their life histories altogether. There are both benefits and costs with migration, benefits such as increased survival for the adults and offspring, and costs such as increased energy consumption and increased mortality. The costs are often dependent on the morphological traits of the individual, like body shape and size. In this study, the spawning migration of two species of fish of the family Cyprinidae, ide (Leuciscus idus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) was investigated. Few studies have been made on ide or on roach compared to other cyprinids and salmonids. This study might therefore enhance the overall knowledge of these two species. The overall aims of this project are to study and compare phenotypic correlates of spawning migration behaviour of ide and roach. The field studies were performed in Oknebäcken, Mönsterås (SE632310-152985), Sweden in March and April 2020. To describe the watercourse and define the location and characteristics of different potential migration barriers, a simplified biotope mapping method was used. The fish were caught in a hoop net and then measured, weighted, sexed, and injected with passive integrated transponder using the bevel down method. In order to register in stream movement of fish, reading stations with antennas were placed, at two locations upstream from the marking station and one downstream at the estuary. The sex ratio differed from the expected 1:1 with a majority of females for both species. This might be a result of fluctuations in survival of spawn coupled with different age-at-maturity between sexes. We found that individuals that arrived early to the stream were larger for both study species, as other studies also reported. Also, male ide was both larger and arrived before female ide. There might be an energy cost associated with early arrival to the stream and therefore, larger individuals arrive first. For roach, there was no difference in arrival time between the sexes although female roach were larger. There was no difference in the time spent in the stream between the species. For ide, females stayed for a longer period of time in the stream than males. However, the opposite was true for roach. This may be because male roach might benefit from more fertilization events when staying longer. There might therefore be a trade-off between the energy cost in staying in the stream and the increased fitness advantage in fertilization events. We found no correlation between any of the morphological traits and migration distance. However, since very few individuals were registered at the upstream reading stations, there might be an effect of migration barriers on the spawning migration. The mortality after spawning was higher for roach than for ide. For ide, a larger proportion of females than males died. For roach, individuals that arrived early was classified as alive to a greater extent than those who arrived late. Both similarities and differences between the species were discovered in this study which concludes that even closely related species might differ substantially from each other. Key words Anadromous, cyprinids, diadromous, fish migration, ide, leuciscus idus, migration barriers, PIT-tag, roach, rutilus rutilus, sex ratio, spawning migration, Sweden. Acknowledgments We want to thank Hanna Berggren and Petter Tibblin for help with the field work. Oscar Nordahl for instructions for PIT-tagging methods, expertise, and tips in general and help with the initial fieldwork setup. Kristofer Bergström for setup of reading stations and antennas. A big thank you to Carl Tamario, who has been with us all the way and have supported us in field work, the data management, and the writing of the manuscript. Carl worked hard with marking of the fish when we could not be present, and he also managed the antennas and collected the data from the reading stations. Finally, a thank you to our supervisor, Anders Forsman, who have showed us in the right direction, helping us interpret data and giving us comments on the manuscript. Table of contents 1 Introduction 6 1.1 Description of study species 7 1.2 Aims and hypotheses 9 2 Methodology 11 2.1 Study area 11 2.2 Ethical permit 12 2.3 Catching of fish 12 2.4 Phenotypic measurements 12 2.5 Marking of individuals using PIT-tags 13 2.6 Reading stations 14 2.7 Statistics and calculations 15 2.7.1 Sex ratio 15 2.7.2 Body condition 15 2.7.3 Associations of arrival time with sex and morphological traits 16 2.7.4 Time spent in the stream 16 2.7.5 Migration distance 16 2.7.6 Mortality 16 3 Results 17 3.1 Biotope mapping of the stream 17 3.2 Sex ratio 18 3.3 Body condition 18 3.4 Temporal distribution of arrival 19 3.5 Associations of arrival time with morphological traits 19 3.5.2 Roach 20 3.5.3 Ide 21 3.6 Time spent in the stream 24 3.6.1 Roach 24 3.6.2 Ide 25 3.7 Migration distance 26 3.7.1 Roach 26 3.7.2 Ide 26 3.8 Mortality 27 3.8.1 Roach 27 3.8.2 Ide 28 4 Discussion 31 4.1 Body condition 31 4.2 Biotope mapping 31 4.3 Migration distance and phenotypic traits 32 4.4 Sex ratio 33 4.5 Dead or not registered? 34 4.6 Arrival time and time spent in the stream 35 5 Conclusion and suggestions for the future 37 6 Author contributions 38 7 References 39 Appendices Appendix 1: Biotope mapping report, part 1 Appendix 2: Biotope mapping report, part 2 1 Introduction Migration is a phenomenon that can be seen in a number of different animal taxa such as birds, insects, mammals and fish. To distinguish migration from dispersal, migration is periodical recurring movement between two distinctly different habitats and back again (Brönmark et al., 2014). Animals migrate for different reasons, for instance to find food, to reproduce or to avoid predators. Migrations can be annual as for birds that fly south in the winter, monarch butterflies that make long journeys to reproduce or caribou that lives in the sheltering forests during winter and up in the bare mountain fields during summer. There are also animals that make daily migrations. Zooplankton perform diel vertical migration (DVM) from the surface water, where they forage during night, to the profundal zone, were the darkness protects them against predators during the day (Hansson & Hylander, 2008). Migration comes with both benefits and costs. Some of the potential benefits are increased survival for the offspring, and enhanced growth and survival for both the adults and the offspring. Costs of migration include the energy consumption of the actual movement and an increased mortality as a consequence of being more exposed to predators. These costs often depend on the size and state of the individual (Haugen et al., 2008; Brönmark et al., 2014). For fish, the shape is an important factor, for example. A more streamlined body lowers the cost of swimming and has been shown to be correlated with long and challenging migrations in salmonids (Crossin et al., 2004; Fraser & Bernatchez, 2005; Fraser et al., 2007). The correlation between migration and body shape has also been studied in cyprinids, a study by Chapman and colleges (2015) found that body shape differed between individuals in a population of roach were partial migration occurred. Individuals that migrated had a more slender and shallow body shape than non-migrating individuals. Migration barriers pose one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functions in freshwater (Dudgeon et al., 2006). They impair the connectivity of watercourses and prevent fish from migrating upstream and downstream (Winemiller et al., 2016), leading to a reduction in the exchange of genes between populations (Raeymaekers et al., 2008; Wofford, Gresswell & Banks, 2005). Reduced genetic variation can lead to inbreeding and make the population more sensitive to environmental changes and pathogens. This may affect the whole population and possibly lead to extinction of species, which in turn would alter the species composition and potentially disrupt entire ecosystems (Tamario et al., 2019). Barriers also change the water flow, the transport of sediment and the aquatic habitat (Bunn & Arthington, 2002). Many fish species perform spawning migration, which is a well-studied phenomenon in salmonids (Brönmark et al., 2014). However, many other fish species migrate to find a suitable habitat for their offspring (Calles & Greenberg, 2007; Brönmark et al., 2014). Changes in the spawning-grounds used by fish and the addition of barriers such as culverts and dams make it difficult for the fish to 6 access the spawning-grounds and may thus impair their reproductive success (Tamario et al., 2019). Road culverts can pose a form of migration barrier. Displaced culverts can create high drops from the mouth of the pipe down to the surface of the watercourse, which is also dependent upon the water level that can make the fall more or less high.
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