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Mestradoeduardomacedo.Pdf “O caminho do sucesso tem um princípio e pode ter múltiplos fins, variáveis e dependentes das escolhas que fazes em cada momento” Adelino Cunha AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus orientadores, Professor Doutor Miguel Pinto da Silva Menezes Sequeira e Engenheiro Paulo Nuno Jervis Pereira Fernandes, agradeço por todo o empenho, disponibilidade e amizade com que me acompanharam ao longo deste trabalho. À minha mãe e ao meu pai pelo apoio e pela paciência infindável. À Carolina pela compreensão, pela partilha do saber, pelo carinho e por toda a força que me deu em todos os momentos deste projeto. À minha família materna e paterna estou grato por acreditar sempre em mim, pelo apoio incondicional e por todos os ensinamentos de vida. Espero poder retribuir, de algum modo, o carinho que me dispensa. A ela dedico este trabalho. A todos os professores e colegas do departamento de Biologia da Universidade da Madeira pela simpatia e apoio na obtenção de dados. À Arquiteta Paisagista Sandra Mesquita por disponibilizar as Cartas de Ocupação de Solo, essenciais na realização deste projeto. À Universidade da Madeira e a todos os docentes que me formaram. Às entidades que participaram neste estudo. Bem- hajam! II Estudo de caso das levadas agrícolas da Madeira – “Estudo e entorno ecológico da Levada da Calheta à Ponta do Pargo” ÍNDICE ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .............................................................................................................. VII ÍNDICE DE TABELAS .............................................................................................................. IX LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS UTILIZADAS AO LONGO DESTE TEXTO .......................... X LISTA DE VOCÁBULOS UTILIZADOS ................................................................................. XI RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. XIV ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................XV INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................ 1 1. TURISMO .................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 - IMPACTOS SÓCIO-CULTURAIS DO DESENVOLVIMENTO DO TURISMO 4 1.2 - PATRIMÓNIO E TURISMO .................................................................................. 5 1.3 - ECOTURISMO ........................................................................................................ 6 1.3.1 - ECOTURISMO E DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL ............................ 8 2. ILHA DA MADEIRA ............................................................................................... 11 2.1 - POSIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA .................................................................................... 11 2.2 - ORIGEM GEOLÓGICA ........................................................................................ 11 2.3 - DIVISÃO ADMINISTRATIVA ............................................................................ 11 2.4 - CLIMA ................................................................................................................... 13 2.5. TEMPERATURA ............................................................................................... 13 2.6 - PRECIPITAÇÃO ................................................................................................... 14 2.6.1 - RECURSOS HÍDRICOS ..................................................................................... 14 2.6.1.1 - APROVEITAMENTO DA ÁGUA NA ILHA DA MADEIRA ................... 15 2.7 - AS LEVADAS ....................................................................................................... 16 2.7.1 - OS PROPRIETÁRIOS DAS LEVADAS, AS ÁGUAS E O APARECIMENTO DAS CENTRAIS HIDROELÉTRICAS ......................................................................... 18 2.7.2 - INVESTIMENTOS E GESTÃO DA ÁGUA - IGA ............................................ 20 2.8 - A FLORA DA MADEIRA .................................................................................... 21 2.8.1 - ORIGEM E EVOLUÇÃO ................................................................................... 21 III Estudo de caso das levadas agrícolas da Madeira – “Estudo e entorno ecológico da Levada da Calheta à Ponta do Pargo” 2.8.2 – VEGETAÇÃO E PAISAGEM ............................................................................ 23 2.9 - A AGRICULTURA ............................................................................................... 25 2.9.1 - AS PRIMEIRAS CULTURAS NA ILHA E O PROCESSO DE DEFLORESTAÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 25 2.9.2 - A CANA-DE-AÇUCAR NA ILHA DA MADEIRA .......................................... 27 2.9.3 - SOCIEDADE DE ENGENHOS DA CALHETA ................................................ 29 3 - CONCELHO DA CALHETA ......................................................................................... 30 3.1 - POSIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA .................................................................................... 30 3.2 - NOTA HISTÓRICA .............................................................................................. 30 3.3 - PAISAGEM ........................................................................................................... 31 3.4 - ETNOLOGIA E ETNOGRAFIA ........................................................................... 31 3.4.1 – ARTESANATO .................................................................................................. 32 3.5 - FESTIVIDADES E EVENTOS CULTURAIS ..................................................... 33 3.6 - SISTEMA DE REGA NO CONCELHO DA CALHETA ..................................... 33 3.6.1 - A CENTRAL HIDROELÉTRICA DA CALHETA ............................................ 34 4 - MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS ........................................................................................... 36 5 - RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................ 39 5.1 - LEVADA NOVA DA CALHETA À PONTA DO PARGO ................................. 40 5.1.2 - DESCRIÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 41 5.1.1 – QUADRO SÍNTESE ........................................................................................... 40 5.1.3 - PAISAGEM E VEGETAÇÃO ............................................................................ 42 5.1.4 - FOTOS DA LEVADA NOVA DA CALHETA À PONTA DO PARGO .......... 44 5.2 - ROTEIRO TURÍSTICO......................................................................................... 48 5.2.1 - DIA 1 – A VILA DA CALHETA E A CENTRAL HIDROELÉTRICA ............ 49 5.2.1.1 - QUADRO SÍNTESE .................................................................................... 49 5.2.1.2 - DESCRIÇÃO ................................................................................................ 50 5.2.1.3 - PAISAGEM E VEGETAÇÃO ..................................................................... 51 5.2.1.4 - FOTOS DO PERCURSO ............................................................................. 52 5.2.2 - DIA 2 – AGRICULTURA E PRAZERES .......................................................... 55 IV Estudo de caso das levadas agrícolas da Madeira – “Estudo e entorno ecológico da Levada da Calheta à Ponta do Pargo” 5.2.2.1 - QUADRO SÍNTESE .................................................................................... 55 5.2.2.2 - DESCRIÇÃO ................................................................................................ 56 5.2.2.3 - PAISAGEM E VEGETAÇÃO ..................................................................... 56 5.2.2.4 - FOTOS DO PERCURSO ............................................................................. 57 5.2.3 - DIA 3 – JARDIM DO MAR ................................................................................ 61 5.2.3.1 – QUADRO SÍNTESE .................................................................................... 61 5.2.3.2 - DESCRIÇÃO ................................................................................................ 62 5.2.3.3 - PAISAGEM E VEGETAÇÃO ..................................................................... 63 5.2.3.4 - FOTOS DO PERCURSO ............................................................................. 64 5.2.4 - DIA 4 – PAÚL DO MAR .................................................................................... 68 5.2.4.1 – QUADRO SÍNTESE .................................................................................... 68 5.2.4.2 - DESCRIÇÃO ................................................................................................ 69 5.2.4.3 - PAISAGEM E VEGETAÇÃO ..................................................................... 70 5.2.4.4 - FOTOS DO PERCURSO ............................................................................. 71 5.2.5 - DIA 5 – FAJÃ DA OVELHA .............................................................................. 75 5.2.5.1 – QUADRO SÍNTESE .................................................................................... 75 5.2.5.2 - DESCRIÇÃO ................................................................................................ 76 5.2.5.3 - PAISAGEM E VEGETAÇÃO ....................................................................
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