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Markos Vogiatzoglou Precarious Workers’ Unions in Greece and Italy A comparative study of their organizational characteristics and their movement repertoire Markos Vogiatzoglou Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Florence, October 2015 European University Institute Department of Political and Social Sciences Precarious Workers’ Unions in Greece and Italy A comparative study of their organizational characteristics and their movement repertoire Markos Vogiatzoglou Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Examining Board Professor Donatella della Porta, EUI Professor Hanspeter Kriesi, EUI Professor Maria Kousis, University of Crete Professor Rick Fantasia, Smith College © Markos Vogiatzoglou, 2015 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Dedication The thesis is dedicated to: (a) my two Teachers: Donatella della Porta and Nikos Serdedakis; (b) the people who tricked me into undertaking this project: Eva Kalpourtzi and Myrssini Antoniou; (c) two physical locations of the utmost importance: Bar Pigmalione in Rome and Bar Athinaion in Exarchia; and (d) the comrades I’ll follow to the end of time: Eirini, Matsas, George Buddha, George the Englishman and Nikalexis. What follows is a squatted Allen Ginsberg poem - an ACKNOWLEDGMENT of the contemporary academia’s dramatic situation, as well as the holiness of all the kind people who, one way or another, contributed to this project. I invite them to raise their glasses and ‘drink to our own glory, that our grandchildren and their children may say that there were once people who were not ashamed of comradeship, and who never betrayed each other’. Acknowledgments I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness. What sphinx of Methodologies and Citation Counts bashed open our skulls and ate up our brains and imagination? Moloch! Solitude! Filth! Ugliness! Research Questions and unobtainable Data! Students screaming under the stairways! Post-docs sobbing under their desks! Professors Emeriti weeping in the libraries! Moloch! Moloch! Nightmare of Moloch! Moloch the loveless! Mental Moloch! Moloch the heavy judger of scholarly merits! Moloch the incomprehensible prison! Moloch the crossbone soulless jailhouse and Congress of sorrows! Moloch whose buildings are judgment! Moloch the vast stone of competition! Moloch the stunned Advisor Boards! iv Moloch whose mind is pure Impact Factor! Moloch whose blood is running Google Scholar! Moloch whose fingers are ten "no-shows" to conferences! Moloch whose breast is a cannibal bureaucracy! Moloch whose ear is smoking in the library! Moloch whose eyes are a thousand blind reviewers! Moloch whose porters stand in the long corridors like endless Jehovahs! Moloch whose laptops dream and croak in the fog! Moloch whose unfounded hypotheses crown the cities! Moloch whose love is endless competition and anxiety! Moloch whose soul is delirium and conformism! Moloch whose poverty is the specter of genius! Moloch whose fate is a cloud of white male professors! Moloch whose name is the Academia! Moloch in whom I sit lonely! Moloch in whom I dream Angels! Crazy in Moloch! Lacklove and manless in Moloch! Moloch who entered my soul early! Moloch in whom I am a consciousness without a body! Moloch who frightened me out of my natural ecstasy! Moloch whom I cannot abandon! Wake up in Moloch! Light streaming out of the sky! Moloch! Moloch! Robot departmental assistants! Invisible colleagues! Skeleton professors! Blind students! Demonic applications! Spectral deadlines! Invincible madhouses! Granite books! Monstrous 500-word abstracts! We broke our backs lifting Moloch to Heaven! Resumes, CVs, cover letters, tons! Lifting the University to Heaven which exists and is everywhere about us! Visions! Omens! Hallucinations! Miracles! Ecstasies! Gone down the global river! Dreams! Adorations! Illuminations! Religions! The whole boatload of sensitive bullshit! Breakthroughs! Over the river! PhDs and crucifixions! Gone down the flood! Highs! Epiphanies! Despairs! Four years’ animal screams and suicides! Minds! New loves! Mad generation! Down on the rocks of Time! Real holy laughter in the river! We saw it all! The wild eyes! The holy yells! We bade farewell! We jumped off the roof! To solitude! Waving! Carrying flowers! Down to the river! Into the street! v *** Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! Holy! The word is holy! The sentence is holy! The paragraph is holy! The section is holy! The chapter and tome and book and collection holy! The laptop is holy the paper is holy the PowerPoint is holy the audience is holy the ecstasy is holy! Holy Pietro holy Caterina holy Zamponi holy Virginia holy Katharina holy Alice holy Frankie holy Helge holy the unknown buggered and suffering beggars holy the hideous human angels! Holy my flat mates in Campo di Marte’s insane asylum! Holy the cocks of the grandfathers of CPA! Holy the solitudes of universities and social centers! Holy the EUI cafeteria filled with the minions! Holy the mysterious rivers of tears under the streets! Holy the lone juggernaut! Holy the vast lamb of the middleclass! Holy Prezzemoli, the crazy shepherds of rebellion! Who digs Florence IS Florence! Holy Exarchia Holy Rome Holy Basilicata Holy Monte Carlo Holy Bremen Holy Aldini Holy Cacofonia Europeana! Holy the supernatural extra brilliant intelligent kindness of the soul! vi Abstract This thesis is the outcome of a six-year-long research, aiming at understanding how the flexibility- era South European workers unionize and engage in collective action. Its empirical material derives from the employment of a qualitative methodology techniques’ triangulation: archive research, participant observation and semi-structured interviews. I define as Precarious Workers’ Unions (PWUs) labor collectives the members of which (a) are subjected to atypical labor relations; (b) lack adequate access to the welfare state structures; (c) have developed a collective conscience of belonging to a post-Fordist labor force. The PWUs’ main characteristics put under scrutiny are: member recruitment, decision-making procedures, services offered, industrial and movement action undertaken. Determinants which I consider as having a significant impact on the above include each country’s labor legislation, formal trade union structure, social movement environment and tradition, as well as each PWU’s population make-up. A dual comparison is employed. On the one hand, similarities and differences are sought between the Italian PWUs and their Greek counterparts. On the other hand, an internal comparison is conducted between each country’s organizations, in order to locate and explain potential divergences from the national model. Despite the fact that the first unionizing initiatives in Greece and Italy were facing similar socio- economic structural conditions, their mobilization developed in a diversified way. Lately, a re- convergence between the two countries’ PWUs is to be noted: Mixed inside-outside the workplace interventions, a resurgence of mutualist practices and the inability to integrate in the formal trade union structure, combined with a relevant role in the broader social movement activities, are its main characteristics. Furthermore, as derives from the empirical data, attributing a unique class status to the expanding population of precarious workers may lead to erroneous assumptions. The precarious condition is a transversal, passing through the various social strata and is experienced in many different ways. The above is demonstrated not only by the significant impact of the PWUs’ population make-up on their organizational forms and activities, but also by the fact that, even inside organized labor vii entities, pre-existing inequalities are neither reversed nor dampened. Finally, the –partly eclectic, partly innovative- character of the PWUs is leading to the assumption that they are not only challenging the notion of precarity as perceived up to date, but also the very idea of what a union is and how it is supposed to operate. Whether this re-negotiation is to provide an answer to the 30-year-old “unions in crisis/union revitalization” riddle is not only a matter of the PWUs’ strategic choices. It is also dependent on the socio-economic context. Future research shall have to examine to what extent the post-2008 economic crisis acts as an accelerator of the tendencies identified, an obstacle – or a diversion, which shall lead the PWUs to new, unexplored territories. viii Disclaimer The research project presented hereby was undertaken in the framework of the European University Institute’s PhD programme, from 2010 to 2015. The research and the thesis conform to the rules and regulations, as well as the ethical and professional standards of the EUI’s Political and Social Sciences Department. The author’s research was funded by the Greek State Scholarships’ Foundation (IKY), as well as the European University Institute. The research project was supervised by Professor Donatella della Porta. Excerpts of the thesis have been included in the following published articles and contributions in collective tomes: Mattoni, A. & Vogiatzoglou, M., 2014. “Today, We are Precarious. Tomorrow, We Will be Unbeatable”: Early Struggles of Precarious Workers in Italy and Greece. In D.
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