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Lithofacies of the Lower Cretaceou s Mannville Group , We st-Central Sa skatchewan by J . A. Lorsong
A de t ail e d sedimentol ogical i nvestigation of the Mannvi l l e Group i n the Lloydminster a rea was ini t iat ed in earl y 1979 . The aim of the study is the development of a facies model which will aid in explor ati on f or and development of heavy oil-beari ng sandstone bodies.
Preliminary descriptions of t he cons tit uent lithofacies of the Mannville Group a re presented here . Descr iptions a re based on det ailed study of 500 m of core from t he upper and middle parts of the s uccession (Colony , McLaren, Was e ca, Sparky , General Petroleum and Rex formations) in t he norther n por tion of the Lloydminster a r ea. Preliminary exami nation of cores f rom other f ormations and other areas s uggests that t he descr iptive sche me outlined below is applicable to the Mannville Group thr oughout west-centra l Saska t chewan.
The Mannville Group compris e s a poorly consolidated sands tone-shale s equence approxima tel y 200 rn thick. The s uccessi on has been divided into nine f ormations for the purposes of geophysical l og interpretat ion and pr oduction accounting (Vigrass , 1977 ; White & Osinski, 1977). Oil is produced from numerous s andstone bodies which typicall y range f r om l m to 6 min t h ickness. A singl e vertical section of t he Mannvi lle Group may i nclude 30 or more s uch sands t one bodies . All sands tones ar e lateral ly disconti nuous; many pinch out over a di stance of 250 m or less. The limited a r eal ext ent of i ndividual sandstone bodies thus precludes accura t e delinea tion of r eservoir geometry by drilling, even at the minimum (f i ve- acre) well s pacing . De t ailed information i s r equire d, however, f or modelling of fluid b ehaviour and efficient reservoir deve lopment i n enhanced recovery project s . It is necessary theref ore, to deve lop a facies model with which probable reser voir geometries can be predicted on sedimentological criteri a.
Description of Li t hofacies
Facies L (low-angle cross-laminated s andstone ). Faci es L consists of ver y fine to fine- grained, well sorted quartz sands tone with very minor intercalations of shal e. The faci es is cha r acterised by low-angle (generally l ess t han 10°) multi- directional cross-lamination. The l amina e as s een in cor es appear to be planar. Individua l sets vary from 5 cm to 250 cm in thi ckness (mean 34 cm) . Low-angle cr oss lamination a c counts for about 60 pe r cent of facies L; t he r emainde r comprises lar ge scale (sets ~10 cm) and s mall scale (sets <10 cm) trough cross-lamination , - 170 -
and high angle, apparently planar, cross-lamination in approximately equal pro portions (Fig. lA). Trough cross -lamination is t ypically most fully developed near the base of each facies L i n terva l and gradually diminishes in i mportance upward.
Nearly all of the petroleum production in the Lloydrninster area is from facies L s andstone bodies.
Facies T (trough cross-lami nated sandstone ). Facies T comprises very fine to fine grained, mode rately sorted quartz sandstone, generally with small proportions of silt and clay. The facies is charact eri sed by multidirectional trough cross lamination, low-angle cross-lamination, and horizontal laminati on (Fig. lB). Sets of trough cross-lamination are up to 100 cm and average about 20 cm thick.
Facies M (massive sandstone) . Facies M s andstones are generally fine to medium grained, mode rately t o poorly sorted, and contain substantial quantities of silt and c l ay. Sedimentary structures are virt•1a lly absent, although remnant traces of cross-lamination suggest that some facies M i ntervals may represent intensely bioturbated equivalents of facies Tor L.
Facies B (bioturbated s ands tone and sha l e). Facies B comprises very fine to fine grained, well sorted sandstones and interbedded shales. Bed thicknesses range from 0.5 cm to 25 cm (mean about 5 cm). The proportion of sandstone varies from 10 to 90 per cen t and averar,es approxill!ately 40 percent.
Near ly all sandstone beds exh ibit small scale trough cross-lamination, either in multiple sets or in isolated bedforms. Preserved bedforms include symmetrical oscillati on ripples (more common) and asymmetrical ripples (less common). Orient ations of cross-laminae and of ripple crests vary considerably between adjacent beds.
Mass ive and parallel-laminated sha l e beds are about e qually common. Shale layers commonly conform to the shapes of subjacent bedforms to form intervals of lenticul ar , wavy and f l aser bedding (in order of decreasing abundance; see Reineck & Wunderlich, 1968 for terminology). Upper parts of shale l ayers are commonly cut by sand-filled desiccation cracks .
Facies Bis characterised by pervasive bioturbation. Intensity of bioturbation ranges from isolated burrows (both horizontal and vertical; filled with either sandstone or shale) to i ntervals of thoroughly intermixed sandstone and shale in which primary depositional structures cannot b e distinguished.
Facies S (shale). Facies S includes massive intervals of grey shale (subfacies - 171 -
S1) and simila r intervals marked by nume rous lami nae of white or l ight gr ey s ilt (subf acies s2).
Subfacies s2 dis play s many f eatures common in facie s B, but on a s malle r scale. Silt layers are t ypi cally 0 . 1 cm to 0.5 cm thick, and generally exhibit isola ted r i pples (mor e commonly) or horizontal lamin ati on (le s s commonly). Graded laminae a r e obser ved occasion- a lly. Lent icula r, wavy and f laser bedding a re commonly developed, as are desiccation cracks filled wi th silt.
Facies C (coal). Facies C compri ses thin beds of black vitreous lignite and carbon aceous black s hales which commonly overlie lignite layers . Organic ma t e rial consists primarily ofte r r e strial plant debris . Coal Fi g. 1 - Typi cal appearance of predominantly l ow-angle beds a re typically a ssociated cross-l ami nation in f aci es L (sec tion A) and trough cross-l amination in fac ies T (Section B). with l ea ched zones (in sand Heavy l ines i ndi cate erosional surfa ces ; l i ghter lines show incl inations an d sha pes of laminae . s tone ) into which root tra ces extend 50 cm or farther.
Distribution of Lithofacies
Relative proportions of lithof acie s in the upper part of the Mannville Group are s hown in Table 1 . Faci es L, B and Sare the most abunda nt; faci es Tis ubiqui tous , but less important volumetri cally ; f acies C int erva ls are mode rately common, but are s ubs tantially thinner t han other fac ies; facies Mis not commonly developed.
Although s everal f acies share conunon charac t eris tics, each is discre te in - 172 - verti cal section and is easil y distinguished from adjacent i ntervals . Facies L, T and Mare composed almost ent irely of s andstone; t he f aci es differ somewhat i n grain size and sorting, but the primary dif ferences a re i n sedimentary s tructures . This suggests that the faci es may be spatia l l y associated. Howeve r, such a rel ation shi p i s not observed in vertical sequence: nearl y ever y s andstone body corresponds uniquely to a single facies .
Lateral a ssociations of facies a re more di fficult to assess . Tentative correl ation of closely spaced cores s uggests t hat facies L sandstone bodie s may gr a de into faci es T over dis tances of 100 m or less in some instances. Other facies are apparently independent over similar distances .
Table 1 facies vol ume tric numerical t hickness (cm) proportion prorortion* maximum mini mum mean
L (low angle cr oss- lamin- 37% 24% 744 26 231 ated sandstone) T (trough cross- l aminated 13% 13% 431 24 143 sandstone) M (massive sandstone ) 3% 3% 252 16 142 B (bioturba t ed sandstone 28% 27% 486 20 158 and s ha l e) S1 (massive shale) 8% 13% 697 17 90 S2 (laminated shale) 10% 14% 459 20 l i)3 c (coal) 1% 6% 154 6 28
* pr oportion of 286 measured intervals
Discussion
Six distinct lithofacies ar e represented i n the Mannville Group in the Ll oydminster area . Although a thorough interpretation will depend upon f urther study, t he sali ent cha racteristics of the facies suggest some prel iminary inter pretations.
Low angl e cross- lamination in faci es Lis typical of swash and hummocky stratificati on associated with beaches and shallow offshore enviromnents (Harms & others , 1975 ; Hamblin & othe rs, 1979). Evidence for migration of sand waves - 173 -
(high-angle c ross- lamination) and dunes and ripples (trough cross-lamination) is present in both facies Land T. Wave action and possibly unidirectional currents are indicated by oscillation and asymmetr ical r ipples in facies Band s 2. Lamination in subfacies s2 closely resembles the pin- stripe bedding characteristic of tida l flats (Reif & Slatt, 1979; Thompson, 1968). Shallow water depths and recur rent subaerial exposure a re suggested by t he abundance of desiccation cracks in some lithofacies , and by the presence of terrestrial coal deposits. Repeated occurrences of these and r el ated features indicate that at least the upper formations of the Mannvile Group accumulated i n a nearshore environment .
References
Hamblin, A.P., Duke, W. L. & Walker, R.G., 1979, Hummocky cross-stratification Indicator of s torm dominated shallow marine environments (abs.). Am. Assoc. Petrole um Geol. Bull., 63, p. 460- 461. Harms, J.C., Southa rd, J.B. , Spearing, D.R. & Walker, R.G., 1975, Depositional environments as interpreted from primary sedimentary s tructures and stratification sequences. Soc. Econ . Paleont. Miner. Short Course Notes No.2. Reif , D.M., & Slatt , R.M ., 1979, Red bed members of the Lower Triassic Moenkopi Formation, southern Nevada: Sedimentology and pa1eogeography of a muddy tidal flat deposit. J. Sed. Pet., 49, p. 869-890. Reineck, H.E. & Wunderlich, F. , 1968, Classification and origin of flaser and lenticular bedding. Scdimentology , 11, p . 99- 104. Thompson, R. W., 1968, Tidal flat sedimentation on the Colorado Rive. Delta, Northwestern Gulf of California. Geol. Soc . Am. Mem. 107, 133 p. Vigrass, L.W . , 1977, Trapping of oil at intera-Mannville (Lower Cretaceous) disconforrnit y in Lloydminste r a rea, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Arn. Assoc . Petroleum Geol. Bull., 61, p . 1010-1029. White, W.I. & von Osinski, W.P . , 19 77, Geo l ogy and heavy oil reserves of the Mannville Group, Lloydmins t er - north Bat tleford area, Saskatchewan. Sask. Dept. Min. Res ., 8 p.