The Cambridge Companion to the Jesuits Edited by Thomas Worcester Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67396-9 - The Cambridge Companion to the Jesuits Edited by Thomas Worcester Index More information

Index

Abbot, George, 126 Almeida, Luı´sd’,157 abused women, Jesuit shelters for, alumbrados, 24, 25, 62, 199, 211 75–6 Amaladoss, Michael, 309, accommodation 310–11, 313 biblical principle of, 249–51 American Indians. See Native of indigenous cultures. See Americans itncul uration of Christian Americas. See Latin America, and maess ge specific countries, e.g. Canada, Acosta, Jose´ de, 204 El Salvador Acquaviva, Claudio Amiot, Jean-Joseph-Marie, 183 China and, 209–10 Anchieta, Jose´ de, 230 England, Scotland, and Ireland, Angela of Foligno, 18 Jesuits in, 89, 92, 93, 98, 101 Anne of Austria (Queen Regent of France, Jesuits in, 107 France), 112–15 on Poles and Poland, 145 Annotations in Spiritual Exercises, Rome and Italy, Jesuits in, 79, 82 55, 57 Spiritual Exercises and, 32 AOTA (Ecumenical Association of Ward, Mary, reaction to, 64 African Theologians), 304 adaptation to different cultures. See Apostolicum Ministerium (Regulae inculturation of Christian Observandae in Anglicanis message Missionibus), 96 Adrian VI (pope), 22 appellants, 91 Adria´n, Diego de, 226 Aquinas. See Thomism Africa, 205, 304–5, 322–3. See also Arai Hakuseki, 163 specific countries, e.g. Araldo, Giovanni Francesco, 77 Cameroon Araoz, Antonio, 201–2 Aiguillon, Marie, Duchess of, 192 Arce, Jose´ Francisco de, 236 Albanel, Charles, 187 Archer, James, 97 Albuquerque, Af(f)onso de, 153, 206 architecture Aleni, Giulio, 181, 182 in France, 111 Alexander VI (pope), 23, 153 in French Canada, 191 Alexander VII (pope), 210 in Japan, 157 Algonquins, 187, 190 in Rome, 72 Allen, William, 89 architecture in colonial Latin Allouez, Claude, 187, 188, 190, 195 America, 7, 217–39

336

Index 337

Arequipa Compan˜ ıá(Churchof probability arguments and, 248 Santiago), Peru, 223–6 suppression of Jesuits and, 264 Chiquitos Reductions, Bolivia, theological aim of Jesuit use of, 245 236–8 Arnauld, Antoine, 113, 267 Cuzco Compan˜ ıá (Church and Arrupe, Pedro, 299–301, 305, 320, 323 College of the arts and sciences. See also Transfiguration), Peru, 219–23 architecture; scientific cuzquenõBaroque, 217, 219, 223, revolution; theater, Jesuit 227, 234 sense of earthquakes, opportunities posed importance to Jesuits, 7 by, 218, 219, 224, 226 modern Jesuit involvement in arts, Igreja de Jesus, Salvador, Brazil, 321 226–30 Ashikaga Yoshiteru, 157 martyrs, iconography of, 230, 241 Ashworth, William B., Jr., 254 Mestizo style, 217, 223–4, 226, 234 Asia, 6. See also specific countries, Native Americans e.g. Japan arts training for, 218 assassinations, political. See regicide, Chiquitos Reductions, Jesuits associated with Bolivia, 236 Augustine of Hippo, 113, 258, 267 incorporation of dance, music, Aulneau, Jean-Pierre, 187 and theater into religious life Austria, 146, 272, 273. See also of, 236, 238 Poland and eastern Europe Mestizo style architecture and, Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola, 217, 226 33, 36, 45 Paraguay Reductions and, 234–6 in New Spain (Mexico), 217 Bailey, Gauvin Alexander, x, 7, 217 Paraguay Reductions, 233–6 Balthasar, Hans Urs von, 299 in Portuguese Brazil, 218, 226–30 Baltimore, George Calvert, Lord, 94, Rococo style, 230 99 San Ignacio, Buenos Aires, Bancroft, George, 187 Argentina, 231–3 Barnes, Michael, 308–9 significance of Jesuit contribution Baroque architecture, cuzquenõ, 217, to, 217 219, 223, 227, 234 in Spanish South America, 218 Barthes, Roland, 140 Arequipa Compan˜ ıá (Church of beata, 19 Santiago), Peru, 223–6 Bellarmino, Roberto (Robert Argentina, church of San Ignacio, Bellarmine), 74, 107, 210 Buenos Aires, 231–3 Benedict XIII (pope), 14 Argentini, Giovanni, 145 Benedict XIV (pope), 96, 121, 128 Arima Harunobu (Dom Prota´sio), Benedict XVI (pope). See Ratzinger, 158, 161 Joseph Aristotelianism Berrigan, Daniel, 325 China, attempts of Jesuits to Berthier, Guillaume-François, 263 introduce into, 179 Bianchi, Andrea, 233 Copernicanism, speculation as to Biard, Pierre, 186, 195 Aristotle’s probable views on, biblical interpretation, 249–51 252–3 Binet, Etienne, 109–11, 115 Jesuit backing of, 244, 245–7, 250 Bireley, Robert, 142

338 Index

Bishop, William, 94, 95 in Japan bishops. See episcopal authority and confusion of Christianity with, 156 Jesuits resistance to Christianity of, 157 Bitti, Bernardo, 206, 218, 220, 226 Buglio, Lodovico, 181 Black African Theology, 304–5 Burel, Gilbert, 186 Blessed Virgin Mary Burghardt, Walter, 313 Immaculate Conception of, 13 Bystron´ ,Stanislaw,140, 141 Marian congregations or sodalities. See confraternities Cabral, Francisco, 158–9, 160 Spain, local incarnations in, 21 calendar reform Blessed Virgin Mary, Sodality of, in China, 178 76, 77 Gregorian Calendar, 74, 172 Bobadilla, Nicholas, 34, 78 Calvert, Cecil, 99 Bogudzka, Maria, 145 Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore, 94, 99 Bolivia, Chiquitos reductions of, Calvez, Jean-Yves, 305 236–8 Calvinism, Jansenism associated Bollandists, 41 with, 267 Boniface VIII (pope), 121 Caˆmara, Gonc¸alvesda, 34, 35, 39, 40 Borja (or Borgia), Francis (Francisco de Cameroon, 301 Borja), 36, 38, 122, 200, 202, 227 Campbell, Thomas J., 287 Borromeo, Carlo, 80 Campion, Edmund, 89, 90 Bosˇkovic´,Ruder,256 Campomanes, Pedro de, 270 Boston College (Massachusetts), 280, Canada. See also French Canada 281, 284, 288, 299, 321 North America, Jesuits working Bourdaloue, Louis, 112 with Hispanic and Native Bouvet, Joachim, 183 American communities in, Boxer, Charles, 164 305, 306–7 Brahe, Tycho, 244, 250 Upper Canada (modern English Bramane, Pero Luı´s, 208 Canadian province), 323 Brancati, Francesco, 176 Canisius, Peter, 6, 42, 51, 138 Brazil, Jesuit architecture of, 218, Cano, Melchor, 41 226–30 canonization. See also saints Bre´beuf, Jean de, 186, 187–9, 190, 193, Henry of Navarre and, 111, 118 194 of Ignatius of Loyola, 3 Brera, College of (Milan), 80 Palafox y Mendoza, Juan, Jesuit Bressani, Francesco-Giuseppe, 190, 192 opposition to canonization Britain. See England; Ireland; of, 269 Maryland, English mission to; uncanonized martyrs, iconography Scotland of, 230, 241 Broe¨t, Paschase, 88 Wendat mission martyrs, 189 Bucko, Ray, 306 Carafa, Vincenzo, 79 Buddhism Caravaggio, Michelangelo da, 321–2 in China Caribbean, 268, 323 monks, Jesuits originally Carneiro, Melchior, 155 dressing as, 172 Carney, James (Guadalupe), 301 organization of Christian Church Carroll, John, 100, 274 and, 176, 177 Caruana, Louis, x, 7, 243 rejection by Jesuits of, 173 Carvajal, Luisa de, 123

Index 339

Carvalho, Valentim, 162 class issues in, 169, 172, 175 Carvalho e Mello, Sebastiaõ Jose´ de, corporate culture of Jesuits in, 172–5 Marquis of Pombal, 265–6 education in Casot, Jean-Joseph, 196 Aristotelian philosophy, Castiglione, Giuseppe, 173 attempts to introduce, 179 Castro, Mateus de, 208 European science and Catherine II the Great (Russian technology, Jesuit introduction empress), 141, 146–7 of, 173, 174, 178–80 Catherine of Siena, 18 Jesuit inability to co-opt system Caussin, Nicolas, 112–15 of, 175 Cazalla, Marıáde,25 literati and court officials, Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 92 association of Jesuits with, celestial incorruptibility, 259 172, 174, 210 Cerqueira, Luı´s, 155 expulsions of Jesuits by Chinese, Certeau, Michel de, 309 169, 170 Chabanel, Noe¨l, 189 French vs. ‘‘Portuguese’’ Jesuits in, Champlain, Samuel de, 186 170–1, 179 Chantal, Jane Frances de, 130 historical review of Jesuit mission Charity Sisters (Daughters of to, 169–71 Charity), 130, 132 hui resembling confraternities, 175 Charles I (King of England), 94–5 inculturation of Christian Charles II (King of England), 95 message in Charles I and V (King of Spain and Buddhist monks, Jesuits Holy Roman Emperor), 22, 122 originally dressing as, 172 Charles III (King of Spain), 264, Chinese culture as shaping, 269–70 174–5 Charpentier, Marc Antoine, 112 Chinese values, openness to and Charton, François, 186 tolerance of, 173 Chastellain, Pierre, 192 Confucianism, Jesuit adaptation Chaˆtel, Jean, 106, 108, 267 of, 172, 173, 174, 176 Chauchetie`re, Claude, 189 as Jesuit policy, 172 Chaumonot, Joseph-Marie, 188 organizational structure of Cha´vez, N˜ uflo de, 236 Church, 175–7 Chiara, Giuseppe, 163 Rites Controversy, 170, 171, Chihwatenha, Joseph and Marie 173, 183 Aonetta, 188, 189 suppression blamed on, 264 Chile, 324 literati and court officials, China, 6, 169–84 association of Jesuits with, Buddhism in 169, 172, 174, 175, 210 monks, Jesuits originally neo-Confucianism, 173, 174 dressing as, 172 number of Jesuits in, 171–2 organization of Christian Church persecution of Christians in, 169, and, 176, 177 170, 210, 211 rejection by Jesuits of, 173 printing and publishing in, 177–84 calendar reform, 178 books intended for Europe, 182–3 Chinese language, proposed devotional and theological celebration of Catholic rites writing, 180–2 in, 181 foundations of, 178

340 Index

China (cont.) colloquy in Spiritual Exercises, 55, 56 scientific writing, 178–80 colonialism. See liberation theology, racial and ethnic minorities and specific formerly colonial as Jesuits, 170, 171, 181, countries, e.g. India 208–11 Columbus, Christopher, 156 suppression and restoration in, commedia dell’arte traditions of 171, 211 southern Italy, 79 Taoism and organization of communion, frequent, Jesuit Christian Church in, 176, 177 encouragement of Chiquitos, 236 France, Jansenists vs.Jesuitsin,113 church architecture. See architecture Italian confraternities, 77 Cibot, Pierre-Martial, 183 Complutensian Polyglot Bible, 17 Cinnamo, Leonardus, 259 Concordism, 250 Circa Pastoralis, 121 confession Ciruelo, Pedro, 16 frequent confession, Jesuit Cisneros, Francisco Jime´nez de, encouragement of 17–19, 23 France, Jansenists vs.Jesuits Ciszek, Walter, 324 in, 113 Civil War Italian confraternities, 77 in England, 95, 98, 100 manuals for confessors in Spain of in Spain, 324 Ignatius’ youth, 15–17 class issues confraternities in Chinese mission, 169, at American universities, 281 172, 175 Chinese hui and, 175 confraternities and, 76 French Marian Congregations and French Marian Congregations, 130 women religious, 130 Neapolitan Revolt of 1585, 78 orphans, Ignatius’ organization of in Poland and Eastern Europe, confraternity to assist, 35 140, 145–6 in Rome and Italy, 75–7 Clavius, Christopher, 74, 172, 192 Confucianism in China, Jesuit Clement VIII (pope), 246 adaptation of, 172, 173, 174, 176 Clement XI (pope), 128 Congar, Yves, 299 Clement XIII (pope), 84, 271 Congregation of Jesus. See Ward, Clement XIV (pope), 7, 84, 146, Mary 196, 271–2 consolation and desolation in Cle´ment, Jacques, 105 Spiritual Exercises, 61 clerical colleges in Rome, Jesuit Constitutions, 4–5 involvement in, 74 academic/scientific constraints Climacus, John, 18 of, 245 Clitherow, Margaret, 123 ‘‘jesuitical’’ character discerned Clooney, Francis X., 308, 309 in, 42, 44 Clorivie`re, Pierre-Joseph de, 273 personae of Ignatius and, 36, 41, Coelho, Gaspar, 160 44–6 Cohen, Thomas, x, 7, 199 scholasticism of, 45 colleges. See education, and specific women religious and, 126, 129, 131 colleges and college locations, Contarini, Gasparo, 81 e.g. Brera, College of; Padua ‘‘Contemplation to Attain Love’’ in Collins, Dominic, 98 Spiritual Exercises, 61

Index 341

Contemptus Mundi, 18, 182 desolation and consolation in conversos (Jewish converts or New Spiritual Exercises, 61 Christians) Dezza, Paolo, 305 as alumbrados, 211 Diderot, Denis, 263 as Jesuits, 199–205 Dirckinck, Joannes, 41 Spanish Inquisition and, 23–4 domestic missions in Rome and Italy, Copernicus, Nicolaus, and 78–84 Copernicanism, 243 Dominus ac Redemptor, 85, 263 accumulation of data without Drouillettes, Gabriel, 187 theoretical synthesis Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste, 183 regarding, 253–5 Du Plessis, Armand-Jean (Cardinal ancient authorities’ probable views Richelieu), 94, 111, 112, 186, 192 on, 252–3 Duffy, Eamon, 7 probability arguments regarding, Dulles, Avery, 298 248–52 Dupuis, Jacques, 307–8, 310 prohibitions on, 243, 244–8 Dyckman, Katherine, 312 Coquart, Godefroy, 187 Cornaeus, Melchior, 251, 252–3 earthquakes Correia, Joaõ, 230 architectural opportunities in Latin Coton, Pierre, 106–8, 109, 113, 115 America posed by, 218, 219, Coudret, Annibal, 73 224, 226 Counter-Reformation Lisbon quake of 1755 blamed on French Canada and, 190 Jesuits, 265 Ignatius viewed as leader of, 40, eastern Europe. See Poland and 42–4 eastern Europe Coupeau, J. Carlos, x, 3 EATWOT (Ecumenical Association of Couplet, Philippe, 181, 183 Third World Theologians), 304 Covarrubias, Pedro de, 16 ecclesiology of Spiritual Exercises, 62 Creighton University, 287 eclecticism in scientific method, 254 cultural accommodations. See Ecumenical Association of African inculturation of Christian Theologians (AOTA), 304 message Ecumenical Association of Third Cuzco Compan˜ ıá (Church and World Theologians College of the (EATWOT), 304 Transfiguration), ecumenism, 307–9 Peru, 219–23 Amaladoss, Michael, 309, 310–11 cuzquenõBaroque architecture, 217, Barnes, Michael, 308–9 219, 223, 227, 234 Clooney, Francis X., 308, 309 Dupuis, Jacques, 307–8 Daka, Lawrence, 322 GC (General Congregation) 34 Damiens, Roger, 266 and, 306 Daniel, Antoine, 189 in India, 307–8, 309–11 Danie´lou, Jean, 299 Pieris, Aloysius, 309–10 Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, 88 in Sri Lanka, 309–10 Daughters of Charity, 130, 132 education, 4. See also specific Dear, Peter, 254 schools, colleges, and Dechales, Claude Miliet, 251 locations, e.g. Gregorian Deck, Alan Figueroa, 306 University; Padua

342 Index

education (cont.) Gunpowder Plot, 92, 124 arts and sciences, Jesuit Ignatius’ visit to, 88 commitment to, 7 Jacobite uprisings (1715 and 1745), clerical colleges in Rome, Jesuit 96, 99 involvement in, 74 meetings of Jesuits in, 93 confraternities Popish Plot, 94, 96 at American universities, 281 Spanish Armada, 90 charitable educational work suppression and restoration in, of, 77 97, 273 student involvement in, 75, 76 women recusants, 123 of Ignatius of Loyola, 32–3, 104 English College (Rome) Ignatius’ dedication to, 38, 43 clerical colleges in Rome, Jesuit modern Jesuit involvement in, involvement in, 74 321–2 ecclesiastical structure in England, Nativity schools, 326 tensions over control of, 91 Ordinatio pro Studiis Superioribus entrustment of administration to (1651), 247, 249 Jesuits, 89 Ratio Studiorum, 73, 192, 245–6 Parsonsasrectorof,92 social justice and, 301 removal of Jesuits from control treatises on Jesuit methodology, 73 of, 97 Egidiano, Juan Bautista (Jean-Baptiste ‘‘English Ladies.’’ See Ward, Mary Gilles), 220 Enlightenment and suppression of Eguı´a, Fr., 39 Jesuits, 263–4 El Salvador, 301, 302–3, 324 episcopal authority and Jesuits, 5 Eliot, Charles, 283 in England, 94, 96 Elizabeth I (Queen of England), 88, in Scotland, 99 89–92 Erasmus, Desiderius, 24, 136, Ellacurı´a, Ignacio, 301, 302–4 141, 148 Emerson, Ralph, 89 Esquilache, Marquis of, 270 Empereur, James, 306 ethnic minorities as Jesuits. See racial enclosure requirements for female and ethnic minorities as Jesuits religious, 120, 121 Europe, 3–6. See also specific Endean, Philip, x, 3, 310 countries and regions, e.g. England, 5, 100–1. See also Ireland; Poland and eastern Europe Maryland, English mission to; China, writings intended for Scotland Europe from, 182–3 intermittent contact in early 16th national suppressions in, 265–71 century, 88–9 US Jesuit schools, European origins permanent mission established in and style of, 278–9, 282, late 16th century, 89–92 284, 291 in 17th and 18th centuries, 92–7 Evers, George, 313 anti-Catholic fears in, 90, 91, 92, Exponi Nobis, 205 95, 96, 100–1 Exposcit Debitum, 41 Civil War, 95, 98, 100 expulsions ecclesiastical structure in, 91–2, from China, 169, 170 94, 96 in Europe. See suppression and Glorious Revolution/Orange restoration Rebellion, 96, 98, 99, 100 from Japan, 160, 162

Index 343

Farnese, Alessandro, 14 women’s institutes inspired by Fathers of the Faith, 273 Jesuits in, 129–31 Favre, Pierre, 34, 52–3, 75 François I (King of France), 22, 129 Ferdinand (King of Arago´ n), 13, 18, 19, Franzelin, John Baptist, 314 21–3, 29 Frederick II the Great (King of Fernańdez, Edwardo C., 306 Prussia), 142, 146 Fernańdez, Juan, 156 French Canada, 6, 186–96 Ferreira, Christo´ vaõ, 162 beaver fur profits in, 112 Ferrer, Vincent, 29 Counter-Reformation spirituality First Vatican Council, 299 of, 190 Fischer von Erlach, Johann crown, Jesuits as agents of, 195 Bernhard, 233 diseases brought to, 188 Fitzgerald Revolt (Ireland), 88 education in, 187, 191–3 Flećhe´,Jesse´, 186 establishment of Jesuits Fordham University (formerly in, 186–7 St. John’s College), 100, exploration of, 187, 194 278, 281, 282, 283, 287, Henry of Navarre and, 109 292, 321 modern Jesuits in, 323 foreign missions. See missions Native American missions former Jesuits’ continuing Algonquins, 187, 190 association with order, 322 attitude of Jesuits towards Native Formula Vitae, 35, 41 peoples, 193 Fox, A. C., 289 crown, Jesuits as agents between France, 5, 104–15 Native peoples and, 195 in 16th and early 17th centuries, educational efforts, 192 104–11 Iroquois, 188–9 in 17th and 18th centuries, 111–15 Mi’kmaq, 186 China, French vs. ‘‘Portuguese’’ Montagnais, 187, 190 Jesuits in, 170–1, 179 non-Europeans as clergy, 205 colleges in, 104, 106 Wendat, 187–9, 190 Fronde, 114 persecution of Christians in, Gallicanism, 267, 268 188–9, 190 hostility to Jesuits in, 104 Relations, 191–3, 194, 323 Ignatius at University of Paris, 104 suppression and restoration, Jansenism, 112–15, 264, 267–8 196, 273 printing and publishing in, 104, women religious in, 192 112, 115 writings and observations of Jesuits Protestants and Protestantism in, in, 194 105, 106 French Revolution, 273 regicide, Jesuits associated with, frequent confession and communion, 104–11, 113, 267 Jesuit encouragement of suppression and restoration in, 106, France, Jansenists vs. Jesuits in, 113 108, 115, 266–9, 273 Italian confraternities, 77 Tridentine decrees, promulgation Fro´ is, Luı´s, 157 of, 129 Fronde, 114 Wars of Religion, 104, 106 Fulton, Robert, 281 West Indies losses, liability of Funkenstein, Amos, 249 Jesuits for, 268 Furtado, Francisco, 179

344 Index

Galileo, 244, 247, 249, 250, 251, 253 Gregorian Calendar, 74, 172 Gallicanism, 267, 268 Gregorian University (Roman Gama, Vasco da, 153 College), 74, 243, 299, 321 Ganganelli, Lorenzo, 271–2. See also Gregory XI (pope), 19 Clement XIV Gregory XIII (pope), 74, 160, 203 Gante, Pedro de, 218 Gregory XV (pope), 3, 94 Garin, Eugenio, 141 Griffiths, Bede, 310 Garnier, Charles, 189 Grimaldi moon maps, 255 Garvin, Mary, 312 Grimau, Jose´, 234 Gaubil, Antoine, 183 Gruber, Gabriel, 147 Georgetown University (Washington, Guaranı´, 144, 234–6, 265 DC), 100, 278, 281, 283, 321 Gunpowder Plot, 92, 124 Gerard, John, 125, 133 Gutie´rrez, Gustavo, 301 Germany. See also Poland and eastern Europe Haight, Roger, 313 architecture of Southern Latin Haiti, 323 American Jesuit churches Hasegawa Fujihiro Sahyo¯ e, 162 influenced by, 231–3 Hatcher, John, 306 Austria, 146, 272, 273 heavenly incorruptibility, 259 Nazis, Jesuit resistance to, 324 heliocentrism. See Copernicus, Prussia, 137, 142, 146, 273 Nicolaus, and Copernicanism Gerson, Jean, 18 Hellyer, Marcus, 249 Gilles, Jean-Baptiste (Juan Bautista Hennelly, Alfred T., 302 Egidiano), 220 Henry VIII (King of England), 88, 136 Gilmour, Richard, 284 Henry III (King of France), 105 Gleason, Philip, 278 Henry of Navarre (Henry IV, King of Glorious Revolution (Orange France), 106, 113, 267 Rebellion), 96, 98, 99, 100 hermeneutical circle, 302 Gnecchi-Soldo, Organtino, 157 Herna´ndez, Francisca, 25 Goa (Portuguese India), 6, 153–7, Herna´ndez Hidalgo, Diego, 224 206–8, 264 ‘‘hidden Christians’’ in Japan, 164, 165 Gomes, Anto´ nio, 155, 207 Hideyoshi, 160–1 Good, William, 88, 89 Hill, Walter P., 283 ‘‘good death’’ literature, 110 Hincza, Marcin, 146 Gothein, Eberhard, 42 Hinsdale, Mary Ann, x, 3, 8, 298, 324 Gouda, Nicolas da, 88 Hirudayam, Ignatius, 310 Goupil, Rene´, 189 Holy Cross, College of the governance of Jesuits, 4, 36–9 (Massachusetts), 291, 321 grace, Jesuits vs. Jansenists on, Holy Faith (Santa Fe´), College of 112–13 (College of St. Paul), India, 155, Granada, Luı´sde,182 206–8 Grand Remonstrance (1641), 95 Homza, Lu Ann, xi, 1, 13 Grande, Rutilio, 301 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 7 Gra¨ssel,Lorenz, 100 Hosius, Stanislaw, 136, 137, 139 Great Britain. See England; Ireland; hospitals, Jesuit charitable work in, Maryland, English mission to; 76, 130, 157 Scotland House of St. Catherine, 35 Great Schism, 19 Hurtado, Alberto, 324

Index 345

IBVM (Institute of the Blessed Virgin laity, lived religious experience Mary). See Ward, Mary of, 13, 19–21 Ignatius of Loyola, 1–3 local practice, importance of, 13, canonization of, 3 21, 23 Constitutions and personae of, 36, printing and publishing boom. 41, 44–6 See under printing and conversion experience, 33 publishing as Counter-Reformation leader, 40, sacramental life, 21 42–4 saints, intercession of, 20–1 death of, 34 seven deadly sins, 15, 17, 27 education and early life, 32–3, 104 spiritual advisors, lay persons in England, 88 acting as, 25 family of, 14, 26 surveys of Philip II, 20, 21 as founder of order, 40 Ten Commandments, 15, 17, 28 health problems of, 34 women. See under women Inquisition, questioning by, Spiritual Exercises of. See Spiritual 41, 199 Exercises Jerusalem, proposed pilgrimage to, as spiritual father and master, 1, 3, 8, 29, 32–3, 35 34–5, 45 in Latin American Jesuit sculpture, as Superior General of Jesuit Order, 227, 230 36–9, 45 Loreto shrine, devotion to, 83 at University of Paris, 104 on non-Europeans as clergy, 206, 209 women and, 120–2, 126 personae of, 32 Igreja de Jesus, Salvador, Brazil, as pilgrim, 32–4, 45 226–30 priestly ministry of, 35 Imitatio Christi (Thomas a` Kempis), purity of blood (limpieza de sangre) 18, 182 regulations against New Immaculate Conception, 13 Christians, resistance to, incorruptibility of heavens, 259 199–202 inculturation of Christian message relationship with fellow Jesuits, in China. See under China 34–5 colonial Latin America, Rome, importance of, 71 incorporation of dance, music, as saint, 39–41, 45 and theater into religious life of Spanish religious environment of, Native peoples of, 236, 238 13–26 Italy, domestic missions in, 79 alumbrados, 24, 25, 62, 199, 211 in Japan, 156, 158, 159 centralization of authority, liberation theology efforts at, 13, 21–3 in Africa, 304–5 clerical shortcomings in, 14–15, concept of liberation, 301 16, 21–3 historical character of Christian conversos (Jewish converts or faith, 302 New Christians), 23–4 in modern world, 319, 326 creativity and vitality of Sarmatism in Poland and eastern devotional practice in, 25–6 Europe, 143–6 income and privileges derived suppression attributed to, 264 from church office, 13, 21–3 at US Jesuit schools Inquisition, 23–5 (1814–1970s), 283

346 Index

inculturation (cont.) Isabella (Queen of Castile), 21–3 after Vatican II. See under Isabelle (sister to Saint Louis), 112 theological discourse of Jesuits Ishida Mitsunari, 161 after Vatican II Islam Vatican II’s encouragement of, Ignatius’ proposed pilgrimage to 144, 299 Jerusalem, 1, 3, 8, 29, 32–3, 35 Index of Forbidden Books, 30, 244 Loreto and, 83 India ‘‘persons of Saracen stock’’ Goa (Portuguese India), 6, 153–7, excluded as Jesuits, 204 206–8, 264 Spanish religious sensibilities of modern Jesuits in, 307–8, 309–11, Ignatius’ youth and, 19 319, 323 Italy. See Rome and Italy Indians, American. See Native Americans Jacobite uprisings (1715 and 1745), Indonesia, 6, 323 96, 99 Innocent III (pope), 16 Jacquinot, Barthe´le´my, 191 Innocent VIII (pope), 22 Jamaica, 323 Innocent XI (pope), 210 James I and VI (King of England and Inoue Chikugo no kami Scotland), 88, 92–4, 99 Masashige, 163 James, Duke of York (later James II, Inquisition King of England), 95, 99 effect of pronouncements of, Jan III Sobieski (King of Poland), 139 247–8 Jansen, Cornelius, and Jansenism, Ignatius questioned before, 41, 199 112–15, 264, 267–8 in Spain, 23–5 Janssens, Jean Baptiste, 300 Ward, Mary, imprisonment of, Japan, 6, 153–65 127–8 apostasy of Christians in, 162–3 Inscrutabili, 128 Buddhism Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary confusion of Christianity (IBVM). See Ward, Mary with, 156 Inter Caetera, 153 resistance to Christianity of, 157 interreligious dialogue. See do¯ juku, kambo,andkomono (lay ecumenism assistants), 158, 166 Intorcetta, Prospero, 210, 211 ‘‘donation’’ of ports to Jesuits in, 159 Ireland, 5, 100–1 education in, 159 colleges, 98 expansion of mission in 16th and Fitzgerald Revolt, 88 early 17th centuries, 157–61 Henry VIII of England, rebellion expulsion of Jesuits by Japanese, against, 88 160, 162 Loreto Sisters, 128 first bishops of, 155 O’Neill revolt, 97 ‘‘hidden Christians’’ of, 164, 165 Orange Revolt, 98 inculturation of Christian message Paul V’s Jesuit mission to, 88 in, 156, 158, 159 penal laws, 98 India and Xavier’s initial mission schools founded by Jesuits in, 88, 98 to, 153–7 in 17th and 18th centuries, 97–8 kambo and komono, 166 suppression and restoration, 98 persecution of Christians and end Isabel de la Cruz, 24, 25 of mission in, 161–5

Index 347

Portuguese in, 156 regents, 4 printing and publishing in, 160 scholastics, 4 racial and ethnic minorities as Spiritual Exercises, 3. See also Jesuits, 157 Spiritual Exercises Sekigahara, battle of, 161 spirituality. See spirituality of Shimabara Rebellion, 163 Jesuits Jerusalem, Ignatius’ proposed suppression and restoration of, 7. pilgrimage to, 1, 3, 8, 29, See also suppression and 32–3, 35 restoration Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS), 322 tertianship, 4 ‘‘jesuitical’’ character Vatican II and. See theological England, anti-Catholic fears in, 90, discourse of Jesuits after 91, 92, 95, 96, 100–1 Vatican II historical development of concept women as, 5 of, 42, 44 Jewish origin, persons of (conversos or Machiavellianism, Jesuits New Christians) associated with, 143 as alumbrados, 211 Poland and eastern Europe, as Jesuits, 199–205 negative views of Jesuits in, Spanish Inquisition and, 23–4 137–8, 143 Jogues, Isaac, 189, 190, 195 suppression, contribution of John XXIII (pope), 298 stereotype to, 263–5 John Paul II (pope), 305 Jesuits, 1–8 John III (King of Portugal), 6, 48, in arts and sciences, 7. 153, 155 See also architecture in John III (King of Sweden), 139 Latin America; scientific John Carroll University (Cleveland), revolution 284, 287 brothers, 4 Jolliet, Louis, 192 Constitutions, 4–5 Joseph I (King of Portugal), 265, 266 educational role of, 4. See also Joyce, James, 66 education JRS (Jesuit Refugee Service), 322 episcopal authority and, 5 JuanadelaCruz,19, 29 in Europe, 3–6. See also Europe Juana of Austria, 122 founding of, 3, 35, 40 Julius III (pope), 37, 81 governance of, 4, 36–9 justice, modern Jesuit concern for, Ignatius and, 1–3. See also Ignatius 324–5. See also under of Loyola theological discourse of Jesuits missions, 6–7. See also missions after Vatican II in modern world, 7–8. See also education and social justice, 301 modern Jesuits Latin American liberation novitiate, 4 theology, 301–4 papacy, relationship with. See martyrdom and persecution papacy, Jesuit relationship resulting from, 301, 324–5 with Protestantism, interaction with, 6. Kalm, Peter, 191 See also Protestants and Kateri Tekakwitha, 189 Protestantism King, Thomas, 89 provinces and provincials, 4 Kircher, Athanasius, 74, 254

348 Index

Kleutgen, Joseph, 314 incorporation of dance, music, and Knowles, David, 44 theater into religious life of Kochan´ ski, Adam Adamandy, 139 Native peoples, 236, 238 Kolvenbach, Peter-Hans, 300, 305, liberation theology arising out of, 306–7, 310, 311, 320 301–4 Konishi Yukinaga, 161 Madrid, Treaty of (1750), 265 Kostka, Stanisław, 139 non-Europeans as clergy, 205, 213 Kraus, Johann, 231 North American Jesuit theologians Ku¨ ng, Hans, 299 working with immigrants from, 305, 306–7 La Lande, Jean de, 189 suppression and restoration Laı´nez, Diego in, 271 Ignatius and, 34, 36, 38 Lauzon, Jean de, 192 as New Christian, 200–2 Laval University, 191–3 Poland and eastern Europe, 137 Lavallete, Antoine, 268 Rome and Italy, 78, 81 Le Comte, Louis, 182 laity Le Moyne, Simon, 189, 190, 195 in confraternities, 75 Le Rond d’Alembert, Jean, 264 Japanese do¯ juku, kambo,and Ledochowski, Wlodimir, 289 komono (lay assistants), Lee, Roger, 125 158, 166 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, modern Jesuit partnership with, 139, 183 311–12 LeJeune, Paul, 190–3, 195 pious associations with perpetual Leo X (pope), 24, 129, 205 vows for, 121 Leo XIII (pope), 121 in Spain of Ignatius’ youth Lessius, Leonardus, 125 lived religious experience in, 13, Leunis, Jean de, 76 19–21 Le´vinas, Emmanuel, 309 as spiritual advisors, 25 Leyburn, John, 96 US Jesuit schools, faculty and Li Zhizao, Leo, 172, 178, 179 administration at, 288, 290–1 liberation theology Vatican II’s affirmation of role in in Africa, 304–5 church affairs, 291 concept of liberation, 301 women avoiding enclosure historical character of Christian requirements by maintaining faith, 302 lay status, 121, 130 in Latin America, 301–4 Lakatos, Imre, 243, 244 ‘‘option for the poor,’’ 303 Lalemant, Charles, 186, 189, 195 Liebert, Elizabeth, 312 Lalemant, Gabriel, 189, 190 Lie´geois, Jean, 191 Lalemant, Je´roˆ me, 187, 189 limpieza de sangre (purity of blood) Lancilotto, Nicolo` , 207–8 regulations, 199–205 Lassalle-Klein, Robert, 303 Lippomani, Andrea, 81 Lateran Council, 246 Lisbon earthquake (1755), 265 Latin America. See also specific literati and court officials, countries, e.g. Peru association of Jesuits in architecture in. See architecture in China with, 169, 172, 174, colonial Latin America 175, 210 Guaranı´ Republic, 144 Llanos, Antonio de, 224

Index 349

local cultures, adaptation to. See Mariana, Juan de, 107 inculturation of Christian Mariedel’Incarnation,192 message Marie de’ Medici (Queen Regent of Lonergan, Bernard, 299 France), 106–8, 195 Longobardo, Niccolo` , 178, 209 Marillac, Louise de, 130 Loreto (shrine and town, Italy), 83–4 Marques, Pedro, 163 Loreto Sisters, 128 Marquette, Jacques, 187 Louis IX (Saint Louis, King of France), Marquette University (Milwaukee, 109, 112 Wisconsin), 288, 289, 322 Louis XIII (King of France), 106, MartıńGarcıádeLoyola,14 111–12, 114 MartıńezdeOviedo,220 Louis XIV (King of France), 112–15, Martini, Martino de, 182 130, 170, 192, 195 Martins, Pedro, 155 Louis XV (King of France), 115, 264, martyrdom and persecution 266, 269 in China, 169, 170, 210, 211 Lowney, Chris, 322 in French Canada, 188–9, 190 Loyola College (Baltimore), 286 in Japan, 161–5 Loyola family, 14, 26 Latin American architecture, Ignatius. See Ignatius of Loyola representation in, 230, 241 MartıńGarcıá (brother), 14 of modern Jesuits, 301, 302–4, Lubac, Henri de, 299 324–5 Ludolf of Saxony (Ludolphus de Mary, mother of God Saxonia), 18, 182 Immaculate Conception of, 13 Luo Wenzao, 211 Marian congregations or sodalities. Luther, Martin, and Lutheranism See confraternities Ignatius compared, 63 Spain, local incarnations in, 21 Spanish Inquisition’s reaction to, 24 Mary, Queen of Scots, 88, 90 Mary Tudor (Queen of England), Machiavelli, Niccolo` ,and 88, 122 Machiavellianism Maryland, English mission to, 5, in France, 109, 110 99–100 Jesuits associated with, 143 establishment of, 94 Madrid, Treaty of (1750), 265 schools in, 100 Malagrida, Gabriel, 266 slavery in, 99 Manaerts, Olivier, 83 suppression and restoration in, 100 Manrique, Alonso (bishop), 15 US mission, establishment of, 100 Mansoni, Ludovico, 97 Masse´, Ennemond, 186, 195 Manuel I (King of Portugal), 205 Matos, Eusebio de, 230 Manuel, Luis, 230 Matsukura Katsuie, 163 maps and mapping Matsuura Takanobu, 156 in China, 173, 174, 178–80 Maupas, Henry de, 130–1 French Canada, 187, 194 Maurenbrecher, Wilhelm, 42 moon maps, 255 Mazarin, Jules, 114 Marcellus II (pope), 37 McCoog, Thomas M., xi, 5, 88 MarıádeSantoDomingo,19 McKevitt, Gerald, xi, 8, 278 Maria Theresa of Austria (empress), 272 Me´daille, Jean-Pierre, 130–1 Marian congregations or sodalities. Medici, Marie de’ (Queen Regent of See confraternities France), 106–8, 195

350 Index

meditation or reflection in Spiritual missionary work of, 322–3 Exercises, 55–6 numbers of, 8, 319, 322 Mello, Anthony de, 323 post-Vatican II change in religious Membertou, 186 culture and, 319, 322 Mendes, Afonso, 208 printing and publishing, 323–4 Mercurian, Everard racial and ethnic minorities as, 211 England, Scotland, and Ireland, Rome’s continued centrality for, 321 Jesuits in, 89, 100, 101 science as practiced by, 256 Japan, Jesuits in, 158, 159 spirituality of, 325–6 racial and ethnic minorities as women and Jesuits and, 203–4, 208 educational institutions, women Mesquita, Diogo de, 160 attending, 321 Messina, Jesuit college at, 72–3 partnership and solidarity, Mestizo style architecture, 217, theology of, 312–13 223–4, 226, 234 spiritual collaboration with Metz, Johann Baptist, 299 women, 325 Mexico Modras, Ronald, 299 Jesuit architecture in Moltmann, Ju¨ rgen, 303 New Spain, 217 Monet, Jacques, xi, 7, 186 persecution and martyrdom of Mon˜ ino, Jose´, 270, 272 Jesuits in, 324 Montagnais, 187, 190 Michelangelo, 227 Montesino, Ambrosio, 18 Mi’kmaq, 186 Montesquieu, Charles de, 183 Milan, 80 Monumenta Historica Societatis miscegenation, 206, 208 Iesu, 43 missions, domestic, in Rome and moon, Jesuit mapping of, 255 Italy, 78–84 Morais, Sebastia˜o, 155 missions (foreign), 6–7. See also Morales, Francisco de, 218 China; French Canada; India; Mo¯ ri Motonari, 157 Japan; racial and ethnic Mosquera, Jose´, 220 minorities as Jesuits Mothers of the Society of Jesus. See modern Jesuits, 322–3 Ward, Mary Portugal and Spain, influence of, Murphy, Paul V., xi, 3, 71–85 6, 153 museums attached to Jesuit Vita Ignacii Loyolae (Ribadeneira) educational institutions, 321 on, 36 Muslims. See Islam modern Jesuits, 7–8, 319–26. See also Mveng, Engelbert, 301, 304–5 theological discourse of Jesuits after Vatican II Nadal, Jero´ nimo adaptation to modern world, Chinese devotional writings 319, 326 and, 182 education, involvement with, on education, 73 321–2 Ignatius and, 35, 40, 41, 43, 51 former Jesuits’ continuing Naito¯ Tokuan, 162 association with order, 322 Naples justice, concern for, 324–5 College of, 78 martyrdom and persecution of, 301, confraternities in, 77 302–4, 324–5 domestic mission to, 78–9

Index 351

Revolt of 1585, 78 Ogilvie, John, 99 suppression and restoration in, O’Keefe, Vincent, 305 84, 271 Olandia, Francisco de, 161 nationalism Oliva, Giovanni Paolo, 210 Gallicanism, 267, 268 O’Malley, John, 7, 43, 140 General Congregation discussion of Omura Sumitada, 158, 159 impact on Jesuit life of, 93 O’Neill, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone, 97 suppression of Jesuit Order and, ‘‘option for the poor,’’ 303 264, 267 Orange Rebellion (Glorious Native Americans. See also specific Revolution), 96, 98, 99, 100 tribes Ordinatio pro studiis superioribus architecture and. See under (1651), 247, 249 architecture in colonial Latin Ordo´ n˜ ez, Teresa, 219 America orphans, Ignatius’ organization of in French Canada. See under French confraternity to assist, 35 Canada Otomo Yoshishige, 156, 157, in Latin America. See Latin America 158, 159 non-Europeans as clergy, 205, 213 Ouchi Yoshinaga, 157 North American Jesuit theologians Ouchi Yoshitaka, 156 working with, 305, 306–7 Nazis, Jesuit resistance to, 324 Paccanari, Niccolo` , 273 Neale, Leonard, 100 Padua, 81–2 von Nell-Breuning, Oswald, 10 paganism Nelson, Eric, 106 Cuzco Compan˜ ı´a (Church and neo-Confucianism, 173, 174 College of the Neuner, J., 307 Transfiguration), Peru, as New Christians (persons of Jewish triumph over, 220 origin) limpieza de sangre viewed as as alumbrados, 211 remnant of, 204, 205 as Jesuits, 199–205 Painted Life (of Mary Ward), 128 Spanish Inquisition and, 23–4 Palafox y Mendoza, Juan, 269 New France. See French Canada Pallu, Franc¸ois, 210 New Spain (Mexico), Jesuit papacy, Jesuit relationship with. See architecture in, 217 also specific popes, e.g. Paul III Newman, John Henry, 263 under Ignatius as Superior Newtonian science, 256 General, 37 Nobili, Roberto de, 304, 308 initial establishment of, 35 No´ brega, Manoel de, 219 modern Jesuits, 305, 321 non-Europeans as Jesuits. See racial non-Europeans as clergy, support and ethnic minorities as for, 205, 205, 210 Jesuits restoration of order by papacy, Noonan, Herbert C., 287 272–4 novitiate, 4 suppression of order by papacy, 271–2 Oates, Titus, 96 Paracattil, J., 211 Obirek, Stanisław, xi, 6, 136 Paraguay O’Connell, Daniel M., 289 architecture of Jesuit Reductions, Oda Nobunaga, 157 233–6

352 Index

Paraguay (cont.) Poland and eastern Europe, 6, 136–47 Madrid, Treaty of (1750), 265 Austria, 146, 272, 273 Pardies, Ignace-Gaston, 180 class issues in, 140, 145–6 Paris, Ignatius at University of, 104 education in, 140–2, 147 Parma, Duke of, 271 first vs. second generations of Parma, Jesuits in, 271, 273 Jesuits in, 138–40 Parsons, Robert, 89, 90, 92, 98, 99, 101 invitation of Jesuits to combat Pascal, Blaise, 118, 267 Protestantism in, 136–7 Pastoralis Romani Pontificis, 128 negative views of Jesuits in, 137–8, Paul III (pope), 3, 35, 37, 72, 81, 143 153, 205 Prussia, 137, 142, 146, 273 Paul IV (pope), 37, 136 religious toleration in, 136 Paul V (pope), 82, 125 royal court, closeness of Jesuits to, Paul, Vincent de, 129, 130 142–3 Pedro II (King of Portugal), 210 Russia, 141, 146–7, 273 Pedro Ruiz de Alcaraz, 24 Sarmatism and inculturation of Pedroche, Thomas, 41 Christian message in, 143–6 Pelagianism, 113 social class of Jesuits in, 140 Peltrie, Marie-Madeleine de la, 192 suppression and restoration in, 141, Periculoso, 121 146–7 persecution. See martyrdom and politics, Jesuit involvement in. See persecution specific principalities, Peru kingdoms, etc. Arequipa Compan˜ ıá(Churchof Polo, Marco, 156 Santiago), 223–6 Połock College, 141, 147 Cuzco Compan˜ ıá (Church and Pombal, Marquis of (Sebastiaõ Jose´ de College of the Carvalho e Mello), 265–6 Transfiguration), 219–23 Popish Plot, 94, 96 Phan, Peter, 307 Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Philip II (King of Spain), 20, 21, 122 (Joyce), 66 Phillippson, Martin, 42 Portugal philosophes, 42, 263 China, French vs. ‘‘Portuguese’’ Pieris, Aloysius, 309–10, 313 Jesuits in, 170–1, 179 Pierron, Jean, 189 early Jesuit missions and, 6, 153 Pierson, Philippe, 189 in Japan, 156, 158 Pignatelli, Joseph, 273 Lisbon earthquake (1755), 265 Pires, Belquior, 227 non-Europeans as clergy, support Pius V (pope), 88, 121 for, 205 Pius VII (pope), 7, 196 purity of blood (limpieza de sangre) Pius XI (pope), 189 regulations against New Pius XII (pope), 189 Christians, 199 Plattner, Felix, 238 suppression and restoration in, pluralism, religious. See ecumenism 265–6 Poczobut, Marcin, 137, 139, 142 Portuguese Brazil, Jesuit architecture Poetker, Albert H., 291 of, 218, 226–30 Polanco, Juan de Portuguese India (Goa), 6, 153–7, Ignatius and, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41 206–8, 264 as New Christian, 202 Possevino, Antonio, 203–5, 209

Index 353

Posta, Mattia della, 41 Spanish Inquisition’s reaction to Potier, Pierre, 196 Lutheranism, 24 Pounde, Thomas, 90 Spiritual Exercises and, 62, 63 Pozzo, Andrea, 72, 230 provinces and provincials, 4 prayer in Spiritual Exercises, 54–6 Prussia, 137, 142, 146, 273. See also Prima Primaria, 76, 77 Poland and eastern Europe Primoli, Giovanni Battista, 233, 234 Ptolemaic science, 249, 250 printing and publishing Puente, Diego de la, 226 in China. See under China purity of blood (limpieza de sangre) in France, 104, 112, 115 regulations, 199–205 French Canada, writings and observations of Jesuits Quamvis Justo, 121, 128 in, 194 Quebec. See French Canada Index of Forbidden Books, 30, 244 Quesnel, Pasquier, 267 in Japan, 160 modern Jesuits, 323–4 racial and ethnic minorities as in Portuguese India (Goa), 155 Jesuits, 7, 199–211 in Spanish religious environment of in China, 170, 171, 181, 208–11 Ignatius’ youth Ignatius of Loyola on, 199–202, catechisms, 17, 19 206, 209 confessors’ manuals, 15–17 in India, 206–8 devotional treatises encouraged in Japan, 157 by Cisneros, 17–19 miscegenation and, 206, 208 effects of, 13 missionary enterprise, debate over Index, lack of, 30 admission of New Christians literacy rates, 16 linked to, 204, 205 reading aloud, practice of, 16 modern Jesuits, 211 Spiritual Exercises and changes in New Christians (of Jewish descent) religious sensibility provoked and limpieza de sangre (purity by, 63 of blood) regulations, 199–205 prisons, Jesuit charitable work in, non-Europeans generally, 205–11 76, 77 paganism, limpieza de sangre probability arguments regarding viewed as remnant of, 204, 205 Copernicanism, 248–52 papal support for, 205, 210 prostitutes and children of ‘‘Saracen stock,’’ exclusion of prostitutes, Jesuit outreach to, persons of, 204 35, 75–6 suppression and restoration, 211 Protestants and Protestantism, 6. See Radziwill family, 137 also England; Scotland Ragueneau, Paul, 192 alumbrados, 24, 25, 62, 199, 211 Rahner, Karl, 57, 132, 144, 299, 303 Calvinism, Jansenism associated Ranke, Leopold von, 42 with, 267 Ratio Studiorum, 73, 192, 245–6 in France, 105, 106 Ratzinger, Joseph (later Benedict Ignatius compared to Luther, 63 XVI), 299 Loreto, shrine at, 83 Ravaillac, Franc¸ois, 106, 107 Poland and eastern Europe Raymond of Capua, 18 Jesuits invited to, 136–7 reconciling the estranged, Jesuit religious toleration in, 136 practice of, 79

354 Index

reflection or meditation in Spiritual Rome and Italy, 3, 71–85. See also Exercises, 55–6 English College; Naples regency, 4 centrality of Rome to Jesuit Order, regicide, Jesuits associated with 71–2, 321 England, anti-Catholic fears in, 90, colleges in, 72–5 91, 92, 95, 96, 100–1 confraternities, 75–7 in France, 104–11, 113, 267 domestic missions in, 78–84 suppression and, 264, 266, Gregorian University (Roman 267, 270 College), 74, 243, 299, 321 Regimini Militantis Ecclesiae, 35 Ignatius and Rome, 71 Regis College (Toronto), 299 Loreto, 83–4 Re´gis, Francis, 129 Milan, 80 Relations, 191–3, 194, 197, 323 number of Jesuits based religious pluralism. See ecumenism in, 73, 84 restoration of order. See suppression Padua, 81–2 and restoration Parma, 271, 273 rhetoric at Jesuit educational Sicily institutions, 280 Messina, Jesuit college at, 72–3 Rhodes, Alexandre de, 192 suppression and restoration in, Ribadeneira, Pedro de 271, 273 in England, 88 suppression and restoration in, 82, Ignatius and, 35, 36, 41 84–5 Jewish people, on Ignatius’ desire to Venice, 81–3 be bound by blood to, 199 Roothaan, Johann Philip, 282 Ribeiro, Antoˆ nio Simo˜ es, 230 Roser, Isabel, 122, 124 Ricci, Lorenzo, 84, 85, 269, 273 Roth, Hans, 238 Ricci, Matteo Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 183 in China, 169, 172, 178, 181, 182 Rubens, Peter Paul, 230, 234 inculturation encouraged by, 304 Rubino, Antonio, 163 non-European clergy, Ruı´z, Juan, 220 encouragement of, 209 Russia, 141, 146–7, 273, 324. Poland and eastern Europe, 144 See also Poland and Rome and Italy, 79 eastern Europe Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, 247, Ryo¯ sai, Lourenc¸o, 157 254, 255 Ryu¯ zo¯ ji Takanobu, 159 Richards, Joseph Havens, 286 Richelieu (Armand-Jean Du Plessis), Sa´, Manuel de, 74 94, 111, 112, 186, 192 sacraments Richeome, Louis, 108–9, 110, 115 frequent confession and Ricke, Jodoco, 218 communion, Jesuit Ricoeur, Paul, 309 encouragement of Rococo style architecture in colonial France, Jansenists vs. Jesuits Latin America, 230 in, 113 Rodrigues, Domingo, 230 Italian confraternities, 77 Rodrigues, Manuel, 203 manuals for confessors in Spain of Rodrigues, Sima˜o, 34 Ignatius’ youth, 15–17 Rogers, William Banks, 284, 290 in Spanish religious environment of Roman Inquisition. See Inquisition Ignatius’ youth, 21

Index 355

St. John’s College (later Fordham scholastics (Jesuit students), 4 University), 100, 278, 281, 282, schools. See education, and also 283, 287, 292, 321 specific schools, colleges, and St. Joseph, Sisters of, 130–1 locations, e.g. Gregorian St. Louis University (Missouri), 278, University; Padua 280, 289, 293 Schrader, Klemens, 314 Saint-Lusson, Franc¸oisde, 195 scientific revolution, 7, 243–57. See Saint-Martin, Jean de, 192 also Aristotelianism; St. Paul, College of (College of Santa Copernicus, Nicolaus, and Fe´ or Holy Faith), India, 155, Copernicanism 206–8 authorities Saint Petersburg (Russia), Collegium ancient authorities’ probable Nobilium, 147 views on Copernicus, 252–3 St. Xavier College (New York), 281 superior authorities, yielding to, saints. See also specific saints, e.g. 251–2 Xavier, Francis biblical interpretation and, 249–51 conferral of status. See celestial incorruptibility as Jesuit canonization bugbear, 259 Ignatius of Loyola’s persona as Chinese mission, introduction of saint, 39–41, 45 European science and intercessory role in Spanish technology by, 173, 174, 178–80 religious environment of eclecticism, 254 Ignatius’ youth, 20–1 French Canada, writings and Saju, George, 323 observations of Jesuits in, 194 Saldanha, Cardinal, 266 Galileo crisis, 244, 247, 249, 250, Sales, Francis de, 109, 129, 130 251, 253 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of, 92 historical approaches to, 243–5 Salmero´ n, Alfonso, 77, 78, 88, 138 Index of Forbidden Books, 30, 244 San Francisco, University of, 287 maps and mapping San Ignacio, Buenos Aires, Argentina, in China, 173, 174, 178–80 231–3 French Canada, 187, 194 Sa´nchez, Mateo, 122. See also Juana moon maps, 255 of Austria modern Jesuits, science as practiced Santa Clara College (California), 281, by, 256 282, 288 Newtonian science, 256 Santa Fe´ (Holy Faith), College of observation and experimentation (College of St. Paul), India, 155, vs. theory, 254 206–8 Ordinatio pro Studiis Superioribus Sarbiewski, Mateusz Kazimierz, 139 (1651), 247, 249 Sarpi, Paolo, 82 Ptolemaic science, 249, 250 Schall von Bell, Johann Adam, 169, Ratio Studiorum, 73, 192, 245–6 170, 179 suppression of Jesuits and, 264 Schmid, Martin, 238 Thomism and, 74, 246, 247, 249 scholarship of modern Jesuits, 324. Scotland, 5, 100–1 See also education; printing colleges, 99 and publishing; scientific ecclesiastical structure in, 99 revolution Jacobite uprisings (1715 and 1745), scholasticism, 45, 246, 290 96, 99

356 Index

Scotland (cont.) Ignatius’ early religious Pius V’s Jesuit mission to, 88 environment in. See under in 17th and 18th centuries, 98–9 Ignatius of Loyola suppression and restoration, 99 non-Europeans as clergy, support Second Vatican Council. See for, 205 Vatican II purity of blood (limpieza de sangre) Segundo, Juan Luis, 301–2 regulations against New Sekigahara, battle of, 161 Christians, 199 Sellinger, Joseph, 292 suppression and restoration in, Semedo, A´ lvaro de, 182 269–71 seven deadly sins, 15, 17, 27 Spanish Armada, 90 Shimabara Rebellion, 163 Spanish Inquisition, 23–5 Shimazu Takahisa, 156 Spanish South America. See Latin Shimazu Yoshihisa, 160 America Sicily Spinelli, Pierantonio, 78 Messina, Jesuit college at, 72–3 spiritual advisors suppression and restoration in, lay persons in Spain acting as, 25 271, 273 women trained as advisors for other Sidotti, Giovanni Battista, 163 women by Jesuits, 120 Sigismund Augustus (King of Spiritual Diary, 33, 45 Poland), 138 Spiritual Exercises, 3, 52–65 Silf, Margaret, 325 Annotations, 55, 57 Siliceo, Juan Martı´nez de, 201, 202 colloquy, 55, 56 Silva, Diego da, 219 ‘‘composition of place’’ or Simmonds, Gemma, xi, 5, 120 personalization of Bible Siqueira, Manuel de (Zheng story, 54 Weixin), 210 confraternities and, 75 sisters. See women religious consolation and desolation in, 61 Sisters of St. Joseph, 130–1 ‘‘Contemplation to Attain Sixtus IV (pope), 23 Love,’’ 61 Skarga, Piotr, 137, 139, 142, 143 in domestic missions, 78 slavery in Maryland, 99 ecclesiology of, 62 Smith, Richard, 94, 95 election or decision arising from, 62 Sobrino, Jon, 301 First Week on relationship between social class. See class issues divine goodness and creaturely social justice. See justice, modern sinfulness, 57, 58–9 Jesuit concern for Fourth Week on resurrection of Society of Jesus. See Jesuits Christ, 60 Society of the Fathers of the Heart of Gospel scenes recalled as ‘‘points’’ Jesus, 273 forprayerin,54, 57, 58–9 sodalities. See confraternities historical context, 63–5 South America. See Latin America Jesuit life and spirituality, role in, Southwell, Robert, 90 64–5 Souza, Tome´ de, 218 ‘‘jesuitical’’ character and, 42 Soviet Russia, 324 as Jesuits’ characteristic Spain. See also Naples ministry, 52 Civil War, 324 as means of becoming Jesuit, 52 early Jesuit missions and, 6, 153 modern use of, 325

Index 357

in novitiate, 4 Superior Generals. See also specific origins, influences, and parallels, Superior Generals 63–4 in governance of Jesuits, 4 as personal and particular process, Ignatius of Loyola as, 36–9, 45 52, 53, 56, 61–2 suppression and restoration, 7, prayer in, 54–6 263–74 as reference work rather than in China, 171, 211 guidebook, 53, 56 Dominus ac Redemptor, 85, 263 reflection or meditation in, 55–6 in England, 97, 273 Second Week on life of Christ, Enlightenment blamed for 59–60 suppression, 263–4 structure of, 56–7 in France, 106, 108, 115, 266–9, 273 Third Week on passion of Christ, 60 in French Canada, 196, 273 ‘‘weeks’’ of, 57–61 historical explanations for women religious and, 120, 126, suppression, 263–5 131, 325 inculturation and, 264 women’s use generally, 120, in Ireland, 98 312, 325 Jansenism and, 264, 267–8 spirituality of Jesuits in Latin America, 271 confraternities spreading and Maryland, English mission to, 100 supporting, 75, 77 national suppressions in Europe, in French Canada, 190 265–71 modern Jesuits, 325–6 nationalism and, 264, 267 Spiritual Exercises and, 64–5. See papal restoration (1814), 272–4 also Spiritual Exercises papal suppression (1773), 271–2 theological discourse of Jesuits in Poland and eastern Europe, 141, after Vatican II informed 146–7 by, 298 in Portugal, 265–6 women’s response to racial and ethnic minorities as modern Jesuits’ spiritual Jesuits, 211 collaboration with women, regicide, Jesuits associated with, 312, 325 264, 266, 267, 270 Spiritual Exercises, 120, 126, 131, in Rome and Italy, 82, 84–5, 271 312, 325 in Scotland, 99 Ward, Mary, 126 in Spain, 269–71 Sri Lanka, 309–10 survival of order during years of St. See entries at Saint suppression, 272–3 Stefan Batory (King of Poland), 142 of Ward’s institute, 127–9 Standaert, Nicolas, xi, 6, 169 Szczytnicki (Polish provincial), 146 Stanisław August (King of Poland), 142 Takayama Ukon (Dom Justo), Starkloff, Carl, 306, 307 157, 162 Stonyhurst College (England), 273 Takayama Zusho (Dom Da´rio), 157 Stuart, Henry, Lord Darnley, 88 Talavera, Hernando de, 16 Sua´rez, Francisco, 74, 125 Tanucci, Bernardo, 269 Sublimis Deus, 205 Taoism and organization of superior authorities, academic Christian Church in China, arguments from, 251–2 176, 177

358 Index

Tazbir, Janusz, 137, 138, 145 Vatican II’s encouragement Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 7, 299 of, 299 Ten Commandments, 15, 17, 28 laity, partnership with, 311–12 tertianship, 4 spirituality of Jesuits informing, tertiaries, 28, 121 298 Tertullian, 162 women, partnership with, 312–13 Tesauro, Emmanuele, 80 Thirty Years’ War, 95, 112 theater, Jesuit sense of Thomas a` Kempis, 18, 182 commedia dell’arte traditions Thomism of southern Italy, use of, 79 biblical interpretation, 249 Latin America, incorporation of in China, 181 dance, music, and theater into Dominican vs.Jesuit,257 religious life of Native peoples Jesuit allegiance to, 74, 246 of, 236, 238 scientific revolution and, 246, Milan, Jesuit support and use of 247, 249 theater in, 80 Thorpe, John, 271 theological aim of Jesuit use of Three Kingdoms, Jesuits in. See Aristotelianism, 245 England; Ireland; Maryland, theological discourse of Jesuits after English mission to; Scotland Vatican II, 1, 8, 298–313. See Tivnan, Edward P., 285 also ecumenism; liberation Tokugawa Hidetada, 162 theology Tokugawa Iemitsu, 162 conservatism of pre-Vatican II Tokugawa Ienobu, 163 order, 8 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 161 GC (General Congregation) 32, Torano, Giovanni di, 41 300–1 Torres, Cosme de, 156, 157, 158 GC (General Congregation) 34, Trent, Council of 305–6, 311–13 France, promulgation of decrees inculturation in, 129 in African theological discourse, on grace and justification by 304–5 faith, 112 GC 32 and, 301 Hosius, Stanisław, at, 136, 137 GC 34 and, 306 Jesuits attending, 37, 137, 299 historical character of Christian Spanish religious localism and, 26 faith, 302 women religious, reform of, 120, liberation and, 301 121, 130 North America, Hispanic and Trigault, Nicolas, 178, 182, 209–10 Native American Trigueros, Domingo, 230 communities in, 305, 306–7 Trinidad, ruins of Paraguay Vatican II’s encouragement Reduction at, 233–6 of, 299 Turks. See Islam Jesuits at Vatican II, 298–300 Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill, Earl of, 97 justice in African theological discourse, U¨ c¸erler,M.AntoniJ., xii, 6, 153 304–5 Uchanski, Jakob, 136 GC 32 and, 300–1 United Kingdom. See England; liberation and, 301 Ireland; Maryland, English ‘‘option for the poor,’’ 303 mission to; Scotland

Index 359

universities. See education, and modernization of curriculum, specific universities and 285–7 university locations, e.g. San moral formation, insistence on, Francisco, University of 280, 285, 292 Urban VI (pope), 19 name changes, 287 Urban VIII (pope), 94, 127–8 non-Catholic population, 282, 288 Ursulines, 127, 130, 132, 192 percentage of students receiving USA diplomas, 282, 286 Berrigan, Daniel, imprisonment quality of education, 283, of, 325 289–90, 291 bishops of first thirteen colonies, religious instruction at, 280, Jesuits as, 100 286, 290 establishment of mission in, 100 secondary and tertiary education North America, Jesuits working eventual separation of, 284 with Hispanic and Native initial integration of, 281 American communities in, secularization of, 288, 289, 290–3 305, 306–7 university status, conversion survival of Jesuits during to, 287 suppression period in, 273 vocational training, resistance USA, Jesuit schools in (before 1814) to, 283 Georgetown University, 100 women at, 288, 292 Maryland, English mission to, 100 USA, modern Jesuit Nativity schools USA, Jesuit schools in (c. 1814–1970), in, 326 8, 278–93 Vagnone, Alfonso, 179 1814 to late 19th century, 278–84 Valignano, Alessandro, 158–60, 164, 1890sto1945, 283–90 169, 172, 204, 206 1945 to 1970s, 290–3 Van de Velde, James Oliver, 278 accreditation, certification, and Vargas, Pedro de, 220 standardization, 285, 289 Vatican I, 299 adaptation to American Vatican II culture, 283 inculturation encouraged by, athletic programs, 287 144, 299 ‘‘Catholic Renaissance’’ of 1930s Jesuits at, 299 and, 290 laity’s role in church affairs, classical training, early emphasis affirmation of, 291 on, 280, 282, 283, 285 on racial and ethnic minorities in diversity of student body, economic Church, 211 and social, 281–2 religious culture, Jesuit response to European origins and style, 278–9, changes in, 319, 322. See also 282, 284, 291 theological discourse of Jesuits faculty, 288, 291 after Vatican II federal and state aid, eligibility Vaux, Anne, 123 for, 292 Vavasour, Dorothy, 123 fund-raising practices, 288 Venice, 81–3 graduate schools, establishment Verbiest, Ferdinand, 170, 179, 182 of, 287 Vieira, Andre´s, 163 lay involvement in administration Vieira, Sebastia˜o, 162 and teaching at, 288, 290–1 Vilela, Gaspar, 157

360 Index

Villanueva, Francisco de, 201 Wladysław IV (King of Poland), 139 Virgin Mary Wolfe, David, 88, 89 Immaculate Conception of, 13 Wolff, Johannes, 233 Marian congregations or sodalities. women See confraternities abused women, Jesuit shelters for, Spain, local incarnations in, 21 75–6 Visitation Sisters, 130 enclosure requirements for female Vita Christi, Ludolf of Saxony religious, 120, 121, 130 (Ludolphus de Saxonia), 18, Ignatius of Loyola and, 120–2 41, 182 modern Jesuits and Vita Ignacii Loyolae (Ribadeneira), 36 educational institutions, women Vitelleschi, Muzio (Mutius), 93, attending, 321 98, 126 partnership and solidarity, vocations, confraternities theology of, 312–13 fostering, 77 spiritual collaboration with Voltaire, 183, 263 women, 325 prostitutes and children of Walpole, Henry, 90 prostitutes, Jesuit outreach to, Walsh, Michael P., 292 35, 75–6 Wang Zheng, Philip, 172, 176 in Spanish religious environment of Ward, Mary, 5, 123–9 Ignatius’ youth apostolic vocation, discovery of, Cisneros’ encouragement of, 19 123–5 conversos (Jewish converts or birth and early life, 123 New Christians), 24 death of, 128 reading aloud to, 16 equality of women, conviction Spiritual Exercises used by, 120, of, 126 312, 325 imprisonment of, 127–8 spirituality of Jesuits and. See Jesuit spirituality as adopted by, under spirituality of Jesuits 126, 129 at US Jesuit schools, 288, 292 monastic career of, 123–4 women religious, 5, 120–32. See also naming of Institute, 125, 128, 129 Ward, Mary Painted Life, 128 Constitutions, 126, 129, 131 papal approval sought by, 125, Daughters of Charity, 130, 132 126–7 early Jesuit consideration of, Quamvis Justo and, 121, 128 120–1 reactions to, 125–7 enclosure requirements for, 120, suppression and restoration of 121, 130 Institute, 127–9 in French Canada, 192 Wars of Religion (France), 104, 106 French women’s institutes, 129–31 Warszewicki, Stanisław, 139 Ignatius and, 120–2, 126 ‘‘weeks’’ of Spiritual Exercises, 57–61 Juana of Austria, 122 Weger, Peter, 233 Roser, Isabel, 122, 124 Wendat, 187–9, 190 Sisters of St. Joseph, 130–1 Weston, William, 90 Spiritual Exercises, 120, 126, William of Orange (later William III, 131, 325 King of England), 96, 98, 99 Ursulines, 127, 130, 132 Wilmer, Wilhelm, 286 Visitation Sisters, 130

Index 361

Woodhouse, Thomas, 89 Xu Guangqi, Paul, 172, 178 Woodstock College Xubiri, Xavier, 303 (New York), 278 Worcester, Thomas, x, 1, 5, 8, Yajiro¯ , 156 104, 319 Yang Tingyun, Michael, 172, 176 Wright, Jonathan, xii, 7, 263 York, James, Duke of (later James II, Wujek, Jakub, 139 King of England), 95

Xaintonge, Anne de, 130 Zabrzydowski, Mikołaj, 143 Xavier, Francis, 6 Zahorowski, Hieronim, 138 China and, 169 Załe˛ski, Stanisław, 138 Ignatius and, 34, 36 Zambia, 322 in India, 153–6, 206–7 Za´rate, Pedro de, 200 in Japan, 153–6, 164 Zheng Weixin (Manuel de Siqueira), in Latin American Jesuit sculpture, 210 227, 230 Zimbabwe, 322 non-Europeans as clergy/Jesuits, Zipoli, Domenico, 236 resistance to, 206–7 Zygmunt III (King of Poland), 139, 142