DOCSLIB.ORG

The Climate Change Movement and Political Parties Social Media Interaction During the Electoral Period 2019 in Finland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Climate Change Movement and Political Parties Social Media Interaction During the Electoral Period 2019 in Finland THE CLIMATE CHANGE MOVEMENT AND POLITICAL PARTIES SOCIAL MEDIA INTERACTION DURING THE ELECTORAL PERIOD 2019 IN FINLAND Sonja M. Savolainen University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Political Science Master’s thesis June 2020 Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Koulutusohjelma – Utbildingsprogram – Degree Programme Faculty of Social Sciences Political Science Tekijä – Författare – Author Savolainen, Sonja M. Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title The Climate Change Movement and Political Parties: Social Media Interaction During the Electoral Period 2019 in Finland Oppiaine/Opintosuunta – Läroämne/Studieinriktning – Subject/Study track Study line for politics Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Master’s thesis June 2020 Number of pages 79 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract This master’s thesis investigates the dynamics between the climate movement and Finnish political parties in 2019. The climate movement mobilization overlapped two elections in Finland: the parliamentary elections in April and the European parliamentary elections in May. The research focuses on developments in the relationship before, during and after the elections, which will be analysed using the contentious politics approach and electoral contention mechanisms by Tilly, McAdam and Tarrow. This thesis uses a case study research design to examine the distinctive circumstances in which a global mobilization wave overlaps with two elections. The main set of data consists of all public tweets in Finnish twitter, which mention either ‘ilmastolakko’ (climate strike) or ‘#nytonpakko’ (#actnow) and were published in 2019. The tweets are collected using search engine technology and processed by extracting four datasets of tweets sent out by Finnish parliament members. The data is further investigated using various methods, such as network analysis. Statistics collected by the Finnish police force and survey data collected by researchers in climate protests are used to support the analysis. The analysis showed that the dynamics of the interaction between the climate movement and the political parties in Finland changed throughout 2019. Before the parliamentary elections in April 2019, the climate movement formed mutually beneficial electoral alliances with the Green League and the Left Alliance. The political parties took distance from the movement after the elections. A responsive mobilization of the climate movement after the elections showed increasing criticism towards politicians. Other parties did not significantly change their position towards the movement after the elections, although the Finns Party slightly increased the amount of criticism and the other parties slightly decreased the amount of support shown towards the movement. The developments in the movement-party relations were apparent in many ways: Indicators of the mechanisms of interaction were changes in the number of tweets published by MPs, the contents of the tweets, frequency and scale of climate protests and the support or criticism from the climate movement towards the political parties. The two waves of mobilization in Helsinki was supplemented by other types of mobilization, such as the launch of the ‘Korvaamaton’- campaign of development, climate and environmental organizations. This thesis shows that social media is a venue of movement-party interactions in more open media systems, where political elites transcend to Twitter networks. The existence of virtual political elites can have implications for social movements and the collective ‘conflict and alliance’ structure of politics. Further research should be conducted on the other venues in which movement-party interactions may occur and on other case studies, where social movement mobilization and elections occur simultaneously. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Social movements, climate movement, environmental movement, elections, contentious politics, electoral contention Ohjaaja tai ohjaajat – Handledare – Supervisor or supervisors Mikko Mattila Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsingin yliopiston kirjasto, Helsingfors universitets bibliotek, Helsinki University Library Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Theoretical framework and previous research ...................................................................................... 5 2.1 Defining social movements ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Social movements and political parties .............................................................................................. 8 The political process approach ............................................................................................................ 9 The societal cleavages approach ....................................................................................................... 12 The agenda-setting power approach ................................................................................................. 13 The contentious politics approach ..................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Mechanisms of movement-party interactions ................................................................................... 17 3 Social movements and media ................................................................................................................. 21 3.1 The global media technologies and social movements..................................................................... 21 3.2 The Finnish media system and strategic use of media platforms ..................................................... 24 4 The environmental movement in Finland ............................................................................................ 27 4.1 The history and organizational development of the environmental movement in Finland .............. 27 4.2 The climate mobilization .................................................................................................................. 31 5 Methodology and data collection .......................................................................................................... 34 5.1 Research design and methodology ................................................................................................... 34 5.2 Data collection from social media .................................................................................................... 36 5.3 Processing and analysing the data .................................................................................................... 37 5.4 Ethics of social media research......................................................................................................... 40 6 Mechanisms linking the climate movement and electoral party politics ........................................... 42 6.1 The Finnish political context in the 2019 elections .......................................................................... 42 6.2 Electoral coalitions ........................................................................................................................... 44 6.3 Transferable innovations .................................................................................................................. 50 6.4 Proactive mobilization ...................................................................................................................... 53 6.5 Polarization of parties ....................................................................................................................... 56 6.6 Discussing the mechanisms of movement-party interaction in the Finnish political context .......... 62 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 68 Sources ........................................................................................................................................................ 71 Appendix .................................................................................................................................................... 79 1 Tweets by @maripsrantanen and @sebastiantyne .............................................................................. 79 2 ‘Korvaamaton’-campaign website ....................................................................................................... 79 3 Tweet by @petteriorpo ........................................................................................................................ 79 Acknowledgements The social media data for this thesis was collected with the software tool Mohawk Analytics and generously provided by The Centre for Consumer Society Research (Kuluttajatutkimuskeskus). The contribution is sincerely appreciated as the project could not have been completed without it. 1 Introduction Greta Thunberg inspired what would become a global ‘Fridays For Future’ climate movement on the 20th of August 2018, when she first sat down in front of the Swedish Parliament holding a sign that read: Skolstrejk för klimatet (School strike for the climate). Although Thunberg started the protest alone, it didn’t take long for other young people to join her. The protests started to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Environmentalization of Finnish Society Esa Konttinen, Tapio Litmanen, Matti Nieminen & Marja Ylönen ALL SHADES of GREEN
    Esa Konttinen • Tapio Litmanen • Matti Nieminen • Marja Ylonen So Phi All Shades of Green The Environmentalization of Finnish Society Esa Konttinen, Tapio Litmanen, Matti Nieminen & Marja Ylönen ALL SHADES OF GREEN The Environmentalization of Finnish Society SoPhi University of Jyväskylä 1999 SoPhi University of Jyväskylä 1999 SoPhi publishes social sciences at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, and it is located at the Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy. It provides a forum for innovative studies in social policy, sociology, political science and philosophy. SoPhi publishes 1015 titles per year, both in Finnish and in English. Manuscripts are selected for publication on the basis of expert opinion. Correspondence should be sent to publications editor Juha Virkki, Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy/Publications, Univer- sity of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland, tel. +358- (0)14-603123, fax +358-(0)14-603101, e-mail [email protected]. Publications can be ordered from Kampus Kirja, Kauppakatu 9, FIN-40100 Jyväskylä, Finland (tel. +358-(0)14-603157, fax +358-(0)14- 611143, e-mail [email protected]. Visit SoPhi home page at http://www.jyu.fi/~yhtfil/sophi/sop.html ISBN 951-39-0425-3 ISSN 1238-8025 Copyright © authors and SoPhi 1999 Printed at Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 1999 Cover printed at ER-Paino, Laukaa 1999 Cover Paula Kangasniemi Layout Juha Virkki CONTENTS Foreword.....................................................................................................5 Introduction ...............................................................................................7 Esa Konttinen Four waves of environmental protest ................................................ 20 Esa Konttinen Environmental challenges in Finnish countryside in the 1990s......................................................... 47 Tapio Litmanen International Anti-nuclear protest....................................................... 83 Tapio Litmanen From the Golden Age to the Valley of Despair.
    [Show full text]
  • Parties and Interest Associations Report Intra-Party Democracy, Association Competence (Business), Association Competence (Others)
    Sustainable Governance Indicators SGI 2015 Parties and Interest Associations Report Intra-party Democracy, Association Competence (Business), Association Competence (Others) SGI 2015 | 2 Parties and Interest Associations Indicator Intra-party Democracy Question How inclusive and open are the major parties in their internal decision-making processes? 41 OECD and EU countries are sorted according to their performance on a scale from 10 (best) to 1 (lowest). This scale is tied to four qualitative evaluation levels. 10-9 = The party allows all party members and supporters to participate in its decisions on the most important personnel and issues. Lists of candidates and agendas of issues are open. 8-6 = The party restricts decision-making to party members. In most cases, all party members have the opportunity to participate in decisions on the most important personnel and issues. Lists of candidates and agendas of issues are rather open. 5-3 = The party restricts decision-making to party members. In most cases, a number of elected delegates participate in decisions on the most important personnel and issues. Lists of candidates and agendas of issues are largely controlled by the party leadership. 2-1 = A number of party leaders participate in decisions on the most important personnel and issues. Lists of candidates and agendas of issues are fully controlled and drafted by the party leadership. Denmark Score 8 Four of the political parties represented in the Danish parliament, the Liberal Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Social Liberal Party and the Conservative Party have existed for more than 100 years and have all regularly taken part in governments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Finnish Election System. Overview
    Publica� ons of the Opera� ons and 2020:3 Ministry of Jus� ce Finland administra� on The Finnish Election System Overview Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Operations and administration 2020:3 The Finnish Election System Overview Ministry of Justice, Finland, Helsinki 2020 Ministry of Justice, Finland ISBN: 978-952-259-792-2 Layout: Government Administration Department, Publications Helsinki 2020 Description sheet Published by Ministry of Justice, Finland 21 January 2020 Authors Arto Jääskeläinen The Finnish Election System Title of publication Overview Series and publication Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Operations and administration number 2020:3 Operations and Register number VN/12138/2019 Subject administration ISBN PDF 978-952-259-792-2 ISSN (PDF) 2490-208X Website address http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-259-792-2 (URN) Pages 38 Language English Keywords elections, election system Abstract General presentation of the Finnish election system. Publisher Ministry of Justice, Finland Distributed by/ Online version: julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi Publication sales Publication sales: vnjulkaisumyynti.fi Kuvailulehti Julkaisija Oikeusministeriö 21.1.2020 Tekijät Arto Jääskeläinen Suomen vaalijärjestelmä Julkaisun nimi Yleisesitys Julkaisusarjan nimi Oikeusministeriön julkaisuja, Toiminta ja hallinto ja numero 2020:3 Diaari/hankenumero VN/12138/2019 Teema Toiminta ja hallinto ISBN PDF 978-952-259-792-2 ISSN PDF 2490-208X URN-osoite http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-259-792-2 Sivumäärä 38 Kieli englanti Asiasanat vaalit, vaalijärjestelmä
    [Show full text]
  • The Climate Change Movement and Political Parties Mechanisms of Social Media and Interaction During the 2019 Electoral Period in Finland
    Nordic Journal of MEDIA STUDIES The climate change movement and political parties Mechanisms of social media and interaction during the 2019 electoral period in Finland Sonja Savolainen & Tuomas Ylä-Anttila Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract Building on the framework of electoral contention, we investigate the interaction dynamics between social movements and political parties during elections. We argue that social media today is an important venue for these interactions, and consequently, analysing social media data is useful for understanding the shifts in the conflict and alliance structures between movements and parties. We find that Twitter discussions on the climate change movement during the 2019 electoral period in Finland reveal a process of pre-election approaching and post-election distancing between the movement and parties. The Greens and the Left formed mutually beneficial coalitions with the movement preceding the elections and took distance from one another after these parties entered the government. These findings suggest that research on movement-party interaction should pay more attention to social media and undertake comparative studies to assess whether the approaching-distancing process and its constituent mechanisms characterise movements beyond the climate strikes in Finland. Keywords: social movements, climate movement, electoral contention, contentious politics, social media Introduction When Greta Thunberg sat down in front of the Swedish Parliament in August 2018, holding a sign that read “Skolstrejk för klimatet” [School strike for climate], she sowed the seeds of the global “Fridays for Future” climate movement. The fast-spreading mobilisation wave inspired by Thunberg hit the shores of Finland by the end of 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Voting and Public Opinion in Finland
    Institutet för samhällsforskning Voting and Public Opinion in Finland THE PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION OF 2019 Edited by Kimmo Grönlund and Kim Strandberg 1 Published in Finland by Samforsk, The Social Science Research Institute Åbo Akademi University, Åbo © the various contributors 2019 ISBN 978-952-12-3845-1 Graphic Design by A1 Media Oy Printed by Grano Second edition, Åbo, October 2019 CONTENTS The 2019 Parliamentary election in Finland 1 Kimmo Grönlund & Kim Strandberg Party choice 8 Kimmo Grönlund Differences between voting in advance and on Election day 14 Henrik Serup Christensen Multiple party preferences and party choice in Finland 21 Peter Söderlund Following the elections through offline and online media 27 Aleksi Suuronen & Kim Strandberg Did following the election campaign educate or confuse voters? 33 Lauri Rapeli & Kim Strandberg Political trust in Finland 39 Maria Bäck Whom do Finns trust? In-group and out-group trust in Finland 45 Maria Bäck & Thomas Karv Party switching between the Parliamentary- and the EP elections 51 Thomas Karv Technical Appendix 58 References 61 I LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Vote share by party 2015 and 2019 2 Figure 3.3 Age, gender and education 17 Figure 1.2 Seats per party 2015 and 2019 3 Figure 3.4 Political interest and political trust 18 Figure 1.3 Party that received Figure 3.5 Satisfaction with election outcome 19 the highest share of votes by municipality 4 Figure 5.1. Finnish citizens’ reported use Figure 2.1 The mean voter position for of media to follow the elections in 29.3.2019 each party in Finland.
    [Show full text]
  • Finland, the Observatoryisapartnership,Hostedbywho/Europe, Organizations International Whichincludesother
    V ol. 21 Health Systems in Transition Vol. 21 No. 2 2019 No. 2 0 1 9 Heal t h S y s te m s in T r an s ition: Finland Finland Health system review Ilmo Keskimäki Vesa Syrjä Liina-Kaisa Tynkkynen Lauri Vuorenkoski Eeva Reissell Bernd Rechel Meri Koivusalo Marina Karanikolos The Observatory is a partnership, hosted by WHO/Europe, which includes other international organizations (the European Commission, the World Bank); national and regional governments (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Veneto Region of Italy); other health system organizations (the French National Union of Health Insurance Funds (UNCAM), the Health Foundation); and academia (the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)). The Observatory has a secretariat in Brussels and it has hubs in London at LSE and LSHTM) and at the Berlin University of Technology. HiTs are in-depth profiles of health systems and policies, produced using a standardized approach that allows comparison across countries. They provide facts, figures and analysis and highlight reform initiatives in progress. Print ISSN 1817-6119 Web ISSN 1817-6127 61546 Finland HiT_covers_WEB.pdf 2 02/09/2019 14:15 Marina Karanikolos and Bernd Rechel (Editors), and Ewout van Ginneken (Series editor) were responsible for this HiT Editorial Board Series editors Reinhard Busse, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Josep Figueras, European Observatory on Health Systems and
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges in the 21St Century Edited by Anu Koivunen, Jari Ojala and Janne Holmén
    The Nordic Economic, Social and Political Model The Nordic model is the 20th-century Scandinavian recipe for combining stable democracies, individual freedom, economic growth and comprehensive systems for social security. But what happens when Sweden and Finland – two countries topping global indexes for competitiveness, productivity, growth, quality of life, prosperity and equality – start doubting themselves and their future? Is the Nordic model at a crossroads? Historically, consensus, continuity, social cohesion and broad social trust have been hailed as key components for the success and for the self-images of Sweden and Finland. In the contemporary, however, political debates in both countries are increasingly focused on risks, threats and worry. Social disintegration, political polarization, geopolitical anxieties and threat of terrorism are often dominant themes. This book focuses on what appears to be a paradox: countries with low-income differences, high faith in social institutions and relatively high cultural homogeneity becoming fixated on the fear of polarization, disintegration and diminished social trust. Unpacking the presentist discourse of “worry” and a sense of interregnum at the face of geopolitical tensions, digitalization and globalization, as well as challenges to democracy, the chapters take steps back in time and explore the current conjecture through the eyes of historians and social scientists, addressing key aspects of and challenges to both the contemporary and the future Nordic model. In addition, the functioning and efficacy of the participatory democracy and current protocols of decision-making are debated. This work is essential reading for students and scholars of the welfare state, social reforms and populism, as well as Nordic and Scandinavian studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019 1 1 Contents
    ANNUAL REPORT 2019 1 1 CONTENTS Foreword: Democracy is under threat 3 Overview 4 Highlights of our results 6 Supporting dialogue and enhancing skills – Demo Finland’s programmes Mozambique 7 Myanmar 8 Tunisia 9 Zambia 10 Ethiopia 11 Sri Lanka 11 Bringing democracy on the agenda – Demo Finland’s communications and advocacy 12 Human resources 14 Financial resources 15 Layout: Salla Vasenius Photos: Demo Finland 2 3 DEMOCRACY IS UNDER THREAT There is grave concern about the state of democracy and its regress, which is also happening in stabilised democracies. This is echoed in key reports that aim at assessing the global level of democracy produced by International IDEA, the Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU) and Freedom House – while the global Covid-19 pandemic regresses it even further. While measuring democracy is notoriously challenging, the reports raise an alarm about the need to speak out for democracy. In their recent report, International IDEA alerted us that democracy is under threat and its promise needs revival. The report showcases that most hybrid forms of democracy that flirt with authoritarianism and non-democracies have generally neither delivered nor sustained better policy outcomes, with some exceptions. Instead, democracies are more likely to create the conditions necessary for sustainable development compared to non-democracies or hybrid regimes. The choice is thus not between non-democracy (or illiberal or hybrid forms of it) and democracy. The world needs more and better democracy. Meanwhile, the Economic Intelligence Unit stated that only 45,5% of countries are democracies (either full or flawed democracy). US-based Freedom House also does not paint a rosy picture in its Freedom of the World 2020 report.
    [Show full text]
  • Municipal Elections 2021
    Elections 2021 Municipal elections 2021 Nomination of candidates and background analysis of candidates A total of 35,627 candidates in Municipal elections 2021 Altogether 35,627 candidates were nominated for the 2021 Municipal elections, which is 2,009 (5.6 per cent) more than in the previous Municipal elections. Nineteen of the registered parties nominated candidates, while the number of candidates nominated by constituency associations was 1,126. Of the candidates, 21,480 are men and 14,147 women. Of the candidates nominated, 176 are current Members of Parliament and 6,520 are current municipal councillors. Of the parties, the most candidates were nominated by the Centre Party of Finland, 6,871 candidates and the least candidates were nominated by the Citizens’ Party, two candidates. The data are based on Statistics Finland's statistics on the nomination of candidates for the Municipal elections 2021. Women's and men’s proportions of candidates in Municipal elections 1953–2021 In Municipal elections, candidates can be nominated by registered political parties and constituency associations established by persons entitled to vote. Parties may form electoral alliances and constituency associations may form joint lists. Each party or electoral alliance may nominate at most 1.5 times the number of candidates as the number of councillors elected in the municipality. Of all candidates, 95.6 per cent were nominated by the current parliamentary parties. Of the candidates, 1.2 per cent were nominated by parties that do not have MPs in the present Parliament. Of such parties, the most candidates Helsinki 04.06.2021 Quoting is encouraged provided Statistics Finland is acknowledged as the source.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of the Far Right Building a Trade Union Response
    The rise of the far right Building a trade union response TUC report, December 2020 Contents Foreword 1 Acknowledgements 2 Executive summary 3 Recommended areas for action 5 1. Background 7 2. Explaining support for the far right 13 3. Far-right media, online networks and subcultures 19 4. The internationalisation of the far right 25 5. Trade union responses 37 6. Conclusion: a resistable threat 43 Appendix I: Central and eastern Europe, Latin America 44 Foreword Resisting the far right is part of the trade union movement’s DNA. From the Battle of Cable Street and the struggle against Nazism to the long fight to defeat apartheid, trade unions have a distinguished history of fighting the politics of hate. And with the far right growing in strength and influence globally, we must now write a new chapter in that story. The far right has been quick to exploit neoliberalism’s failures. More than a decade of crisis, austerity and insecurity have provided a fertile breeding ground for extreme right- wing ideology. The far right is in power in Hungary, Poland, Turkey, Brazil and Colombia – and influential elsewhere. And while Donald Trump was recently given his marching orders by Joe Biden, Trumpism lives on in the hearts and minds of more than 70 million American voters. Alarmingly, far right ideas have now become part of the political mainstream. Narratives of division, exclusion and blame have driven the upsurge in racism, nativism and nationalism. This normalisation of extremism poses a huge challenge for everyone who believes in equality, justice and tolerance.
    [Show full text]
  • Manifesto Project Dataset List of Political Parties
    Manifesto Project Dataset List of Political Parties [email protected] Website: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/ Version 2020b from December 23, 2020 Manifesto Project Dataset - List of Political Parties Version 2020b 1 Coverage of the Dataset including Party Splits and Merges The following list documents the parties that were coded at a specific election. The list includes the name of the party or alliance in the original language and in English, the party/alliance abbreviation as well as the corresponding party identification number. In the case of an alliance, it also documents the member parties it comprises. Within the list of alliance members, parties are represented only by their id and abbreviation if they are also part of the general party list. If the composition of an alliance has changed between elections this change is reported as well. Furthermore, the list records renames of parties and alliances. It shows whether a party has split from another party or a number of parties has merged and indicates the name (and if existing the id) of this split or merger parties. In the past there have been a few cases where an alliance manifesto was coded instead of a party manifesto but without assigning the alliance a new party id. Instead, the alliance manifesto appeared under the party id of the main party within that alliance. In such cases the list displays the information for which election an alliance manifesto was coded as well as the name and members of this alliance. 2 Albania ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections
    [Show full text]
  • The Nordic Economic, Social and Political Model; Challenges in The
    8 Nordic populists as hegemony challengers Emilia Palonen and Liv Sunnercrantz This chapter explores populism in Nordic countries where there is a long tradi- tion of heterogeneous, populist parties with incompatible political ideologies transforming over decades. Between the anti-communism, anti-elitism, anti- tax-paying, anti-immigration, and agrarian features, little unites these parties. We argue, however, that at least one feature fits: they were all hegemony chal- lengers. This may indeed be a feature of populism as such following the theory of Ernesto Laclau.1 Hence, a particular study of Nordic populists would reveal hegemony as the particular shared social imaginary horizon in each of the Nor- dic countries. The chapter develops a Laclaudian understanding of populism and provides a chronological narrative of the populist parties in Finland, Den- mark, Norway, and Sweden, and a discussion of hegemony as it emerges and transforms over time. Populist parties have emerged as a reaction to dominant thinking in each of the political contexts. Our study explores alternatives or points of contestation regarding key issues emerging during the studied period, most notably relations to the Soviet Union and market deregulation as well as migration and welfare chauvinism. There are several ways to approach populism, and Nordic populist par- ties have been studied from ideational perspectives as well as a party family.2 Our post-Gramscian approach to populism includes an idea of hegemony and counter-hegemony: populist parties are challengers of the status quo who seek to offer a new alternative vision, question, or basis of argumentation for a political ‘us’.3 Two features mark Nordic politics: the strong position of Social Democratic parties and a culture of consensus in coalition governments, as stressed by David Arter.4 Despite the potential for conflict, overriding social democratic ideals enabled a political culture where issues were settled through compromise.
    [Show full text]