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Why Has Egypt Been Under Emergency Rule for the Past Hundred Years?

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Why Has Egypt Been Under Emergency Rule for the Past Hundred Years? Why Has Egypt Been Under Emergency Rule for the Past Hundred Years? K Salameh A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Law University of Western Sydney November 2018 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my parents and my brothers and sisters who have encouraged and supported me a lot throughout my life and during my study journey in particular. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my principal supervisor Professor Michael Head and co- supervisor Associate Professor Scott Mann for their effective and careful guidance. I would also like to thank the staff at the University of Western Sydney, generally, and the staff at the School of Law, particularly Dr Cressida Limon, Rita Mifsud and Yvonne Daly. Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in whole or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. Signature K Salameh University of Western Sydney Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................1 1.2 Research Questions ...........................................................................................................2 1.3 Egypt as a Case Study .......................................................................................................2 1.4 Historical Sequence of Emergency Law in Egypt from British Rule to the Present ...............................................................................................................................3 1.4.1 Coup of 1952 ............................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Emergency Law No 162 of 1958 ................................................................ 7 1.4.3 Revolution of 2011 and coup of 2013 ....................................................... 10 1.4.4 Major human rights breaches in Egypt as a result of emergency rule ...... 11 1.5 Methodology ...................................................................................................................12 1.6 Outlining the Emergency Power Theories ......................................................................15 1.7 Testing the Traditional Theories .....................................................................................17 1.7.1 Reza Sadiq Reza and Liguori’s proposed model ...................................... 20 1.8 Deep State Theory ...........................................................................................................22 1.8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 22 1.8.2 Outline of the deep state framework ......................................................... 22 1.9 Aims of the Thesis ..........................................................................................................26 1.10 Purpose of the Thesis and Gaps in Previous Studies ....................................................26 1.11 Structure of the Thesis ..................................................................................................27 Chapter 2: Theories of Emergency Powers ........................................................... 30 2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................30 2.2 Classical Models of Accommodation .............................................................................30 2.2.1 Ancient Roman dictatorship ...................................................................... 30 2.2.2 Neo-Roman model .................................................................................... 32 2.2.3 Germany’s Weimar Republic .................................................................... 33 2.2.4 United States Constitution ........................................................................ 35 2.2.5 French state of siege .................................................................................. 37 2.2.6 United Kingdom martial law ..................................................................... 42 2.2.7 Failure of classical models of accommodation ......................................... 45 2.3 Modern Comparative Context Categories of Accommodation .......................................46 2.3.1 Constitutional accommodation ................................................................. 46 2.3.2 Legislative accommodation ...................................................................... 47 2.3.2.1 Legislation that can modify the existing law .....................................................47 2.3.2.2 Special emergency legislation ...........................................................................47 2.3.3 Interpretive legislation .............................................................................. 48 2.4 Business-as-usual model .................................................................................................48 2.5 Extra-legal model ............................................................................................................49 2.6 Illegality model ...............................................................................................................49 2.7 Realist model ...................................................................................................................51 2.8 Testing the Models with Reference to the Egypt Case ...................................................51 2.8.1 Liguori’s proposed model and thesis criticism ......................................... 52 2.8.2 Failure of traditional emergency power theories ...................................... 55 2.8.3 Head’s criticism of the model of emergency power ................................. 56 i 2.9 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................57 Chapter 3: British Imperialism in Egypt ............................................................... 59 3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................59 3.2 European Imperialist Powers ..........................................................................................59 3.2.1 Origins of imperialism .............................................................................. 59 3.2.2 United States imperialism in Latin America ............................................. 63 3.3 European Imperialism in Egypt—Capitulation System ..................................................64 3.4 British Strategies Towards Controlling Egypt ................................................................65 3.4.1 Britain’s justification for colonising Egypt ............................................... 70 3.4.2 Growth of Egypt’s opposition to Britain ................................................... 72 3.4.2.1 Dinshaway incident in 1906 ..............................................................................72 3.5 Martial Law of 1914 ........................................................................................................75 3.5.1 Revolution of 1919 .................................................................................... 78 3.6 Egyptian Constitution of 1923 ........................................................................................81 3.7 Military Rule Law No 15 of 1923 ...................................................................................83 3.8 Anglo–Egyptian Treaty of 1936 ......................................................................................86 3.9 Martial Law in 1948—The Sykes–Picot and Balfour Declaration .................................89 3.10 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................91 Chapter 4: Egyptian Legal Framework ................................................................. 94 4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................94 4.2 Coup of 1952 ...................................................................................................................94 4.2.1 Development of the military state ............................................................. 96 4.2.1.1 Nasser’s containment of his potential opponents..............................................97 4.3 Constitution of 1956 ......................................................................................................101 4.4 War of 1956 ...................................................................................................................102 4.5 Nasser’s Institutions to Control Political Parties and 1958 Emergency Law ...............103 4.5.1 United Arab Republic (1957–1961) ........................................................ 104 4.5.2 Emergency Law of 1958 ........................................................................
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