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The Independence of the Judiciary in Poland: Reflections on Andrzej Rzeplinski's Sadownictwo W Polsce Ludowej (The Judiciary in Peoples' Poland (1989) [Article]
The Independence of the Judiciary in Poland: Reflections on Andrzej Rzeplinski's Sadownictwo W Polsce Ludowej (the Judiciary in Peoples' Poland (1989) [Article] Item Type Article; text Authors Frankowski, Stanislaw Citation 8 Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 33 (1991) Publisher The University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law (Tucson, AZ) Journal Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law Rights Copyright © The Author(s) Download date 30/09/2021 17:15:25 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/659476 THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY IN POLAND: REFLECTIONS ON ANDRZEJ RZEPLINSKI'S SADOWNICTWO W POLSCE LUDOWEJ (THE JUDICIARY IN PEOPLES' POLAND (1989) Stanislaw Frankowski* I. INTRODUCTION The role of the judiciary within a political power structure and, in particular, its relation to the other branches of government, has always been a thorny and sensitive issue in countries of "real communism." On the one hand, communist rulers found it useful to create the appearance of retaining the "bourgeois" concept of judicial independence as a subterfuge for legiti- mizing their autocratic, in some instances even totalitarian, system of power. At the same time, however, they have always advanced the principle of the "leading role" of the Party as the fundamental tenet of their ideology. Despite all the scholarly effort, it proved impossible to devise a plausible theory which would diffuse the conflict between the officially proclaimed ideal of judicial independence and the Party's hegemonic role. As a result, most theorists dealing with the question of judicial independence in communist societies resorted to a set of carefully crafted phrases, obscuring rather than revealing the nature of the conflict. -
Poland's Constitution of 1997
PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:44 constituteproject.org Poland's Constitution of 1997 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:44 Table of contents Preamble . 3 Chapter I: The Republic . 3 Chapter II: The Freedoms, Rights, and Obligations of Citizens . 7 Chapter III: Sources of Law . 17 Chapter IV: The Sejm and The Senate . 19 Chapter V: The President of the Republic of Poland . 26 Chapter VI: The Council of Ministers and Government Administration . 32 Chapter VII: Local Government . 36 Chapter VIII: Courts and Tribunals . 38 Chapter IX: Organs of State Control and For Defence of Rights . 44 Chapter X: Public Finances . 47 Chapter XI: Extraordinary Measures . 49 Chapter XII: Amending the Constitution . 51 Chapter XIII: Final and Transitional Provisions . 52 Poland 1997 Page 2 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:44 • Motives for writing constitution • Preamble Preamble Having regard for the existence and future of our Homeland, Which recovered, in 1989, the possibility of a sovereign and democratic determination of its fate, We, the Polish Nation -all citizens of the Republic, • God or other deities Both those who believe in God as the source of truth, justice, good and beauty, As well as those not sharing such faith but respecting those universal values as arising from other sources, Equal in rights and obligations towards the common good -
Poland's Constitution of 1997 with Amendments Through 2009
PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:45 constituteproject.org Poland's Constitution of 1997 with Amendments through 2009 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:45 Table of contents Preamble . 3 Chapter I: THE REPUBLIC . 3 Chapter II: THE FREEDOMS, RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF PERSONS AND CITIZENS . 7 Chapter III: SOURCES OF LAW . 18 Chapter IV: THE SEJM AND THE SENATE . 20 Chapter V: THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND . 26 Chapter VI: THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS AND GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION . 32 Chapter VII: LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT . 37 Chapter VIII: COURTS AND TRIBUNALS . 38 Chapter IX: ORGANS OF STATE CONTROL AND FOR DEFENCE OF RIGHTS . 44 Chapter X: PUBLIC FINANCES . 47 Chapter XI: EXTRAORDINARY MEASURES . 50 Chapter XII: AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION . 52 Chapter XIII: FINAL AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS . 52 Poland 1997 (rev. 2009) Page 2 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:45 • Source of constitutional authority • God or other deities Preamble • Motives for writing constitution • Preamble • Reference to country's history Having regard for the existence and future of our Homeland, Which recovered, in 1989, the possibility of a sovereign and democratic determination of its fate, We, the Polish Nation - all citizens of the Republic, Both those who believe in God as the source of truth, justice, good and beauty, As well as those not sharing such -
The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in Poland
THE EU CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS in Poland [N]ational authorities (judicial authorities, law enforcement bodies and administrations) are “key actors in giving concrete effect to the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Charter” European Parliament (2015), Resolution on the situation of fundamental rights in the European Union (2013–2014) 2014/2254(INI)), Strasbourg, CHARTER COUNTRY-SHEET CHARTER 8 September 2015, recital P. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is the EU’s bill of human rights. It contains 50 articles with substantive rights and principles, followed by four articles with general provisions. Member States have a duty to respect the rights and observe the principles of the Charter whenever they are acting within the scope of binding EU law. Where the Charter provisions are sufficiently precise and unconditional, they can have a direct effect at the national level – for instance in national courtrooms. Charter provisions that are ‘principles’ can only be invoked before a court if implemented by legislative or executive acts. Member States have an explicit duty to promote the Charter’s application. This country- sheet supports that effort by giving examples of the Charter’s use and highlighting how it adds value. Given that EU law is predominantly implemented at national level, national judges, parliamentarians, government officials and legal practitioners are core ‘Charter agents’ on The EU Charter as whom the EU system relies. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights primarily an obligation: when are addresses the EU itself. It binds EU Member Polish authorities required States “only when they are implementing Union law” (Article 51 of the Charter). -
Socjolekt Idiolekt Idiostyl
SOCJOLEKT IDIOLEKT IDIOSTYL Historia i współczesność SOCJOLEKT IDIOLEKT IDIOSTYL Historia i współczesność pod redakcją Urszuli Sokólskiej Białystok ���� Recenzenci: Prof. dr hab. Artur Rejter Dr hab. Jolanta Klimek-Grądzka Dr hab. Małgorzata Nowak Redakcja i korekta: Zespół Tłumaczenie streszczeń: Zespół Skład i projekt okładki: Krzysztof Rutkowski Wydanie publikacji sfinansowano ze środków Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku ISBN ���-��-����-���-� © Copyright by Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Białystok ���� PRYMAT Mariusz Śliwowski ul. Hetmańska 42, 15-727 Białystok tel. 602 766 304, 881 766 304 e-mail: [email protected] www.prymat.biasoft.net Spis treści Słowo wstępne ............................................................................ 9 Magdalena Ancypo ‑Szeloch „Cały mój majątek: wianeczek i kosa”. Stereotyp wianka w pieśniach ludowych powiatu sokólskiego ................................... 11 Maria Biolik Cechy fonetyczne gwary warmińskiej w „Kiermasach na Warmii” Walentego Barczewskiego ............................................................33 Iwona Burkacka Słowotwórcze wykładniki kolokwializacji w Piaskowej Górze i Chmurdalii Joanny Bator .............................................................45 Eliza Czerwińska Metaforyczny język analityków finansowych na przykładzie komentarzy giełdowych publikowanych w Internecie .....................65 Hubert Duchnowski „Każdy słyszy to, co zdolny jest pojąć”, czyli o konwencjonalności i niekonwencjonalności wypowiedzi Leszka Millera .......................85 -
Poland: Briefing on the Rule of Law and Independence of the Judiciary in Poland in 2020-2021
POLAND: BRIEFING ON THE RULE OF LAW AND INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY IN POLAND IN 2020-2021 Amnesty International is a movement of 10 million people which mobilizes the humanity in everyone and campaigns for change so we can all enjoy our human rights. Our vision is of a world where those in power keep their promises, respect international law and are held to account. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and individual donations. We believe that acting in solidarity and compassion with people everywhere can change our societies for the better. © Amnesty International 2021 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: © Piotr Wójcik (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2020 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: EUR 37/4304/2021 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 7 2. DEVELOPMENT CONCERNING RULE OF LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN POLAND IN 2020 8 2.1 LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS IN 2020: THE “MUZZLE LAW” 8 2.2 SIGNIFICANT LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS UNDERMINING THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY 9 2.2.1 THREE ILLUSTRATIVE CASES OF INTERFERENCE WITH JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE IN POLAND: WAIVING THE IMMUNITY OF JUDGES AND REMOVING THEM FROM OFFICE 9 2.2.2 THE CONSTITUTIONAL TRIBUNAL RULING ON ABORTION 11 2.3 IMPORTANT LEGAL DECISIONS AND JUDGMENTS 12 2.3.1 THE CJEU ORDERS THE SUSPENSION OF ACTIVITIES OF THE DISCIPLINARY CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT 12 2.3.2 RESOLUTION BY A PANEL OF THREE CHAMBERS OF THE SUPREME COURT 12 3. -
The Constitution of Poland a Contextual Analysis
The Constitution of Poland A Contextual Analysis Mirosław Granat and Katarzyna Granat HART PUBLISHING Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Kemp House , Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, Oxford , OX2 9PH , UK HART PUBLISHING, the Hart/Stag logo, BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2019 Copyright © Mirosław Granat and Katarzyna Granat , 2019 Mirosław Granat and Katarzyna Granat have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identifi ed as Authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. While every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this work, no responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any statement in it can be accepted by the authors, editors or publishers. All UK Government legislation and other public sector information used in the work is Crown Copyright © . All House of Lords and House of Commons information used in the work is Parliamentary Copyright © . This information is reused under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 ( http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/ open-government-licence/version/3 ) except where otherwise stated. All Eur-lex material used in the work is © European Union, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ , 1998–2019. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. -
Poland Joint Urgent Opinion of the Venice Commission
Strasbourg, 16 January 2020 CDL-PI(2020)002 Opinion No. 977 / 2019 Or. Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) POLAND JOINT URGENT OPINION OF THE VENICE COMMISSION AND THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND RULE OF LAW (DGI) OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE ON AMENDMENTS TO THE LAW ON THE COMMON COURTS, THE LAW ON THE SUPREME COURT, AND SOME OTHER LAWS on the basis of comments by Mr Richard BARRETT (Member, Ireland) Ms Claire BAZY-MALAURIE (Member, France) Mr Paolo CAROZZA (Member, the United States of America) Mr Philip DIMITROV (Member, Bulgaria) Ms Regina KIENER (Member, Switzerland) Mr Kaarlo TUORI (Member, Finland) Mr Mats MELIN (Expert, DG I) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-PI(2020)002 - 2 - I. Introduction 1. By letter of 30 December 2019, the Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Mr Tomasz Grodzki, requested an opinion of the Venice Commission on the amendments to the laws on the judiciary, passed by the Polish Sejm on 20 December 2019 (CDL-REF(2020)002), hereinafter “the Amendments”), from the perspective of judicial independence. In his letter the Marshal indicated that the Senate would like to receive an opinion before the end of the upcoming session of the Senate at which the Amendments have to be discussed (15-17 January 2020). 2. Ms Claire Bazy-Malaurie (member, Vice-President, France), Mr Richard Barrett (member, Ireland), Mr Paolo Carozza (member, United States of America), Mr Philip Dimitrov (member, Vice-President, Bulgaria), Ms Regina Kiener (member, Vice-President, Switzerland) and Mr Kaarlo Tuori (member, Finland) acted as rapporteurs for this Opinion. -
Constitutional Changes in Poland Between 1989 and 1997
LAW AND ADMINISTRATION IN POST-SOVIET EUROPE T h e J o u r n a l o f K o l e g i u m J a g i e l l o n s K i e T o r u n s K a s z K o l a W y z s z a V o l . i : 5 – 1 5 DOI: 10.2478/lape-2014-0001 Grzegorz Górski Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Constitutional changes in Poland between 1989 and 1997 Key words: Constitution of Poland, Poland 1988–1997, „Solidarność” 1. Introduction -organization of the society2 made the pretended changes, like the ones made in 1956 and 1970, pointless. Between 1987 and 1988 the communist elite in Poland It was obvious that the next change of the party and state that held the power had become aware of the fact that leaders, introducing another „reform”, or the policy of the significant changes in both system and economic „further improvement” of socialist system would be no model were necessary. It resulted from the influence of more than indifferent for the society. both external factors, i.e. the general dismantling of the Therefore, the Warsaw regime decided, after the system and paralysis of the Soviet state, as well as the initial agreement with the group of the „Solidarność” internal ones, such as the growing threat of economic leaders at the break of 1988 and 19893 to make significant disaster1. The growing social resistance and gradual self- 2 When still in 1987 organized structures of the opposi- tion, mainly „Solidarność”, were very weak, in 1988 (after the second pilgrimage of John Paul II during „war” period) the real „explosion” had place. -
170 Raport Zespołu Ekspertów Do Spraw Problematyki Trybunału
Report of the Team of Experts on the Issues Related to the Constitutional Tribunal of 15 July 2016 Acting on the basis of the individual appointments by the Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland of 31 March 2016, carried out on the basis of the decision of the Sejm Marshal no. 4 of 30 March 2016, issued pursuant to §5 paragraph 2 of the Resolution No. 28 of the Presidium of the Sejm of 19 April 1995 on the principles of organisation of scientific advice to the Sejm and its bodies, the appointment of parliamentary advisors and the use of expert opinions (as amended) – and within the framework defined by the accompanying agreements with the Chancellery of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, the Team of Experts on the Issues Related to the Constitutional Tribunal, composed of: - Prof. dr hab. Arkadiusz Adamczyk (Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce) - Dr Wojciech Arndt - Prof. dr hab. Bogusław Banaszak - Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Bryk - Prof. dr hab. Paweł Czubik (Cracow University of Economics) - Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Dziadzio - Prof. dr hab. Jolanta Jabło ńska-Bonca - Prof. dr hab. Anna Łabno - Prof. dr hab. Jan Majchrowski (University of Warsaw) – Team Coordinator - Prof. dr hab. Maciej Marszał (University of Wrocław) - Justice emeritus of the Supreme Court Bogusław Nizie ński - Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Szlachta - Prof. dr hab. Bogumił Szmulik (Cardinal Stefan Wyszy ński University) - Prof. dr hab. Jarosław Szymanek (University of Warsaw) - with the participation of the Secretary of the Team, mgr. Rafał Czarski, hereby notifies the Sejm Marshal of the Republic of Poland of the completion of its work. -
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS in POLAND 2015 - 2016 Publisher: Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights 11 Zgoda Str
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS IN POLAND 2015 - 2016 Publisher: Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights 11 Zgoda Str. 00-018 Warsaw Authors of the report: Małgorzata Szuleka, Marcin Wolny, Marcin Szwed Consultation: Piotr Kładoczny Ph.D., Danuta Przywara, Maciej Nowicki, Barbara Grabowska-Moroz Translation: Joanna Smętek Desktop publishing: Łukasz Borucki, Marta Borucka The report uses fragments of opinions and analyses prepared by lawyers from the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights. The authors of these publications were: Barbara Grabowska-Moroz, Marcin Szwed, Marcin Wolny, Michał Szwast (until September 2015), Aleksandra Brudnoch (until April 2016). This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike 3.0 Poland (CC BY-SA 3.0 PL) Legislation in force as of 11 August 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Introduction 6 1. Constitutional crisis in Poland – summary 7 2. Constitutional Tribunal – role and significance 8 3. Calendar of events 13 4. Act on the Constitutional Tribunal of June 2015 17 5. Election of five judges under the Act of June 2015 18 6. Motion to the Constitutional Tribunal by the Law and Justice Party MPs, parliamentary elections and refusal to take the oath from elected judges 19 7. First Act amending the Act on the Constitutional Tribunal 21 8. Resolutions of the Sejm, changes to the Sejm’s Rules of Procedure and elections of new judges of the Constitutional Tribunal 23 9. Judgements of the Constitutional Tribunal of December 2015 27 10. Second Act amending the Act on the Constitutional Tribunal 31 11. Decision of the Constitutional Tribunal of January 2016 32 12. Judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 March 2016 35 13. -
Complete Report
DONOSTIA INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS CENTER Reporting on 2002/03 How to see the 3D illusion Hold the image close to your face and slowly pull it away. Look through the image without focusing on it. Stop at a reading distance and try not to blink. E Acercar la imagen a la cara, alejándolo lentamente. Intentar mirar la imagen sin enfocar. Parar a la distancia de lectura sin pestañear. EH Irudia aurpegira hurbildu, pixkanaka aldenduz. Saiatu fokatu gabe begiratzen. Irakurtzeko tartean geratu kliskatu gabe. SSF Laita kuva lähelle kasvojasi ja työnnä sitten hitaasti kauvemaksi katsoen kokokuvaa. Pysäytä ja katso räpyttämättä silmiä. F Tenir l’image près du visage et l’éloigner lentement. Essayer de regarder à travers sans cligner des yeux. I Avvicinare la imma- gine al viso, allontanandola lentamente. Cercare di guardare la immagine senza focalizzare. Fermarla alla distanza idonea per la lettura e non sbattere le ciglia. SE Håll bilden några centimeter från ditt ansikte och flytta den sakta ut. Titta igenom bilden utan att fokusera på den. Håll den på läsaustand och försök att inte blinka. izfrfcEc dks vius psgjs ds utnhd j[ksa vkSj fQj /khjs & /khjs mls vius ls nwj ys tk;saA viuk ;ku izfrfCkEc ij dsfUnzr fd;s fcuk mlesa ns[krs jgsaA vkSj fcuk iyd >idkrs gq;s Li"V i<+us dh nwjh ij tk dj :dsA D Halten Sie das Bild nahe an Ihr Gesicht. Während Sie den Abstand langsam vergrössern, schauen Sie das Bild an ohne zu fokussieren. Halten Sie es in normalem Leseabstand und versuchen Sie, nicht zu blinzeln. DONOSTIA INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS CENTER ©2004 Magic Eye Inc.